Alexandria Engineering Journal (2017) xxx, xxxxxx

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Punching shear behavior of recycled aggregate

reinforced concrete slabs
Zaki I. Mahmoud *, El tony M. El tony, Kawan S. Saeed

Structural Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Egypt

Received 23 November 2015; accepted 5 December 2015

KEYWORDS Abstract Preservation of environment and natural resources has recently attracted researchers to
Punching shear; study the use of recycled aggregates from demolished concrete in new concrete structures. This
Two-way slab; paper presents an experimental study on punching shear behavior of simply supported natural
Recycled coarse aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate concrete slabs. The punching shear behavior of interior slabcolumn
(RCA); connection in at plates is tested in The Reinforced Concrete Laboratory of the Faculty of Engi-
Natural coarse aggregates neering, Alexandria University. Eight two-way slab specimens using two different types of aggre-
(NCAs); gate natural and recycled and two aggregate nominal sizes (12.5 and 25 mm) were cast and tested
Coarse aggregate sizes to failure. The slabs were designed such that they would fail in punching shear only. The experimen-
tal work was conducted on (6) recycled coarse aggregate concrete (RCAC) slab specimens and (2)
natural coarse aggregate concrete (NCAC) slabs. All the slabs were simply supported on four edges
and tested under a central patch load. The ACI mix design procedure was adopted to achieve
strength of concrete at 28 days of 35 MPa. Four concrete mix proportions were used with (0%,
30%, 60% and 100%) replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled coarse aggregate
for each aggregate size. The test results showed that the rst punch crack load, ultimate punch load,
stiffness and energy absorption decrease as the replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recy-
cled coarse aggregate increases. Also as the recycled aggregate size increases the cracking and failure
load increases. The measured ultimate failure loads have been compared with code predictions
(ECP 203, ACI 318, JSCE code, Euro code 2 and yield line theory). The Euro code 2 equations
gave the best correlation with the experimental results.
2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction rather than search for the perfect aggregate to make an ideal
concrete suitable for all purposes. Simultaneously, important
The construction industry and concrete manufacturers have increases in concrete recycling result in millions of tons of Recy-
realized that they will need to use available aggregate material cled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) that could be used in the pro-
duction of concrete for particular purposes. Currently, RCA is
* Corresponding author.
mainly being used as an alternate material for natural aggregate
in unlimited sub-base and base pavement layers in road
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
construction. One of the most important steps in encouraging
University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.12.004
1110-0168 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Z.I. Mahmoud et al., Punching shear behavior of recycled aggregate reinforced concrete slabs, Alexandria Eng. J. (2017), http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.12.004
2 Z.I. Mahmoud et al.

Nomenclature

fcu cube compressive strength (N/mm2) d slab effective depth

fc0 cylinder compressive strength (N/mm2) w/c water cement ratio
fy yield strength of reinforcement (N/mm2) FA ne aggregates (sand)
RCA recycled coarse aggregate CA coarse aggregates
NCA natural coarse aggregate

the use of recycled concrete aggregate in new concrete was the
1994 publication by the RILEM (1994) [1]. The recycled coarse
aggregate concrete (RCAC) is similar to natural aggregate con-
crete, but the only difference is that the aggregate used is com-
posed from demolished concrete waste. Till today the research
of RCAC is mostly carried out in countries such as United
States, Europe and Japan, and in other countries this research
is at very initial stages. Many countries are using this RCAC
mostly for the non-structural elements because the research is
limited to basic physical and mechanical properties. Due to
the low strength, low elastic modulus, bad workability, high
water absorption, high shrinkage and creep of RCAC, it is
mostly used for only non-structural concrete [2,3]. However,
for greater applications, it is necessary to investigate the feasi-
bility of producing different RCAC structural elements with
locally available waste concrete. The water/cement ratio of
the original concrete inuences the amount of adhered mortar
to original aggregates and the quantity of adhered mortar
increases with decreasing the size of aggregate [4]. The density
of recycled aggregate concrete reduces with smaller size of
aggregates [5]. The smaller particles tend to have lower specic
gravities than the larger particles; thus, limiting the amount of
recycled ne aggregates in a mix can increase the specic grav-
ity [6]. Most importantly the use of RCA can save natural
resources and protect our living environment [4,5]. In fact some
studies concerning the performance of reinforced concrete slabs
were conducted by Showjendra Kumar [7], Sashidhar and
Ramana [8] and Sudarsana Rao et al. [9].
2. Research significance
erties of these materials were carried out according to the
Egyptian Standard Specications (ESS) or the ASTM Stan-
dards [10]. RCA is obtained from the waste concrete of tested
cubes by hand crushing and sieving. Table 1 shows the physical
properties of coarse aggregate used in this experimental study.
3.2. Mix proportions of RCAC
Due to high water absorption of the RCA, it must be wetted
before its use in concrete. If the RCA is not humid, it would
absorb water from the paste, thus losing both its workability
in the fresh concrete, and the effective w/c ratio in the paste
[11]. In this study, recycled coarse aggregates were put it in
water for 24 h, and were spread on a plastic sheet at free air
for four hours before using to reach the saturated surface
dry (SSD) condition. In this test program, the concrete mixes
were designed according to ACI 211.1 [12]. Eight concrete
mixes have been designed for slump 80100 mm, and for air
content of (0.015 and 0.025) per unit volume. The same
amount of water and cement was used in all mixes, i.e., (w/c)
was equal to (0.53). In mixes, we used variable amount of
coarse Natural and Recycled aggregate with Natural Fine
Aggregate. The admixture varied in mixes to achieve the
required level of workability. The main variable in this study
is NCA replacement percentage with RCA which is 0, 30, 60
and 100. In case of NCA replacement percentage with RCA
equal to 0, the specimens are designated as NCAC slab speci-
mens, which served as the control specimens for comparison.
The mix proportions and average mechanical properties of
the concrete are shown in Table 2.

The experimental work performed in this research aimed to 3.3. Preparation of test slab specimens
investigate the effect of recycled coarse aggregate sizes and
replacement percentage on the ultimate punching shear The dimensions of Slabs, supports and loading systems were
strength of slabs and also, to examine the accuracy of current the same in all tests. All the tested slabs had square plan
code equations in predicting the ultimate punching shear dimensions of 1200 mm
1200 mm and 100 mm thickness.
capacity of RCA slabs. The results presented in this research
may promote the use of RCA aggregate in practical
applications.
Table 1 Physical properties of NCA and RCA.
3. Experimental program
Coarse aggr. Grading Dry unit SSD unit Water
(mm) weight weight absorption
3.1. Materials (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (%)
NCA 12.5 mm 2.3612.5 1490 1525 2.63
The materials used in this work are Portland Cement (CEM I NCA 25 mm 2.3625 1560 1575 1.71
42.5 N), admixtures (Sikament-163M), drinking water, natural RCA 12.5 mm 2.3612.5 1354 1410 3.62
sand, Natural and Recycled coarse aggregate sizes 12.5 and RCA 25 mm 2.3625 1399 1460 3.95
25 mm and Deformed high grade steel bars of 10 mm diameter SSD: saturated surface dry condition
with yield strength of 510 N/mm2. Tests to determine the prop-

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Punching shear behavior of concrete slabs 3

Table 2 Mix design proportion ratios and mechanical properties of concrete mixtures (N/mm2).
Designation SP FA CA Cube compressive Cylinder compressive Split tensile
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) strength 28 days (fcu) strength 28 days (fc0 ) strength (ft)
NCA RCA
NCA-0%-12.5 5 889 819 0 44.7 37.18 3.8
RCA-30%-12.5 5 908 573 232 42.3 34.98 3.71
RCA-60%-12.5 5 926 327 465 39.6 32.52 3.58
RCA-100%-12.5 5 950 0 775 38 31.07 3.5
NCA-0%-25 3 702 1045 0 47.1 39.39 3.91
RCA-30%-25 3 720 731.5 293.4 43 35.62 3.73
RCA-60%-25 3 738 418 586.8 41.5 34.25 3.67
RCA-100%-25 3 761 0 978 40.7 33.52 3.63
w/c ratio = 0.53, cement content = 350 kg/m3 for all, SP: Super plasticizer (163-M).

They had same bottom reinforcement of 11 bars 10 mm diam-
eter in both directions, with a concrete cover of 20 mm as
shown in Figs. 1a, 1b and 2. The slab specimens were water
cured for 7 days after casting. To achieve clear visibility of
cracks during and after testing, the specimens were coated with
white color.
2 kN. During the test, the steel stains and deection were
recorded automatically by data acquisition system. The crack
initiation and propagation were monitored by visual inspec-
tion at load intervals.
4. Results and discussion

3.4. Loading arrangement, measurements and testing procedure 4.1. General

The eight slab specimens were located under the hydraulic jack
such that the centerline of the specimen was oriented perpen-
dicular to the centerline of the loading jack. The specimen
was supported over four steel plates with effective span
(1100 mm). The applied load acted on square steel plate
(100
100 mm
50mm). Electrical strain gauges were used
to measure strain in steel reinforcing bars. For each slab, the
gauges were bonded to two perpendicular bottom bars. The
strain gauges were covered by a waterproof coating to protect
them from water and damage during casting concrete. Linear
Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) was used to mea-
sure the deection at mid-span of the slabs. Test rig and load-
ing arrangement are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Data acquisition
measurement system was used to measure loads, deections
and steel strains. The load was applied in increments of
The LoadDeection relationships for the tested slab speci-
mens are shown in Fig. 5. It may be noticed that the typical
relationship was linear until rst cracking, which occurred
below the loading point. This occurrence was characterized
by a noticeable reduction in slab stiffness. With increasing
load, new cracks were formed and the present ones kept spread
in the radial directions, mainly toward the corners of the slab.
The slope of the loaddeection curve also kept decreasing
until punching failure occurred with unexpected drop in the
applied load. At this phase, punching shear failure was clearly
visible on the top slab surface but, on the bottom face, only an
outline of the truncated failure cone with a much larger
perimeter had formed as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The results
of the experimental investigation are summarized in Table 3.
4.2. First punch crack load

The rst punching crack means the appearance of cracks

around the center at bottom surfaces of slabs as a circular
shape or close shape under the patch load. The rst punching
crack load for each slab specimens is summarized in Table 3. It
can be noticed from the results that the recycled replacement
ratios (30100%) of slabs with aggregate size (12.5 mm)
decrease the rst punch crack load by 9.226.2% when com-
pared with NCA (S1-0% Recycle) slab. Similarly, the recycled
replacement ratios (30100%) of slabs with aggregate size
(25 mm) decrease the rst punch crack load by 8.224.9%
when compared with NCA (S2-0% Recycle) slab.
On the other hand, the rst punch crack load of slab S1 of
aggregate size (12.5 mm) with NCA (0% recycle) decreased by
3.7% when compared with S2 of aggregate size (25 mm). Sim-
ilarly, S3, S5 and S7 of aggregate size (12.5 mm) with 30%,
60% and 100% recycle decreased by 4.6%, 4.7% and 5.3%
when compared with S4, S6 and S8 using aggregate size
Figure 1a View of reinforcement. (25 mm), respectively.

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4 Z.I. Mahmoud et al.

Figure 1b Section (xx).

Figure 4 Sample of slab specimen.

Figure 2 View of reinforcement sample. 200.0

180.0

160.0

140.0
S2
S1
120.0 S4 S6
S7
Load (kN)

S3 S8
100.0 S5

S1 (12.5 mm) - 0%
80.0
S2 (25 mm) - 0%

60.0 S3 (12.5 mm) - 30%

S4 (25 mm) - 30%
40.0 S5 (12.5 mm) - 60%
S6 (25 mm) - 60%
20.0 S7 (12.5 mm) - 100%
S8 (25 mm) - 100%
0.0
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
Deflection (mm)
Figure 3 Steel frame test setup.
Figure 5 Loaddeection relationship for total specimens.

4.3. Ultimate punching load

The ultimate punching load (the failure load) for each slab
specimen is summarized in Table 3. It can be noticed from
the results that the recycled replacement ratios (30100%) of
slabs with aggregate size (12.5 mm) decrease the ultimate
punching load by 2.8522.5% when compared with NCA
(S1-0% Recycle) slab. Similarly, the recycled replacement
ratios (30100%) of slabs with aggregate size (25 mm) decrease
the ultimate punch load by 9.024.0% when compared with
NCA (S2-0% Recycle) slab.
On the other hand, the failure load of slab S1 of aggregate
size (12.5 mm) with NCA (0% recycle) decreased by 8.7%

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Punching shear behavior of concrete slabs 5

when compared with S4, S6 and S8 using aggregate size

(25 mm), respectively.

4.4. Energy absorption

The energy absorption is dened as the area under the load

deection curve. Values of energy absorption were determined
from test results and are tabulated in Table 3. It can be noticed
that energy absorption decreases with increase of replacement
ratio for both aggregate sizes. For aggregate size (12.5 mm)
decreasing ratios were 9.4%, 27.8% and 44.9% for replace-
ment percentages 30%, 60% and 100% respectively. Similarly,
for aggregate size (25 mm) decreasing ratios were 18.5%,
38.4% and 47.9% for replacement percentages 30%, 60%
and 100% respectively.
On the other hand, the energy absorption decreased by
15.7%, 6.2%, 1.1% and 10.7% when the coarse aggregate size
decreased from 25 to 12.5 mm for the replacement ratios 0%,
30%, 60% and 100% respectively.

Figure 6 Typical close-up bottom view of slab specimens after 4.5. Stiffness
failure.
The initial stiffness (ki) is considered as secant line of load
deection curve before rst crack load which was estimated
at deection (0.25 mm). The ultimate stiffness (ku) is consid-
ered as the secant line of loaddeection curve at near to ulti-
mate load which was estimated at deection (4 mm).
The calculated stiffness values are presented in Table 4. The
results show that the stiffness increases with the increase of
aggregate size, while, the stiffness decreases with the increase
of recycled replacement ratio.
Stiffness degradation is dened as the ratio between the
ultimate stiffness and the un-cracked stiffness. The stiffness
degradation increases with increase of the ratio of RCA, and
the specimen indicates higher ductility.

4.6. Cracking and failure pattern

Figure 7 Typical top view of slab specimens after failure.
when compared with S2 of aggregate size (25 mm). Similarly,
S3, S5 and S7 of aggregate size (12.5 mm) with 30%, 60%
and 100% recycle decreased by 2.55%, 2.13% and 6.94%
The nal crack patterns of all tested slab specimens are shown
in Figs. 8 and 9. It is observed that the cracks on the bottom
face are radial, running predominantly between the loading
point and the corners. A circular punching crack surrounding
the patch load occurred on the top surface, and this was
reected on the bottom surface with an enlarged area, clearly
identifying the truncated cone. Similar failure patterns are
reported by Kuang and Morley [13] with respect to recycled
concrete slabs.

Table 3 Results of the experimental investigation.

Slab Replacement Size fcu (MPa) fc0 (MPa) First Pu (Vcu) (kN) uD (mm) Energy
names of RCA (%) aggregate (mm) P(Punch)cr (kN) absorption (kN m)
S1 0 12.5 44.4 36.9 115.8 157.5 5.4 0.652
S3 30 41.8 34.5 105.1 153 5.35 0.591
S5 60 39.6 32.5 95.4 137.5 4.85 0.471
S7 100 38.6 31.6 85.5 122 4.3 0.360
S2 0 25 47.4 39.7 120.2 172.5 5.83 0.773
S4 30 43.8 36.4 110.3 157 5.5 0.630
S6 60 41.3 34.1 100.1 140.5 4.75 0.476
S8 100 40.8 33.6 90.3 131 4.5 0.403

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6 Z.I. Mahmoud et al.

Table 4 Stiffness of slab specimens.

Nomenclature Load before cracking Load after cracking Stiness
of slab specimens at (0.25 mm) deection at (4 mm) deection
Initial ki (kN/mm) Ultimate ku (kN/mm) Degradation ku/ki
NAC-0%-S1 54.53 146.87 218.12 36.72 0.168
RCA-30%-S3 48.6 138.26 194.4 34.57 0.178
RCA-60%-S5 39.78 127.23 159.12 31.81 0.200
RCA-100%-S7 30.55 118.4 122.2 29.6 0.242
NCA-0%-S2 55.19 154.88 220.76 38.72 0.175
RCA-30%-S4 51.06 140.05 204.24 35.01 0.171
RCA-60%-S6 45.05 131.2 180.2 32.8 0.182
RCA-100%-S8 35.12 124.0 140.48 31.0 0.221

Figure 8 Crack pattern of rst group-12.5 mm.

4.7. Design codes Ultimate punching shear is the Smallest of

q
2
Vcup 0:17 1 fc0 kbo d 1a
Four international design code Eqs. (1)(4) were used to pre- b

q
dict ultimate punching load for the tested slabs. The results as  d
Vcup 0:083 2 fc0 kbo d 1b
are shown in Table 5. bo
q
4:2:1 ACI-318 2011 14 1 Vcup 0:33 fc0 kbo d 1c

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Punching shear behavior of concrete slabs 7

Figure 9 Crack pattern of second group-25 mm.

where a,b = long and short sides of the column (mm),

bo = perimeter of critical section (mm) at (d/2) from the as = coefcient depends on the column position,
face of the column, as = 4 for inner column, 3 for edge column, 2 for corner
b = the ratio of long side to short side of the column of the column.
concentrated load,
k = 1.0 for normal strength concrete,
4:2:3 Euro code-2 16 3
as = coefcient depends on the position of the column,
as = 40 for inner column, 30 for edge column, 20 for corner
column. Vcup 0:18k100qfck1=3 bo d 3a
r
200
k1 62 3b
d
4:2:2 ECP-203 2011 15 2
where

s fck = cylinder compressive strength (MPa),
as  d fcu
Vcup 0:8 0:2 bo d 2a bo = perimeter of critical section (mm) at (2d) from the face
bo cc of the column,
s
 a f q = exural reinforcement ratio (60.02).
Vcup 0:316 0:50 cu
bo d 2b
b cc

But not greater than 4:2:4 JSCE 2007 17 4

s
f
Vcup 0:316 cu bo d 2c Vcup bd bp br fpcd up d 4a
cc
up u pd 4b
where
cc = concrete strength reduction factor (1.5), where p
bo = perimeter of critical section (mm) at (d/2) from the fpcd = 0.2 fc0 , (61.2 MPa),
face of the column, u = perimeter of Loading pad (mm) = 4c,

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8 Z.I. Mahmoud et al.

Table 5 Comparison of measured ultimate punching load results with international codes.
Nomenclature of Ultimate load (kN) Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu
PEPC PACI PEURO PJSCE Pyield
slab specimens
Tested Predicted by codes
Pu PECP PACI PEURO PJSCE Pyield
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Group 1 Aggregate size (12.5 mm)
S1 0% 157.5 81.8 95.4 128.7 122.1 226.1 1.93 1.65 1.22 1.29 0.70
S3 30% 153 79.4 92.3 125.9 119.6 224.6 1.93 1.66 1.22 1.28 0.68
S5 60% 137.5 77.3 89.6 123.4 116 223.3 1.78 1.53 1.11 1.19 0.62
S7 100% 122 76.3 88.3 122.3 114.4 222.6 1.60 1.38 1.00 1.07 0.55
Group 2 Aggregate Size (25 mm)
S2 0% 172.5 84.6 98.9 131.9 122.1 227.5 2.04 1.74 1.31 1.41 0.76
S4 30% 157 81.3 94.7 128.1 122.1 225.7 1.93 1.66 1.23 1.29 0.70
S6 60% 140.5 78.9 91.7 125.3 118.8 224.3 1.78 1.53 1.12 1.18 0.63
S8 100% 131 78.4 91.1 124.8 118 224.0 1.67 1.44 1.05 1.11 0.58

up = perimeter at distance (d/2) from the face of the col-  The cube and the cylinder compressive strength decreases as
umn (mm), the recycled coarse aggregate sizes decrease.
q = average of tension steel reinforcement ratio,  The deection, rst punch crack load, and ultimate punch
q
bd = 4 1000 , (61.5), failure load decrease with increasing the replacement ratio
d
p of recycled coarse aggregates and decrease with coarse
bp = 100q, (61.5),
3
aggregate sizes decrease.
br = 1 10:25u=d 1
.  Stiffness and Energy Absorption decrease with increasing
the percentage of recycled aggregate ratio, also, decrease
with decreasing the coarse aggregate size.
4.8. Yield line theory [18]  The predictions of examined four codes are extremely con-
servative in estimating the ultimate punching capacity. The
The predicted yield load can be calculated from the following equation adopted by Euro Code-2 was found to be the clos-
equations using the yield line theory: est to the experimental results.
 
L
Pyield 8m 5
s  c
   References
fy
m As fy d  0:59As 0 6
fc [1] RILEM Technical Committee titled, Specication for Concrete
where with Recycled Aggregate, RILEM, 1994.
L = side dimension of square slab (mm), [2] K.K. Sagoe-Crentsil, T. Brown, A.H. Taylor, Performance of
concrete made with commercially produced coarse
s = side dimension between slab support,
recycled concrete aggregate, Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (5) (2001)
c = side length of a square patch load, 707712.
As = area of tensile steel reinforcement per unit width. [3] A. Ajdukiewicz, A. Kliszczewicz, Inuence of recycled
aggregates on mechanical properties of HS/HPC, Cement
The ratios between the measured failures load Pu and com- Concr. Compos. 24 (2002) 269279.
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u
have often been used to [4] T.C. Hansen, H. Narud, Strength of recycled concrete made
from crushed concrete coarse aggregate, Concr. Int. 5 (1) (1983).
identify slab failure mode. If ;o < 1.0 the failure mode is shear
[5] T.C. Hansen, Elasticity and Drying Shrinkage of Recycled
failure and ;o > 1.0 the failure mode is exural. Columns (8) Aggregate Concrete, ACIJ, British-London, 1985.
to (11) in Table 5 illustrate a comparison between the experi- [6] Keith W. Anderson, Jeff S. Uhlmeyer, Mark Russell, Use of
mental ultimate punching shear load for tested slabs and those Recycled Concrete Aggregate in PCCP, USA, 2009.
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parison between ultimate punch load results with the load pre- Concrete Two-Way Slabs in Flexural and Punching Shear an
diction of yield line theory shows that the mode of failure is Experimental Investigation, Doctorate thesis, India, 2012.
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drawn: Ghorpade, Inuence of recycled coarse aggregate on punching
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the recycled coarse aggregate percentage replacement [10] ASTM International, ASTM C33, Standard Specication for
increases. Similarly the split tensile strength also reduces. Concrete Aggregates (ASTM C33/C33M11a), USA, 2011.

Please cite this article in press as: Z.I. Mahmoud et al., Punching shear behavior of recycled aggregate reinforced concrete slabs, Alexandria Eng. J. (2017), http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.12.004
Punching shear behavior of concrete slabs
[11] M. Etxeberria, E. Vazquez, A. Mari, M. Barra, Inuence of
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[13] T.S. Kuang, C.T. Morley, Punching shear behavior of re-
strained concrete slabs, ACI Struct. J. 89 (1) (1992).
[14] ACI 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary, 2011.
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doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.12.004
9
[15] The Egyptian Code for design and construction of reinforced
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[16] Euro Code 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1, General
Rules and Rules for Buildings, the European Standard, 2004.
[17] English Version of Standard Specications for Concrete
Structure and Design, Japan Society of Civil Engineering,
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[18] Robert Park, William L. Gamble, Reinforced Concrete Slabs,
John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Canada, 2000, pp. 1716.