Formulae and Equations Material Science & Chemistry Week Two Lecture The Mole Concept the amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. Mole is both a counting unit and a mass unit. The importance of mole as a unit; 1. The mole lets us relate the number of entities to the mass of a sample of those entities. 2. The mole maintains the same numerical relationship between mass on the atomic scale (atomic mass units, amu) and mass on the macroscopic scale (grams, g) Avogadro Number One mole (1 mol) contains 6.0223x 1023 entities (to four significant figures). Its named after Italian Physicist Amedeo Avogadro. 1 mol of carbon-12 contains 6.022x1023 carbon-12 atoms and has a mass of 12 g Atomic Mass Elements: The mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one atom of an element is the same numerically as the mass in grams (g) of 1 mole of atoms of the element. 1 atom of S has a mass of 32.06 amu and 1 mol (6.022x1023 atoms) of S has a mass of 32.06 g 1 atom of Fe has a mass of 55.85 amu and 1 mol (6.022x1023 atoms) of Fe has a mass of 55.85 g Compound: The mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one molecule (or formula unit) of a compound is the same numerically as the mass in grams (g) of 1 mole of the compound. Thus, for example 1. 1 molecule of H2O has a mass of 18.02 amu and 1 mol (6.022x1023 molecules) of H2O has a mass of 18.02 g 2. 1 formula unit of NaCl has a mass of 58.44 amu and 1 mol (6.022x1023 formula units) of NaCl has a mass of 58.44 g Molar Mass The molar mass () of a substance is the mass per mole of its entities (atoms, molecules, or formula units) and has units of grams per mole (g/mol). To calculate the molar mass; Element: To find the molar mass, look up the atomic mass and note whether the element is monatomic or molecular. Monatomic elements: The molar mass is the periodic-table value in grams per mole. For example, the molar mass of neon is 20.18 g/mol, and the molar mass of gold is 197.0 g/mol. Molecular elements. You must know the formula to determine the molar mass. For example, in air, oxygen exists most commonly as diatomic molecules, so the molar mass of O2 is twice that of Oxygen. Compounds: The molar mass is the sum of the molar masses of the atoms in the formula. Thus, from the formula of sulfur dioxide, SO2, we know that 1 mol of SO2 molecules contains 1 mol of S atoms and 2 mol of O atoms: Summary A mole of substance is the amount that contains Avogadros number (6.0223x1023) of chemical entities (atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units). The mass (in grams) of a mole of a given entity (atom, ion, molecule, or formula unit) has the same numerical value as the mass (in amu) of the entity. Thus, the mole allows us to count entities by weighing them. Using the molar mass (m, g/mol) of an ele ment (or compound) and Avogadros number as conversion factors, we can convert among amount (mol), mass (g), and number of entities. The mass fraction of element X in a compound is used to find the mass of X in a given amount of the compound. Chemical Formulas Empirical Formulas: The empirical formula is derived from mass analysis. It shows the lowest whole number of moles, and thus the relative number of atoms, of each element in the compound. For example, in hydrogen peroxide, there is 1 part by mass of hydrogen for every 16 parts by mass of oxygen. Because the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.008 amu and that of oxygen is 16.00 amu, there is one H atom for every O atom. Thus, the empirical formula is HO Molecular Formula: The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule: the molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2, twice the empirical formula. Structural Formula: The structural formula shows the relative placement and connections of atoms in the molecule: the structural formula is H O O - H Calculating the Empirical Formula 1. Determine the mass (g) of each component element. 2. Convert each mass (g) to amount (mol), and write a preliminary formula. 3. Convert the amounts (mol) mathematically to whole-number (integer) subscripts. 4. To accomplish this math conversion, Divide each subscript by the smallest subscript, and If necessary, multiply through by the smallest integer that turns all subscripts into integers. Calculating the Molecular Formula Different compounds with same empirical formula Isomers Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, and thus molar mass, but different properties. Constitutional, or structural, isomers occur when the atoms link together in different arrangements. Balancing Chemical Equations Steps in Balancing the equations 1. Translating the statement: We first translate the chemical statement into a skeleton equation: the substances present before the change, called reactants, are placed to the left of a yield arrow, which points to the substances produced during the change, called products 2. Balancing the atoms: By shifting our attention back and forth, we match the numbers of each type of atom on the left and the right of the yield arrow. 3. Adjusting the coefficients: There are several conventions about the final coefficients. 4. Checking: After balancing and adjusting the coefficients, we always check that the equation is balanced. 5. Specifying the states of matter: The final equation also indicates the physical state of each substance or whether it is dissolved in water. Stoichiometry Stoichiometry deals with the relationships between amounts of reactants and products involved in a reaction. Its major application is in the field of analytical chemistry, which is concerned with the determination of the amounts of substances in real-world material samples. Relating Amounts of Reactants and Products Using Moles of Reaction One mole of reaction is defined as the extent of reaction where the changes in the moles of reactants of products correspond to their coefficients in the balanced equation. Percent Yield Limiting reactant is defined as the reactant that would (not will) run out first. Strictly speaking, in reality, no reactant is completely consumed. Next Week Lecture Oxidation numbers Oxidation state Chemical reaction types Limiting reactants and product yield Redox chemistry For any further clarifications Please contact hamdhoon.mohamed@gmail.com