TRANSLATION ASSESSMENT OF SOME ECONOMIC TERMS USED IN TPP

(Outline)

THEORY
I. Terminology:
1. Definition:

a. The system of term belonging or peculiar to a science, art or speciallized subject

b. The science of term, as in particular siences or arts

2. Some reasons that may lead to misunderstand in the case foreign language
mistranslated:

a. Multiple meanings: One part of studying a language is knowing the the many
meanings of an individual words. Here are some examples:

i. Crash can mean the auto accident, a drop in Stock Market, to attend a
party without being invited,
ii. A flowering plant could be be referred to as a weed or a garden of flower.
iii. The verb motion can mean walk, run, fall, plod, hungry or fly.

iv. The simple word on can have many meanings, such as:

on phone
on the roof

on cloud nine
on edge

on fire
 on purpose

on demand

on call

b. Words without meanings: In commerce, advertisers use certain words, some

without any meaning at all, to convey certain impressions. For example:

i. Cleans like a white tornado

In the UK, character actress Ann Lancaster appeared on television

advertisements featuring the slogan, "It cleans like a white tornado" for
Ajax cleaner.
ii. Do you have a tired blood?

iii. Go for the gusto

 iv.

c. Words that are plays on words: Words can be a puns, a play on words.Puns use
multiple meaning of words or homephones (where the pronunciation is the
same but the spelling and meaning are different). Here are some instances of
puns:

i. Lets talk about rights and lefts. Youre right, so I left.

ii. The best way to communicate with a fish is to drop them a line.
 iii. Two silkworms had a race. They ended up in a tie. means: most ties are
made out of silk

iv.

II. Economic terminology:

1. The need for well managed terminology:

a. It contributes to a more coordinated certification of products and

administration of standards

b. leads to uniformity for the benefit of all. (all the parties of global business
and services, cross-border investment and borrowing,)

c. 30-80% of today documents is written in specialist language terminology.

Terminology as an academic discipline offers concepts and methodologies for
high-quality, effective knowledge representation and transfer.

d. Terminology inconsistency may be a significant impediment to effective

communication and to our ability to make sense of research findings (Alter
2000, p. 2)

from (The hierarchical terminology technique: a method to address terminology

inconsistency - Sylvia A. Ward)

2. Some example of terminology in economic aspect:

a. The microfoundations of Islamic economics: terminological problems

 The substance (concepts) of these microfoundations is developed based on a
certainvision of the economic agent in order to achieve a certain macroeconomic
vision. Therefore, some new concepts will be proposed. Such as: huquq to
replace self-interest as the basis of behavior, taqwa to replace rationality
as the virtue of the economic agent, (Individual and society in an Islamic ethical
framework Exploring key terminologies and the micro-foundations of Islamic
economics- HafasFurqani)

b. The terms DEFAULT, BANKRUPTCY, CRASH or the quasi-synonymic

syntagmFAILURE TO PAY could be found in the Romanian economic press as
equivalents for crisis. Several examples:

i. Officials intend to speed up the change of bonds to partially reduce the

period of DEFAULT for Greece (ZiarulFinanciar 2011/ 26 July)

ii. ... the voice of an official of its Central Bank stated that the USA could
not go BANKRUPT (Capital 2011/25 July)

iii. The symptom restricting the investor from making money on the stock
exchange is overrated emotions which make the investor exaggerate,
more than usually , the risk of investments on the stock exchange, taking
as reference a stock exchange CRASH, whose amplitude was last
encountered by investors in the 1930s during the Great Depression from
the USA (ZiarulFinanciar 2011/ 6 July)

iv.

All of these examples are quoted from ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY NEW

PERSPECTIVES - Elena Museanu, Associate Professor, PhD, Romanian-
American University, Bucharest, Romania

c. Single terms in economic texts are not fixed in use. They can
appear in the form of either a verb or a noun in different times in the
same text. Let take the term demand as an example from The reception
of some English economic terms into Vietnamese language under the
effect of the market economy Dr. Pham Thi Thanh Thuy Faculty of
Economic Language, National Economics University
i. "Demand is the quantity of good buyers":
"demand" functions as the head of a nominal group.
ii. ". the relation between demand and supply":
demand is a qualifier within a prepositional phrase.
Two examples here are quoted from Begg, D., Fischer, S. and Dornbusch, R. (1991). Economics.
McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead by Mrs. Thuy.

III. TPP Agreement: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership &

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership_negotiations

Def: The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement among twelve of

the Pacific Rim countriesnotably not including China. The finalized proposal was
signed on 4 February 2016 in Auckland, New Zealand, concluding seven years of
negotiations. It is currently awaiting ratification to enter into force. The TPP contains
measures to lower both non-tariff and tariff barriers to trade, and establish an investor-
state dispute settlement mechanism.

History: It began with the P4 trade agreement between just four nations - Brunei, Chile,
New Zealand and Singapore - that came into effect in 2006. That deal removed tariffs on
most goods traded between the countries, promised to cut more and also to co-operate
on wider issues such as employment practices, intellectual property and competition
policies. In January 2008, the U.S. agreed to enter into talks with the Pacific 4 (P4)
members regarding trade liberalization in financial services.[42] This led to 19 formal
negotiation rounds and a subsequent series of additional meetings, such as Chief
Negotiators Meetings and Ministers Meetings, and resulted in the agreement
announced on 5 October 2015.
Twelve countries participated in negotiations for the TPP: the four parties to the
2005 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (Chile, New Zealand,
Singapore, Brunei) and eight additional countries(USA, Australia, Peru, Malaysia,
Mexico, Japan, Canada and Vietnam) . All twelve signed the TPP on 4 February 2016. The
agreement will enter into force after ratification by all signatories, if this occurs within
two years. If the agreement is not ratified by all before 4 February 2018, it will enter into
force after ratification by at least 6 states which together have a GDP of more than 85%
of the GDP of all signatories.
Aim: The 30 chapters of the agreement aim to "promote economic growth; support the
creation and retention of jobs; enhance innovation, productivity and competitiveness;
raise living standards; reduce poverty in the signatories' countries; and promote
transparency, good governance, and enhanced labor and environmental protections."

IV. Legal Document: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2359978

The treaty follows the following concrete steps or requirements to making and
generating legal obligations and TTP has completed 5 out of 7 steps to become a legal treaty

1. The Contracting parties must accept proposals to initiate discussion or deliberation

for making the treaty. (In January 2008, the US agreed to enter into talks with the
Pacific 4 (P4) members regarding trade liberalization in financial services.)
2. Contracting parties must specifically appoint the plenipotentiaries to negotiate on
terms and references of the treaty (Nineteen formal rounds of TPP negotiations
 were held from 20102013, After the 19th round of formal meetings, negotiations
stopped taking the form of official rounds, but other meetings, such as Chief
Negotiators Meetings and Ministers Meetings, continue )
3. Completion of negotiation leads to finalization of text in written. (TTP Document)
4. Once the text is written or agreed upon, it is signed ( or initialed and later on signed
up) or adopted by the plenipotentiaries (The finalized proposal was signed on 4
February 2016 in Auckland, New Zealand, concluding seven years of negotiations.)
5. Once the plenipotentiaries sign the agreed upon text, the document is submitted to
national authority for ratification (TPP is currently awaiting ratification to enter into
force)
6. Once it is ratified (by national legislature in accordance with the requirement of
Constitution), it is submitted to the Head of the State for signature of the ratification
document, and then it is finally exchanged.
7. The treaty is finally deposited with one of them or with an international
organization.

V. Translation Strategies: A Textbook of Translation by Peter Newmark.pdf + nh bi bo

(trang 34-39)

In accordance with part 2, Vietnam absolutely has errors in translating TPP, an

international document, because of mismatching the terms with their specialized
meanings. Therefore, other countries will take advantage of this and harm Vietnam
economy. The term discount or marketing can be taken as examples in this case.
Discount having meanings of both reducing price and giving some products/ samples
for free is only understood as gim gi (reducing price) in Vietnamese. Also
Marketing originally expressing a complex strategy in doing business only has pure
meaning of tip th (introducing new products to customers) as it is translated into
Vietnamese.
We could use various of strategies of translating to avoid this,

1. Transference and naturalization

Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes

transliteration and is the same as "transcription."

Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the
normal morphology of the TL.

This strategy is called by many names: cultural borrowing, translation using a

loanword or foreignization .

Ex: Radio, Turbine, Blog, -> Ra-i-, Tua-bin, Blog,.. (VD t ngh)
 Comment: The argument in favor of transference is that it shows respect for the SL
country's culture- The argument against it is that it is the translator's job to
translate, to explain.

2. Through-translation:

It is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and

components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation.

Ex(Bi bo trang 36): Snow man -> Snow l tuyt, man l ngi -> ngi tuyt

Live music -> Live l sng, music l nhc -> nhc sng

Comment: Normally, through-translations should be used only when they are

already recognized terms,

3. Combination

To avoid misunderstanding when using Transference, naturalization or Through-

translation, many author has encouraged using 2 or more than 2 translation method at
the same time. This is called Couplets, triplets, quadruplets combine two, three or four
of the above-mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem. In
particular, 1, loan word + explanation or 2, loan word + word that does not have culture
identity to describe cultural word. Chesterman called this double presentation

Ex: He died because of AIDS -> Anh cht do AIDS, mt cn bnh th k (T ngh)

4. Neutralization

This strategy integrate 2 process. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the
normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. Paraphrase: in this
procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more
detailed than that of descriptive equivalent

Vd: Thanksgiving meal -> ba n i gia nh

Comment: According to Newmark, an expert in translation, this is the best translation to

use when translating terms that contain culture identities.
5. Footnote

It is as same as the Newmarks method NOTES, ADDITIONS, GLOSSES. The translator

can add additional information to the translation paper. The additional information can
be about culture, specialized aspects and language. They are placed at the bottom of
the page or in the note.

VD: Dng nh 1 cun sch dch

Comments: If there are too many notes, it will block readers thought and make the
paper look complicated. Moreover, it can be a false translation if the authors add the
notes arbitrarily.

6. Classifier

It can be concerned a part of naturalization strategy. Newmark defined this strategy

using a word or term to support the particular word. This addition is adding a word
contain functional or descriptive factors. This strategy is different from naturalization
because the author has to use a different to describe.

Ex: Christmas has a great influence on Americans society -> Ging Sinh ,mt dp sum vy
ca gia nh Cng gio, c nh hng rt ln n x hi M (T ngh)

7. Adaption

In adaptation, the translator changes the content and form of the ST in a way that
conforms to the rules of the target language and culture. In general, this procedure is
used to deal with culturally-bound words or expressions, metaphors and images in
translation. Experts argues that adaptation is based on three main procedures: cultural
substitution, paraphrase and omission.

Cultural substitution refers to the case where the translator uses equivalent words
that are ready-made in the TL and serve the same goal as those of the SL. In other
words, the translator substitutes cultural words of the SL by cultural words of the TL.

The procedure of paraphrase is used to surpass all cultural barriers that the ST
presents for the translator. It is based on explanations, additions and changes in
words order.

Omission means the deletion of a word or words from the SLT while translating. This
procedure is used to deal with the cultural disparity existing between the SL and the
TL.
Ex: the father kissed his daughter on the mouth -> translate to Vietnamese s l ng b
hn ln mi con gi , but in Vietnam culture, this cultural element does not exist.
Therefore, the translator has to change to be suitable for Vietnam culture : ng b tru
mn m con gi (bi bo trang 39)

Comment: This is an effective way, it helps translator overcome the cultural difficulties
of the original paper by transforming cultural aspect so as to be suitable for the readers
culture.

8. Synonymy

I use the word synonym in the sense of a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a

context, where a precise equivalent may or may not exist. This procedure is used for a
SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important
in the text, in particular for adjectives or adverbs of quality (which in principle are
'outside' the grammar and less important than other components of a sentence)

VD: a pair of jeans 1 ci qun b (khng dch thnh 1 cp qun b)

A synonym is only appropriate where literal translation is not possible and because
the word is not important enough for componential analysis. Unnecessary use of
synonyms is a mark of many poor translations.

9. REDUCTION AND EXPANSION

These are rather imprecise translation procedures, which you practice intuitively in
some cases. However, for each there is at least one shift which you may' like to bear
in mind, particularly in poorly written texts:

(1) SL adjective of substance plus general noun, TL noun: a bottle of water 1 chai
nc (not 1 chai ca nc)

(2) For expansion, a not uncommon shift, often neglected, is SL adjective, English T
L adverb plus past participle, or present participle plus object: 2 pens 2 ci bt mc.

10. RECOGNISED TRANSLATION

You should normally use the official or the generally accepted translation of any
institutional term. If appropriate, you can gloss it and, in doing so, indirectly show
your disagreement with this official version.
Circulation and distribution of commodity -> Lu thng phn phi hng ha
During the TTP translation, 6/10 strategies had been used. We have collected
numerous of words and classified them into separated strategies, then pointing out
the similarity of words in each strategy.
Strategy 1: Article 20.5: Protection of the Ozone Layer
Protection of the Ozone Layer
Bo v tng Ozone
Article 4.2: Rules of Origin and Related Matters
hand-printed fabrics with a pattern created with a wax-resistance technique
Cc loi vi in bng tay c hoa vn c to ra bng k thut wax-resistance
Strategy 2 (CHAPTER 9 INVESTMENT - Article 9.6: Minimum Standard of Treatment
Section 2)
The concepts of fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security do not
require treatment in addition to or beyond that which is required by that standard, and
do not create additional substantive rights
Cc nguyn tc i x cng bng, bnh ng v bo v, bo m an ninh ton din
khng c yu cu bt k phng thc i x no b sung thm hay vt qu chun
mc ni trn cng nh khng thit lp cc quyn c bn b sung
Article 15.2: Scope
The acquisition or rental of land, existing buildings or other immovable property or the
rights thereon
S hu hoc thu t, cc ta nh hin hu hoc cc ti sn c nh khc hoc cc
quyn trn
Strategy 3: CHAPTER 14 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE - Article 14.16: Cooperation on
Cybersecurity Matters
Cooperation on Cybersecurity Matters
Hp tc v cc vn an ton thng tin
Article 18.8: National Treatment
With respect to secondary uses of phonograms by means of analog communications and
free over-the-air broadcasting
, i vi vic s dng li ca bn ghi m bng cc thit b truyn thng analog,
Strategy 4: CHAPTER 1 INITIAL PROVISIONS AND GENERAL DEFINITIONS - Section A:
Initial Provisions - Article 1.1: Establishment of a Free Trade Area
The Parties, consistent with Article XXIV of GATT 1994 and Article V of GATS, hereby
establish a free trade area in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
Cc Bn tham gia Hip nh ny thit lp mt khu vc thng mi t do ph hp vi cc
quy nh ca Hip nh ny theo iu XXIV ca GATT 1994 v iu V ca GATS.
Article 8.2: Objective
The objective of this Chapter is to facilitate trade, including by eliminating unnecessary
technical barriers to trade, enhancing transparency, and promoting greater regulatory
cooperation and good regulatory practice.
Mc tiu ca Chng ny, bao gm cc Ph lc, l to thun li cho thng mi, bao
gm loi b cc ro cn k thut khng cn thit i vi thng mi, tng cng tnh
minh bch, v y mnh hp tc v qun l hnh chnh tt.

Strategy 5: Article 5.8: Penalties (page 8)

Each Party shall provide in its laws, regulations or procedures, or otherwise give effect
to, a fixed and finite period within which its customs administration may initiate
proceedings to impose a penalty relating to a breach of a customs law, regulation or
procedural requirement
Mi Bn quy nh trong lut, quy nh v th tc ca mnh, hoc p dng mt khong
thi gian c nh v hu hn m trong c quan hi quan ca mnh c quyn tin hnh
t tng 10 p dng mt hnh pht lin quan n vi phm php lut, quy nh hoc yu
cu th tc v hi quan.
10
gii thch r hn, "t tng" l cc bin php hnh chnh do c quan hi
quan thc hin v khng bao gm t tng t php.

Article 20.17: Conservation and Trade

The Parties affirm the importance of combating the illegal take of, and illegal trade in,
wild fauna and flora,
Cc Bn khng nh tm quan trng ca vic chng khai thc21 bt hp php v kinh
doanh tri php ng thc vt hoang d
21khai thc c ngha l bt, git hoc thu thp v i vi thc vt th khai thc
cng c ngha l thu hoch, n h, cht khc hoc n b.

Strategy 7: Annex 6-A Practices Relating to Antidumping and Countervailing Duty

Proceedings (Page 8)
To the extent practicable in light of time limits established to complete the antidumping
or countervailing duty action
 to iu kin cho bn lin quan iu chnh hoc gii trnh trong mt khong thi gian
cn thit hon thnh bin php v thu chng bn ph gi hoc thu chng tr cp
ANNEX 3-B MINIMUM DATA REQUIREMENTS
Blanket Period -> Thi hn giao hng nhiu ln

II. Economic terminology in TPP and Ambiguity alertness:

1. Popular economic term in TPP and their features:
All groups of words were put in the attached Excel File Word Groups
All works in this section was instructed by Associate Professor and Doctor V Kim
Dng, Doctor V Vn Ngc, and Associate Professor and Doctor Phm Th Anh. All 3 of them
commented in this section that the translation of Vietnamese TPP version had been done as
correctly and exactly as possible though there might be many words/phrases/sentences that
had been needed to change in order to be suitable for the context. Therefore, all of these
suggested words to replace the original ones are purely academic, not professional.
Sources of references: A Textbook of Translation by Peter Newmark, Thut
ng ting La-tinh thng dng chuyn ngnh Lut by Dr. Nguyn Minh Tun, V chin lc
dch cc t mang c trng vn ha t ting Vit sang ting Anh by Dr. Nguyn Vn Tro

STT T TA Dch TV Translation strategy Suggestion

1 Ozone Ozone Transference and
naturalization
2 Wax-resistant Wax-resistance Transference and
naturalization
3 Container and Container and Transference and Footnote
pallet pallet naturalization
4 Additional Cc quyn c Through-translation
substantive rights bn b sung
5 Conflicts of interest Xung t li Through-translation
ch
6 Immovable Ti sn c nh Through-translation
property
7 Transitional Bin php t Through-translation
safeguard measure v chuyn tip
8 Analog Truyn thng Combination
communications analog
9 Genetic resource Ngun gen Combination
10 Cybersecurity An ton thng Combination
tin
11 Ad hoc working T cng tc Neutralization and Classifier: T cng tc v
groups t xut Paraphrase vic t xut
12 Bodies C quan Neutralization and
Paraphrase
13 The date of the Ngy p dng Neutralization and Through-translation:
transitional bin php t Paraphrase , nu c,
safeguard measures v chuyn tip,
introduction, its thi hn d
expected duration kin (nu c)
and, if applicable, a v l trnh ni
timetable for lng dn bin
progressive php ny
liberalization of the
measure
14 Due process Qu trnh t Neutralization and
tng Paraphrase
15 potential Tim nng Neutralization and Adaption: Tim tng
Paraphrase
16 Proceedings T tng Footnote Adaption: T tng hnh
chnh
17 Take Sn bt Footnote
18 Back-office function C quan h tr Adaption
19 Blanket period Thi hn giao Adaption
hang nhiu ln
20 The most-favoured- Thu sut ti Adaption
nation of rate hu quc
21 eligibility Yu cu mi Adaption Combination: yu cu
requirement hoc b sung t iu kin

1. Transference and naturalization

- Transference: using the same words from SL for translating into TL. By using the
method, we can keep the full meaning of source text so that theres hardly mistakes of
translating but sometimes it will cause problems of understanding the words. (ly hon
ton t ting anh)

- Naturalization: the TL words are translated by pronouncing nearly same as SL words

 2 Through-translation

A form of borrowing from one language to another whereby the semantic components of
a given term are literallytranslated into their equivalents in the borrowing language

3 Combination

This method using the combination of 2 or 3 methods of translation. In particular, 1, loan word
+ explanation or 2, loan word + word that does not have culture identity to describe cultural
word.

4 Neutralization and Paraphrase

This strategy integrate 2 process. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the
normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. Paraphrase: in this
procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more
detailed than that of descriptive equivalent

5. Footnote

It is as same as the Newmarks method NOTES, ADDITIONS, GLOSSES. The translator

can add additional information to the translation paper. The additional information can
be about culture, specialized aspects and language. They are placed at the bottom of
the page or in the note.

7. Adaption

The translator changes the content and form of the Source Language in a way that
conforms to the rules of the target language and culture. So that it will be more
appropriate with culture of Target Language

2. Ambiguity Alertness:
a. Successful translated words:
 1. Transference and naturalization

Wax-resistance ( Article 4.2, page 3)

In TPP: hand-printed fabrics with a pattern created with a wax-resistance technique
In Vietnamese: Cc loi vi in bng tay c hoa vn c to ra bng k thut wax-resistance

- Naturalization: the TL words are translated by pronouncing nearly same as SL words

genetic = gen (Article 20.13, page 12)

In TPP: The Parties recognise the importance of facilitating access to genetic resources within
their respective national jurisdictions, consistent with each Partys international obligations

In Vietnamese: Cc Bn cng nhn tm quan trng ca tip cn thun li ngun gen trong khu
vc php l quc gia ca mnh, ph hp vi cc ngha v quc t ca mi Bn

2. Through-translation

Immovable property = ti sn c nh (Article 15.2, page 3)

In TPP: the acquisition or rental of land, existing buildings or other immovable property or the
rights thereon

In Vietnamese: S hu hoc thu t, cc ta nh hin hu hoc cc ti sn c nh khc hoc

cc quyn trn

3. Combination

analog communications = truyn thng analog (Article 18.8, page 5)

In TPP: With respect to secondary uses of phonograms by means of analog communications

and free over-the-air broadcasting
In Vietnamese: Tuy nhin, i vi vic s dng li ca bn ghi m bng cc thit b truyn thng
analog, pht thanh min ph

7. Adaption

In TPP: To the extent practicable in light of time limits established to complete the
antidumping or countervailing duty action (Annex 6-A, page 8)
In Vietnamese: to iu kin cho bn lin quan iu chnh hoc gii trnh trong mt
khong thi gian cn thit hon thnh bin php v thu chng bn ph gi hoc
thu chng tr cp

b. Translated words should be improved:

TPP is a free trade agreement which was signed preliminarily by 12 countries, but it is
currently waiting ratification to enter into force. Especially, along with the developing
countries like Vietnam or Malaysia, TPP is concerned by some big developed nations as
America or Japan. But why do these rich countries want to participate this kind of treaty?
For America, what benefit will it get when join with smaller ones? In fact, America will have
to assist a certain part in economy for others and its total profit will be declined.
Consequently, exploitation of using the ambiguity of the word is an applicable and effective
way for America to take more advantage from the weaker nations like Vietnam.
We consider this issue on main aspect Economy with examples in some International
documents with multi-language under the perspective of conspiracy theories.

At chapter 6 TRADE REMEDIES of TPP, the original English version has the script: the
date of the transitional safeguard measures introduction, its expected duration and, if
applicable, a timetable for progressive liberalization of the measure, while, in the
Vietnamese version, it is converted into: ngy p dng bin php t v chuyn tip,
thi hn d kin (nu c) v l trnh ni lng dn bin php ny. The remarkableness
here is the using brackets in Vietnamese version instead of the command like the
English one. As a result, the grammatical role of the phrase if applicable is changed
too. It has the role of modifying for the phrase a timetable for progressive
liberalization of the measure correctly, but in Vietnamese document, it modifies for
expected duration due to the function of brackets ( ) .
It makes sense that in a practical situation, these 2 way of writing may cause some
conflicts like: The contract between Vietnamese government and a national corporation
of America can become a dispute when the American party require a full information
about the date of the transitional safeguard measures introduction, its expected
duration from Vietnamese party. However, within the meaning of Vietnamese TPP
 version, the expected duration is if applicable, so it will create a chance for USA
corporation to sue Vietnamese government for not to compliance with signed
agreement.
Translation suggestion: We change a detail in Vietnamese document: ..., nu
c,...
GRAMMAR UNCHANGED

About National Treatment And Market Access For Goods (Chapter 2 of TPP), we look
into another multi-meaning case:
In TPP: On receipt of such a request for consultations, the Party seeking to
introduce the new or additional condition, limit or eligibility requirement shall
promptly undertake consultations with the Party that submitted the request, in
accordance with Article 2.32.6 (Transparency)
In Vietnamese translation: Khi nhn c yu cu tham vn, Bn mun p dng
mt iu kin, gii hn hoc yu cu mi hoc b sung phi nhanh chng tin
hnhtham vn vi Bn yu cu theo khon 6 iu 2.34 (S minh bch)
The important item we concerning is the meaning of eligibility requirement. In
Vietnamese document, it means: new or additional requirement. However, its
the most popular meaning in English is: requirement that meet some certain
standards.
Clearly, Vietnamese may face with some difficulties if American use this
mistranslation to argue that the requirements from Vietnam are not satisfied the
previous agreements between two party.
Translation suggestion: We use the combination translation strategy:
eligibility requirement -> yu cu t iu kin
COMBINATION strategy

Also in the chapter 2, at the article 2.7, we can find an instance of using word confusing
to the Vietnamese people: Each Party shall grant duty-free temporary admission for
containers and pallets regardless of their origin, that are in use or to be used in the
shipment of goods in international traffic. The remarkable point here is when translate
this sentence into Vietnamese, it becomes: Mi Bn s cho php tm nhp min thu
i vi cc container v pallet c xut x bt k c s dng trong cc l hng ha vn
chuyn quc t. It has no change of the words container and pallet. Overall, when
the principles of TPP become applicable, it is very important to understand all of it.
What thing will the new business that just join international links of Vietnamese do?
(whereas they do not comprehend the meaning of container and pallet - 2 of the
most important unit that serving for the importing and exporting process)
Translation suggestion: We propose the add a footnote for container and pallet in
Vietnamese text like pallet is a small, low, portable platform on which goods are placed
for storage or moving, as in a warehouse or vehicle. Container is a portable
compartment in which freight is placed (as on a train or ship) for convenience of
movement. (translation sources from dictionary.com)
FOOTNOTE strategy
 The last example if multi-meaning word used in TPP comes from an easy and simple
word potential that appears in article 17.8 Injury - chapter 17 State Owned Enterprises
and Designated Monopolies.
o In TPP: actual and potential negative effects on cash flow, inventories,
employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital or investments
o In Vietnamese document: nhng nh hng tiu cc thc t v tim nng v
dng tin, hng tn kho, vic lm, thu nhp, s tng trng, kh nng tng vn
hoc u t
The word tin nng in Vietnamese has thoroughly positive meaning. Conversely, the
word potential has not only positive meaning but also the negative meaning that is
similar to the word latent. After considering carefully base the meaning of the whole
sentence, we jump the conclusion that the Vietnamese party did a mistake when
translating it. It is not a direct point that will cause disadvantage for Vietnam but
Vietnamese party will make self-mistakes if they continue using that false translation.
Translation suggestion: The Adaption strategy will put into practice:
potential -> tim tng.
ADAPTION strategy