SIMPLE TENSES:

1. PRESENT SIMPLE:

A. TO BE:

Structure: am/are/is
Aff: Noun + TO BE + (Adj/Noun/Place/Number)
Neg: Noun + TO BE + NOT (isnt/arent) + (Adj/Noun/Place/Number)
Que: TO BE + Noun + (Adj/Noun/Place/Number) + ?

Four conditions:
Descriptions: Adjective (How? What characteristic?): You are smart, she is
beautiful, they are busy.
Definitions: Noun (What? What type?): She is a doctor, I am a student, they
are professionals. A DIFERENCIA DE CUANDO SE TRABAJA CON ADJETIVOS,
LOS NOUNS TAMBIN PUEDEN FUNCIONAR COMO SUJETOS DE LAS
ORACIONES.
Location: Place (Where?): I am in Bogot, she is at school, they are at home.
Age: Number (How old?): She is 40, they are 24, I am 29.
Characteristics:
The verb to be is the verb and auxiliary at the same time. NO NECESITAS UN
AUXILIAR DE MS.
These conditions are the same for past and for future.

Examples:
Carl is at work and he is not happy with that. He is just 23 years old and he is a Commented [GBB1]: Location
student at college. Is he a business manager? No, not yet, but he is in his last year Commented [GBB2]: Description.
of his career and he will be a manager soon.
Commented [GBB3]: Age
Commented [GBB4]: Definition
B. MODALS: PODER Y DEBER: Can and Must (ought to).
Commented [GBB5]: Definition

Structures: Commented [GBB6]: Location in time

Aff: Noun + CAN/MUST/OUGHT TO + Subordinate + Complement Commented [GBB7]: Definition but in future.
Neg: Noun + CAN/MUST/OUGHT TO + NOT (cant/musnt/oughtnt) + Subordinate
+ Complement
Que: CAN/MUST/OUGHT + Noun + (to) + Subordinate + Complement + ?

Characteristics:
They always NEED another verb which is the subordinate. THAT SUBORDINATE
DOES NOT HAVE ANY TYPE OF MODIFICATION (-ing, -ed, list).
 Can, must and ought to are verbs and auxiliars at the same time.
Could, should, might and may = CONDITIONALS (A) NOT PRESENT!!!

Examples:
She can work during the weekends.
They cannot go to the party tonight.
I must study for my exam tomorrow.
He ought to drive his car to the mechanical office.
Lucy is a nurse. She is at the hospital from Monday to Friday, during the mornings. Commented [GBB8]: Definition
She is just 30 years old. She can work and take care of her baby at the same time. Commented [GBB9]: Location and time
Therefore, after work, she must go home and she ought to care Lisa, her daughter.
Commented [GBB10]: Age
She cannot work during the weekends because she is with her family.
Commented [GBB11]: Modal: CAN
Commented [GBB12]: Modal: MUST
C. PRESENT SIMPLE IN NORMAL CASES.
Commented [GBB13]: Modal: OUGHT TO

Structures: Commented [GBB14]: Negative with modal.

Aff: Noun + Verb (3rd + s) + Complement. Commented [GBB15]: Location + People.
Neg: Noun + DO/DOES + NOT + Verb (NO s) + Complement.
Que: DO/DOES + Noun + Verb (NO s) + Complement + ?

Characteristics:
Rules for adding the s:
o -y: -ies Commented [GBB16]: Definition

o -x, -ch, -sh, -ss, -z: -es Commented [GBB17]: Location

Commented [GBB18]: Normal case.
Examples: Commented [GBB19]: Definition
Aaron is a teacher at a high school in Kentucky. He works there from Tuesday to Commented [GBB20]: Modal
Thursday. He, at the same time, is a couch for independent students. So, he can
Commented [GBB21]: Modal
work with students at the school and at home. He must be very responsible with his
Commented [GBB22]: Modal
students and he ought to have a schedule to work with all of them. He is not very
patient but he must make an effort in order to be patient with his students. Commented [GBB23]: Description
Commented [GBB24]: Modal
2. PAST SIMPLE: Commented [GBB25]: Place.
Commented [GBB26]: Place
A. PAST SIMPLE WITH VERB TO BE: was/were Commented [GBB27]: Present simple with normal case.
Commented [GBB28]: Description.
Examples:
Commented [GBB29]: Description.
Isabella was in Paris two months ago. She was at Saint German neighborhood with a
friend who lives there. She was very happy because she was excited with all the Commented [GBB30]: Age

museums and paintings and fashion of the city. She was 24 years old when she was Commented [GBB31]: Place
there. Now, she is 25 because her birthday was two days ago. Commented [GBB32]: Age
Commented [GBB33]: Description on time.
 B. MODALS IN PAST SIMPLE: COULD/SHOULD.

Examples:
Jacob was at the office yesterday night. He should work until very late because he was Commented [GBB34]: Place
responsible of a new project with his co-workers. The team could finish half of the Commented [GBB35]: Modal + SHOULD
project but they could not work on the other half because it was very complex. The
Commented [GBB36]: Description
project is part of a model for new systems in Colombia.
Commented [GBB37]: Modal + COULD.
Commented [GBB38]: Modal + COULD + neg.
C. NORMAL CASES:
Commented [GBB39]: Description.

Structures: Commented [GBB40]: Definition.

Aff: Noun + Verb PAST + Complement. SLO VA EN PASADO CUANDO LA ORACIN
ES AFIRMATIVA.
Neg: Noun + DID + NOT + Verb (PRESENT) + Complement.
Que: DID + Noun + Verb (PRESENT) + Complement + ?

Characteristics:
There are TWO types of verbs: regulars (-ed) and irregulars (list)
Rules for adding the -ed are the same rules for adding the -ing:
o -e: -d or eliminate it and add directly.
o -ie: eliminate it and add -y and add -ing: die = dying.
o Stressed vowels: rob = robbing/robbed; stop = stopped/stopping

Examples:
Jacob was in New York City last summer. He went to different places with his family in Commented [GBB41]: Location.
New Jersey and Long Island. He could do lots of activities because he loved visiting Commented [GBB42]: Past Simple.
museums, galleries and others. He should also work with his cousin in his business for a
Commented [GBB43]: Modal in past
couple of days and he learned some aspects about working in the United States.
Commented [GBB44]: Past + subordinate.
Commented [GBB45]: Modal in past.
3. FUTURE SIMPLE:
Commented [GBB46]: Past Simple + Gerund as a noun.

Characteristics:
No modals: BE ABLE (can) AND HAVE TO (must).
All the verbs need to use the auxiliary (WILL).

Structure:
Aff: Noun + WILL + Verb (No modifications) + Complement.
Neg: Noun + WILL + NOT (wont) + Verb (No modifications) + Complement.
Ques: WILL + Noun + Verb (No modifications) + Complement + ?
 Examples:
Charlie will be a chef in some months. He will study more this semester because he wants
to go to Italy as soon as he finishes his college. He doesnt like cooking French food but he
loves preparing Italian and Greek recipes. When he finishes his course in Italy, he will be
able to cook Italian food as a native. He will have to work hard in order to get a scholarship
to go to Greece and keep studying.
SUBORDINATION:
When you use modals, you always have a subordinate with the verb but what does happen for
the other verbs when I want to have subordinations? YOU HAVE TWO CASES.
1. TO:
Noun + Verb + Complement
Commented [GBB47]: Definition.
Commented [GBB48]: Future simple in normal cases.
Commented [GBB49]: Present simple in normal cases +
Subordination.
Commented [GBB50]: Present simple in normal cases.
Commented [GBB51]: Present simple + Subordinations
with gerunds.
Commented [GBB52]: Present simple in normal case.
Commented [GBB53]: Future simple + Special modal.
Commented [GBB54]: Future simple + Special modal.
Commented [GBB55]: Subordination 1.
Commented [GBB56]: Subordination 2.

Noun + Verb + Second verb (TO) + Complement. Commented [GBB57]: Subordination 3.

Examples:
Isabelle has to study on the weekend because she wants to pass the exam on Monday. Commented [GBB58]: Subordinations.
She can study with some friends on Saturday, but on Sunday she ought to study alone Commented [GBB59]: Modal
because other people have other activities to do.
Commented [GBB60]: Modal
Commented [GBB61]: Normal case.
2. GERUND:
Gerund: Verb + ing
Uses:
a. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, PAST PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE PROGRESSIVE, PERFECT TENSES
WITH PROGRESSIVE FORMS (-ANDO, -ENDO)
b. SUBORDINATE: LOVE/HATE/LIKE/PREFER/KEEP: FEELING!!!!!!!!!
c. NOUN

Examples for the first case:

Sarah is going to Paris on two weeks. She is working a lot in order to get some money and Commented [GBB62]: Progressive.
use it during the vacations. Commented [GBB63]: Progressive.
Examples for the second case:
Commented [GBB64]: Subordination.
Karen loves cycling in the Ciclova but she does not prefer going with other people. She
keeps going alone. Commented [GBB65]: Subordinations.
Guillermo loves going shopping. He hates going fishing with his brother. Commented [GBB66]: Double subordinations.
Examples for the third case:
Running is good for your health. At the same time, studying is an important activity for Commented [GBB67]: Noun
students. Commented [GBB68]: Definition + Description
Considering different options has a positive impact when you buy a car.
Commented [GBB69]: First sentence: Noun (gerund) +
3rd person.
Commented [GBB70]: Present simple.