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General
Studies E-governance in India
GS Applications, models, successes, limitations, and
Foundation
Batch potential
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The rise of e-government has been one of the most striking developments of the web Global shifts towards
IAS-GS-
increased deployment of IT by governments emerged in the nineties, with the advent of the World Wide
Foundation-
Web.
Coaching-
The technology as well as e-governance initiatives have come a long way since then. Recognizing the
Batch)
increasing importance of electronics, the Government of India established the Department of Electronics in
1970.
Prelims The subsequent establishment of the National Informatics centre (NIC) in 1977 was the first major step
Test-Series towards e-Governance in India as it broughtinformation and its communication in focus. However, the
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main thrust for e-Governance was provided by the launching of NIcNET in 1987
the national satellite-based computer network.
Ethics (GS This was followed by the launch of the District Information System of the National Informatics centre
Paper-IV) (DISNIc) program to computerize all district offices in theCountry for which free hardware and software was
offered to the State Governments. NIcNET was extended via the State capitals to all district headquarters by
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GS-Paper-IV- 1990.
Module)
CONCEPT

E-governance may be defined as delivery of government services andinformation to the public using

International electronic means. Such means of delivering information is often referred to as Information
Relations Technology or IT.
Use of IT in government facilities is an efficient, speedy and transparent process for disseminating
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Relations-GS- information to the public and other agencies, and for performing government administration activities.
Paper-II) The term governance may be described as the process by which society steers itself.
In this process, the interactions among the State, Private Enterprise and Civil Society are being increasingly
conditioned and modified through the influence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs),
GS
constituting the phenomenon of e-Governance. E-Governance is thus a wider concept than e-Government,
Economy
which is the use of ICTs in the dissemination of services of government.
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In this process, it is crucial that the capacity of government to be open to criticism as well as the application
Survey-And-
of a new social contract, between all stakeholders, confirming a shared responsibility on the transformation
Budget)
process.
So, the effectiveness of ICT in government is closely related with the capacity of governments to induce a
Current culture of change placing networking within its institutions as instrumental to transparency and knowledge
Affairs exchange and creation. It forces a rethinking of the way hierarchical structures are placed.
Coaching The transition to a more horizontal government structure, where integration of functions plays a greater
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role, takes time since the main players need to change attitudes and behavior as they acquire new skills and
Current- knowledge that make them confident in the work culture.
Affairs- There is a close relationship between levels of infrastructure development, education, democratization,
Coaching- political leadership and commitment to the principles of good governance and thelevel and quality of e-
Delhi-Centre) Governance implanted in the countries. These are strong indicators of e-readiness and the opportunity cost
of such endeavor.
 The resulting benefit can be less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, efficiency,
GS revenue growth, and or cost reductions, as well as increased legitimacy.
Reference
Books There are four pillars of E-Governance:-
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1. CONNECTIVITY:-Connectivity is required to connect the people to the services of the government. There
should be a strong connectivity for an effective e-governance.
2. KNOWLEDGE: - Here knowledge refers to IT knowledge. Government should employ skill full engineers
who can handle the e-governance in an efficient way. These engineers also handle all kind of fault that may
occur during the working of e governance. It also implies fostering ICT awareness among citizens through
sustained efforts.
3. DATA CONTENT: - To share any kind of knowledge or information over the internet, there should be its
database. This database should have the data content which is related to government services.
4. CAPITAL:-Capital can be on public or private partnership. It refers to money used by government to
provide their services or to that sector of the economy based on its operation.
Policymaking, budgets, accountability, decision making, and service delivery were all embedded within
a vertically integrated delivery chain based on specific government functions. E-governance projects
should be citizen centric and not technology centric.
To improve citizen services, the government needs to collaborate as the major challenge is that each
department works in silos with its own infrastructure data centres, network etc.
Citizens and businesses want greater access to government information and services , with simpler
processes, less paperwork, and more efficientinteractions. Citizens also expect flexible, convenient
interactions, sophisticated online services, and prompt responses to their requests. Increasingly
frustrated by complexity, the need to visit multiple locations, and the need to execute multiple
transactions to satisfy simple requests, citizens now demand 24x7 access and rapid resolution.
Another important consideration is social inclusion. By far, the poorest and most vulnerable groups are
often the greatest users of government services. But these populations are the least equipped to use
technology.
The ultimate goals of implementing technology solutions are to free more resources, help socially
excluded groups, and to eliminate the digital divide. Technology advances have opened up new
possibilities and raised expectation about governments role and how governments should serve
communities.

These factors include:

Cloud computing as a viable ICT provisioning model and a way to reduce costs and deliver new services
Social media to enhance and improve levels of participation and citizen satisfaction.
Unique identity technologies enable greater degrees of inter-agency collaboration and information sharing.
Open data and government data stores to allow much wider access to publishing and distributing public
information.

Models of E-governance

E-GOVERNANCE services can be shared between citizens, businesshouse, government and employees. These four
models of e-governance are as:-

1. Government to citizens (G2C)

2. Government to government (G2G)
3. Government to employees (G2E)
4. Government to businessman (G2B)

1. Government to citizens (G2C):- This model of e-governance refers to the government services which are
shared by citizens. Here, citizens visit to the link of services that they want to use. This models strong the
bond between government and its citizen. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-
Payment of online bills such as electricity, water, telephone bills etc.
Online registration of applications.
Copies of land-record.
Online filling of complaints.
Availability of any kind of online information.

Some successful initiatives:

Computerisation of Land Records (Department of Land Resources, Government of India):
From 1994-95 onwards, it was implemented in collaboration with the NIc.

The main objectives of the scheme were:

i. Ensuring that landowners get computerized copies of ownership, crop and tenancy and
updated copies of Records of Rights (RoRs) on demand,Realizing low-cost and easily-
reproducible basic land record data through reliable and durable preservation of old
records,Ensuring accuracy, transparency and speedy dispute resolution,Facilitating fast and
efficient retrieval of information for decision making ,
ii. According legal sanctity to computer-generated certificates of land records after
authentication by the authorized revenue official,Setting up a comprehensive land
information system for better land-based planning and utilization of land resources,Focusing
on citizen-centric services related to land and revenue administration.
Bhoomi Project in Karnataka : Online Delivery of Land Records
i. Bhoomi is a self-sustainable e-Governance project for the computerized delivery of 20
million rural land records to 6.7 million farmers through 177 Government-owned kiosks in
the State of Karnataka.
ii. It was felt that rural land records are central conduits to delivering better IT-enabled services
to citizens because they contain multiple data elements: ownership, tenancy, loans, nature of
title, irrigation details, crops grown etc.
iii. In addition to providing the proof of title to the land, this land record is used by the farmer
for a variety of purposes: from documenting crop loans and legal actions, to securing
scholarships for school-children. To make the project self-sustaining and expandable,
Bhoomi levies user charges.
Gyandoot (Madhya Pradesh):
i. Gyandoot is an Intranet-based Government to citizen service delivery initiative. It was
initiated in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh in January 2000 with the twin objective of
providing relevant information to the rural population and acting as an interface between
the district administration and the people.
ii. The basic idea behind this project was to establish and foster a technologically innovative
initiative which is owned and operated by the community itself. The services offered through
the Gyandoot network includes Daily agricultural commodity rates (mandibhav),Income
certificate,Domicile certificate, caste certificate, Public grievance redressal, Rural Hindi
email,bPL family list,Rural Hindi newspaper.
LokvaniProject in Uttar Pradesh
i. To achieve this, the programme format uses the local language, Hindi, and is spread
throughout the district to a chain of LokvaniKiosk centres. These Kiosks have been
established by licensing the already existing cyber cafes.
Project FRIENDS in Kerala
i. iFRIENDS (Fast, Reliable, Instant, Efficient Network for the Disbursement of Services) is a
Single Window Facility providing citizens the means to pay taxes and other financial dues to
the State Government.
ii. It was launched in Thiruvananthapuram in June 2000 and replicated in other district
headquarters during 2001-02.
iii. The services are provided through FRIENDS JanasevanaKendrams located in the district
headquarters.
e-Mitra Project in Rajasthan
i. This e-Governance initiative builds upon the experiences gained through the LokMitra and
JanMitra pilot projects launched in 2002. While LokMitrawas centred in the city of Jaipur,
JanMitra was piloted in Jhalawar district to provide information and services under one roof
to urban and rural populations. e-Mitra is an integration of these two projects in all the 32
districts using PPP model.
ii. There are two major components back office processing and service counters. back office
processing includes computerization of participating departments and establishing an IT
enabled hub in form of a mini data centre at the district level (e-Mitra data centre).
iii. All participating departments and the service centres hook up to this data centre. It is
managed by the Facility Management Service Provider on behalf of the district e-Governance
 Society (under chairmanship of the district collector). Private partners (Local Service
Providers) run the kiosks/centres.
iv. The e-Mitra project has been chosen by the Government of Rajasthan to roll out the
community Service centre project under NeGP.
Revenue Administration through computerized Energy (RAcE) billing Project, Bihar
i. The Patna Electric Supply Undertaking (PESU), which is one of the seven area boards of the
bihar State Electricity board (bSEb), caters to the energy requirements of thePatna Urban
Area.
ii. The entire billing and payment process was manual and anomalies in the system were
resulting in harassment to the consumers and loss of revenue to the board. The major
problems which had cropped up in the system were irregular billing cycle, ineffective data
management, lack of transparency and delayed accounting.
iii. To address these problems, it was decided by the BSEB to take the assistance of IcT in
providing value added and consumer-friendly service to the clients. A separate department
of IT was created inBSEBto implement the project and the software was designed by NIC.
2. Government to government (G2G):- This model refers to the services which are shared between the
governments. There is lots of information that need to be shared between various government agencies,
department and organizations. These types of services or information are as:-
Sharing of information between police department of various state.
Government document exchange which includes preparation, approval, distribution, and storage of all
governmental documents is also done through e governance. Most of the finance and budget work
are also done through e-governance.

Khajane Project in Karnataka

i. It is a comprehensive online treasury computerization project of the Government of Karnataka. The

project has resulted in the computerization of the entire treasury related activities of the State
Government and the system has the ability to track every activity right from the approval of the State
budget to the point of rendering accounts to the government.
ii. The project was implemented to eliminate systemic deficiencies in the manual treasury system.

SmartGov (Andhra Pradesh)

i. The Andhra Pradesh Secretariat comprises a number of departments. The processing of information in
the Government is predominantly workflow intensive. Information moves in the form of paper files
from one officer to another for seeking opinions, comments, approvals etc.
ii. SmartGov has been developed to streamline operations, enhance efficiency through workflow
automation and knowledge management for implementation in the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat. The
solution automates the functioning of all levels of Government entities and provides a well defined
mechanism for transforming the hard copy environment to a digital environment.
iii. It enhances productivity through use of IT as a tool. SmartGov replaces the paper file with an e-file.
SmartGov provides the features of creation, movement, tracking and closure of e-files, automation of
repetitive tasks, decision support system through knowledge management, prioritization of work, easy
access to files through an efficient document management system and collaboration between
departments.
3. Government to businessmen (G2B):-Through this model, bond between private sector and government
increase and businessmen use to communicate. They share information through this model like:-
Collection of taxes.
Rejection and approval of patent is also done by this model.
Payment of all kind of bills and penalty.
Sharing of all kind of information, rules and data.
Complaints or any kind of dissatisfaction can be shown by this.

Some key initiatives:

e-Procurement Project in Andhra Pradesh

i. Prior to the introduction of an e-Procurement system in Andhra Pradesh, procurement in
Government departments was done through a manual tendering process.The Government of
Andhra Pradesh introduced the e-Procurement project in 2003 with the objectives of to reduce
the time and cost of doing business for both vendors and government,
 ii. To realize better value for money spent through increased competition and the prevention of
cartel formation, to standardize procurement processes across government
departments/agencies,to increase buying power through demand aggregation to provide a
single-stop shop for all procurements; and to allow equal opportunity to all vendors .In order to
achieve these objectives, the entire e-Procurement process was designed to avoid human
interface i.e., supplier and buyer interaction during the pre-bidding and post-bidding stages.
iii. The system now ensures total anonymity of the participating suppliers, even to the buyers, until
the bids are opened on the platform. The e-Procurement application provides automatic bid
evaluation based on the evaluation parameters given to the system. These improved processes
have eliminated subjectivity in receipt and evaluation of bids and has reduced corruption to a
significant extent.
e-Procurement in Gujarat
i. The system of e-procurement was introduced in the State of Gujarat from October 2004 onwards.
Roll out of the system was carried out in a phased manner starting from few works/items for
limited departments and was made compulsory for all government departments in 2007.
ii. The project was funded by the State Government with the objective of deriving the benefits of
increased efficiency from e-enablement of business processes.It aims to establish transparency in
procurement process, shortening of procurement cycle, availing of competitive price, enhancing
confidence of suppliers and establishingflexible and economical bidding process for suppliers.
MCA21
i. The Ministry of corporate Affairs has implemented the MCA 21 Mission Mode Project under the
NeGP in September 2006 and presently the project is in the post- implementation phase.
ii. The project aims at providing easy and secure online access to all registry related services
provided by the Union Ministry of corporate Affairs to corporates and other stakeholders at any
time and in a manner that best suits them. The goals of this project were formulated keeping in
mind different stakeholders. These were:
a. Business: to enable registration of a company and file statutory documents quickly and
easily.
b. Public: to get easy access to relevant records and effective grievances redressal.
c. Professionals: to enable them to offer efficient services to their client companies.
d. Financial Institutions: to easily find charges for registration and verification.
e. Employees: to enable them to ensure proactive and effective compliance of relevant laws
and corporate governance.

The MCA 21 is designed to automate processes related to the proactive enforcement and
compliance of the legal requirements under the companies Act, 1956.

4. Government to employees (G2E):- This model increases the transparency between government and its
employee. Here, employee can keeps a check on the functioning and working of government and
government can keeps on its employees. Information that can be shared by this model:-
All kind of data submission(attendance record, employee record etc) from various government offices
is done by this model .
Employee can file all kinds of complaints and dissatisfaction by this model.
All kind of rule- regulation and information for employees can be shared by this.
Employees can check their payment and working record.
Employees can register all kind of working forms online.

NATIONAL E-GOVERNANCE PLAN

i. The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) has been formulated by the Department of Electronics and
Information Technology (DEITY) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
ii. The Union Government approved the NeGP, comprising of 27 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 10
components on May 18, 2006.
iii. The NeGP aims at improving delivery of Government services to citizens and businesses with the following
vision: "Make all Government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common
service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency & reliability of such services at affordable costs
to realise the basic needs of the common man."

Implementation Strategy, Approach and Methodology of NeGP

Implementation of e-Governance is a highly complex process requiring provisioning of hardware & software,
Implementation of e-Governance is a highly complex process requiring provisioning of hardware & software,
networking, process re-engineering and change management. Based on lessons learnt from the past and the
experience from successful e-Governance applications, the approach and methodology adopted for NeGP contains
the following elements:

i. Common Support Infrastructure: NeGP implementation involves setting up of common and support IT
infrastructure such as: State Wide Area Networks (SWANs), State Data Centres (SDCs), Common Services
Centres (CSCs) and Electronic Service Delivery Gateways.
ii. Governance: Suitable arrangements for monitoring and coordinating the implementation of NeGP under
the direction of the competent authorities have also been substantially put in place. The programme also
involves evolving/ laying down standards and policy guidelines, providing technical support, undertaking
capacity building, R&D, etc. DEITY is required to adequately strengthen itself and various institutions like
NIC, STQC, CDAC, NISG, etc. to play these roles effectively.
iii. Centralised Initiative, Decentralised Implementation: e-Governance is being promoted through a
centralised initiative to the extent necessary to ensure citizen-centric orientation, to realise the objective of
inter-operability of various e-Governance applications and to ensure optimal utilisation of ICT infrastructure
and resources while allowing for a decentralised implementation model. It also aims at identifying
successful projects and replicating them with required customisation wherever needed.
iv. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): PPP model is to be adopted wherever feasible to enlarge the resource
pool without compromising on the security aspects.
v. Integrative Elements: Adoption of unique identification codes for citizens, businesses and property is to
be promoted to facilitate integration and avoid ambiguity.
vi. Programme Approach at the National and State levels: For implementation of the NeGP, various Union
Ministries/Departments and State Governments are involved. Considering the multiplicity of agencies
involved and the need for overall aggregation and integration at the national level, NeGP is being
implemented as a programme, with well-defined roles and responsibilities of each agency involved. For
facilitating this, appropriate programme management structures have also been put in place.
vii. Facilitator role of DEITY: DEITY is the facilitator and catalyst for the implementation of NeGP by various
Ministries and State Governments and also provides technical assistance. It serves as a secretariat to the
Apex Committee and assists it in managing the programme. In addition, DEITY is also implementing pilot/
infrastructure/ technical/ special projects and support components. DARPGs responsibility is towards
Government Process Re-engineering and Change Management, which are desired to be realised across all
government departments. Planning Commission and Ministry of Finance allocate funds for NeGP through
Plan and Non-plan budgetary provisions and lay down appropriate procedures in this regard.
viii. Ownership of Ministries: Under the NeGP, various MMPs are owned and spearheaded by the concerned
line Ministries. In case there are any ongoing projects which fall in the MMP category, they would be
suitably enhanced to align them with the objectives of NeGP. For major projects like Bharat Nirman, Rural
Employment Guarantee Schemes, etc. the line ministries concerned are advised to make use of e-
Governance as also automation techniques from the inception stage. States have been given the flexibility
to identify a few additional state-specific projects, which are relevant for the economic development of the
State.

PPP IN E GOVERNANCE

Worldwide, PPPs are often essential to the efficient, speedy and sustainable design and delivery of e-
government services and programmes. E-government initiatives in developing countries are constrained by
lack of financial resources, low level of skills and capacity within governments, and the absence of incentive
structures for rewarding performance and the case in India seems to be no different.
PPPs in e-government can help overcome many of these constraints, while at the same time increasing
opportunities for the private sector.PPP can assume a wide spectrum of shapes like, BOO, BOOT (Build
Own-Operate-Transfer), BOT for specified periods -otherwise called concession contracts, joint ventures,
private finance initiative (PFI), partial privatisation through partnering with strategic investor etc.
The idea is to arrive at the right combination of public sector accountability with private sector efficiencies
and to also to share the risk correspondingly. To mitigate risk and ensure quality and performance levels of
the private sectors, it is important to set standards. The Government of India is currently working on
standards management and has various drafts prepared relating to inter-operability, technical and security
standards.
Experiences across the globe show that IT is one of the areas which is eminently suited for PPP especially,
in areas such as driving licenses, utility bill collections, management of land records etc.
 Investments in information technology by governments have an opportunity cost since there are limited
resources of money, time and attention. Investing these in IT would explicitly deny such investments in
other development areas like provision of water, sanitation, health, shelter, production technology and skills
development. Investments in information technology have therefore to be made very strategically by
governments.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, has focused its energies on creation of content and t and
digitisation of databases so that transaction based services become attractive for private sector players. For
example, in the case of the TWINS project after a successful demonstration of the pilot, private sector
partners have been involved to provide services to citizens.
In the case of infrastructure creation, government has leveraged assets like land for attracting private sector
investments to set upfacilities like Hitec City. Similarly, the government has used the provision of a royalty
free right of way for attracting investments into setting up high-speed optical fibrenetworks.
The possible usage of such networks for e-government applications in the future has in turn enhanced their
commercial viability.

LIMITATIONS

The key challenges with electronic governance are not technology or internet issues but organizational issues like:-

Redefining rules and procedures

Information transparency
Legal issues
Infrastructure, Skill and awareness
Access to right information
Interdepartmental collaboration
Tendency to resist the change in work culture

The other set of challenges lie in extending the reach of e-Governance services to 70% of Indian population that
lives in villages. These include:

Assessment of local needs and customizing e-Governance solutions to meet those needs
Connectivity
Content (local content based on local language)
Building Human Capacities
e-Commerce
Sustainability

Lack of Integrated Services: Most of the E-Governance Services being offered by state or central
governments are not integrated. This can mainly be attributed to Lack of Communication between
different Departments. So the information that resides with one department has no or very little meaning
to some other department of Government.
Lack of Key Persons: eGovernance projects lack key persons, not only from technological aspect, but from
other aspects as well.
Population: This is probably the biggest challenge. Apart from being an asset to the country it offers some
unique issues, an important one being Establishing Person Identities. There is no unique identity of a
person in India. Apart from this, measuring the population, keeping the database of all Indian nationals (&
keeping it updated) are some other related challenges.
Different Languages: A challenge due to the diversity of the country. It enforces need to do governance
(upto certain level), in local languages. Ensuring eGovernance in local language is a big task to achieve.

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