La experiencia de la Encuesta

Longitudinal de la Primera Infancia

DAVID BRAVO
P.Universidad Catlica de Chile
david.bravo@uc.cl

Lima, Septiembre 20-22, 2016

Aspectos a desarrollar
1. Lo que motiv su implementacin
2. Actores involucrados
3. El diseo de la encuesta
4. Algunos resultados y usos de la encuesta
5. Mediciones futuras
6. Principales desafos y lecciones
1. Lo que motiv su implementacin
La Encuesta Longitudinal surge desde el mundo
acadmico, a partir de un conjunto de preguntas de
investigacin.
Ocurre en el contexto de una priorizacin de la
agenda de infancia temprana en Chile.
Motivacin
Qu ocurre con las brechas socioeconmicas en los
primeros aos de vida en Chile?
Investigacin en USA mostraba que las brechas en el
mbito cognitivo y en otras dimensiones emergen
tempranamente en el ciclo de vida.
Un volumen de literatura creciente muestra los
efectos de largo plazo del desarrollo en la primera
infancia.
La importancia del desarrollo socioemocional.
Motivacin
Agenda de investigacin motivada para:
Medir brechas tempranas;
Evaluar y entender el rol de la educacin inicial en
el desarrollo con una perspectiva
multidimensional;
Orientar y ser de utilidad en el diseo de polticas
pblicas.
Para ello, se requera contar con nuevos y mejores
datos.
Motivacin
Evidencia internacional sugiere efectos positivos de
intervenciones en la primera infancia (Engle et al
2007; Bouillon y Tejerina, 2007; Schady, 2006;
Behrman et al 2004; Noboa y Urza 2010; Heckman,
2010). Pero, podemos extrapolar?
Se est aprendiendo respecto de los mecanismos que
subyacen estos efectos (a travs de aspectos
cognitivos y/o socioemocionales? a travs de los
padres? calidad de la educacin inicial? cmo
intervenir? cundo? por cunto tiempo?)
Motivacin
Importantes limitaciones de los estudios disponibles:
Muestras pequeas y no representativas a nivel
nacional;
Usualmente basados en modelos estticos;
Intervenciones de escala limitada;
Correlacin versus causalidad;
Pocos estudios con informacin para permitir
anlisis costo-beneficio.
Motivacin
La agenda de investigacin diseada inclua 3
componentes:
DATOS: con una recoleccin bien diseada;
ECONOMETRA/ESTRATEGIA DE IDENTIFICACIN:
Para aprovechar variaciones de polticas y buenos
datos.
EXPERIMENTOS: Para proveer variacin til para el
diseo de polticas (Informacin, currculum,
coeficientes tcnicos, etc.)
2. Actores involucrados
Fuerte influencia por colaboracin desde 2000 con
profesor J.Heckman (U.Chicago).
Desde 2002, colaboracin continua con J.Behrman
(U.Pennsylvania) en estudio longitudinal (Proteccin
Social).
S.Urza, gradundose de U.Chicago.
Encuesta se planific en 2008 y en 2009 se
materializa alianza con el Sector Pblico.
2. Actores involucrados
Principal actor pblico involucrado en 2009 es el
Ministerio de Hacienda.
Su decisin de implementacin de la encuesta se
operacionaliza a travs del Ministerio de Educacin.
Financiamiento principal proviene de esta entidad.
En 2009 se realiza estudio piloto.
En 2010 se implementa la Primera Ronda y en 2012 la
Segunda.
2. Actores involucrados
En 2009 para la definicin de los instrumentos a
aplicar, se incorpor Patrice Engle al equipo
acadmico.
Posteriormente Lia Fernald.
En 2012 la Encuesta se implementa a travs del
Ministerio del Trabajo (financiamiento principal).
En 2009 equipo acadmico (liderado por J.Behrman)
obtiene financiamiento va Grant del NIH.
2. Actores involucrados
Investigadores principales:
David Bravo (U.Chile hoy U.Catlica)
Jere Behrman (U.Pennsylvania)
Sergio Urza (Maryland, U.Catlica)
Lia Fernald (U.C.Berkeley)
Implementada por equipo del C.Microdatos (U.Chile)
desde 2014 en U.Catlica
3. El diseo de la encuesta
Diseo Muestral:
Para Encuesta 2010 se seleccionan aleatoriamente
15 mil nacidos vivos de los registros de nacimiento
entre 1/1/2006 y 31/8/2009.
Para Encuesta 2012 se adicionan al panel otros 3 mil
nacidos vivos entre 1/9/2009 y 31/12/2011.
Marco muestral: Aproximadamente 1,5 millones de
nacidos en el perodo.
Ventajas de la Informacin obtenida desde el
muestreo.
3. El diseo de la encuesta
Diseo Muestral:
Una vez seleccionada la muestra, el Registro Civil
provey direcciones e informacin de los padres.
Colaboracin: Steve Heeringa (ISR, Michigan)
3. El diseo de la encuesta
Implementacin:
VISITA 1:
Encuestadores aplican cuestionario a la madre y
obtienen consentimientos para segunda visita.
Cuestionario recoge informacin sobre cada uno de
los miembros del hogar para luego concentrarse en
la madre(tutor) del nio(a) seleccionado(a).
VISITA 2:
Psiclogas(os) aplican instrumentos sobre nios(as) y
madres (tutores).
3. El diseo de la encuesta
El cuestionario aplicado por los encuestadores:
ELPI 2010
Module Description
Household Composition: It contains information that identifies whether the person that answers
A the survey is the biological mother or not, and if the selected child has a twin-brother. It also
contains the most important socio-economic characteristics of the households members, which
includes the relationship with the selected child, age, gender and marital status, among others.
B Education: It contains information on the education level and the administrative characteristics
of the child-care establishments of each households members.
C Employment Status: It contains information on the occupational status and job characteristics for
of each households members that are more than 15 years old.
D Household Income: It contains information on the income and salary for each family member
(which also includes subsidies, pensions and rent, among others).
The following questions are made only for the interviewee (usually the childs mother or caregiver)
E Social Protection: It contains data on access to the health system.
F Assets and Equity: It contains characteristics of the home as artefacts and/or services, type of
housing, predominant construction material and the number of rooms, among others.
Mother's pregnancy: It contains information (twelve questions) on biological mothers health
status during pregnancy (pregnancy control, diseases, medical conditions, nutritional status,
G certain circumstances that may have occurred during pregnancy, etc.). The nexr questions
include information about birth (birth establishment and condition, complications during birth,
months that the child was breastfed, etc.).
H Learning and Chile Grows with You: It contains information about activities, games, learning
materials used by the child, and about the participation in the Chile Grows with You program.
I Immunization: It contains information from the childs immunization (vaccination information).
Child Care: The module is performed for 8 time periods for the child, starting when he/she is 0-3
J months old to 5 years old of age. It contains information related to child-care centres and
mothers employment.
K Selected Child's Biological Father: It contains information about the biological father in terms of
educational, occupational and socioeconomic status.
ELPI 2012
Module Description
Household Identification: It contains information that identifies whether the person that answers the survey is the
A biological mother or not, and if the selected child has a twin-brother.
Mother's pregnancy: It contains information (twelve questions) on biological mothers health status during
pregnancy (pregnancy control, diseases, medical conditions, nutritional status, certain circumstances that may have
occurred during pregnancy, etc.). The nexr questions include information about birth (birth establishment and
B condition, complications during birth, months that the child was breastfed, etc.).

C Immunization: It contains information from the childs immunization (vaccination information).

Labor History of the primary caregiver: It contains information about the employment history of the primary
caregiver since January 2004 until the date of the interview, such as occupational status, type of work, among
D others.
Child Care: The module is performed for 10 time periods for the child, starting when he/she is 0-3 months old to 5
E years old of age. It contains information related to child-care centres and mothers employment.
Habits / Life at Home: Contains information on sleep habits, eating habits, habits of hygiene and child's gaming
F habits. It also contains information about the "Chile Grows with You"'.
Meaning of Work and Family Responsibilities: Contains information on women's perceptions about the role of
G women, work and family.
ELPI 2012
Module Description
Earthquake: Identify the impact of destruction suffered by the houses of the children and contains information
H about the child's residence at the time of the earthquake.
Household Composition: It also contains the most important socio-economic characteristics of the households
I members, which includes the relationship with the selected child, age, gender and marital status, among others.
Education: It contains information on the education level and the administrative characteristics of the child-care
J establishments of each households members.
Employment Status: It contains information on the occupational status and job characteristics for of each
K households members that are more than 15 years old.
Household Income: It contains information on the income and salary for each family member (which also includes
L subsidies, pensions and rent, among others).

Assets and Equity: It contains characteristics of the home as artefacts and/or services, type of housing, predominant
M construction material and the number of rooms, among others.
Selected Child's Biological Father: It contains information about the biological father in terms of educational,
N occupational and socioeconomic status.
3. El diseo de la encuesta
Las evaluaciones aplicadas:
3. El diseo de la encuesta
Las evaluaciones aplicadas apuntan a medir el
desarrollo de los nios/as seleccionados/as en
diferentes reas:
Desarrollo motor;
Desarrollo cognitivo;
Lenguaje;
Desarrollo socio-emocional;
Funcin ejecutiva.
Instrumentos: Toolkit
Set of tools for the assessment of children in the first five years
of life (Fernald et al 2009).

Steps
1. Define purpose of assessment goals/dimensions
2. Determine type of assessment screening vs abilities
3. Determine mode of assessment direct, reports,
observation
4. Determine which assessment to use instruments
5. psychometrically adequate validity and reliability

Step 5: instruments should be adapted to the Chilean social and

cultural reality from a linguistic and semantic point of view for
those who have not previously been adapted into Spanish.
Evaluacin: Dimensiones
Desarrollo
General
Cognitiva
HOGAR

Nias(os) Madres

Socio- Socio-
Fsica
Emocional
Fsica
Emocional
Instrumentos aplicados: nias(os)
Area ELPI 2010 ELPI 2012
EEDP

General Development
TEPSI

TADI

BDI - Complete Version BDI-2

TVIP TVIP

SDT

Executive Function
(Snack Delay Task)
PTT
(Pencil Tapping Task)
BDS
(Backward Digit Span Task)
HTKS
(Head Toes Knees Shoulders Task)

ASQ:SE. 6 months ASQ:SE. 6 months

Socioemotional

ASQ:SE. 12 months ASQ:SE. 12 months

ASQ:SE. 18 months ASQ:SE. 18 months

CBCL 1 CBCL 1

CBCL 2
Anthropometric

Height Height
Measures

Weight Weight

Cranial Circumference Cranial Circumference

Evaluaciones 2010: nias(os)
Area Age Group ELPI 2010
6 23 months 30 days EEDP

Development
6 23 months 30 days TEPSI
General
24 months- 60 months 0 days BDI - Complete Version

30 months- 60 months 0 days TVIP

6 8 months 30 days ASQ:SE. 6 months

Socioemotional

9 14 months 30 days ASQ:SE. 12 months

15 17 months 30 days ASQ:SE. 18 months

18 - 60 months CBCL 1
Anthropometric

0 - 60 months Height
Measures

0 - 60 months Weight

0 - 60 months Cranial Circumference

Evaluaciones 2012: nias(os)
Area Age Group ELPI 2012

Development
6 -83 months, 30 days TADI

General
24 months- 60 months 0 days BDI-2

30 months- 60 months 0 days TVIP

SDT
Executive Function 24 -35 months, 30 days
(Snack Delay Task)
PTT
(Pencil Tapping Task)
BDS
(Backward Digit Span Task)
36 - 83 month, 30 days
HTKS
(Head Toes Knees Shoulders Task)

6 8 months 30 days ASQ:SE. 6 months

Socioemotional

9 14 months 30 days ASQ:SE. 12 months

15 17 months 30 days ASQ:SE. 18 months

18 - 60 months CBCL 1

CBCL 2
Anthropometric

0 - 60 months Height
Measures

0 - 60 months Weight

0 - 60 months Cranial Circumference

Evaluaciones 2010 y 2012: madres
Scale of Psychomotor Development Evaluation (EEDP): Rodrguez, Arancibia
and Undurraga (2008).

EEDP is a Chilean instrument. The test measures the performance and the
reaction of the child to certain situations to be resolved for which a certain
level of psychomotor development is required. A child whose psychomotor
development is in accordance with what is expected for their age should get a
ratio close to the average development (100) to a standard deviation (85).

Four relatively independent and specific operating areas have distinguished

themselves within the process of psychomotor development: Motor, Language,
Social and Coordination.
Psychomotor Development Test (TEPSI): Haeussler, I. M and Marchant, T,
1994, 5th Edition

TEPSI is a Chilean screening instrument that allows to know the level of

performance in terms of psychomotor development of children between two
and five years relative to a statistical norm established by age group, and
determine whether this performance is normal, or is under expected through
the observation of the childs behavior in situations proposed by the examiner.
Psychomotor Development Test (TEPSI): Haeussler, I. M and Marchant, T,
1994, 5th Edition

It measures three basic areas of child development:

Subtest Coordination: It evaluates the ability of child to take or manipulate
objects and draw, through behaviors such as build towers with cubes,
threading a needle, recognize and copy geometric figures, draw a human figure
among others.
Subtest Language: It evaluates aspects of understanding and expression of
this, through behaviors such as naming objects, defining words, verbalize or
describe actions scenes depicted in films.
Subtest Motricity: It evaluates the childs ability to manage their own bodies
through behaviors like picking up a ball, hopping, walking on tiptoe or stand on
one foot for a while.
Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI): De la Cruz and Gonzalez, 1998.

It defined as a battery to evaluate basic cognitive abilities in children. The BDI

contains 341 items across five developmental domains: personal-social,
adaptive, motor, communication, and cognition.

These five domains are further divided into twenty-two separate sub-
domains. The personal-social domain is composed of: adult interaction,
expressions/feelings/affect, self-concept, peer interaction, coping, and social
role. The adaptive domain includes: attention, eating, dressing, personal
responsibilities, and toileting. The motor domain is composed of: muscle
control, body coordination, locomotion, fine muscle, and perceptual motor.
The communication domain includes: receptive and expressive. Finally, the
cognitive domain is composed of: perceptual discrimination, memory,
reasoning/academic skills, and conceptual development.
 INSTRUMENT WHAT IT MEASURES SUITABLE FOR ELPI

Battelle General Development

Developmental Domains: Personal- Social,
International comparability; possitive posychometric
Inventory Screening Adaptative, Motor,
behaviour; continuity with ELPI 2010.
Test version 2 (BDI- Communication and
ST2) Cognitive.

It is suitable for mass application in a non-clinical

context as ELPI, in terms of administration time, ease of
administration, scoring, low number of manipulatives,
Test de Aprendizaje y Development domains: etc., which reduces the risk of measurement error. The
Desarrollo Infantil Language, Cognition, Motor test presents adequate psychometric indicators
(TADI) and y Social-emotional. (reliability and validity); being a new test, TADI does not
present discrimination problems. The test is a culturally
sensitive to the Chilean context and it covers the entire
age range ELPI 2012.

Test de Vocabulario A vocabulary test is proposed as the best index of school

Receptive and expressive
en Imgenes de success and problem solving skills; moreover, this is a
vocabulary.
Peabody (TVIP) test that has worked well in the Chilean population.
 INSTRUMENT WHAT IT MEASURES SUITABLE FOR ELPI

Snack Delay Task its a feasible test to be applied with

Snack Delay Task toddlers and its being used in other Chilean program
Inhibitory control
(SDT) assessments such as Un Buen Comienzo and Futuro
Infantil Hoy

Working memory and This test measures working memory in young children,
Pencil Tapping Task who have not even spoken language developed and is
inhibitory control
(PTT) being used in different Chilean assessments such as Un
Buen Comienzo, Futuro Infantil Hoy.

Working memory tasks include the ability of keeping

information in the memory, as well as the ability to
Backward Digit Span
Working memory process that information (Zelazo, Mller, Frye, &
Task (BDS)
Marcovitch, 2003). The test its both easy and quick to
administrate.

Head Toes Knees Working memory, cognitive It is a test of simple application and requires no
Shoulders Task flexibility and inhibitory equipment. This test is used in other Latin American
(HTKS) control countries as part of PRIDI.
 INSTRUMENT WHAT IT MEASURES SUITABLE FOR ELPI

Problems in social and

emotional development
Ages & Stages
(self-regulation, directions The test worked properly in ELPI 2010 and its easy and
Questionnaire: Social
follow, communication, quick to administrate.
Emotional (ASQ:SE)
adaptation, autonomy,
affection and interaction.

Child Behaviour Behavior and social- The test worked properly in ELPI 2010 and its easy and
Checklist (CBCL) emotional issues quick to administrate.
 INSTRUMENT WHAT IT MEASURES SUITABLE FOR ELPI

Working memory, with

processing speed, short-term
Interest to administrate to the 3.000 new cases and
Weschler Adult listening memory,
mothers who were not assessed or were younger than
Intelligence Scale sequencing, regardless of the
20 year in the first wave, as it is a Intelligence measure
(WAIS) - Dgitos distraction, ease with
used in 2010.
numbers and mental
alertness.
Interest to administrate to the 3.000 new cases and
Weschler Adult Cultural level and capacity to mothers who were not assessed or were younger than
Intelligence Scale receive new information, 20 year in the first wave, as it is a Intelligence measure
(WAIS) - Vocabulario store and use them properly. used in 2010.
 INSTRUMENT WHAT IT MEASURES SUITABLE FOR ELPI

5 broad personality traits:

Interest to administrate to the 3.000 new cases, and
Neuroticism , Extraversion,
Big Five Inventory mothers who were not assessed or were younger than
Openness to Experience,
(BFI) 20 year in the first wave, as it is a personality measure
Agreeableness,
used in 2010.
Conscientiousness

Differentiate the mothers depressive symptomatology

Edinburgh Postnatal Presence of mother
level according to the type of parental leave they took
Depression Scale depressive symtomatology
and those that did not have access to none
(EPDS) after her childs birth

It has been used in several international studies (Britner,

Morog, Pianta, & Marvin, 2003; Button, Pianta, &
Parent Stress Index: Magnitud of stress in Marvin, 2001) and national (Juguemos con Nuestros
Short Form (PSI:SF) mother-child dyad Hijos, Universidad Catlica).
It is expected to inform public policies, especially those
referred to parental leave and parent psychoeducation
 Elaboration of an adaptation of the HOME scale to exclude questions that
needed interpretation and to include questions of mother sensibility. Also
to include children over 36 months.

Family educative environment;

Mother or caregiver emotional and verbal response;

Cancellation of restriction and punishment;

Maternal commitment with child; and

Home
 Information about physical variables will be compared with growth and
normal development proposed by W.H.O.

These measures are important as they are key instrument to promote,

administrate and evaluate health objectives and indicators.
 Un sistema de informacin
ENCUESTA
2010 2012
LONGITUDINAL DE
LA PRIMERA
INFANCIA

Encuesta Longitudinal y Evaluaciones

AUTO REPORTE DE
HISTORIA LABORAL Cubre perodo anterior a
DE LAS MADRES 2012

VINCULACIN CON
REGISTROS
ADMINISTRATIVOS

Bases de datos pblicas con proteccin de confidencialidad

4. Algunos resultados y usos de la
encuesta
El peso al nacimiento por quintil
socioeconmico

Santiago, 29 agosto 2014

La talla al nacimiento por quintil
socioeconico

Santiago, 29 agosto 2014

Brechas socio-econmicas
(110=1 desviacin estndar)

Santiago, 29 agosto 2014

5. Mediciones futuras
1. Tercera Ronda de ELPI: materializacin, junto con la
necesidad de dejar institucionalizada la Encuesta.
2. Qu medir y cundo?
3. Uso de gran relevancia para polticas pblicas
4. Definiciones futuras: panel versus nuevas cohortes.
6. Principales desafos y lecciones
1. Innovacin desde el mundo acadmico
2. Necesaria institucionalizacin para asegurar seguimiento del
panel
3. Fundamental contar con seguimiento acadmico para las
definiciones futuras de instrumentos, calidad del
levantamiento y muestra.
4. El diseo de la encuesta fue pensado con un carcter
longitudinal incluyendo la vinculacin con registros
administrativos, el mayor potencial a explorar.