integral XII SCIENCE

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 integral XII SCIENCE

Kompetensi Dasar :
Kemampuan menggunakan konsep, sifat dan aturan
dalam perhitungan integral tak tentu dan integral tentu
serta menggunakannya untuk menghitung luas daerah
dan volume benda putar.

A. The Definition of Integral

Consider the derivative of a function F(x) = f(x) = 3x2. This functions are derived from
various possible forms of F(x) as given i table 1 .1.
Table 1.1

F(x) F(x) Based on table 1.1, F(x) = x3 + c is a function that has the
derivative of F(x) = 3x2. Accordingly, F(x) can be regraded as the
x3 3x2 inverse of the derivatiion or antiderivation.
x3 2 3x2
Definition
x3 + 6 3x2
. . If F(x) is function such that F(x) = f(x), then F(x) is an
. . antiderivative or integral of F(x) = f(x).
. .
x3 + c 3x2

B. The Indefinite Integral

1. The definition of indefinite integral

The integration of fuction f(x) written as f ( x)dx is called indefinite integral of f x . If

F x is an antiderivative of f x , then

f ( x)dx F ( x) C
Note:

F(x) = antiderivative fuction for f(x) such that F(x) = f(x)

f(x) = intergrated function

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integral XII SCIENCE

c = constant

There are two types of indefinite integrals you will learn in this setion: indefinite integral of
algebraic fuction and indefinite integral of trigonometric function. Consider the following
nation.

a. Basic formula for indefinite integral of algebraic functions

If y x p then y , px p 1

dy
p x p1
dx

dy p x p 1dx

dy
x p 1dx
p

dy 1
x dx
p p
p 1
So that dy

1 1
x
p 1
dx y C xp C
p p

Let p 1 = n then p = n + 1

So 1
x dx n 1 x
n 1
n
C

Characteristic :
dx x C
kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx
f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
a
ax dx n 1 x
n 1
n
C

Example 1.1 :

1 1
x dx 7 1 x
7 1
1. 7
C x8 C
8

1 41 1
t dt t C x5 C
4
2.
4 1 5

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integral XII SCIENCE

3. 3 p dp

1
The first step, written 3 p p3

1 1 3 43 3
p dp p 3 dp
1 1
3 p 3
C p C 3 p4 C
3 1
1
4 4

2 2 5
2 x dx 4 1 x
41
4. 4
C x C
5

5 5 5 5
5. u 3
du 5u 3 du
3 1
u 31 C u 2 C 2 C
2 2u

1 4 4 3
(2 x 4 x 2 7)dx 2 x 3 dx 4 x 2 dx 7dx x x 7x C
3
6.
2 3

Exercise 1.1

1. Complete the following integral of algebraic functions!

x dx d. 6 x 4 dx
9
a. g. 3
x 4 dx

4 5
x x
5
b. dx e. 5
dx h. dx
4
x3

3 6
4 x dx
7
c. f. dx i. dx
x 3
x 2

2. Complete the following integral of algebraic functions!

1 (3t 2 t ) 2
a. (2 x 7)dx d. 3 p( p )dp g. dt
p 2 t

v(3v 2)dv x( x 1)(3x 2)dx u 2 1 2u du

3 2
b. e. h.

2
( x 2 4 x) 2 1
c. (3x
2
4 x 2)dx f. dx i. x x dx
2x x x

b. Basic formula for indefinite integral of trigonometrics functions

In grade XI, you have learned derivatives of trigonometic functions. In order to

understand more about the integration of a trigonometric function, a good understanding

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integral XII SCIENCE

of derivative of trigonometric functions is needed. Consider the following table of

derivative of trigonometric functions.

Table 1.2 Based on table 1.2, the basic formula for integration
trigonometric functions are
F(x) F(x)

Sin x Cos x Cos x dx Sin x C

Cos x Sin x Sin x dx Cos x C
Sec x dx Tan x C
2
Tan x Sec2x

Sec x Tan x . Sec x Tan x . Sec x dx Sec x C

Csc x Cot x . Csc x
Cot x .Csc x dx Csc x C
Csc x dx Cot x C
2

Cot x Csc x
2

Using the formula for trigonometric functions above, we have the following expanded
formula :

1
Cos (ax b) dx a Sin(ax b) C
1
Sin (ax b) dx a Cos (ax b) C
1
Sec (ax b) dx Tan (ax b) C
2

a
1
Tan(ax b)Sec (ax b) dx a Sec (ax b) C
1
Cot(ax b)Csc (ax b) dx a Csc (ax b) C
1
Csc (ax b) dx a Cot (ax b) C
2

Example 1.2 :

1. 3Cos x dx = 3 Cos x dx = 3 Sin x + C

2. (7 2Sin x) dx = 7dx 2 Sin x dx = 7x (2Cos x) + C = 7x + 2Cos x + C
Exercise 1.2

1. Complete the following integral of trigonometric functions !

a. (2Sin x 3Cos x) dx d. (2Sec2 x 3Sec xTan x) dx

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 integral XII SCIENCE

(4Sec x 5 x) dx Sin (2 x 3) dx
2
b. e.

(2Csc x 3Sec2 x) dx f. (3Csc (2 x 1)Cot (2 x 1) dx

2
c.

2. Complete the following integral of trigonometric functions!

(Cos 2 x Sin 2 x) c. ((Tan (2 x 1) Sec (2 x 1))2 dx

2
a. dx

(Cot 3x Csc 3x) d. ((Tan 2 (3x 1) 4) dx

2
b. dx

3. Complete the following integral of trigonometric functions!

a. (2Sin 4 x . Cos 2 x) dx c. (cos3x . Cos x) dx

b. (4Sin 5x . Sin x) dx d. (3Sin 3x . Sin 2 x) dx

2. The Applications of Indefinite Integral

Indefinite integral can be used to solve some kinds of problems as below :

a. To determine a function if the derivation of the function is given.

b. To determine the position, speed, and acceleration of an object at a certain time. Let s
be the position, v be a speed and a be the acceleration of an object. Then the
relationship of s, v and a is :

ds dv
v so that s vdt and a so that v a dt
dt dt

Let us consider the following examples of indefite integrals to make you more
understand of its application.

Example 1.3

1. Suppose f(x) = 2x 1. If f(1) = 3 and f(1) = 2, determine the formula of f(x) !

Answer :

f ' ' ( x) dx = (2 x 1) dx = x
2
f(x) = x+c

f(1) = 3 (1)2 (1) + c = 3

c=1

So that f(x) = x2 x + 1
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integral XII SCIENCE

f(x) = ( x 2 x 1) dx

1 3 1 2
f(x) = x x xc
3 2

1 3 1 2
f(1) = 2 (1) (1) 1 c 2
3 2

1 1
c 2 1
3 2

1
c 1
6

1 3 1 2 1
So that f(x) = x x x 1
3 2 6

2. Given the gradien of the tangent of curve is y = f(x) at every point of (x , y) is stated
dy
by = 2x 4, and the curve passes trough the point of (2, 0). Determine the
dx
equation of the curve!

Answer :

dy
= 2x 4
dx

y = (2 x 4) dx

y = x2 4x + c

The curve passes through the point of (2 , 0).

0 = 22 4. 2 + c

c=4

Thus, the equation of curve is y = x2 4x 4.

3. An object is moving along a straight line with the acceleration of a. It satifies

equation of a(t) = 24t + 10, where a in m/s2 and t in seond. If the initial speed of
object is v = 1303 m/s, and the position of the object at t = 10 second is s = 4532 m,
then determine the equation of the position of the object at time t second!

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integral XII SCIENCE

Answer :

a(t) = 24t + 10 = v(t) v(t) = 24t + 10

v(t) = (24t 10) dt = 12t2 + 10t + C

for t = 10 v(10) = 1303 m/s

12. (102) + 10 . 10 + C = 1303

C=3

So that v(t) = 12t2 + 10t + 3

v(t) = s(t) s(t) = 12t2 + 10t + 3

s (t) = (12t 2 10t 3) dt = 4t3 + 5t2 + 3t + C

for t = 10 s(10) = 4532

4(103) + 5(10)2 + 3.10 + C = 4532

C=2

So, the equation of the position of the object is s(t) = 4t3 + 5t2 + 3t + 2.

Exercise 1.3

1. Determine the function F x , if it is given:

a. F x x 2 4 x and F 3 5 c. F x 12x, F 1 5 and F 1 3

b. F x x and F 6
3 9
2
x 2

2. Determine the equation of the curve of f x that satisfies conditions below at every
point of x, y .

4 x 3 and the curve passes through the point of 1 , 5

dy
a.
dx

3x 2 3x and the curve passes through the point of 2 , 1

dy
b.
dx

3. On a curve satisfies that y 6x 1 and passes through the point of 1 , 2 and the
gradient at the point 4. Determine the equation of the curve!

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 integral XII SCIENCE

4. A moving object has a speed of v m/s, at the time of t = 0 the speed v = 6 4t. Given
ds
that v , where s is the length of the track in meters and for t = 0 second, then s = 0
dt
meter. Determine the formula of s in term of t and for t = 2.

5. Assuming the brake of a car can provide a constant deceleration of k m / s 2 . Determine

the value of k so that the car will stop in 100 seconds, and if the speed of the car is 88
m/s. Similarly, use the value of k to determine the distance that has been adopted so
that the car stopped after pushing the brake, when the speed of the car is 44 m/s.

C. The Integral by Substitusion

a n1
ax dx
x C . Several
n
Not all integrand s can be solved using the formula of
n 1
integrands seem complicated so and they cannot be solved using the formula above, so it is
nedessary to have another way to solve them. The basic concept of substitution method is
transform complex integral into simple integral.

If u = f(x) then du = f(x) dx.

For example : if u = 3x4, then du = 12x3 dx.

Example 1.4

5 x( x 3) 4 dx ....
2
1.

Answer :

Let : u = x2 3, then du = 2x dx

du
dx
2x

du
5 x( x 3) 4 dx 5 x.u 4
2

2x

5 4
2
= u du

5 1 5
= . u C
2 5

1 5
= u C
2

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 integral XII SCIENCE

1
Substitution u = x2 3, so 5 x( x 2 3) 4 dx ( x 2 3) 5 C
2

(x x 2 ) 3 (8 x 3 4 x) dx ...
4
2.

Answer :

Let : u = x4 x2, then du = 4x3 2x dx

du
dx
4x 2x
3

du
(x
4
x 2 ) 3 (8 x 3 4 x) dx u 3 2(4 x 3 2 x)
4x 2x
3

= 2u 3 du

1 4
= u C
2

1
Substitution u = x4 x2, so ( x 4 x 2 ) 3 (8x 3 4 x) dx ( x 4 x 2 ) 4 C
2
Table 1.3

Result of substitution
No Integral Substitution Result of Integral
in integrand

dx du
1. xa u=xa u ln x a C

1 n 1
(ax b) a
(ax b) n1 C
n
2. dx u=xa u du
a(n 1)

dx 2 2
3. ax b
u= ax b
a
du
a
ax b C

dx x 2 du 1 x
4. x 2
a2
u=
a a u 2 1 a
arc Tan C
a

dx du
5. x a
2 2 ax b = u x u ln x 2 a 2 x C

du

dx x x
6. a2 x2 u=
a 1 u 2
arc Sin C
a

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 integral XII SCIENCE

Result of
No Integral Substitution substitution in Result of Integral
integrand

dx 1 du 1 a a2
x
a
7. u= ln 1 C
x2 a2 x a u2 1 a x x2

dx 1 u du 1
x
a
8. 2
x2 a2
dx u=
x

a2 u2 1
2
a x
x2 a2 C

dx x du x
9. Sin x u = Tan
2 u ln tan
2
C

dx du
10. Sin x Cos x u = Tan x u
ln tan x C

dx du
11. x ln x u =ln x u ln ln x C

Substitution technique with trigonometric functions.

To solved an integrand containing a form of a 2 x 2 , a 2 x 2 and x 2 a 2 , we use

substitution technique for a trigonometric integration. In order to understand it well, let us
consider the following table.
Table 1.4

Result of substitution
No Integral Substitution
in integrand

1. a 2 x 2 dx x = a Sin a Cos

2. a 2 x 2 dx x = a tan a Sec

3. x 2 a 2 dx x = a Sec a Tan

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 integral XII SCIENCE

Example 1.5

1. 4 x 2 dx ...

Answer :

x x
Let x = 2 Sin , then Sin or arc Sin
2 2

dx
2 Cos dx = 2 Cos d
d

4 x2 4 (2Sin ) 2 4 4 Sin 2 4(1 Sin 2 ) 2 Cos 2 2Cos

4 x 2 dx 2 Cos 2 Cos d

4 Cos d
2
=

= 2 (1 cos 2 ) d

1
= 2( Sin 2 ) C
2

= 2 Sin 2 C

= 2 2Sin Cos C

x 4 x2
Sin , then Cos
2 2

4 x 2 dx 2 2 Sin Cos C

x x 4 x2
= 2arc Sin 2 C
2 2 2

x x 4 x2
= 2arc Sin C
2 2

dx
2. x 2
9
...

Answer :

x x
Let x = 3 Tan , then Tan or arc Tan
3 3
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 integral XII SCIENCE

dx
3 Sec2 dx = 3 Sec2 d
d

x 2 9 (3 Tan ) 2 9 9 Tan 2 9 9(Tan 2 1) 9 Sec 2

dx 3 Sec 2 d
x 2 9 9 Sec 2

1
9
= d

1
=
9

1 x
= arc Tan C
9 3

Exercise 1.4

1. Complete the following integral using substitution method!

(5x 1) d. (4 x 3) 5 dx
3
a. dx

(3 2x) 2 x 5 dx
4
b. dx e. 3

6(4 x 5)
3
c. dx

2. Complete the following integral using substitution method!

a. 6x 6 x 2 dx f. ( x 1)( x 2 2 x 8) 4 dx

x2
t t 5 dt
2
b. g. dx
x 2 4x 6

6 du
x x 3 1 dx
2
c. h.
3u 5

8 x dx 2x 5
d. 3
x2 7
dx i. (x 2
5 x) 7
dx

3x 2
e. 3
(2 x 7)
3 2
dx j. x 1 x 2 dx

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 integral XII SCIENCE

3. Complete the following integral!

dx xdx
a. 5 x2
e. 27 6 x x 2

dx 1 x dx 2

b. 7 x2
f. x

dx ( x 1)( x 2)dx
c. 9 4x 2
g. x

dx dx
d. x 2
6 x 13
h. x 1
2
(substitution : x2 1 u x)

x1
( x 1)dx
3x
2
e. i. x (substitution : 1 x 1 u )
2
4x 3

4. Complete the following integral using substitution of trigonometric functions!

x2 4
36 x dx
2
a. f. dx
x

9x 2 4
b. 3 12x 2 dx g. x
dx

dx dx
c. 25 x 2
h. x 2
4 x2

dx dx
d. x 2
16 x 2
i. 9 x 2 2

x dx dx
e. 1 x2
j. x 9 4x 2

The Integration by Part

If you an integral that cannot be solved by integration by substitution, it might be solved by

multiple substitution technique that known as integration by parts. Consider the following
explanation.

Let, y = u . v where y, u, and v are the function of x

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 integral XII SCIENCE

dy
Then
dx
= u . v + u . v dy = v du u dv
du dv
= vu y = v du u dv
dx dx

1
= (v du u dv) uv = v du u dv
dx

dy = v du + u dv u dv = uv - v du

Therefore, based on the explanation above, we can conclude that the formula of integration by
parts is as follow

u dv = uv - v du

Example 1.6

Complete the following integrals!

1. x sin x dx 2. ( x 3) 2 x 5 dx

Answers:

1. x sin x dx
Let u = x du = dx

dv = sin x dx v = sin x dx = cos x

so that u dv u . v v du

x sin x dx = x (cos x) ( cos x) dx x cos x cos x dx = x cos x + sin x + c

2. ( x 3) 2 x 5 dx

Let u = x + 3 du = dx
1 2 3
1 1
dv = 2 x 5 dx v = (2 x 5) 2 dx (2 x 5) 3 (2 x 5) 2
3 3
2
2

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 integral XII SCIENCE

so that ( x 3) 2 x 5 dx
3 3
1 1
= (x + 3) (2 x 5) (2 x 5) 2 dx
2
3 3
3 3
1 1
= ( x 3) (2 x 5) 2 (2 x 5) 2 dx
3 3
3 5
1 1 1
= ( x 3) (2 x 5) 2 (2 x 5) 2 + c
3 3 5
2
2
3 5
1 1
= ( x 3) (2 x 5) 2 (2 x 5) 2 + c
3 15

Exercise 1.5

Complete the following integral!

4 x ( x 3) (4 x 3) Sin 2 x dx
5
1. dx 9.

2. x 1 4 x dx 10. x Cos (2 x 3) dx
x
x
2
3. dx 11. Cos x dx
x 1

4x
5 4 x x
3
4. 3
dx 12. Sin x dx

x x 5 dx x (2 x 2 6) 5 dx
2 3
5. 13.

x Cos 2 x dx x Sin (2 x 2 6) dx
3
6. 14.

7. 2 x Sin 3x dx 15. x 1 x dx

(2 x 1) Cos 2 x dx x
2
8. 16. ln x dx

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 integral XII SCIENCE

D. The Area as Limit Amount

1. Understanding the area as limit amount

In general, if a region enclosed by the curve of y f x , the X-axis, the line of x = a, and
the line x = b, then the area of the region can be calculated by the following formula.

y
y = f(x)

0 a b x

Interval of a x b devided into n intervals with the length of each are

x1 , x 2 , x 3 , , x n , while the midpoint of each interval x1 , x 2 , x 3 , , x n and each parts
are formed into rectangle which the whole are sum of the area is :
n
L f x1 x1 f x2 x 2 f x3 x 3 f xn x n f xi xi
i 1

To determine the exact area, then n mush be big n so that x 0 and the are a will
be:
n x b
L lim f xi x i lim f x x
n x 0
i 1 xa

b
The expression can be written with the integral notation L f x dx (read integral
a

f x dx from x a to x b ).

Thus, the region area enclosed by the curve of y = f (x), the X-axis, the line of x = a, and
the line of x = b is :

b
L f x dx
a

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 integral XII SCIENCE

b
2. Understanding the notation of f x and the way of calculation
a

Suppose we will determine the region of area enclosed by the curve of y = f (x), the Xaxis,
the line of x = a, and the line of x = b. Based on Picture 1.6, it will be obtained:
a
La f x dx F a c 0 ... (1) y y = f(x)
a T U
b S R
Lb f x dx F b c 0 ... (2)
b

c
Lc f x dx
a

ch
P Q
Lc h f x dx 0 a c (c + h) b x
a

The figure above shows that

LPQRS LPQUS LPQUT

f c h L c h L c f c h h

L c h L c
f c f c h
h

L c h L c
lim f c lim lim f c h
h0 h0 h h0

f c L(c) f (c) obtained that L(c) = f (c)

Since the equation is valid for every c in the interval of [a , b], then satisfies L(x) = f (x).

Lx f x dx F x c

From the equation of (1) it is obtained

L(a) = F(a) + c = 0

c F a

Hence Lx F x F a

Lb F b F a

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integral XII SCIENCE

f x dx F b F a
a

The expression of F b F a is symbolized by F x a (it is called square brackets

b

notation), so that the region area anclosed by the curve of y = f(x), X-axis, the line x=a
to x = b can be stated with the formula of

f x dx F x F b F a
b
a
a

To comprehend the definite integral more, let us consider the following example.

Example 1.7
3
Calculate the value 2 x 3 dx .
1

Answer:
3
1 4 1 4 1 4 81 1
3

2 x dx 3 1 40
3
x
1
2 1 2 2 2 2

Exercise 1.6

1. Express the area of the following shaded regions using integral!

y
a. y c. y = x2 + 2

2 0 1 x
3 0 2 5 x
y
b. y = 3 + 2x x2 y = x2
y

0 2 x
1 0 3 x

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 integral XII SCIENCE

2. Draw and express as an integral!

a. y = 2 x, the X axis, the line x = 2 and x = 1

b. y = 9 x2, the X axis, the line x = 1 and x = 3

c. y = (3 + x)2, the X axis, the line x = 3 and x = 0

3. Show by shading each area expressed by the following integral!

3 3

2 x dx (9 x
2
a. d. ) dx
1 5

5 3

(2 x 3) dx (x 4 x 3) dx
2
b. e.
2 1

(x 4) dx
2
c.
1

4. Calculate the following integral!

3

x
2
a. dx
0

x 1
2
b.
1
x3
dx

E. The Definite Integral

b
If the function of y = f(x) is continuous in the interval of a x b, then : f x dx
a

F (b) F (a) where F(x) is antiderivative f(x) in a x b. This integral is called the definite
integral where a is a lower bound and b is a upper bound. This definition of integral is known
as the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Suppose f(x) and g(x) are a continuous functions in the closed interval [a , b], then the
definite integrals have the following general characteristics.

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 integral XII SCIENCE

Characteristic :
a

f x dx 0
a

b b

kf x dx k f ( x) , k = a constant
a a

b b b

f x g ( x) dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a a

b a

f x dx f ( x)
a b

b c c

f x f ( x) dx f ( x)
a b a

To understand certain integral detail, let us consider the following example.

Example 1.8

Evalute the result of the following integral !

2

(3x 4 x 1) dx
2
1.
1

2. Sin 2 x dx
0

Answer :

(3x 4 x 1) dx x 3 2 x 2 x
2 2
1. 1
1

= (23 2. 22 + 2) (13 2 . 13 + 1)

=20

=2

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 integral XII SCIENCE



2
1
2. Sin 2 x dx
0
2
Cos 2 x 2
0

1 1
= Cos Cos 0
2 2

1 1
=
2 2

=1

Exercise 1.7

1. Complete each the following integral!

3 1

a. 4 x dx g. ( x 2 x ) 2 dx
0 1

9 4
b. 2 x dx
1
h. (u 1)(2u 1) du
0

4 2
4
c.
2
x3
dx i. (3 y 6)(2 y 5) dy
1

3 1

d. (4 x 3x ) dx
3 2
j. 2t ((t 1)(t 1) dt
1 1

2
1
1 2

(4 x 3) k. x dx
2
e. dx
1
0
x

2 4
1
( x 5) dx x x dx
2
f. l.
2 1 x x

2. Determine the value of a, if known :

a 2a
a. (4 x 3) dx 10
0
d.
a
3 x dx 0

3 2a
3 dx 1
b. ( x 4) dx
a
2
e.
1
x 2

2

a
c.
0
x dx 18

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 integral XII SCIENCE

3. Complete the following integral!

a. 3 Sinx dx
0
d. Sin( x ) dx
0
3

3
2 2

b. ( Sin 2 x Cos 2 x) dx
0
e. (Cost Sint ) dt
5
6

c. Sin3x Cos 3x dx
0

F. The Applications of Definite Integrals

x =a x=b
1. Area between a curve and the X axis. y
Suppose L is a region enclosed by the curve of y = f(x)
y = f(x), the X-axis, the line of x = a, and the line of x =
b where f(x) 0 over [a, b] then the area of the region L
of L can be determined by the formula of :
b
0 x
L= f ( x) dx
a y

If f(x) 0 or the area is under the X-axis, then 0 x

L
b
L = f ( x) dx or L = f ( x) dx
a y = f(x)
x=a x=b

2. Area between two curves

Suppose L is a region enclosed by the curves of x =a x=b
y1 = f(x), y2 = g(x), the line of x = a, and the line of x = y
S R y1 = f(x)
b as shown in the picture beside. Then the area of
region L is L = LABRS - LABQP L y2 = g(x)
The area of region L can be determined as follows Q
P
0 A B x
L = LABRS - LABQP
b b b
= f ( x) dx g ( x)
a a
f ( x) g ( x) dx
a

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integral XII SCIENCE

Therefore, the area enclosed by the curve of y1 = f(x), y2 = g(x) from x = a to x = b

determined by the formula of
b
L= f ( x) g ( x) dx
a

where f(x) g(x) in the interval of a x b

To understand how to determine the area of the region, consider the following examples!

Example 1.9

1. Determine the area of the region enclosed by the curve of y = x3 16x, the Xaxis, the
line x = 2, to line x = 2!

Answer :
Region L1 is above the X-axis from x = -2 to x = 0 y
so that y = x3 16x
0
1
L1 = ( x 3 16x)dx = x 4 8 x 2 L1
4 2
2 0 L2 2 x
1
= 0 16 8 4
4

= (4 32) = 28

Region L2 is under the X-axis from x = 0 to x = 2, so that : Thus, the area is L = L1 + L2 = 56 square un

2
1
2
1
L2= ( x 16x) dx x 4 8 x 2 16 8 4 0 (14 32) = 28
3

0
4 0 4

Thus, the area is L = L1 + L2 = 56 square unit.

2. Determine the area that is bounded by the curve of :

a. y = x2 2x and the line of y = x

b. y = x , the line of y = 2, and the Yaxis

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integral XII SCIENCE

Answer :
y
a. The intersection point of the two y = x2 16x
curves y=x

y1 = y2
L
x2 2x = x
0 3 x
x 3x = 0
2

x(x 3) = 0
3
1
3 3
3
so that xL == 0or
( x x=( x3 2 x)) dx (3x x ) dx x 2 x 3
2 2

0 0
2 3 0

3 1
9 27 0
2 3

27
= 9
2

9
Thus, the area is square unit.
2
4

2 2
4 3
b. L = x dx = 2 x x 2
0
3 0

16
= 8 0
3
8
= square unit.
3

Exercise 1.8

1. Determine the area of shaded region!

a. y d. y y = x3
y=x+2

0 3 x 0 2 x

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integral XII SCIENCE
y
b. y e.
y = x2 + x 2

2 0 1 x
4 0 1 x
y = x2 + x 2

y y
c. f. y x
y = x2 4

2 0 2 3 x 0 2 5 x

2. Determine the area of a region bounded by the curve of :

a. y = x2, the X-axis from x = 2 to x = 3

b. y = x2 4x + 3 and the Xaxis

c. y = x(1 x2) and the Xaxis

d. y = (x 5) , Yaxis and the Xaxis

e. y = 12 4x x2 and the Xaxis.

f. y = x3 + 3x2 + 2x, the Xaxis, x = 0 and x = 2

g. y = cos 2x, the X-axis, the line of x = , and the line of x =
3 2

3
h. y = 1 + sin x, the X-axis, the Y-axis, and line of x =
2

3. Daerah yang dibatasi oleh kurva y = x2 2x 8 dengan sumbu X terbagi menjadi dua
bagian oleh sumbu Y. Tunjukan bahwa perbandingan luas kedua bagian adalah 7 : 20!

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integral XII SCIENCE

4. Determine the area of shaded region!

a. y y = 2x c. y

y = x2 2
y=x

1
2 0 x

0 3 x
y=x

b. y d. y
y = x2 + 2
y=x2 y=x

2 0 2 x
y = x2 + 4 1 0 2 x

5. Determine the area of a region enclosed by the following

a. y = 2x, y = 4x, and the line of x = 2

b. y = x2 7x + 10 and y = 2 x

c. y = x2 4 and y = 8 2x2

d. x = 9 y2 and x = y + 7

e. y = x2 and y = x

f. y = sin x, y = cos x, garis x = 0, and the line of x =

g. y = cos x, y = sin 2x, the line of x = , and the line of x =
6 2

6. If f(x) = ( x 2 )2 4 and g(x) = f (x), then the area of a region enclosed by curve of f
and g is ....

7. a. Hitunglah luas daerah L yang dibatasi oleh kurva y = 6 x2 dan sumbu X

b. Tentukan titik potong kurva y = 6 x2 dengan kurva y = x2. Buktikan bahwa kurva y
= x2 membagi daerah L menjadi dua bagian yang perbandingan luasnya 3 : 1.
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 integral XII SCIENCE

8. Given that the parabola of y = 4x 3x2 and point K (1,1) is on the parabola.

a. Determine the equation tangent of the curve at point K

b. Determine the area of the region bounded by the tangent, the Y-axis, and segment
OK on the curve.

9. Diketahui parabola y = x2 + 2 dengan titik P(2 , 6) dan Q(1 , 3) terletak pada kurva.

a. Tentukan persamaan garis singgung kurva pada titik P dan Q.

b. Tentukan koordinat titik potong kedua garis singgung tersebut

c. Hitunglah luas daerah yang dibatasi oelh busur PQ, garis singgung di P dan garis
singgung di Q.

3. The volume s od solids rotating arround the Xaxis

Previously you had learned one of the applications of integrals, that is to determine
the area of a region. Is this section, you will learn another application of the integrals that is
to determine the rotating solid volume. To have a deeper understanding, consider the
following explanation.
y = f(x)
y x

f(x)

0 x=a x=b x

The flat region bounded by curve of y = f(x), the X-axis, the line x = a to x = b is
rotated arround the Xaxis. Then, a solid with a certain volume is formed. How do w
calculate the rotating solid volumes? Consider the following explanation in order to make
you understand.

ba
A closed interval of [a, b] is divided into a parts to obtain xi = . Let us take
n
the-I part, and draw a rectangular shape and rotate the figure. Then, there will be formed a
cylinder with the volume of:

vi . f 2 ( xi ) . xi

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 integral XII SCIENCE

So that the sum of the volume is :

n
vi . f 2 ( x1 ) . x1 + . f 2 ( x2 ) . x2 + . f 2 ( x3 ) . x3 + ... + . f 2 ( xn ) . xn = f 2 ( xi ) . xi
i 1

Taken that the value of n is very large (n ~), then :

n
v lim f 2 ( xi ) . xi
n ~
i 1

b
Since f(x) is very large of interval a x b then v lim f 2 ( x) . x so that obtained
x 0
xa

b
v = . f (x) dx or v = y
2 2
dx
a

Therefore, the rotating solid volume if the region bounded by curve of y = f(x), the Xaxis,
the line of x = a, and the line of x = b which is rotated arround the Xaxis is :

b
v = . f 2 (x) dx or v = y
2
dx
a

4. The volume s od solids rotating arround the Yaxis

The rotating solid volume if the region is bounded by the curve of x = f(y), the Y-axis, the
line of y = a, and the line of y = b rotated arround the Y-axis is:
b
v = . f 2 (y) dy or v = x
2
dy
a

5. The volume s od solids rotating a region between two curves

a. Rotation Arround the Xaxis

The region bounded by the curve of y1 = f(x) and y2 = g(x) ; f(x) g(x) from x = a to
x = b is rotated arround the Xaxis. The rotating slid volume is:

f
b
v = 2
( x) g 2 ( x) dx
a

or
b
= ( y1 y 2 ) dx
2 2
v
a

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integral XII SCIENCE

b. Rotation Arround the Yaxis

The region bounded by the curve of x1 = f(y) and x2 = g(y) from the line of y = a to y
= b is rotated around the Yaxis, the volume of the rotating solid is:

f
b
v = 2
( y) g 2 ( y) dy
a

or
b
= ( x1 x2 ) dy
2 2
v
a

To better understand how to determine the volumes of rotating solids, lets consider
some of the following examples.

Example 1.10

1. If the region bounded by the line of y = 6 2x, the X-axis, and the Y-axis is rotated
then determine the volume of rotating solid!

a. around the Xaxis b. around the Yaxis

Answer :
y
3 3
a. v = (6 2 x) 2 dx = (36 24x 4 x 2 ) dx
6
0 0

3
4
= 36 x 12 x 2 x 3
3 0
0 3 x
= {(108 108 + 36) 0}

= 36 cubic unit 6

1
b. y = 6 2x x = 3 y
2 y

2
1
6
1
6 6
v = 3 y dy 9 3 y y 2 dy
0
2 0
4

6
3 1 3 3
= 9y y2 y 0
12 0 3 x
2

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integral XII SCIENCE

= (54 54 + 18)

= 18 cubic unit

2. If the region bounded by the line of y = x2, y = x + 2 is rotated around the Xaxis then
determine the volume of rotating solid!

Answer :

The intersection of two curves : y = x2 y

x2 = x + 2
2
x2 x 2 = 0
2
(x + 1) (x 2) = 0 1 0 2 x

x = 1 or x = 2 y=x+2

2
v= (y ) ( y 2 ) 2 dx
2
1
1

2
= ( x 2) ( x 2 ) 2 dx
2

2
= (x 4 x 4 x 4 ) dx
2

= 1
3
x 3 2 x 2 4 x 15 x 5 21
= 1
3
(2 3 ) 2(2 2 ) 4(2) 15 (2 5 ) 13 (1) 3 2(1) 2 4(1) 15 (1) 5

= 83 8 8 325 13 2 4 15
2
= 14
5

2
So the volume is 14 cubic unit.
5

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integral XII SCIENCE

Exercise 1.9

1. Determine the volume of rotating solid if the region enclosed by the following curve is
rotated around the Xaxis.

a. y = 2 x , the Xaxis, and the line x = 4

b. y = x( x 2 ) and the Xaxis.

c. y = (2 x2)2 and y = 1.

d. y = x and y = x2

e. y = x4 and y = x2

f. y = 6x x2 and y = x2

g. y = cos 2x, the Xaxis, the line of x = , and the line of x =

2. Determine the volume of solids rotating when the region bounded by the curve of y =
2

x 3 and y = x3 if :

a. is rotated arround the Xaxis

b. is rotated arround the Yaxis

3. Determine the volume if the following regions are rotated around the Y-axis

a. x + 2y = 2, the Xaxis, the line of y = 0, and the line of y = 2

b. y = x2 and the line of y = 4

c. y = 4 x2 and the line of y = 1

4. Determine the volume of rotating solids bounded by the following curve

a. y = x2 + 1 and y = 1 2x, with the Xaxis as the rotated region

b. y = 4x x2 and y = x2. With the Xaxis as the rotated region
c. y = x2 and y = x2, with the Xaxis as the rotated region
d. y = 2x, y = x + 1 and the line of y = 4, with the Yaxis as the rotated region
e. y2 = x and y = x, with the Yaxis as the rotated region
f. y2 = 2 x and y2 = 2, with the Xaxis as the rotated region

5. Determine the volume if the region bounded by the curve y = sin x and y = cos x from x
= 0, x = is rotated around the X-axis!

31