Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
FesearEh
EourseBook
. I .i':::t 'l' .:
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Fesearchand
wffiwKffim
FeterenEing
Km&wwreffiwmK&mm
people'sideasand gather
In highereducationyou need to be able to researchother
written assignments'Many
resourcesin order to support arguments,both in seminarsand
quote the words and ideasof other
studentsfind it ditficultto understandhow they can
i.e.,plagiarism'lt is of
writerswithoutbeing accusedof copyingother people'swork,
plagiarism is and how to avoid it in
crucialimpodancethat studentsunderstandwhat
A misunderstanding of this issuecan resultin
essays,examinationsand dissertations.
studentsfailing.
for acknowledgingyour
This modulewill help you familiariseyourselfwith conventions
when quotingthe words
use of outsidesourcesand clalifywhat you can and cannotdo
of authorsand academics.
in orderto strengthen
Unit t highlightsthe need to referto other sourcesof information
have in doing this at
ideasin your essays.It also looks at some of the difficultiesstudents
English-medium universities.Unit 2 will familiariseyou with a rangeof informationsources
of a bibliographyand
and helpyou to evaluatethem. Unit 3 underlinesthe importance
how to differentiate between
teachesyou the basicsof how to write one. You will learn
avoid it in your work in
citing ani quotingin Unit 4 and how to identifyplagiarismand
into practice:,youwill
Unit 5. Finally,in Unit 6, you will put the skillsyou have learned
paragraphsthat includequotes
selectinformationfrom differentsourcesand write some
to accompanyyour work'
and citations.you will also write an appropriatebibliography
researchingand
After completingthe module,you will feel more confidentabout
be able to strengthenyour own ideasby
referencingessayson your course.You will
and be able to write a more
includingquotesand citationsappropriatelyin your work
structuredand effectivebibliography'
e
SkXXXs
Mpp
Why research?
Understand the need to use other sources of information to strengthen
your essays.
proeess
The researCIh
Familiarise yourself with the range of sources of information and consider
their strengths and weaknesses.
lf$ritinga bib*isgnaphy
Understand the use and importance of a bibliography and learn the basics of
writing one in the APA system.
Keferringto otlrenss&*rsesimycunesself
Understand the uses of quotations and citations and familiarise yourself with
the APA system of referencing.
Plagiarism
Understand what plagiarism is and how to recognise it in a piece of writing so
that you can use other sources in your writing in an acceptable way.
UsinEsuppsr{ingargumsnts
ldentify relevant information in your research notes and understand how to use
it in your essay to support arguments in an acceptable way.
3
Whyresearch?
At the end of this unit you will:
o understand the need to refer to other sources;
. be aware of different conventions and attitudes to research in different cultures.
a) What is homelessness?
b) How big a problemdo you think it is?
c) What causeshomelessness?
d) What impact does it haveon individualsand society?
e) What can be done to addressthe problem?
j - :
&i*iv *is*u;* *h* f*it'**;i*g qu*sti**s rv!?l:y**r'wir*f* *|nss.
whole families.
x"s W*rlq i*i*ivi*3xxlfy.lJstel*rlim*the part* *9 th* e;:ey yrhere ycl; c*',:i* *airi slt$3prli'fi*gg:eii*gx*n*
*vid**** t* x*r**gth*n th* *s$*?. T*r** e*iil::a:'+ sJlih a ilar:?ter.
3
tr
I
TaSk ffi Academiccultures
3.1 Yhmfm*l*wrirnlg**rnry:**ts w*r* m*cis by f*ur intr1*rnxt[it*m;:]*
*tu"j**t* *? *ritixh uxi-v*rslti*s. ffi*xd
.5nrj(-{Isc#sstih* qu**t}*n* f:*l*w wlth y*r:r p****r-
*h**t th*ir *rps'r1tr'1rr,rr*
Kris:
In my countfy,we don't do much writingat undergraduate level.We go to
lectures,take notesand learnthe information.At the end of the year we
havean exam, but it's spoken.In England,you haveto do so many essays.
At first I found it strange,but now I like it as the essaysmake me think
about the topics we are studyingand I can use the essaysto help me
revisefor exams.
Bo:
I am a science student, and the way we write our reports is so differentto
how peopledo it here in the UK. One thing is the length.In the UK, writers
add a lot of stuff which is totallyirrelevantand boring.The beginningsand
the ends of the reportsare full of quotationsfrom other people'sresearch.
In my countrv,we talk about the problem,the methodologyand the
solution.Thereis no point talkingabout other people'swork. lt's in the
libraryand a good studentknows it already.lt is boringto mentionit again.
Edward:
I didn't write a bibliography(a list of sources)until I was writinga long
essayin my finalyear.Beforethat, my tutors didn't requireone. After I had
finishedwritingthe essay,I just put all the books I had used in a big pile on
my desk and wrote out their detailsin a list. My only problemwhen I'm
writingin Englishis that I haveto keep stoppingto add a referenceand
make sure the book is in my bibliographytoo. Sometimes,it makesme
forget my ideas.
Phan:
In my country,we are taught not to stealother people'sideasor writing.So
when we do universitywriting,we write a list of all the books we have used
in a bibliography.We don't give a referencein thb text of our essay.lt's
enoughto mentionthe books in our bibliographies. Also, if the idea is well
known or if it comes from a lecture,we don't mentionit in a bibliography
becausethe tutors and studentsknow wherethe idea is from. At first, I
kept forgettingthis type of thing in my bibliographies,but now I am
beginningto change.
TmWkX Research
options
1"X 14{eirk *c'lg}r*at$}s h*l*w atlrde*is*ul*stxh}*h
r*{ 3*{r. L**k;:rt th* *i*t of **ur*es sf l*:f*rrnatiEl*'t
*t"**)sy{pl* have alr*xdy usec3.&dd t* thq} *ixt *ny *t*ler $s{.rr6e$<p{infsrrxati*n *}rat ys{"!erl*
fsmiliar w***t.
a) books
b) websites
c) journals
d)
e)
0
g)
You shouldconsider:
a) authority
b) ease of access
c) reliability
d) amountof information
e) relevance
f) time
tr
=
TXWMffi Preparingresearchquestions
Now you are going to write a list of sources(a bibliography)
that could be
used to strenothenAndrewStudent'sessavon homelessness.
*.1 ll*mk ha*k e? y**r m*t*s {n ?b*k *"ff in L}*tittr. *d*ntify whx*
*r:f*c'*ilatl*nw*u*e*i:* {"*s*fli&,
For example:
Definitions of homelessness,sr2eof the problem
k.* Txn*tt*:**e :';*t'!*si*rt* tfur** n*s*nr*h qxesti*:ns xnd wrlt* *h*ffi i:efq:,w.&-*xxv*splill{$*ixft*r *a*h
qu*sti*rir t* aa:lle!
*'r*t*s *xrd **a;*r**s $mtsrcls"*"
For example:
How has homelessnessbeen defined bv other writers? What information indicates fhe size of the
problem?
?e*aech 4uestion l:
Nofeg:
Selerence s,o$(cesi
Research q$esllon Ll
Notesr
?efetenc,e =,cro(ces:
?e*-accVt cl:ros'illcrl 5:
Ncrte-=,
?etereruz =oJ(czs:
et To find the necessary bibliographical inforrnation for a book,'look on the title page and the
printing history page {usually on the first few page$ of a book}" Below are examples of these.
T h e H o m e l e sPs r o b l e m
First published 2004
Secondedition 2006
t s B N0 3 3 7 4 8 3 7 2 4
u!
The Universityof L o n b r j d g e
author of this work has been asserted by him in
accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and PatentsAct 1988.
a) Author'sfull name
b) Date of publication
c) Title
d) Edition
e) Placeof publication
fl Publisher
a perpetualproblem
Homelessness:
FrancesMartin
Socialcorrespondent
Articlelast updated19/9/0504:58PM
a) Author'sfull name
c) Title
d) Web address:http://
&.4 &s*rycur {L}t$r'sr;n}*hrariam wlth th* bib]i*graphlcnl d*tails yoLlnc*el ts fi*w* f,or*ther
f*r l're$g:
tgrex t:lf imf*r'm*tielns*urce. Alternativ*ly, th* *mt*rnet is a good soure* sf ir"lf*rrnatiernon
writing hfrhli*gn*xphi*x"
and add brief notes after each one. Keep a record of the
bibliographicaldetailsof your sourceon the same page
as your notes.
Tips
a) Most librariesnow make use of electronicsearch engines.lf you are not familiarwith them, ask
librarianfor help.
b) You can use a search engine such as Google or Yahooto find relevantsites.
http://google.co.uk
http://yahoo.co.uk
c) You can also use web directories.
http://www.lycos.co.uk/dir/
http://dir.yahoo.com/
d) Subject gatewaysare also a good source of information.The sources are divided up according
to academicsubjects.
htto://www.intute.ac.uk/
e) You can also make use of the links provided by Society Guardianat:
http://society.guardian.co.uk/homelessness/page/0,8149,527295,00.htm1
Or by the UK governmentat:
http://www.odpm.gov.uk/stellenVgroups/opdmhomelessness/documents/sectionhomepage/
odpm homelessnesspage.hcsp
http://www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1149659
66slts
Auttrols famil3 Date of TrHe Edihbn %'cx. ot Publisher
name and iniJlal p0blication pubticafion
*t^.?
S"Je
\ofrP:l I
a'ro,l I
$$&ax$wsxg
ffiw&ryffi
fsxr &*;ry*&
*
Wrilinga bibliography
B3 At the end of this unit you will:
o understand the purpose of a bibliography;
. be able to produce a bibliography using the APA System.
TWWffig
K Why includea bibliography?
',.1 ?* gr*xg** *f **$, *p*xrd i* rn!xx*e*
*iu*u**ixg *i8:!i*gnxphi**.
t.* N*w fhi*rk *&:*uf rvh*n y** f*a*nd $**y**s t* x*r*ngth*x &*l*r*rrySt****t's *ssi3y *xl
il:*rx*6*ss$r**s"fii}is*xssjlh* f*i**rv*n6 qur**ti*n* wit$: 3r*xr *1***.
-}i$-WWM
ffiffi
eiOliographies
andthe APASystem
3"1 Th*r* ffit"*ffi{}ny di*?*r"*n{syxf*rxs *f *}ttllli*m,*n*li th*y *ft** diff*r {r*n* *r:* m*;x*im*li*$***trjt*
*n*t*'e*r.!*: this *x*r*ls* y*$ if;riilpr**tix* *** *f *h* ffi*st avi*i*{y*l**d *ct*x - th* &F,&System,
Yh* *xxrx6*!* h*ll*w sh*ws t8:i* *vst**x:.
Bibliography
c)
d) What does 2nd ed. mean in the entry 'tor Homelessness.'what's the problem?
g) What do the lettersa and b mean in the entriesforthe books written by Peter'Ratcliffe?
a government
i) lf the book is writtenby a corporateauthor(e.g.,an organisation, department),
what information comesfirst in the entry?
D In whichordershouldentriesbe placed?
2.2 Look at the examplesin the bibliographyon page 15.What are the ruleefor writing a
bibliographicalentry for a book? Considerthe order of inforrnationand punctuation.
2.3 Takeihe book sourcesyou found in Unit 2, Task4.2. Usingthe rules you havediscovered,
write bibliographicalentriesfor your sources.
:t"*g,*rr.Jg.*
*,1 *s* th* bi*i!*grxpi:; *i:*.;* i..: =l::=qi i-= i::!:i'::ing qi:esiiets.
3:2 tock at th* examples of Ini*rnet $ource entni*s in tNrebib*iography l:n pag* 17" What are the
rules {or writlng a biblicgraphieal entry for a w*bsite page?
.l'l
Take the lnternet sources you found in UnI* *, Tesk 4.2, and put th*rn int* the fonxat shelrarn
*hove"
X
ms*esfmr&fmX&
5&wdsm*
KwwMXGitins
ShaksChosh
T u e s d aJyu l y1 8 , 2 0 0 5
TheCuardian
Homelessness
de-skills
and isolates
people.Theobviousresponse
is to givehomeless
peoplehomes...
YmmkreQuotins
Quotingis anothermethodof reportingthe ideasfrom
anothersource.Unlikeciting,you may use the exact
words of the source'swriter.Similarto citing,however,
you make sureyour readerunderstandswho the
words belongto and in which sourcethey appear.
c"* Yh* $xy*ut *9 * i*xg qu*t*?*** i* **#*r**? ** tf:* *x*mpi** *i *h*I{ qu*l**i*ns ***ve. A !*irg
**msi**r** t* *:* thr** *r s1*r* iin** *f {*xt, {*c}*kn{ {h* exe*.lpi-. belc'.v
*:gu*t*tt**ni* **r.;xil5a
Yh*rr *i**lqss *h* qx**{i*ns *ll tihe **xt pxg*.
AdamSampson,
thehomelessness
statistics bv
madethefollowingcommentin response
directorof Shelter,
issued the sovernment:
io Shelter
Aithoughthenumberof peoplebeingaccepted hasfallen.thet'actremainstherelre still recordnumbers
ashomeless of
peopletrappedin temporary
accommodation.
andhundreds
of fhousandsmorein orer,-roudedrrrunl'ithousrng.
(Sampson 2005).
**i* * - **If*fri** 1* ca*=r =*-.**s i* y*l;r e,l;s6ey- Taskr Fesearch and Feferencing ?l
:=
tr
= 4
a) How are the layout and punctuationof a long quotationdifferentfrom ihose of a short quotation?
b) What is the maximumlengthof a quotation?
c) lt is usualfor a quotationto be followedby a page numberin the in-textreference,but in this
examplethere isn't one. When is it possiblenot to give a page number?
Citation,
Your note.s:
Y^f lqt"r:
Citation2:
Citation:
Your nafes:
3.3 Work indivldually. Find two *xan'lples in ycur $curces that you could quote in an essay on
honrelessness.Write tlrern in the bsxes belCIwa* t!t*y would *Bpsar in your es$ay. ?ry to use
botlr bcok and Internst $surc$"
.
......_-:..
:Quafafion,
Qtlotation:
Xn*tgl,- Seferrin3 lo olher ssJrEes ifl y.H.r esli3y - la*: Fese*ch ard ffierencing a3
=4
S.d& \rVsrkwlth y*ur par&ren *i**u::s t*"1*fmf]owrix'lg
qa;**ti*ns.
a) Why has your parlner decided to quote, ratherthan paraphrase,these parts of the source text?
b) Has your partneracknowledgedthe sourceaccurately?
KWWKe&Referencingpractice
4"1 Wclrklng in gro*ps cf 3-5, read the p*ssag* b*l*:;w a*c* unde*r!!ff*
th* sectians which have not been properly r*ferenceeJ.?h*n
e$rnpare your work.
Sludexx&
ffirc&ww e&
ffwrWm&&
tr Plagiarism
At the end of this unit you will:
= r understand what plagiarism is;
. understand how to use sources in your writing;
. be able to recognise plagiarism in a piece of writing.
-$'og;*"*
TaXK Xwhat is ptagiarism? f1:te
a5 ' 'r --
1 4
! , t *r: gr*a:ps *f i3*5,dis**ss y$l,r enswers te the follcwing questions.
The originof the word 'plagiarism'is a Latinword meaning'a thief'. Plagiarismis a type of
academictheft, in which ideasand/or languageare stolenfrom someoneelse.In its most obvious
form, plagiarisminvolvesthe word-for-wordcopyingof largesectionsof anotherperson'smaterial
with no indicationof the originalsource.Becauseof the lack of in-textreference,the plagiaristis
claimingthe ideasand languageas his or her own.
'*.x *Q*asiti":et*Nt absvs. ln grcups o{ 3-5, discuss your answers to the following questions.
Wffiiffi$|XWM
ffi Plagiarismand other misusesof sources
*.i l*ook at how four writers have used a s*L*r*{:rt*x:l in e pera*r*p?: !* t}:sir *$$.a}ys.$isc.ux:*y*un
ar::iw*rs t* th* qx**ti*r:x b*i*w,r!r: y*ur $r*Llp.
Source text
Forrester G. (2006) Push factors in youth homelessness.3rd ed. Reading: Garnet
A paragraph taken from p. 22
Push factors account for a high proportion of youth homelessness,possib/y as much as B0o/o
(Centrepoint 2005). Push factors tend to make young people leave home without much pre-planning,
leaving them vulnerable.These factors may be interpersonal,for example disputes with family
members, family break.ups, and various forms of violence. Push factors may also be related to lack
of resourcesin the shape of poverty or lack of space in the family home. Youngpeople affected by
push factors tend to leave home before the age of 16 and consequently often lack the skillsand
resourcesto set up their own home. A recent survey found that over 40o/oof the young homeless
intervieweeshad no formal qualificationsand 24o/ohad no source of income (Centrepoint 2005).
Paragraphs
(a) Push factors account for a high proportion of youth homelessness.Possib/y as many as 8 out of
10 young homelesspeople leavehome becauseof push factors, which include disputeswith
family members, violence and poverty (Centrepoint2005). Push factors tend to make young
people leave home without much pre-planning, leaving them vulnerable.Youngpeople affected
by push factors tend to leave home before the age of 16 and consequently often lack the skills
and resourcesfo sef up their own home.
(b) Push factors in youth homelessnessmay be divided into two categories: 'interpersonal' factors
and factors relating to a shortage of resources(Forrester2006, p. 22). ln the UK, these factors
play a significant role in young people becoming homeless.According to a survey carried out by
the London-based charity, Centrepoint, approximately 80o/oof cases of youth homelessnessare
the result of push factors (Centrepoint2005 cited in Forrester 2006).
(d) Foresfer (2005)sfafes that push factors can be categorised in two groups: inte@ htrq
such as arguments with other members of the family and violence within the honreon fle qre
hand and resource-related factors, such as lack of money or sufficient living space qt tie dw-
She adds that these push factors often causeyoung peopte to leave the family honre brifue tley
are 16, with the'result that these young people are pafticularly at risk because they may llrrre rn
recogn ised q ualificatio ns.
Yourparagraph
K Usingsupportingstatements
WWWM
This final unit asks you to strengthenAndrewStudent'sessay(Unit1, Task2.1).Todo this, you will select
relevantinformationfrom your researchnotesand add this supportto the argument.
3.3 ffi*!*w l* ti:* ss$riy ** i:*rxcl*g$r?*$s xvrltt*sthy *,**r'*iv S****xt" &**r*ti: i:*.; is:!:,, ", . ,;
iei***, but hq*h** **t give* *n**gh dxt*, *xxmpl** xnd xxpp*rtiffiS $3*it3{$- T* g*! a ;*;:'-i
r**rk, }'l* vrvfflh*v* t* xr.xplp**hi* *rg:.:m*nt rq*i*h
$tffillsrfr*ltt**n* id*x* fr*r* *tih*r *criri**
il*i** y*r*r **t*x fr*m Sr:it 3uYn*k 2.X, put ffi* ilrr*w xnd * *u*rnh*r wh*r* tk* ar6*m*mt
x**ds $ffipp*t!'t"
3.4 Wr"ite***h *it*i!** x;:* c;u**x{i*r: !n th* xppr*pri*xt*l b*x li*sf*w th* ex**rp*" h*e*r::h*re**:*: *R*
t* rn*trh the ar";"*u;*anci n{.irnk}*rsy## $:*ve *d**d t* tii':l*essey" &{aak*.*ur*t?**l{m*f**:*
*it*tl*ns ;:rr.i* *u*!ati *n* *r* *mrr***ly r*1l*e'*s:
*se$"
1.$ Writ* * t*i*i!clg:"*pi':y9*r t!:* s*#r**$ y*u h*v* ***d i* &tr& x*yie.
Homelessnesscan be defined as fhe condition of people who lack regular access to adequate
housing. This problem can affect a wide range of people, including children, the elderly and, in some
cases, whole families.
Bibliography
What advice would you give to another student who is starting this module?
" ,l'fittp/,f4twwrsussex.ac.uk/library/infosuss/planning-a-search/index.shtrnl
F{evtew
A guide to planninga search.
andquiz.
thetutorial
complete
asgeg*oe,p4cano
Evaluating sources
.uWlibrarylinfosuss/evaiuating*information/practical.shtml
. . http:/Aryww-.sussex.ac
. '
Review
A guideto evaluatingsources.
:l"r:Ta,gK.,
siteand complete the tutorial and quiz.
,-\d -F3U.
W ffitr*s$gffi;ST:c"F
A da;ffi I .? &S S '*i i I
;l.'"'-i". r; , , :
**t:
Lqok at the fOllowingessay extracts and consider the differences. Which one(s) incorporate another
;lpeqson'sideas correctlyand which would be unacceptable?Which version(s)do you prefer?
'?)r
,
Payne(1822)believedthat there is no place like home.This may be true for many people,but for
othersin economicallydeprivedareasof the world, home has had to be abandoned.
ffi-[illl.:1;p.r:5ti.]''i1;-/'j::|9-l:iiJ.'::ii'''.','..;':;;i''..
! Match, these reporting verbs (a)-(e) to their effects (1)-(5)
f. . :....:.
; ' l : . . '
a), 9lalms
i,.11 '
,oroves
],1',,,,,b;)1
I,..,il..,,,suoges1s
ustrates
i',:,'.$.:,:,:li'lf
e) outlines
1. has strongevidence
,[.r1:gives examples
...'..t.
&*nd*i::i* {**}* {*i Subject areaor branch of S*tti*n {n} All the copiesof a versionof a published
knowledgethat someonemay chooseto study or text oroduced at one time are known as an
specialise in. edition.Latereditionsof a text may include
changes,correctionsand additionsso, if known,
&***ss {n xit*} {v}To go to a website. it is necessaryto state the edition of a text that
'citationstyles' you cite in a bibliography.
&F& Syxt**: i*] One of a numberof
which set out how to referencesourcesin a ci}.rvc* i*} Any text that has been
llil{r**tr*:u:i*
bibliographyor in the body of the text. accessedon the Internetor from a CD,
audiocassetteor video ratherthan from a
&*sl#*meir":t{*} A pieceof work, generallywritten,
orintedsource.
that is set as oart of an academiccourseand is
normallycompletedout of class and submitted ffi**xy {r:}An analyticalpiece of academicwriting
by a set date to be assessed. that is usuallyquite shorl in length.Studentsare
requiredto write essaysas assignmentsand in
Ax*i'r*:"{n} The personwho writesa book, afticleor
examsso that their learntngcan be assessed.
other printedtext, electronicarticleor system
such as a website. $!vnfu;rt*{v} To assess informationin terms of
quality,relevance,objectivityand accuracy.
Sibtri*grr*phy{*i A list of referencesto sources
cited in the text of a pieceof academicwritingor Migh*r *cix**ti*n {n} Tertiaryeducationthat is
a book.A bibliographyshouldconsistof an beyondthe levelof secondaryeducationand
alphabeticallist of books,papers,journalarticles usuallyoffersfirst and higherdegrees.A
and websitesand is usuallyfound at the end of universityis an institutionof highereducation.
the work. lt may also includetexts suggestedby
**-{*xt r*f*regr** {r:}A referencethat is in the body
the authorfor furtherreading.
of the text. lt is normallyput in bracketsand is
*it* ivlTo acknowledgesourcesof ideasin your shorterthan the referencein the bibliography. lt
work. This may consist of an in-text referenceto should includethe author'sname and the vear'of
an author,a referencein a bibliographyor publication as a minimum.
footnoteor a verbalreferencein a talk or lecture. ***rxx! i*3 A publicationthat is issuedat regular
**xv*ntf*xx {x}Widely used and accepted and stated intervals(such as every month or
practicesthat are agreedupon.Academic quar.ter),
and which containsarticlesand essays
conventionsfor researchinclude:dividingessays by differentauthors.Journalsincludemagazines
and reporlsinto sections,referencingall sources and newspapersas well as academicperiodicals
and writinga bibliographyaccordingto certain that containmore scholarlvarticleson
styles,such as the APA System. specialisedtopics.
**rp*:rxc xuth*r {*xd,i}A term used to describe $*ar*;:hr*s* {vi To alter a piece of text so that you
authorshipof a text that does not havea named restateit (concisely)in differentwords without
author(or authors),such as a reportor article changingits meaning.lt is usefulto paraphrase
producedby a governmentdepaftmentor other when writinga summaryof someone'sideas;if
organisation. the sourceis acknowledged,it is not plagiarism.
It is also possibleto paraphraseyour own ideas
**un{*r;:lrgum*xt {n} An argumentthat opposes or in an essayor presentation; that is, to state them
makesthe case againstanotherargument. again, often in a clearer,expandedway.
3E lask: FesearchandBeferencing
Plagiarism {*} The act of presentingsomeone Researdr M hl1 (v) To gather information from
else'swork, i.e.,writtentext, data, images, a variety of straes and analyse and compare it.
recording,as your own. This includes: 2 (n) lnforrdftn @lbc{ed fom a variety of
. copyingor paraphrasingmaterialfromany souroe{i abqJt a spedfic tofft-
sourcewithoutan acknowledgment; Sesearch guest*n (nl A sffinent a question
. presentingother people'sideaswithout that helps pu to sffi gdsig togpfrher id@s,
acknowledgingthem; notes and inforrdim h afocused way ir
. workingwith othersand then presentingthe preparation for witirg an essflI, Eport,
work as if it was completed independently. presentationor dissertalin-
i
i
38
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