13-34

13-60 The volume fractions of components of a gas mixture during the expansion process of the ideal Otto cycle are given.
The thermal efficiency of this cycle is to be determined.
Assumptions All gases will be modeled as ideal gases with constant specific heats.
Properties The molar masses of N2, O2, H2O, and CO2 are 28.0, 32.0, 18.0, and 44.0 kg/kmol, respectively (Table A-1).
The constant-pressure specific heats of these gases at room temperature are 1.039, 0.918, 1.8723, and 0.846 kJ/kgK,
respectively. The air properties at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).
Analysis We consider 100 kmol of this mixture. Noting that volume fractions are equal to the mole fractions, mass of each
component are
m N2 N N2 M N2 (30 kmol)(28 kg/kmol) 840 kg
m O2 N O2 M O2 (10 kmol)(32 kg/kmol) 320 kg
30% N2
m H2O N H2O M H2O (35 kmol)(18 kg/kmol) 630 kg
10% O2
m CO2 N CO2 M CO2 (25 kmol)(44 kg/kmol) 1100 kg 35% H2O
25% CO2
The total mass is (by volume)
m m m N2 m O2 m H2O m CO2
840 320 630 1100
2890 kg
P
Then the mass fractions are 3

m N2 840 kg
mf N2 0.2907 4
mm 2890 kg 2
m O2 320 kg 1
mf O2 0.1107
mm 2890 kg
v
m H2O 630 kg
mf H2O 0.2180
mm 2890 kg
m CO2 1100 kg
mf CO2 0.3806
mm 2890 kg

The constant-pressure specific heat of the mixture is determined from

c p mf N2 c p , N2 mf O2 c p ,O2 mf H2O c p , H2O mf CO2 c p ,CO2
0.2907 1.039 0.1107 0.918 0.2180 1.8723 0.3806 0.846
1.134 kJ/kg K

The apparent molecular weight of the mixture is

mm 2890 kg
Mm 28.90 kg/kmol
N m 100 kmol

The apparent gas constant of the mixture is

Ru 8.314 kJ/kmol K
R 0.2877 kJ/kg K
Mm 28.90 kg/kmol

Then the constant-volume specific heat is

cv c p R 1.134 0.2877 0.846 kJ/kg K

The specific heat ratio is

cp 1.134
k 1.340
cv 0.846

The average of the air properties at room temperature and combustion gas properties are

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 13-35
c p ,avg 0.5(1.134 1.005) 1.070 kJ/kg K
cv ,avg 0.5(0.846 0.718) 0.782 kJ/kg K
k avg 0.5(1.34 1.4) 1.37

These average properties will be used for heat addition and rejection processes. For compression, the air properties at room
temperature and during expansion, the mixture properties will be used. During the compression process,

T2 T1 r k 1 (288 K )(8) 0.4 662 K

During the heat addition process,

q in cv ,avg (T3 T2 ) (0.782 kJ/kg K )(1373 662) K 556 kJ/kg

During the expansion process,

k 1 0.37
1 1
T4 T3 (1373 K ) 636.1 K
r 8
During the heat rejection process,
q out cv ,avg (T4 T1 ) (0.782 kJ/kg K )(636.1 288) K 272.2 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is then

q out 272.2 kJ/kg
th 1 1 0.511
q in 556 kJ/kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.