Lancashire

Coordinates: 53.8N 2.6W

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lancashire (/lkr/, /lkr/ or, locally, [ak()];[2] archaically

the County Palatine of Lancaster; abbreviated Lancs.) is a non- Lancashire
metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is County
Lancaster although the county's administrative centre is Preston. The county
has a population of 1,449,300 and an area of 1,189 square miles (3,080 km2).
People from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians.

The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century. In the
Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire.
The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam,
was included in the returns for Cheshire. When its boundaries were
established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire.
The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county
Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial region during the flower of Lancashire, and a common
symbol for the county.
Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities,
dominating global trade and the birth of modern industrial capitalism. The
county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire
Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured
worldwide was processed in Lancashire.[3] Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton,
Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham,
Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time.
Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill
towns, particularly during wakes week.

The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974[4] that

removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding
conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater
Manchester.[5] The detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District,
including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland Lancashire in England
and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land Sovereign state United
to other counties, about two fifths of its original area, although it did gain Kingdom
some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Country England
Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and Region North West
North and West Yorkshire to the east; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the England
west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of
Established c. 1182[1]
Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights,[6] including the appointment of lords
lieutenant in Greater Manchester and Merseyside.[7] Ceremonial county
Area 3,079 km2
(1,189 sq mi)
Ranked 17th of 48
Contents Population (mid- 1,485,000
2016 est.)
1 History Ranked 8th of 48
1.1 Early history Density 482/km2
1.2 Modern history (1,250/sq mi)
2 Geography Ethnicity 89.7% White
2.1 Divisions and environs British
2.2 Geology, landscape and ecology 6.0% S. Asian
3 Politics 2.1% Other White
3.1 Parliamentary constituencies 0.9% Mixed
3.2 County Council 0.7% E. Asian and
3.3 Duchy of Lancaster Other
4 Economy 0.5% Black
4.1 Enterprise zone 2005 Estimates
4.2 Economic output Non-metropolitan
5 Education county
 6 Transport County council Lancashire
6.1 Road County Council
6.2 Rail Executive Conservative
6.3 Air Admin HQ Preston
6.4 Ferry Area 2,903 km2
6.5 Bus (1,121 sq mi)
7 Demography Ranked 16th of 27
8 Population change Population 1,198,800
9 Settlements Ranked 4th of 27
9.1 Areas Density 412/km2
9.2 Historic areas (1,070/sq mi)
10 Symbols ISO 3166-2 GB-LAN
11 Sport ONS code 30
11.1 Cricket
NUTS UKD43
11.2 Football
11.3 Rugby League
11.4 Archery
11.5 Wrestling
12 Music
12.1 Folk music
12.2 Classical music
12.3 Popular music
13 Cuisine
14 Places of interest
15 Filmography
16 See also
17 Notes and references
18 Bibliography
19 Further reading
20 External links Districts of Lancashire
Districts
1. West
Lancashire
History 2. Chorley
3. South
Early history Ribble
4. Fylde
5. City of
The county was Preston
established in 1182,[4] 6. Wyre
later than many other 7. City of
counties. During Lancaster
Roman times the area 8. Ribble
was part of the Valley
Brigantes tribal area in 9. Pendle
10. Burnley
the military zone of
11. Rossendale
Roman Britain. The 12. Hyndburn
towns of Manchester, 13. Blackpool
Lancaster, Ribchester, (Unitary)
Burrow, Elslack and 14. Blackburn
Castleshaw grew with
John Speed's map of the County Palatine of Lancaster, around Roman forts. In Darwen
the centuries after the (Unitary)
1610
Roman withdrawal in
410AD the northern Members of
Parliament Jake Berry
parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of
(C)
Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, Julie
the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, Cooper (L)
which became a part of England in the 10th century. Rosie
Cooper (L)
In the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Nigel
"Inter Ripam et Mersam"[8][9] and included in the returns for Cheshire.[10] Evans (C)
Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then Seema
Kennedy
part of Cheshire,[9][11] it is by no means certain.[note 1][12][note 2] It is also (C)
claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Mark
Yorkshire.[11] It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Hendrick
Cheshire. (LC)
Lindsay
The county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Hoyle (L)
Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby.[13] Lonsdale was further partitioned into Gordon
Lonsdale North, the detached part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay Marsden
(L)
including Furness and Cartmel, and Lonsdale South.
Mark
Menzies
Modern history (C)
Paul
Lancashire is smaller than its Maynard
historical extent following a major (C)
reform of local government.[14] In David
Morris (C)
1889, the administrative county of
Cat Smith
Lancashire was created, covering the (L)
historical county except for the Graham
county boroughs such as Blackburn, Jones (L)
Burnley, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, Kate
Wigan, Liverpool and Hollern (L)
Manchester.[15] The area served by Andrew
the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a Stephenson
(C)
ceremonial county) covered the
Ben
entirety of the administrative county Wallace
and the county boroughs, and was (C)
expanded whenever boroughs
annexed areas in neighbouring Time zone Greenwich Mean
counties such as Wythenshawe in Time (UTC)
Manchester south of the River Summer (DST) British Summer
The historic county palatine boundaries
Mersey and historically in Cheshire, Time (UTC+1)
in red and the ceremonial county in
green
and southern Warrington. It did not
cover the western part of Todmorden, where the ancient border between
Lancashire and Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town.

During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing
county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham,
Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St. Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington
(1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were
particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs Lees
urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West
Riding of Yorkshire.[16]

By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most
populous geographic county in the UK.[17] The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside
London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the
administrative county was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of
two metropolitan counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester.[18] The new county of Cumbria incorporates the
Furness exclave.[4]

The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St. Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside. In Greater Manchester the
successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part)
and Wigan. Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border were added to the new
non-metropolitan county of Cheshire. The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, Bowland Rural District and the
parishes of Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from Skipton Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire became

part of the new Lancashire.[5] One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside
part of the new Lancashire.[5] One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside
to the district of West Lancashire in 1994.[19] In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent
unitary authorities.

The Wars of the Roses tradition continued with Lancaster using the red rose symbol and York the white. Pressure
groups, including Friends of Real Lancashire and the Association of British Counties advocate the use of the historical
boundaries of Lancashire for ceremonial and cultural purposes.[20][21]

Geography
Divisions and environs

Lancashire, the shire county controlled by the county council is divided into local government districts, Burnley,
Chorley, Fylde, Hyndburn, Lancaster, Pendle, Preston, Ribble Valley, Rossendale, South Ribble, West Lancashire, and
Wyre.[22][23]

Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen are unitary authorities do not come under county council control.[24] The
Lancashire Constabulary covers the shire county and the unitary authorities.[25] The ceremonial county, including the
unitary authorities, borders Cumbria, North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside in the
North West England region.[26]

Geology, landscape and ecology

The highest point of the county is Gragareth, near Whernside, which

reaches a height of 627 m (2,057 ft).[27] Green Hill near Gragareth has also
been cited as the county top.[28] The highest point within the historic
boundaries is Coniston Old Man in the Lake District at 803 m
(2,634 ft).[29]

Lancashire rivers drain westwards from the Pennines into the Irish Sea.
Rivers in Lancashire include the Ribble, Wyre and Lune. Their tributaries
are the Calder, Darwen, Douglas, Hodder, and Yarrow. The Irwell has its
source in Lancashire.

To the west of the county are the West Lancashire Coastal Plain and the
Fylde coastal plain north of the Ribble Estuary. Further north is
Morecambe Bay. Apart from the coastal resorts, these areas are largely
rural with the land devoted to vegetable crops. In the northwest corner of
the county, straddling the border with [Cumbria, is the Arnside and
Silverdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), characterised by
Topography of Lancashire.
its limestone pavements and home to the Leighton Moss nature reserve.

To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of
the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is
devoted to dairy farming and cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest
ground is uncultivated moorland. The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap to the
west of the Pennines, overlooked by Pendle Hill. Most of the larger Lancashire towns are in these valleys South of the
Ribble are the West Pennine Moors and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys.
The Lancashire Coalfield, largely in modern-day Greater Manchester, extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk,
Chorley, Burnley and Colne in Lancashire.

Politics
Parliamentary constituencies
 General Election 2015: Lancashire

Conservative Labour UKIP Liberal Democrats Green Others Turnout

278,662 268,243 101,394 33,806 18,888 8,840 709,833

+2,254 +17,406 +74,015 95,195 +14,800 16,731 3,481

Overall Number of Seats as of 2015

Conservative Labour UKIP Liberal Democrats Green Others

8 8 0 0 0 0

County Council

Lancashire County Council is based in County Hall in Preston, It was built as a

home for the county administration, the Quarter Sessions and Lancashire
Constabulary) and opened on 14 September 1882.[30]

Local elections for 84 councillors from 84 divisions are held every four years.
The council is currently No Overall Control with the Labour Party leading a
minority administration.

Number of councillors elected by each political party Logo

Election Conservative Liberal Green
Labour Independent
Party Democrats Party

2013 39 35 6 3 1

Duchy of Lancaster

The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England. It has landholdings
throughout the region and elsewhere, operating as a property company, but also
exercising the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster.[6] While the
administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s, the county palatine boundaries
remain the same as the historic boundaries.[31] As a result, the High Sheriffs for
Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed "within the Duchy and
County Palatine of Lancaster".[32]
Lancashire, County Palatine
The High Sheriff is an ancient county officer, but is now a largely ceremonial post.
shown within England
High Shrievalties are the oldest secular titles under the Crown, in England and Wales.
The High Sheriff is the representative of the monarch and is the "Keeper of The
Queen's Peace" in the county, executing judgements of the High Court.[17]

The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate
and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title merged into the
Crown many centuries ago but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A
separate court system for the county palatine was abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of The Loyal Toast,
'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster' is in regular use in the county palatine. Lancaster serves as the county town of the
county palatine.

Economy
Lancashire in the 19th century was a major centre of economic activity, and hence of wealth. Activities included coal
mining, textile production, particularly cotton, and fishing. Preston Docks, an industrial port are now disused for
commercial purposes. Lancashire was historically the location of the port of Liverpool while Barrow-in-Furness is
famous for shipbuilding.
As of 2013, the largest private sector industry is the defence industry with BAE
Systems Military Air Solutions division based in Warton on the Fylde coast.
The division operates a manufacturing site in Samlesbury. Other defence firms
include BAE Systems Global Combat Systems in Chorley, Ultra Electronics in
Fulwood and Rolls-Royce plc in Barnoldswick.

The nuclear power industry has a plant at Springfields, Salwick operated by

Westinghouse and Heysham nuclear power station is operated by British
Energy. Other major manufacturing firms include Leyland Trucks, a subsidiary
of Paccar building the DAF truck range.
Lancashire County Hall, Preston
Other companies with a major presence in Lancashire include:

Airline Network, an internet travel company with headquarters in Preston.

Baxi, a heating equipment manufacturer has a large manufacturing site in Bamber Bridge.
Crown Paints, a major paint manufacturer based in Darwen.
Enterprise plc, one of the UK's leading support services based in Leyland.
Hanson plc, a building supplies company operates the Accrington brick works.
Hollands Pies, a major manufacturer of baked goods based in Baxenden near Accrington.
National Savings and Investments, the state-owned savings bank, which offers Premium Bonds and other savings
products, has an office in Blackpool.
Thwaites Brewery, a regional brewery founded in 1807 by Daniel Thwaites in Blackburn.
Xchanging, a company providing business process outsourcing services, with operations in Fulwood.
Fisherman's Friend, a confection company, famous for making strong mints and lozenges.

The Foulnaze cockle fishery is in Lytham. It has only opened the coastal cockle beds three times in twenty years;
August 2013 was the last of these openings.[33]

Enterprise zone

The creation of Lancashire Enterprise Zone was announced in 2011. It was launched in April 2012, based at the
airfields owned by BAE Systems in Warton and Samlesbury.[34] Warton Aerodrome covers 72 hectares (180 acres) and
Samlesbury Aerodrome is 74 hectares.[35] Development is coordinated by Lancashire Enterprise Partnership,
Lancashire County Council and BAE Systems.[34] The first businesses to move into the zone did so in March 2015, at
Warton.[36]

In March 2015 the government announced a new enterprise zone would be created at Blackpool Airport, using some
airport and adjoining land.[37] Operations at the airport will not be affected.[38]

Economic output

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan

county of Lancashire at basic prices published by the Office for National
Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.[39]

Regional Gross Value

Year Agriculture[note 4] Industry[note 5] Services[note 6]
Added[note 3]

1995 13,789 344 5,461 7,984

2000 16,584 259 6,097 10,229

Cattle grazing on the salt marshes of the
2003 19,206 294 6,352 12,560 Ribble Estuary near Banks.

Education
Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges,
there are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has
secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and
Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where
they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools
have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of
England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire.

Lancashire is home to four universities: Lancaster University, the University of Central Lancashire, Edge Hill
University and the Lancaster campus of the University of Cumbria. Seven colleges offer higher education courses.

Transport
Road

The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from
north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to
Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne,
connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via
Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary
near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester] and the
trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from
the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.

Other major roads include the east-west A59 between Liverpool in Merseyside
The M6 near Carnforth
and Skipton in North Yorkshire via Ormskirk, Preston and Clitheroe, and the
connecting A565 to Southport; the A56 from Ramsbottom to Padiham via
Haslingden and from Colne to Skipton; the A585 from Kirkham to Fleetwood;
the A666 from the A59 north of Blackburn to Bolton via Darwen; and the A683 from Heysham to Kirkby Lonsdale via
Lancaster.

Rail

The West Coast Main Line provides direct rail links with London
and other major cities, with stations at Preston and Lancaster. East-
west connections are carried via the East Lancashire Line between
Blackpool and Colne via Lytham, Preston, Blackburn, Accrington Carnforth
and Burnley. The Ribble Valley Line runs from Bolton to Clitheroe Morecambe
via Darwen and Blackburn. There are connecting lines from Heysham Port
Lancaster
Preston to Ormskirk and Bolton, and from Lancaster to
Morecambe, Heysham and Skipton.
Skipton

Air Clitheroe
Colne
Blackpool North
Blackpool South
Blackpool Airport are no longer operating domestic or international Burnley
Preston Central
flights, but it is still the home of flying schools, private operators Accrington
Lytham Blackburn
and North West Air Ambulance . Manchester Airport is the main Darwen Rawtenstall
airport in the region. Liverpool John Lennon Airport is nearby,
while the closest airport to the Pendle Borough is Leeds Bradford.
Ormskirk Bolton
There is an operational airfield at Warton near Preston where there
ia a major assembly and test facility for BAE Systems.
Railways in Lancashire
Goods only
Ferry Primary route Heritage railway
Secondary route Light rail/tramway
Heysham offers ferry services to Ireland and the Isle of Man.[40] As Rural route Disused railway
part of its industrial past, Lancashire gave rise to an extensive Goods only
network of canals, which extend into neighbouring counties. These
include the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Lancaster Canal,
Bridgewater Canal, Rochdale Canal, Ashton Canal and Manchester Ship Canal.

Bus
Several bus companies run bus services in the Lancashire area serving the main towns and villages in the county with
some services running to neighbouring areas, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and West Yorkshire.

Demography
The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a
belt of towns running west-east along the M65: Preston, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and Colne. South of
Preston are the towns of Leyland and Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in
1970. The north of the county is predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the towns of Lancaster and
Morecambe which form a large conurbation of almost 100,000 people. Lancashire is home to a significant Asian
population, numbering over 70,000 and 6% of the county's population, and concentrated largely in the former cotton
mill towns in the south east.

Morecambe
Lancaster

Fleetwood

Thornton- Clitheroe
Cleveleys Colne
Poulton-le-
Fylde Nelson

Blackpool
Burnley
Preston
Blackburn Accrington
Penwortham
Lytham St
Annes
Haslingden Rawtenstall
Leyland
Darwen

Chorley

Ormskirk

Skelmersdale

The largest towns & cities of Lancashire

Population change

Population totals for modern (post-1998) Lancashire

Year Pop. % p.a. Year Pop. % p.a. Year Pop. % p.a.
 1801 163,310 1871 524,869 +2.27% 1941 922,812 +0.22%
1811 192,283 +1.65% 1881 630,323 +1.85% 1951 948,592 +0.28%
1821 236,724 +2.10% 1891 736,233 +1.57% 1961 991,648 +0.44%
1831 261,710 +1.01% 1901 798,545 +0.82% 1971 1,049,013 +0.56%
1841 289,925 +1.03% 1911 873,210 +0.90% 1981 1,076,146 +0.26%
1851 313,957 +0.80% 1921 886,114 +0.15% 1991 1,122,097 +0.42%
1861 419,412 +2.94% 1931 902,965 +0.19% 2001 1,134,976 +0.11%
Pre-1998 statistics were gathered from local government areas that now comprise Lancashire
Source: Great Britain Historical GIS.[41]

Settlements
The table below has divided the settlements into their local authority district. Each district has a centre of
administration; for some of these correlate with a district's largest town, while others are named after the geographical
area.

Areas
Ceremonial Centre of
Administration borough Other towns, villages and settlements
county administration

Blackburn with
Belmont, Chapeltown, Darwen, Edgworth, Hoddlesden,
Darwen Borough Blackburn
Tockholes, North Turton
(unitary)

Blackpool
Borough Blackpool Bispham, Layton
(unitary)

Burnley Borough Burnley Padiham, Hapton, Harle Syke, Worsthorne, Cliviger.

Adlington, Clayton-le-Woods, Coppull, Croston, Eccleston,

Chorley Borough Chorley
Euxton, Mawdesley, Whittle-le-Woods

Lytham St
Fylde Borough Freckleton, Kirkham, Warton, Wrea Green
Annes

Hyndburn Altham, Church, Clayton-le-Moors, Great Harwood,

Accrington
Borough Oswaldtwistle, Rishton

City of Lancaster Lancaster Bolton-le-Sands, Carnforth

Lancashire
Barnoldswick, Barrowford, Brierfield, Colne, Earby,
Pendle Borough Nelson
Foulridge, Trawden

Barton, Broughton, Fulwood, Goosnargh, Grimsargh,

City of Preston Preston
Whittingham

Ribble Valley Bolton-by-Bowland, Chipping, Hurst Green, Longridge,

Clitheroe
Borough Read, Ribchester, Slaidburn, Whalley, Wilpshire,

Rossendale Bacup, Chatterton, Edenfield, Haslingden, Helmshore,

Rawtenstall
Borough Waterfoot, Whitworth

South Ribble Bamber Bridge, Farington, Longton, Lostock Hall,

Leyland
Borough Penwortham, Samlesbury, Walton-le-Dale

Appley Bridge, Aughton, Banks, Bickerstaffe, Burscough,

West Lancashire
Ormskirk Downholland, Great Altcar, Halsall, Lathom, Parbold,
Borough
Rufford, Scarisbrick, Skelmersdale, Tarleton, Upholland

Poulton-le- Cleveleys, Fleetwood, Garstang, Great Eccleston, Pilling,

Wyre Borough
Fylde Preesall, St Michael's On Wyre, Thornton-Cleveleys

part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974

This table does not form an extensive list of the settlements in the ceremonial county. More settlements can be
found at Category:Towns in Lancashire, Category:Villages in Lancashire, and Category:Civil parishes in
 Lancashire.

Historic areas

Some settlements which were historically part of the county now fall under the counties of West Yorkshire, Cheshire,
Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Cumbria:[4][5][15][18][42][43][44]

Abram, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Ashton-under-Lyne, Aspull, Astley, Atherton, Audenshaw, Blackrod, Bolton,

Bury, Cadishead, Chadderton, Clifton, Denton, Droylsden, Eccles, Failsworth, Farnworth, Golborne, Heatons,
Heywood, Horwich, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Irlam, Kearsley, Lees, Leigh, Littleborough, Little Lever,
Greater
Manchester, Middleton, Milnrow, Mossley (part), Oldham, Prestwich, Radcliffe, Ramsbottom, Reddish,
Manchester
Rochdale, Royton, Salford, Shaw and Crompton, Shevington, South Turton, Standish, Stalybridge (part),
Stretford, Swinton and Pendlebury, Tottington, Tyldesley, Urmston, Walkden, Westhoughton, Whitefield, Wigan,
Worsley

Bootle, Billinge, Crosby, Eccleston, Formby, Halewood, Haydock, Huyton, Kirkby, Litherland, Liverpool,
Merseyside
Maghull, Newton-le-Willows, Prescot, Rainford, Rainhill, St. Helens, Southport

Askam and Ireleth, Barrow-in-Furness, Broughton-in-Furness, Cartmel, Coniston, Dalton-in-Furness, Grange-

Cumbria
over-Sands, Hawkshead, Ulverston, Walney Island

Cheshire Culcheth, Warrington, Widnes

West
Todmorden (part)
Yorkshire

Boundary changes to occur before 1974 include:[44]

Todmorden (split between Lancashire and Yorkshire) entirely to West Riding of Yorkshire in 1889
Mossley (split between Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cheshire) entirely to Lancashire in 1889
Stalybridge, entirely to Cheshire in 1889
the former county boroughs of Manchester and Warrington both extended south of the Mersey into historic
Cheshire (areas such as Wythenshawe and Latchford)
correspondingly, the former county borough of Stockport extended north into historic Lancashire, including areas
such as Reddish and the Heatons (Heaton Chapel, Heaton Mersey, Heaton Moor and Heaton Norris).

Symbols
The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge
and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse
"In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-
century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field,
was not officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag
Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland, several
hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. Lancashire's official flag is registered as a
red rose on a gold field.

Sport The Red Rose of Lancaster

Cricket

Lancashire County Cricket Club has been one of the most successful county cricket teams, particularly in the one-day
game. It is home to England cricket team members James Anderson and Jos Buttler. The County Ground, Old Trafford,
Trafford has been the home cricket ground of LCCC since 1864.[45]

Historically important local cricket leagues include the Lancashire League, the Central Lancashire League and the
North Lancashire and Cumbria League, all of which were formed in 1892. These league clubs hire international
professional players to play alongside their amateur players.
Since 2000, the designated ECB Premier League[46] for Lancashire has been the Liverpool and District Cricket
Since 2000, the designated ECB Premier League[46] for Lancashire has been the Liverpool and District Cricket
Competition.

Football

Football in Lancashire is governed by the Lancashire County Football Association which like most County Football
Associations has boundaries which are aligned roughly with the historic counties. The Lancashire clubs that were
founder members of the football league are Accrington F.C., Burnley F.C., Blackburn Rovers F.C., Preston North End
F.C., Everton, and Bolton Wanderers F.C. The Manchester Football Association and Liverpool County Football
Association operate in Greater Manchester and Merseyside.[47][48]

Eight professional full-time teams were based in Lancashire, at the start of the 20162017 season:

Premier League: Burnley

Championship: Bolton Wanderers and Preston North End
League One: Blackburn Rovers, Blackpool and Fleetwood Town
League Two: Accrington Stanley, and Morecambe

Rugby League

Along with Yorkshire and Cumberland, Lancashire is recognised as the heartland of Rugby League. The county has
produced many successful top flight clubs such as St. Helens, Wigan, Warrington and Widnes. The county was once the
focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League competition which ran
from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which ran until 1993. Rugby League has also seen a representative
fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895.[49] In recent times there were
several rugby league teams that are based within the ceremonial county which include Blackpool Panthers, East
Lancashire Lions, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge RLFC, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers, Blackpool
Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Adlington Rangers.

Archery

There are many archery clubs located within Lancashire.[50] In 2004 Lancashire took the winning title at the Inter-
counties championships from Yorkshire who had held it for 7 years.[51]

Wrestling

Lancashire has a long history of wrestling, developing its own style called Lancashire wrestling, with many clubs that
over the years have produced many renowned wrestlers. Some of these have crossed over into the mainstream world of
professional wrestling, including Shak Khan, Billy Riley, Davey Boy Smith, William Regal, Wade Barrett and the
Dynamite Kid.

Music
Folk music

Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the
national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have
been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale.[52] The county was also a common location for folk
songs, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while
Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including "The Leaving of Liverpool" and "Maggie
May",[53] beside several local Wassailing songs.[52] In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns
helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work.[54] These included
processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most
famously clog dancing.[54][55]

A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard
Halliwell,[56] but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county,
including industrial folk song, began to gain attention.[55] The county produced one of the major figures of the revival
in Ewan MacColl, but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than
anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county.[57] Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from
the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners, and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy
Harper and musician, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding.[58][59][60] The region is home to numerous folk clubs,
many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music. Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at
Fleetwood.[61]

Classical music

Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the
17th century,[62] leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused
on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries.[63] It also played a major part in the development of
brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century.[64] The first
open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s.[65] The
vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hall
Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom.[66] The same local musical
tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (190288), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music
teacher,[67] Sir Thomas Beecham (18791961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local
orchestras[68] and Alan Rawsthorne (190571) born in Haslingden.[69] The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of
the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944.[70] Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as
early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (18631928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist
of Salford Cathedral.[71]

More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932 Parbold),[72] Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934
2016, Salford),[73] Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934, Accrington),[74] Gordon Crosse (1937, Bury),[75]John McCabe
(19392015, Huyton),[76] Roger Smalley (19432015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948, Manchester), Steve Martland
(19542013, Liverpool),[77] Simon Holt (1958, Bolton)[78] and Philip Cashian (1963, Manchester).[79] The Royal
Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It
merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.[80]

Popular music

Liverpool produced a number of nationally and internationally successful

popular singers in the 1950s, including traditional pop stars Frankie Vaughan
and Lita Roza, and one of the most successful British rock and roll stars in Billy
Fury.[58] Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle scenes in the late 1950s,
out of which by the early 1960s a flourishing culture of beat groups began to
emerge, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been estimated
that there were around 350 bands active in and around Liverpool in this era,
often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs, among them the Beatles.[81]
After their national success from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were
able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the
Searchers and Cilla Black. The first act to break through in the UK who were
not from Liverpool, or managed by Brian Epstein, were Freddie and the
Dreamers, who were based in Manchester,[82] as were Herman's Hermits and The Beatles in 1964. The band,
the Hollies.[83] Led by the Beatles, beat groups from the region spearheaded the arguably the most commercially
British Invasion of the US, which made a major contribution to the development successful act of the rock music era,
of rock music.[84] After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s the centre of began its career in and around
rock culture shifted to London and there were relatively few local bands who Liverpool.
achieved national prominence until the growth of a disco funk scene and the
punk rock revolution in the mid and late 1970s.[85]

Cuisine
Lancashire is the origin of the Lancashire hotpot, a casserole dish traditionally made with lamb. Other traditional foods
from the area include:
 Black peas, also known as parched peas: popular in Darwen, Bolton and
Preston.
Bury black pudding has long been associated with the county. The most
notable brand, Chadwick's Original Bury Black Puddings, are still sold on
Bury Market,[86] and are manufactured in Rossendale.
Butter cake: slice of bread and butter.
Butter pie: a savoury pie containing potatoes, onion and butter. Usually
associated with Preston.
Clapbread: a thin oatcake made from unleavened dough cooked on a
griddle.
Chorley cakes: from the town of Chorley. Lancashire hotpot
Eccles cakes are small, round cakes filled with currants and made from
flaky pastry with butter, originally made in Eccles.
Faggot: savoury duck
Fag pie: pie made from chopped dried figs, sugar and lard. Associated
with Blackburn and Burnley, where it was the highlight of Fag Pie
Sunday (Mid-Lent Sunday).
Fish and chips: first fish and chip shop in northern England opened in
Mossley, near Oldham, around 1863.[87]
Frog-i'-th'-'ole pudding: now known as "toad in the hole"
Frumenty: sweet porridge. Once a popular dish at Lancashire festivals,
such as Christmas and Easter Monday.
Goosnargh cakes: small flat shortbread biscuits with coriander or caraway
Lancashire cheese
seeds pressed into the biscuit before baking. Traditionally baked on feast
days like Shrove Tuesday.
Jannock: cake or small loaf of oatmeal. Allegedly introduced to
Lancashire (possibly Bolton) by weavers of Flemish origin.
Lancashire cheese has been made in the county for several centuries.[88] Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire
Cheese has been awarded EU Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status.[89]
Lancashire Flat Cake: A lemon flavoured sponge cake, traditionally made with a couple too many eggs, best
eaten after being chilled.
Lancashire oatcake, resembling a large oval pancake, eaten either moist or dried
"Stew and hard": a beef and cowheel stew with dried Lancashire oatcake
Nettle porridge: a common starvation diet in Lancashire in the early 19th century. Made from boiled stinging
nettles and sometimes a handful of meal.
Ormskirk gingerbread: local delicacy that was sold throughout South Lancashire.
Parkin: a ginger cake with oatmeal.
Pobs or pobbies: bread and milk.
Potato hotpot: a variation of the Lancashire Hotpot without meat that is also known as fatherless pie.
Ran Dan: barley bread. A last resort for the poor at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century.
Rag pudding: traditional suet pudding filled with minced meat and onions.
Sad cake: a traditional cake that may be a variation of the more widely known Chorley cake that was once
common around Burnley.
Throdkins: a traditional breakfast food of the Fylde.
Uncle Joe's Mint Balls: traditional mints produced by William Santus & Co. Ltd. in Wigan.[90]

Places of interest
The following are places of interest in the ceremonial county: Key
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
Arnside and Silverdale AONB
Astley Hall Accessible open space
Bank Hall Amusement/Theme Park
Beacon Fell Castle
Blackburn Cathedral
Country Park
Blackpool Pleasure Beach
Blackpool Tower English Heritage
Blackpool Zoo Forestry Commission
British Commercial Vehicle Museum, Leyland Heritage railway
Camelot Theme Park Historic House
Clitheroe Castle Museum (free/not free)
Darwen Tower
East Lancashire Railway National Trust
Forest of Bowland: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Theatre
Gawthorpe Hall, Padiham
Harris Museum Zoo
Helmshore Mills Textile Museum
Hoghton Tower
Irwell Sculpture Trail
Lancaster Castle
Lancaster Cathedral
Lathom Park Chapel , site of Lathom Hall, seat of the Earls of Derby
Lytham Hall
Leighton Moss nature reserve, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Martin Mere, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust nature reserve, Burscough
Morecambe Bay
Museum of Lancashire
Pendle Hill
The Pennines
Ribble Steam Railway
Rivington Pike
Rufford Old Hall
Samlesbury Hall
St Walburge's Church
Stonyhurst College manor house dating from 1592, now a Jesuit public school
Towneley Hall, Burnley
Queen Street Mill, Burnley
West Lancashire Light Railway
West Pennine Moors
Williamson Park and the Ashton Memorial
Witton Country Park
Yarrow Valley Park
 Ashton Memorial, Bank Hall, Bretherton, Blackpool Tower, Clitheroe Castle
Lancaster a Jacobean mansion completed in 1894
house, awaiting
restoration. Home to
Lancashire's oldest Yew
tree and one of the two
fallen sequoia in the
UK.

Rivington Pike, near Queen Street Mill, the

Horwich, atop the West worlds only surviving
Pennine Moors, is one steam driven cotton
of the most popular weaving shed located in
walking destinations in Burnley.
the county; on a clear
day the whole of the
county can be viewed
from here

Filmography
Whistle Down the Wind, 1961, was directed by Bryan Forbes, set at the foot of Worsaw Hill and in Burnley, and starred
local Lancashire schoolchildren.

See also
Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire - Keepers of the Rolls
Healthcare in Lancashire
High Sheriff of Lancashire
Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency) - Historical list of MPs for Lancashire constituency
Lancashire dialect
Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire
Lancashire Police
Lancashire Police and Crime Commissioner

Notes and references

Notes
 1. Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252: Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire
before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after
his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm. And indeed, there still seems to have been some kind of
connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday
commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some
way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of
Domesday were the Cheshire ones.
2. Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31: The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for
convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms
of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.
3. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
4. includes hunting and forestry
5. includes energy and construction
6. includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

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78. "Simon Holt" (http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer/short-bio/simon-holt). musicsalesclassical.com.
79. "Philip Cashian - Biography" (http://www.philipcashian.com/biography).
80. M. Kennedy, The History of the Royal Manchester College of Music, 18931972 (Manchester: Manchester
University Press, 1971), ISBN 0-7190-0435-7.
81. A. H. Goldman, The Lives of John Lennon (A Capella, 2001), ISBN 1-55652-399-8, p. 92.
82. "'Dreamers' star Freddie Garrity dies" (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/20/ufre
ddie.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/05/20/ixnews.html) Daily Telegraph, 20 May 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
83. V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop and
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Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 13167.
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 86. Keating, Sheila (11 June 2005). "Food detective: Bury black pudding" (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and
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87. History of fish and chips (http://www.niagara.co.uk/fish_and_chips.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
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Bibliography
Crosby, A. (1996). A History of Cheshire. (The Darwen County History Series.) Chichester, West Sussex, UK:
Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-932-4.
Harris, B. E., and Thacker, A. T. (1987). The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 1: Physique,
Prehistory, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Domesday). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-722761-9.
Morgan, P. (1978). Domesday Book Cheshire: Including Lancashire, Cumbria, and North Wales. Chichester,
Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-140-4.
Phillips A. D. M., and Phillips, C. B. (2002), A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire. Chester, UK: Cheshire County
Council and Cheshire Community Council Publications Trust. ISBN 0-904532-46-1.
Sylvester, D. (1980). A History of Cheshire. (The Darwen County History Series). (2nd Edition.) London and
Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-384-9.

Further reading
Farrer and Brownbill, The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster Vol 1 (https://archive.org/details/victoriahist
oryo01farruoft) (1906); Vol 2 (https://archive.org/details/cu31924088434547) (1908); Vol 3 (https://archive.org/d
etails/victoriahistoryo03farruoft) (1907); Vol 4 (https://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo04farruoft) (1911); Vol
5 (https://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo05farruoft) (1911); Vol 6 (https://archive.org/details/cu31924088434
620) (1911); Vol 7 (https://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo07farruoft) (1911); London: Constable.

External links
Lancashire On Line Parish Clerk (http://www.lan-opc.org.uk/) an active project to transcribe and publish records
of Births, Marriages and Deaths in Lancashire from the time records began in Edward VIths reign
Traditions of Lancashire, Volume 1 (of 2), by John Roby
Lancashire Lantern (https://web.archive.org/web/20060929013520/http://www.lantern.lancashire.gov.uk/index.ht
ml), The Lancashire Life and Times E-Resource network
Lancashire Archives' online catalogue (http://archivecat.lancashire.gov.uk/calmview/) - over 1 million
descriptions of unique historical documents, accessible to the public, which tell the county's story
Website of the film 'Catch - the hold not taken', a look at the cultural significance of wrestling in Lancashire (htt
p://www.riverhorse.tv/CATCH)
Lancashire County Council (http://mario.lancashire.gov.uk/) MARIO (Mapping portal)
Map of Lancashire (http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/Minimap.do?)
Government Office for the North West (http://www.gos.gov.uk/gonw/)
North West Regional Minister (http://www.gos.gov.uk/gonw/OurRegion/584397/?a=42496)
Lancashire Online Forums (http://lancashireonline.mam9.com/)
Images of Lancashire (http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=&searc
hType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=LANCASHIRE&district=&placeName=) at the English Heritage
Archive
Lancashire Enterprise Zone (http://www.lancashirelep.co.uk/invest-in-lancashire/enterprise-zone.aspx)

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