, PETE 407 aeoln lecture 4 ~ Prerequisite. needed from flac mechanics + Os Hydroutie gradient b. Pgh C. Hydrestertic pressure heod loss ~ Above mentioned concepts are related to flow in Pipes. Drother such "pertont Flows that sheold be taken into consideration is the Pious through Porous media. Th flows throogh Poros media Pgh does not come inte pla. Notes Bn 407, we assume that the vesewoir is horizontal & the tubing (ie. wellbore) is vertical. . — The mest important cencepk ieleited fe Porous medig is the Darcy's tetwa G Darey!s lowes P Plow vate (4) = ~ SA. (fer herizuntal Plow) — AP in Dorey's equation is the viscous pressure — Higher tre viscosity of the fluid, higher is the Pressore required “to move the fluid@ — Th this class, we use the bey hydric gradient charts for flow in pipe - — Dore 's equations sed usith some modifications derive the TPR (DiPiow Performanw Reletionship ) Flow of fivid from a reservar to the separator: Flowline ph SS —\ Wellhead P&S | ) (Tobing head) f —| 5 Separator outfloes t ¢- Tubing + - ' y } Rayzone Thfloo —> << Reseroir Thflow | Botomhole (Well bore) Trficcs component: flows into tHe Fesrruay Well bore Ociflos SOmporenb: flow from the wellbore to the surface.@ ~ The only reason the fluids are able fo Plow fram reservoir to the sepertor is die to the available pressure ~ Thus, pressure af fhe separatyr is aways bss tran the Pressure at the botternhele — Majority of Pressure loss in the tuioing is due fo hydrostatic . ~- Thus, mejority of pressure loss for oll & gps is in Me bobing - _ Prietion loss from veservoir to wellbore 1S Glwowys higher Khan Pretion toss in bw flowling — Th alt, if mere is insufficient pressure bo the reservoir to produa oil to the surface, we need an externe! Source» — ArtiPictetl lift requires an exhernal Sourte to intrecese pressure within the reservoir and encourage oil to the surface Gras lift is a methock of artificial iift fhe uses an external source of high Pressure gos to lift the well ficids - Thes, gas Ys injected into the wand to edu Fre overall density of the lui in the tubing . So, whin the required. Pressove is insufficient (less pressere) We decreetse the, density -— Gas iif vs Pumps : eGas lift decreases density , there fare welgiht of the flud column is decreased and thus les pressure 5 requived to bring fhe fluds to Me suvfaice - This is done by making the fivids lighter. elorereas, OQ Pump is basically ee PYessure generator thus, it suppliment, Me pressure Supply. — con (oO Ra) Corrent gas production rate Current oll Production — veite equ if you test c production well Be measure NSE ‘ or gas and olf production rates, GoR = Ys StFp WAS ee wu {o stalD % units: SCE or _Mscé sig 318 — oie (hos Liquid Ratio): current Jas Pr Gur = ~~ Corrent total liquid precuction rote., sig *(oil + Water)Jot Yio Sterdard conditions + Go? at citmospheric PYessure. citmespheric PrESSuYE + © psig or 14.7 psia , th this cless, all the Pressures oire psicl- 7 Pressure ts mortione GS psi You can consider ib as psig, ‘| — Formaticn Volume factor (Fve): (oil formation volume factor > Bo ) « Bo — Volume in reseruoin ocwpied in 1ST oll, fo > 4 RB RR ~reservoir barrel STI e By - Gras formation volume Pacto rn © By ~ Water formotlon volume factor . Bw is usvally close fo 4-© — WOR ( Waterco! Ratio): © WoR = Current woter production rate = Gwe, ‘we Current oil production rate Yo, sha, « WoR is umbless current water production rote “tuerent total liquid production vate e Water Cut = Qw dw to — Types op completion + + Open hole Completion Production casing is sek above the Payzone . Thus the payeene is open te the well bore . —Pockers ¢ Packers are used ho make sore Hat the fluid is flowing frrough the tubing & not through annulus | — % is Production is generaliy done through he tubing because fhe casing is mented and Meredy it is Irreplaceable uf casing gets corroded it cannot be replaced bub a tubing can be -a4 liquidk + Gas oO aA F ato given point will be less than Stiquid Conly at optimum tubing size) . + Cased hole completion: oe Perforated completions , _ Average yeservein pressure $ (p or Paor Pav) TP you shuk a well for a very long Hme bottom -~ hole pressure will eventually stabilize S& Pressure Everyiohere in the reservaiy will be sume This is same as stutic pressure2) Reserve Pressure| diskince From wellbore. e Ne Pressure Gradient = No flow « (The above statement cipplies to flow In Porous median, may net apply to capillary flow). © Ak microscopic copillary flow, breve (an be ary instance where there is no flow by but Some pressure gradient . No Flows PpRene for a production rate SooR/d is '$00 ps! Distoncg —> * for the excich same condition as above, injection rate ts 500 RBId “ FBHP = 2500 psi. _ Remember, FRUP cannot be greaker than P for @ producing well and Vie Vers%- M "An ounte of common serse = @ whole set of mathematical equations |! = Sis