BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

Second law analysis for a control

volume
M. S. SONI 1

Second Law Analysis for

a Control Volume

We start with the second law expressed as change

of entropy for a control mass

dS C .M . Q
S gen
dt T

to which we will add mass flow rates in and out of

control volume

M. S. SONI 2
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

1
Second Law Analysis for
a Control Volume
W

Q dS C .V .

dt
S gen

mi me
Pi Ti v i Pe Te v e
ei si e e se
The entropy balance for a control volume on a rate form
M. S. SONI 3 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Second Law Analysis for

a Control Volume

The entropy balance for a control volume on a rate form

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

2
Second Law Analysis for
a Control Volume
Some entropy enters the system because of inlet
mass, some entropy leaves the system because
of exit mass and some entropy is generated in
the system.

That is, rate of change of entropy

= + in out + generation
or
dSC .V . Q C .V .
m i s i m e se S gen
dt T
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Second Law Analysis for

a Control Volume
The accumulation and generation terms are
expressed in integral form as

S c .v .
sdV mc .v . s m A s A m B s B mC sC ....

S gen
s gen dV S gen .A S gen .B S gen .C S gen .D ........

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

3
Second Law Analysis for
a Control Volume

If the heat transfer is distributed over the

control surface, then an integral has to be
done over the total surface area using rate
of heat transfer per unit area at local
temperature

Q C .V . Q Q A
T T surface T dA

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Second Law Analysis for

a Control Volume

Since entropy generated is always positive

dSC .V . Q C .V .
m i s i m e se S gen
dt T

dS C .V . Q
m i si m e se C .V .
dt T

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

4
Second Law Analysis for
a Control Volume

For steady state processes there is no change with

time of entropy per unit mass at any point within a
control volume, therefore
dS C .V .
0
dt

Hence, dSC .V . Q C .V .
m i s i m e se S gen
dt T

Q C .V .
m e se m i si C.V . T S gen
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Second Law Analysis for

a Control Volume

If mi me m

Q C .V .
m ( se s i ) S gen
C .V . T

dividing by mass flow rate

q
se si s gen
T
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

5
Second Law Analysis for
a Control Volume

Since entropy generated for an adiabatic

process >=0, so for an adiabatic process

se si s gen si
Where equality holds for a reversible adiabatic
process
se s i
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

TRANSIENT PROCESS

The second law for control volume is given

by:-

d Q
( ms )C .V . m i si m e se C .V . S gen
dt T
Integrating over time t
t
d
0 dt ( ms )C .V .dt ( m2 s2 - m1 s1 )C.V.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

6
TRANSIENT PROCESS

( m
0
i s i )dt m i si

( m
0
e s e )dt m e se

S
0
gen dt 1 S 2 gen

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

TRANSIENT PROCESS

Hence for time t the second law for transient

process is
m 2 s2 m1 s1 C .V . m i si m e se

t
Q
C .V . dt 1 S 2 gen
0 C .V .
T
As T is uniform throughout C.V. at any instance of
time
t t t
Q C .V . 1 Q c .v .
0 C.V . T dt 0 T C.V . C .V . 0 T dt
Q dt

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

7
TRANSIENT PROCESS

Therefore second law for transient process

can be written as

m 2 s2 m1 s1 C .V . m i si m e se

t
Q C .V .
dt 1 S 2 gen
0
T

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

REVERSIBLE STEADY
STATE PROCESS

The first law for a steady-state process

in and out of a C.V. involving a single flow
of fluid can be written as

q (hi Vi 2 / 2 gZ i )
w (he Ve2 / 2 gZ e )

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

8
REVERSIBLE STEADY
STATE PROCESS

and the second law is

Q C .V .
m ( se s i ) S gen
C .V . T

let us now consider two types of flow

- a reversible adiabatic process, and
- a reversible isothermal process

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

REVERSIBLE STEADY
STATE PROCESS
For a reversible adiabatic process

se s i
Hence
Tds dh vdP
which is simplified to
e
he hi v dP
i
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

9
REVERSIBLE STEADY
STATE PROCESS

Substituting in first law, for a reversible

adiabatic process we have

Vi 2 Ve2
w hi he gZ i Z e
2
Vi 2 Ve2
e
v dP gZ i Z e
i
2

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

APPLICATIONS IN REVERSIBLE
STEADY STATE PROCESS
Now if the process is reversible and
isothermal, the second law reduces to

1 Q
m( se si ) Q C .V . C .V .
T T

Q C .V .
T ( se s i )
q
m
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

10
REVERSIBLE STEADY
STATE PROCESS

For a reversible isothermal process

The property relation

Tds dh vdP

is integrated to give
e
T ( se si ) ( he hi ) v dP q
i

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

REVERSIBLE STEADY
STATE PROCESS
Substituting in first law we get
q (hi Vi2 / 2 gZi ) w (he Ve2 / 2 gZe )

Vi 2 Ve2
e
w v dP gZ i Z e
i
2
Hence the expression for reversible adiabatic
process is same as that of reversible isothermal
process.
Also any reversible process is can be constructed,
in limit, from a series of alternate isothermal and
adiabatic processes. Hence the equation is valid
for any reversible steady state process.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

11
APPLICATIONS IN REVERSIBLE
STEADY STATE PROCESS

For a nozzle W=0 and with incompressible fluid

(v = constant)

V e2 V i 2
v Pe Pi g Z e Z i 0
2
This is known as Bernoullis equation, is very
important in fluid mechanics.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

APPLICATIONS IN REVERSIBLE
STEADY STATE PROCESS

Vi 2 Ve2
e
w v dP gZ i Z e
i
2

is also valid to the large class of flow processes,

involving work (such as compressor and
turbine), in which kinetic and potential energy
changes are very small.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

12
APPLICATIONS IN REVERSIBLE
STEADY STATE PROCESS

In such a case, it is simplified to

e
w v dP
i

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

APPLICATIONS IN REVERSIBLE
STEADY STATE PROCESS
It is important to note that this result applies to a
very special case
e

The area v
i
dP is not same as the area
e

P dv
i

(Reversible boundary work in closed system)

The shaft work is closely associated with the
specific volume of fluid during the process.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

13
Reversible Polytropic Process

If we consider the reversible polytropic process

for an ideal gas, (discussed earlier for a control
mass), for steady flow process with no change
in KE and PE
e
w v dP
i

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Reversible Polytropic Process

P1v 1n P2 v 2n C
e
dP
w v dP C
e

i
i P1/ n
n nR
( Pe v e Pi v i ) ( Te Ti )
n1 n1

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

14
Reversible Process

For an isothermal process

e e
dP P
w v dP C Pi v i ln e
i i
P Pi

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

PRINCIPLE OF THE INCREASE

OF ENTROPY

dS net
0
dt
is the general statement of the principle of
increase of entropy.
There are many cases where it is necessary to
calculate change of entropy of CV and
surroundings separately.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

15
CHANGE IN ENTROPY

To know the change in entropy over a time t for a

transient process, after integrating the equation over
time t:

S net S CV , A S surr , B
For the control volume: S CV , A ( m 2 s2 m1 s1 )CV , A

For the surroundings B:

Q
S surr , B m e se m i s i
TB
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

EFFICIENCY

Wnet
th
QH

M. S. SONI 32
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

16
TURBINE EFFICIENCY

W CV / m h he
turbine i
W CV / m s hi hes
P1

W
T

P2

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

TURBINE EFFICIENCY

M. S. SONI 34
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

17
TURBINE EFFICIENCY

M. S. SONI 35
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

TURBINE EFFICIENCY

M. S. SONI 36
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

18
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

Pe

C W

Pi

M. S. SONI 37
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

M. S. SONI 38
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

19
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

M. S. SONI 39
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

M. S. SONI 40
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

20
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

compressor
WCV / m s hi hes

W CV / m
hi he

cooled compressor w T

w
M. S. SONI 41
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

NOZZLE EFFICIENCY

Ve2 / 2
nozzle 2
Ves / 2

M. S. SONI 42
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

21
NOZZLE EFFICIENCY

M. S. SONI 43
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

NOZZLE EFFICIENCY

M. S. SONI 44
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

22
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Problems

M. S. SONI 45

PROBLEM 1

Steam enters a turbine at 3 MPa, 450C,

expands in a reversible adiabatic process
and exhausts at 10 kPa. Changes in
kinetic and potential energies between
the inlet and the exit of the turbine are
small. The power output of the turbine is
800 kW. What is the mass flow rate of
steam through the turbine?

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

23
Steam enters a turbine at 3MPa, 450C, expands in a reversible adiabatic process
and exhausts at 10kPa. Changes in kinetic and potential energies between the
inlet and the exit of the turbine are small. The power output of the turbine is 800
kW. What is the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine?

C.V. Turbine, Steady single inlet and exit flows, Adiabatic

Continuity Eq.:
mi me m

First Law (Energy) Eq.:

Q m i (hi Vi 2 / 2 gZ i )

W T me (he Ve2 / 2 gZ e )
wT hi he
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Steam enters a turbine at 3MPa, 450C, expands in a reversible adiabatic process

and exhausts at 10kPa. Changes in kinetic and potential energies between the
inlet and the exit of the turbine are small. The power output of the turbine is 800
kW. What is the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine?

Second Law (Entropy) Eq.:

Q C .V .
m e se m i s i
C .V . T
S gen
q
se s i s gen
T
se s i

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

24
Steam enters a turbine at 3MPa, 450C, expands in a reversible adiabatic process
and exhausts at 10kPa. Changes in kinetic and potential energies between the
inlet and the exit of the turbine are small. The power output of the turbine is 800
kW. What is the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine?

Inlet state:
hi 3344 kJ / kg si 7.0833 kJ / kgK
Exit state: se s i & se s g
xe = (7.0833 - 0.6492)/7.501 = 0.8578,
he = 191.81 + 0.8578 2392.82 = 2244.4 kJ/kg

W WT 800
m T 0.728 kg / s
wT hi he 3344 2244.4

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

PROBLEM 2

A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow

device at 100 kPa, 50C, at the rate of 1
kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal
mass flow rates; one is at 200 kPa, 50C,
and the other as saturated liquid at 10C.
It is claimed that the device operates in a
room at 25C on an electrical power input
of 250 kW. Is this possible?

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

25
A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50C, at
the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass flow rates;
one is at 200 kPa, 50C, and the other as saturated liquid at 10C. It is
claimed that the device operates in a room at 25C on an electrical
powerinputof 250kW.Isthispossible?

Continuity Eq.:
m 1 m 2 m3

First Law (Energy) Eq.:

Q m i (hi Vi 2 / 2 gZ i ) W m e (he Ve2 / 2 gZ e )

m 1 h1 Q W el m 2 h2 m 3 h3

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50C, at

the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass flow rates;
one is at 200 kPa, 50C, and the other as saturated liquid at 10C. It is
claimed that the device operates in a room at 25C on an electrical
powerinputof 250kW.Isthispossible?

Second Law (Entropy) Eq.:

Q C .V .
m e se m i s i
C .V . T
S gen

Q
m 1 s1 S gen m 2 s2 m 3 s3
T0

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

26
A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50C, at
the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass flow rates;
one is at 200 kPa, 50C, and the other as saturated liquid at 10C. It is
claimed that the device operates in a room at 25C on an electrical
powerinputof 250kW.Isthispossible?

Given T0 25C 298.15 K

State (1) m 1 1 kg / s , P1 100 kPa , T1 50C

h1 1581.2 kJ / kg , s1 6.4943 kJ / kg K

State (2) m 2 0.5 kg / s , P2 200 kPa , T2 50C

h2 1576.6 kJ / kg , s 2 6.1453 kJ / kg K
m 3 0.5 kg / s , T3 10C sat .liq .
State (3)
h3 h f 226 .97 kJ / kg ,
s 3 s f 0.8779 kJ / kg K
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50C, at

the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass flow rates;
one is at 200 kPa, 50C, and the other as saturated liquid at 10C. It is
claimed that the device operates in a room at 25C on an electrical
powerinputof 250kW.Isthispossible?

First Law (Energy) Eq.:

Q m 2 h2 m 3 h3 m 1 h1 W el

Q 0.5 1576.6 0.5 226.97 1 1581.2 250
Q 929.4 kW

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

27
A stream of ammonia enters a steady flow device at 100 kPa, 50C, at
the rate of 1 kg/s. Two streams exit the device at equal mass flow rates;
one is at 200 kPa, 50C, and the other as saturated liquid at 10C. It is
claimed that the device operates in a room at 25C on an electrical
powerinputof 250kW.Isthispossible?

Second Law (Entropy) Eq.:

Q
S gen m 2 s2 m 3 s3 m 1 s1
T0
0.5 6.1453 0.5 0.8779
1 6.4943 929.4 / 298.15

S gen 0.1345 kW / K 0
Hence this is possible.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

PROBLEM 3

A 1-m3 rigid tank contains 100 kg R-22 at

ambient temperature, 15C. A valve on top
of the tank is opened, and saturated vapor
is throttled to ambient pressure, 100 kPa,
and flows to a collector system. During the
process the temperature inside the tank
remains at 15C. The valve is closed when
no more liquid remains inside. Calculate
the heat transfer to the tank and total
entropy generation in the process.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

28
A 1-m3 rigid tank contains 100 kg R-22 at ambient temperature, 15C. A valve on top
of the tank is opened, and saturated vapor is throttled to ambient pressure, 100 kPa,
and flows to a collector system. During the process the temperature inside the tank
remains at 15C. The valve is closed when no more liquid remains inside. Calculate
the heat transfer to the tank and total entropy generation in the process.

Continuity Eq. m2 m1= - me ;

Energy Eq.
QC .V . mi(hi Vi2 / 2 gZi )
me(he Ve2 / 2 gZe )
m2(u2 V 22 / 2 gZ2 ) m1(u1 V12 / 2 gZ1)C .V . WC .V .

QC .V . me he m2u2 m1u1

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A 1-m3 rigid tank contains 100 kg R-22 at ambient temperature, 15C. A valve on top
of the tank is opened, and saturated vapor is throttled to ambient pressure, 100 kPa,
and flows to a collector system. During the process the temperature inside the tank
remains at 15C. The valve is closed when no more liquid remains inside. Calculate
the heat transfer to the tank and total entropy generation in the process.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

29
 PROBLEM 4

A nozzle is required to produce a flow

of air at 200 m/s at 20C, 100 kPa. It is
estimated that the nozzle has an
isentropic efficiency of 92%. What
nozzle inlet pressure and temperature
is required assuming the inlet kinetic
energy is negligible and constant
specific heats?

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A nozzle is required to produce a flow of air at 200 m/s at 20C, 100

kPa. It is estimated that the nozzle has an isentropic efficiency of
92%. What nozzle inlet pressure and temperature is required
assuming the inlet kinetic energy is negligible and constant specific
heats?

Given P1 ?, Ti ?, nozz 0.92 , ( K .E .)i 0

Ve 200 m / s , Te 20C , Pe 100 kPa , ( P .E .) 0
C.V.: Nozzle
First law eq.:

Q m i (hi Vi 2 / 2 gZ i ) W m e (he Ve2 / 2 gZ e )

Ve2 Ve2
hi he or C poTi C poTe
2 2

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

30
A nozzle is required to produce a flow of air at 200 m/s at 20C, 100
kPa. It is estimated that the nozzle has an isentropic efficiency of
92%. What nozzle inlet pressure and temperature is required
assuming the inlet kinetic energy is negligible and constant specific
heats?

Ve2 200 2
Ti Te 293.15 313.1 K
2 C po 2 1.004 1000
Now Ve2 2 Ve2 2
nozz Ves2 2 21.74 kJ / kg
Ves2 2 nozz
Ves2 Ves2
hi hes or Tes Ti 291.4 K
2 2 C po
Now 1 .4
T 1
313.1 0 .4
Pi Pe i 100 128.6 kPa
Tes 291.4
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

31