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Abstract
Modal analysis of engineering structure for comprehending/resolving the vibration related issues/problems
are well known. Two classical techniques-analytical (Finite Element Method-FEM) and experimental (Im-
pact testing/Natural Frequency Test-NFT/Bump test) are generally used as complementary as well as
stand-alone depending on the time, nature of structure, availability of the analysis tools, cost etc. In the pre-
sent study, experimental technique was used in mitigating the endwinding vibration problem of a turbogen-
erator. In one of the Turbogenerators of 50 Hz variant, an increasing vibration trend was observed with sys-
tem frequency sweep in almost whole of the endwinding basket particularly more on exciter end during sus-
tained short/ open circuit conditional runs. Experimental modal analysis was carried out of the overhangs.
Frequency response functions (FRFs) were generated in local and global modes. The analysis thereon indi-
cated global resonance of stator overhangs. Accordingly, appropriate remedial measures were planned and
implemented. Consequently, global resonance frequency was shifted to higher zone, which in turn, resulted
into substantial reduction in endwinding vibration levels.
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
47 47.5 48 48.5 49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5 52
FREQUENCY (Hz)
0.45
0.4
0.35
RELATIVE VIBRATION VALUES
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0
47 47.5 48 48.5 49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5 52
FREQUENCY (Hz)
bre-Optic Accelerometers (FOA) also have been used The probe-cables are taken out over the involute over-
particularly on high voltage components like phase bar hang from inside of the generator casing to a monitoring
head-joints, connections etc. For data recording and instrumentation set-up via specially designed lead-in-
measurement, stand-alone continuous on-line monitoring plates [5].
system was used. The generator was operated on no-load i.e. sustained
Generally, three neutral/near neutral points of genera- short circuit condition (SCC) at rated In and open circuit
tor stator endwinding bar head-joints are chosen on each condition (OCC) at rated Vn. Vibration measurements
side of TE and EE for mounting six piezo-electric accel- were carried out on the above conditions for all the
erometers in radial and tangential/circumferential direc- 12-points simultaneously. The average winding tem-
tions. Two probes-in radial and tangential directions are perature in SCC was about 60C while in OCC, it was
screwed on to a single patented epoxy insulated base- about 45C. Also, vibrations were recorded continuously
plate which in turn, is glued to bar head-joint with putty. during system frequency sweep of prime-mover from
47.5 Hz to 51.5 Hz (Figures 1 and 2). 34 FFT Analyzer. This test was done on complete wound
The stator endwindings are subjected to three different stator overhang on both the endsTE/EE in local and
vibratory forces [2]. global mode.
1) Pulsating forces during start-up, shutdown and
normal operation due to forced vibration 3.1.1. Local Mode
of the entire end-winding system, induced by bearing This test determines individual bar head-joint vibration
and stator frame vibrations (excitation frequency de- modes. There were 54 bar-head joints. Each bar-head
pending on the rotor speeds) joint was impacted by a light instrumentation hammer in
of the entire end-winding system induced by core radial and tangential directions separately and corre-
vibrations (double frequency excitation) sponding directional responses was recorded as FRFs
of each single bar, induced by electromagnetic forces one at a time in a limited frequency range of 0 - 200 Hz.
(double-frequency excitation); This was done on both the endsTE and EE.
2) Forces resulting from restrained thermal expansion
which depends upon generator load and coolant tem- 3.1.2. Global Mode
perature; This test determines the vibration modes of entire over-
3) Electromagnetic forces of double system frequency hang structure. Entire involute overhang of 54 bar-head
resulting from a high D.C. component arising from ab- joints was radially divided into 18-points. One bar
normal operating conditions especially during short cir- head-joint was taken as a reference point. The impact
cuit conditions during synchronization. was given on steel bracket near to this point. The probe
Resulting endwinding vibration, largely, is a combina- was mounted on nose joint in radial direction. Frequency
tion of electromagnetic vibrations of windings (self ex- Response Functions (FRFs) were recorded by impacting
cited vibration) and core induced magnetic vibration the structure on single reference point and corresponding
which is independent to stator current. responses in radial direction was recorded as FRF on
designated locations one by one. Thus, measurements on
3. Modal Analysis all the 18-points were carried out on both the TE and EE.
Modes of vibration are inherent properties of a structure. 3.2. Modal Parameter Extraction
These are determined by the material properties (mass,
stiffness and damping), geometric configuration, and The natural frequency and associated mode shape were
boundary conditions of the structure. Each mode is de- extracted manually from individual FRF both for local
fined by a natural (modal or resonant) frequency, modal and global mode of measurements. Typical global natu-
damping, and a mode shape. If either the material prop- ral frequencies in a span of 200 Hz are summarized be-
erties or the boundary conditions of a structure change, low:
its modes will change. At or near the natural frequency In local mode, the frequency distribution amongst 54
of a mode, the overall vibration shape of a machine or bar-head joints was quite varied given the fact that indi-
structure will tend to be dominated by the mode shape of vidual bar head-joint had different local tightness and
the resonance. other boundary conditions. In global mode, the said
There are two methods for the excitation of the struc- variation was very little between point to point as
ture: brought out in Figure 3.
1) Impact method where sudden stimulus is given to The mode shapes were generated semi-manually using
the structure and corresponding response is recorded as a recorded FRFs in a MS Excel sheet for all the global
ratio of output and input signals-called FRF (frequency natural frequencies of EE. One such mode shape at 110
response function); Hz is shown in Figure 4. From this, it is clear that the
2) Harmonic excitation by a shaker. shape is of 4-Node/2-lobe-mode.
Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages,
while the former is quick, less expensive and easy to 3.3. 4-Node/2-Lobe Mode of Overhang
operate. Impact testing was used in our present study.
The electro-magnetic forces in the electrical machines
3.1. Impact/Bump Test (generator and motors) are of special significance. These
have been explained with the help of example of a
Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) were generated two-pole motor. In case of higher number of poles only
using light /heavy-duty impact hammers B & K type the complexity of form is raised, without producing ba-
8201 and 2304, an ICP accelerometer and a 2-Ch. OROS sically any effects.
1
TURBINE END
130
EXCITER END 18 2
17 3
120
16 4
110
15 5
100
14 6
13 7
12 8
11 9
10 Figure 5. Magnetic forces of rotor.
Figure 3. Global natural frequency distribution on over-
hangs at TE & EE.
80
60
40
20
0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
quency is just the double grid frequency for all number global natural frequency and its associated 4-node mode
of poles. Experimental mode shape generated from of vibration seemed to be the principal cause for higher
global frequency measurements are shown in Figure 4. endwinding vibration on EE.
1) Since the generator overhang including core vibrate at In order to arrest the vibration tend, suitable measures
double the rotor frequency, the natural frequencies near were planned and implemented. These measures pro-
to the system frequency of 50 or 60 Hz and twice the vided additional stiffness and overall strength to over-
value, 100 or 120 Hz, are of special interest [1]. hang structure. Some of them are given below:
The generator was put on operation in SSC and OCC 1) Continuous resin rope was introduced encircling all
successively for about 4 to 5 hour in each regime, the the bar-head joints in order to integrate the overall over-
average winding temperature recorded to about 60C and hang basket (Figure 7);
45C respectively. Further, in stabilized conditions, when 2) Additional bracing was provided, so as to increase
the drive motor frequency swept slowly from 47.5 Hz to the stiffness of overhang within phase and also at phase
51.5 Hz, the vibration level on EE shot up sharply (Fig- separation;
ures 1 and 2), particularly from 50 Hz onwards. This 3) Concerned process bottlenecks were removed by
behavior can be explained on the basis of structural dy- suitable technological means.
namics. In standstill condition i.e. at normal temperature
condition, global natural frequency was obtained as 110 6. Evaluation of Measures
Hz (Table 1). As the generator run, the temperature of
the overhang raised which brought down the natural fre- Subsequent to rectification and testing, following results
quency in the region of nearly 102 to 103 Hz. Since were obtained:
overhang excites at double the fundamental rotor fre- Overall global natural frequency was found to be in-
quency (2 50 Hz = 100 Hz) in a 2-pole machine, thus creased about 5 Hz on EE and 10 Hz on TE from the
resonance phenomenon might have been occurred when un- rectified situation;
the prime-movers frequency was swept from 50 Hz to Endwinding vibration level was reduced to nearly 1/3
51.5 Hz. The reduction of natural frequency at elevated to its previous level (Figure 8);
temperature from normal temperature has been reported No resonance like phenomenon was observed in any
by others as well [6]. testing /operational regime.
However, the machine could not be operated beyond
51.5 Hz due to systems limitations, otherwise exact 7. Conclusions
value of resonance frequency would have been detected.
On TE, generally, this phenomenon was not observed 1) Experimental modal analysis of overhang structures
probably due to higher global natural frequency (Table and subsequent operational runs of generator indicated
1). global resonance phenomenon as the most likely cause
In addition to above, 4-node/2-lobe mode shape (Fig- for sharp increase endwinding vibration levels. Further,
ure 4) of generator overhang obtained at 110 Hz by mo- 4-node/2-lobe mode shape obtained by modal analysis
dal analysis might have been coincided with the theo- seemed to have aggravated vibration behavior, thus, de-
retical mode shape. This further aggravated the vibration
behavior of overhang.
2) Role of core vibration was also studied by carrying
out impact test on it. Dominant natural frequency was
found around 84 Hz which seemed to be quite safe from
the resonance point of view.
So, from the above description, it appeared that the
8. References
[1] K. Senske, S. Kulig, J. Hauhoff and D. Wnsch Vibra-
tional Behaviour of the Turbogenerator Stator End
Winding in Case of Electrical Failures, Confrence In-
ternationale des Grands Rseaux Electriques, Yokohama,
29 October 1997.
[2] D. Lambrecht and H. Berger Integrated End-Winding
Ring Support for Water-Cooled Stator Winding, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-102, No. 4, 1983, pp. 998-1006.
doi:10.1109/TPAS.1983.317815
[3] L. Intichar, Natural Frequency, Mode Shape Determina-
tion of Turbogenerator Overhangs, Symposium-Vibra-
Figure 8. Endwinding vibration levels obtained before and tion Diagnostics on Power Plant Turbogenerators, Pots-
after rectification. dam Sanssouci, 22-24 March 2006, pp. 371-391.
[4] E. D. Frerichs, Monitoring of Endwinding Vibration of
monstrating its practical implication on overall structural Generator with Fibre-Optics Accelerometers, Sympo-
dynamic response; sium-Vibration Diagnostics on Power Plant Turbogen-
2) Appropriate rectification measures planned and im- erators, Sanssouci, 22-24 March 2006, pp. 373-428.
plemented on overhangs and associated assembly had [5] R. Sewak, R. Ranjan and A. K. L. Rao, Intricate Aspects
desired effect in arresting the endwinding vibration of Turbogenerator Endwinding Vibration Monitoring
trend; Based on Data Analysis, International Conference on
Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Beijing, 21-24
3) The complicated nature of both the forces and the April 2008, pp. 130-135.
responding structure make the exact relationship between doi:10.1109/CMD.2008.4580247
cause and effect quite complex in various practical con- [6] D. Shally, M. Farrell and K. Sullivan, Generator End
ditions including the present one. Hence, the study con- Winding Vibration Monitoring, 43rd International Uni-
ducted and inferences drawn, do not claim to have com- versities Power Engineering Conference, Padova, 1-4
prehended all the aspects of endwinding vibration be- September 2008, pp. 1-5.
haviour. doi:10.1109/UPEC.2008.4651488