2017615 Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity

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Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity
Anintroductiontodensity,specificgravityandspecificweightformulaswithexamples
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Density
Densityisdefinedasmassperunitvolume.Massisaproperty.

Whatisweightandwhatismass?thedifferencebetweenweightandmass

Densitycanbeexpressedas

=m/V=1/(1)

where

=density(kg/m3,slugs/ft 3)

m=mass(kg,slugs)

V=volume(m3,ft 3)

=specificvolume(m3/kg,ft 3/slug)

TheSIunitsfordensityarekg/m3theImperial(U.S.)unitsareslugs/ft 3.

Poundspercubicfootlb/ft 3isoftenusedasameasureofdensityintheUS,butpoundsarereallyameasureofforce,notmass.Slugsarethecorrectmeasureofmass.Youcanmultiplyslugsby32.2foraroughvalueinpounds(lbm ).

1slug=32.174lbm =14.594kg
1kg=2.2046lbm =6.8521x102slugs
densityofwater:1000kg/m3,1.938slugs/ft 3
Unitconvertermass
Unitconverterdensity

Onatomiclevelparticlesarepackedtighterinsideasubstancewithhigherdensity.Densityisaphysicalpropertyconstantatagiventemperatureandpressureandmayhelpfulforidentificationofsubstances.

densitiesandpropertiesforsomecommonmaterials

densityofwateratdifferenttemperaturesSIandImperialunits

ExampleDensityofaGolfball
Agolfballhasadiameterof42mmandamassof45g.Thevolumeofthegolfballcanbecalculatedas

V=(4/3)((42mm)(0.001m/mm)/2)3

=3.8105m3

Thedensityofthegolfballcanthenbecalculatedas

=(45g)(0.001kg/g)/(3.8105m3)

=1184kg/m3

ExampleUsingDensitytoIdentifyaMaterial
Anunknownliquidsubstancehasamassof18.5gandoccupiesavolumeof23.4ml(milliliter).

Thedensityofthesubstancecanbecalculatedas

=[(18.5g)/(1000g/kg)]/[(23.4ml)/(1000ml/l)(1000l/m3)]

=(18.5103kg)/(23.4106m3)

=790(kg/m3)

Ifwelookupthedensitiesofsomecommonliquidswefindthatethylalcoholorethanolhasadensityof789kg/m3.Theliquidmaybeethylalcohol!

ExampleDensitytoCalculateVolumeMass
Thedensityoftitaniumis4507kg/m3.Themassof0.17m3volumetitaniumcanbecalculatedas

m=(0.17m3)(4507kg/m3)

=766.2(kg)

Note!beawarethatthereisadifferencebetween"bulkdensity"andactual"solidormaterialdensity".Thismaynotbeclearinthedescriptionofproducts.Alwaysdoublecheckvalueswithothersourcesbeforeimportantcalculations.

SpecificGravity(RelativeDensity)
SpecificGravitySGisadimensionlessunitdefinedastheratioofthedensityofasubstancetothedensityofwaterataspecifiedtemperatureandcanbeexpressedas

SG=substance/H2O(3)

where

SG=SpecificGravityofthesubstance

substance=densityofthefluidorsubstance(kg/m3)

H2O=densityofwaternormallyattemperature4 oC(kg/m3)

Itiscommontousethedensityofwaterat4 oC(39oF)asareferencesincewateratthispointhasitshighestdensityof1000kg/m3or1.940slugs/ft 3.

SpecificGravitySGisdimensionlessandhasthesamevalueintheSIsystemandtheimperialEnglishsystem(BG).SGofafluidhasthesamenumericalvalueasitsdensityexpresseding/mLorMg/m3.Waterisnormallyalsousedasreferencewhen
calculatingthespecificgravityforsolids.

ThermalPropertiesofWaterDensity,Freezingtemperature,Boilingtemperature,Latentheatofmelting,Latentheatofevaporation,Criticaltemperature...

SpecificGravityforsomecommonMaterials

SpecificGravity
Substance
SG
Acetylene 0.0017
Air,dry 0.0013
Alcohol 0.82
Aluminum 2.72
Brass 8.48

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2017615 Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity
SpecificGravity
Substance
SG
Cadmium 8.57
Chromium 7.03
Copper 8.79
Carbondioxide 0.00198
Carbonmonoxide 0.00126
Castiron 7.20
Hydrogen 0.00009
Lead 11.35
Mercury 13.59
Nickel 8.73
Nitrogen 0.00125
Nylon 1.12
Oxygen 0.00143
Paraffin 0.80
Petrol 0.72
PVC 1.36
Rubber 0.96
Steel 7.82
Tin 7.28
Zinc 7.12
o 1.00
Water(4 C)
Water,sea 1.027

ExampleSpecificGravityofIron
Thedensityofironis7850kg/m3.Thespecificgravityofironrelatedtowaterwithdensity1000kg/m3is

SG=(7850kg/m3)/(1000kg/m3)

=7.85

SpecificGravityforGases
TheSpecificGravityofagasisnormallycalculatedwithreferencetoairanddefinedastheratioofthedensityofthegastothedensityoftheairataspecifiedtemperatureandpressure.

TheSpecificGravitycanbecalculatedas

SG=gas/air (3)

where

SG=specificgravityofgas

gas=densityofgas(kg/m3)

air =densityofair(normallyatNTP1.205kg/m3)

NTPNormalTemperatureandPressuredefinedas20oC(293.15K,68oF)and1atm(101.325kN/m2,101.325kPa,14.7psia,0psig,30inHg,760torr)

MolecularweightscanbeusedtocalculateSpecificGravityifthedensitiesofthegasandtheairareevaluatedatthesamepressureandtemperature.

SpecificWeight
SpecificWeightisdefinedasweightperunitvolume.Weightisaforce.

Whatisweightandwhatismass?thedifferencebetweenweightandmass

SpecificWeight(orforceperunitvolume)canbeexpressedas

=ag(2)

where

=specificweight(N/m3,lb/ft 3)

=density(kg/m3,slugs/ft 3)

ag=accelerationofgravity(9.807m/s2,32.174ft/s2)

TheSIunitsforspecificweightareN/m3.Theimperialunitsarelb/ft 3.

Localaccelerationofgravityagis(undernormalconditions)9.807m/s2inSIunitsand32.174ft/s2inimperialunits.

ExampleSpecificWeightofWater
Thedensityofwateris1000kg/m3at4 oC(39 oF).ThespecificweightinSIunitsis

=(1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)

=9810(N/m3)

=9.81(kN/m3)

Thedensityofwateris1.940slugs/ft 3at39 oF(4 oC).ThespecificweightinImperialunitsis

=(1.940slugs/ft 3)(32.174ft/s2)

=62.4(lb/ft 3)

SpecificWeightforSomecommonMaterials

SpecificWeight

Product
ImperialUnits SIUnits
(lb/ft3) (kN/m 3)
Aluminum 172 27
Brass 540 84.5
Carbontetrachloride 99.4 15.6
Copper 570 89
EthylAlcohol 49.3 7.74
Gasoline 42.5 6.67
Glycerin 78.6 12.4
Kerosene 50 7.9
Mercury 847 133.7
SAE20MotorOil 57 8.95
Seawater 63.9 10.03
StainlessSteel 499512 7880
Water 62.4 9.81
WroughtIron 474499 7478

MaterialProperties

RelatedTopics

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/densityspecificweightgravityd_290.html 2/6
2017615 Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity
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