Electric Bell

When the switch is on, the circuit is completed and current flows. The
electromagnet becomes magnetised and hence attracts the soft-iron
armature and at the same time pull the hammer to strike the gong.

As soon as the hammer moves towards the gong, the circuit is broken. The
current stops flowing and the electromagnet loses its magnetism. This
causes the spring to pull back the armature and reconnect the circuit
again.

When the circuit is connected, the electromagnet regain its magnetism and
pull the armature and hence the hammer to strike the gong again. This cycle
repeats and the bell rings continuously.
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Card 2: Electromagnetic Relay
Electromagnetic Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit.

A relay has at least two circuits. One circuit can be used to control another
circuit. The 1st circuit (input circuit) supplies current to the electromagnet.
The electromagnet is magnetised and attracts one end of the iron armature.

The armature is then closes the contacts (2nd switch) and allows current
flows in the second circuit. When the 1st switch is open again, the current to
the electromagnet is cut, the electromagnet loses its magnetism and the 2nd
switch is opened. Thus current stop to flow in the 2nd circuit.
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Card 3: Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker

The figure shows the structure of a circuit breaker. A circuit breaker is an

automatic switch that cut off current in a circuit when the current become too
large.

When the current in a circuit increases, the strength of the electromagnet will
increase in accordance; this will pull the soft iron armature towards the
electromagnet.

As a result, the spring pulls apart the contact and disconnects the circuit
immediately, and the current stop to flow.

We can reconnect the circuit by using the reset button. The reset button can
be pushed to bring the contact back to its original position to reconnect the
circuit.
Telephone Earpiece

An electromagnet is used in the earpiece of a telephone. The figure shows

the simple structure of a telephone earpiece.

When you speak to a friend through the telephone, your sound will be
converted into electric current by the mouthpiece of the telephone. The
current produced is a varying current and the frequency of the current will be
the same as the frequency of your sound. The current will be sent to the
earpiece of the telephone of your friend.

When the current passes through the solenoid, the iron core is magnetised.
The strength of the magnetic field changes according to the varying current.
When the current is high, the magnetic field will become stronger and when
the current is low, the magnetic field become weaker.

The soft-iron diaphragm is pulled by the electromagnet and vibrates at the

frequency of the varying current. The air around the diaphragm is stretched
and compressed and produces sound wave. The frequency of the sound
produced in the telephone earpiece will be the same as your sound.