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NARRATION
Narration is a sentence or speech in which a statement is spoken or narrated in
two forms, one of them is Direct Narration and another one is Indirect
Narration.
Direct Narration- When an audience expresses the statement of a speaker in
the words or language of the speaker, it is called Direct narration in which the
speech is put inside the inverted comma ()
Indirect Narration- When an audience expresses the statement of a speaker in
his own words or language, it is called Indirect Narration, the inverted commas
(")are removed in this case.
E.g.- reporting verb
Direct- Aman said to Anshita, You are my best friend.
Reporting speech Reported speech

Change of persons-
S O N = REPORTING VERB
1 2 3 = REPORTED SPEECH
S-Subject of Reporting verb
O- Object of Reporting verb
N- No change
Direct Aman said to Anshita, You are my best friend.
Indirect- Aman told Anshita that she was his best friend.
Explanation- Here, in the reported speech you is a second person pronoun,
and it should be changed according to the Object of Reporting Speech, You
is a subjective case, that is why the object(Anshita) changes into she. Now
my(possessive case) is a first person pronoun, it should be changed according
to the Subject of Reporting Speech and the subject(Aman) changes into
his(possessive case).

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If the Reporting Speech is in Present and Future tense, The tense in
Reported Speech remains unchanged. But remember Persons of pronoun
always change as usual.
E.g.-
Direct- The teacher says to me, I dont like your behaviour.
Indirect- The teacher tells me that she doesnt like my bahaviour.
Changes-
Say- say
Say to tell
Says- says
Says to- tells
Comma and inverted commas are removed and use the conjunction that in
assertive sentences.
Direct- Mohit says, I shall go there.
Indirect- Mohit says that he will go there.
If the Reported speech contains any Idiom or universal truth,
again the tense of Reported Speech remains unchanged after
converting into Indirect Speech
Direct- Shivam said to me, Necessity is the mother of invention.
Indirect Shivam told me that necessity is the mother of invention.

Direct The teacher said to me, The earth revolves around the Sun.
Indirect The teacher told me that the earth revolves around the Sun.

If the Reporting Speech is in Past tense, Reported Speech changes in

such a following way.

Direct Indirect
V1 V2
Do/Does Did
V2 Had + V3

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Did Had + done
Is/Am/Are+ V+ing Was/Were + V+ing
Was/Were + V+ing Had Been + V+ing
Has/have + V3 Had + V3
Is to/ Am to/ Are to + V1 Was to/ Were to + V1
Has to/ Have to + V1 Had to + V1
Had to + V1 Had had to + V1
Will Would
Shall Should
Can Could
May Might
Must No change/change(has to/have
to/had to/ will have to/shall have to/would have to when the sentence is in
Present and Future tense.)
Need not No change
Dare not No change
Should No change
Would No change
Could No change
Might No change
This That
These Those
Here There
Now Then
Thus So
Hence Thence
To-day That day
To-night That night
This day That day
This night That night
Tomorrow The next day/
The following day/
On the morrow
Yesterday The previous day/The day before
The day before yesterday Two day before
The day after tomorrow In two days time

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Last week The previous week/The week
before
Last month The previous month/ The month
before
Last year The previous year/ The year before
Last night The previous night/ The night
before
Last day The previous day/ The day before
Next week The following week
Next month The following month
Next year The following year
Next night The following night
Next day The following day
Come Go
A year ago A year before

E.g.-
Direct- He says to me, You must work hard.
Indirect- He tells me that I must work hard.

Direct- He said to me, You must do it

Indirect He told me that I have to do it.

Direct- He said to me, You must do it tomorrow.

Indirect He told me that I would have to do it the next day.

Some more changes-

In Assertive Sentences
Said- said
Said to- told
Comma and inverted commas are removed, use the
conjunction That in assertive sentences.
Direct- Mr. Kapoor said to him, I can buy a car.
Indirect- Mr. Kapoor told him that he could buy a car.

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Direct- Shivam said to Ankit, You went to market yesterday.
Indirect- Shivam told Ankit that he had gone to market the day before.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
Change the reporting verbs-
Say/say to/says/says to/said/said to are changed into ask/demand/enquire/want
to know and so on.
Use if or whether after removing the inverted commas.
E.g.-
Direct- He said to me, Are you a student?
Indirect- He asked me if I was a student.

Direct- They said to her, Are you going away today?

Indirect- They asked her if she was going away that day.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
Change the reporting verbs-
Say, says, said are changed into order/orders/ordered, request/requests/
requested and so on with these words- ask/beg/tell/command/ warn/ advise/
suggest/ implore/ entreat/ threaten/ urge/ persuade and so on according to the
meaning and Tense of the sentence.
E.g.-
Direct- The teacher said to the students, keep quiet.
Indirect- The teacher asked the students to keep quiet.

Direct- Doctor said to my brother, Take medicine in time.

Indirect- Doctor advised my brother to take medicine in time.

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OPTATIVE SENTENCE
Change the reporting verbs-
Say/says/said are changed into wish/wishes/wished, pray/prays/prayed,
curse/curses/cursed, bless/blesses/blessed and so on
Use that as a conjunction after removing inverted commas.
E.g.-
Direct- My mother said to me, May god bless you!
Indirect- My mother prayed that God might bless me.

Direct- My sister said to me, May you achieve everything in your life that
you desire!
Indirect- My sister wished me that I might achieve everything in my life that
I desire.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
Generally the interjections like Oh! Ah! Alas! Hurrah! Bravo! Well done! Etc.
are used in the exclamatory sentences.
The exclamatory Adjective what and the exclamatory Adverb how are
also used in such sentences.
Change the reporting verbs-
Said is changed into Exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed
with surprise, exclaimed with anger, exclaimed with contempt, exclaimed with
applause, exclaimed with regret, etc. are used according to the meaning of the
sentence.
Use the conjunction that after removing Inverted commas.
Direct- He said, What a big house it is!
Indirect- He exclaimed what a big house it was.

Direct- He said, What an idiot you are!

Indirect- He exclaimed what an idiot I was.

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EXERCISE
(1) I said to her, I have gone there on Tuesday.
(a) I said her that I had gone there on Tuesday.
(b) I told to her that I had gone there on Tuesday.
(c) I told her that I had gone there on Tuesday.
(d) I told her that I have gone there on Tuesday.

(2) He said to us, The earth is round.

(a) He told us that the earth was round.
(b)He told us that the earth is round.
(c) He told that the earth is round.
(d) He told to us that the earth is round.

(3) The boy said, I saw her while I was running.

(a) The boy said to that he had seen her while he was running.
(b) The boy told that he had seen her while he was running.
(c) The boy said that he had see her while he was running.
(d)The boy said that he had seen her while he had been running.

(4) She said, You need not wait.

(a) She said that I need not to wait.
(b) She told that I need not wait.
(c) She said that I need not wait.
(d) She said that I needed not wait.

(5) I said to her, Your sister has passed.

(a) I told her that her sister had passed.
(b) I told her if her sister had passed.
(c) I told her that her sister had been passed.
(d) I told her that her sister had passing.

(6) She said to me, Work hard if you want to pass.

(a) She suggested me to work hard if I wanted to pass.
(b) She advised me to work hard if I wanted to pass.
(c) She advised me work hard if I wanted to pass.
(d) She advised me to work hard and I wanted to pass.

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(7) He said, By God! I have not seen it.

(a) He swore whether he had not seen it.
(b) He swore that he has not seen it.
(c) He swore that he did not see it.
(d) He swore that he had not seen it.

(8) We will wait for you if youre late. They said.

(a) They told me that they would wait for her if I was late.
(b) They said me that they would wait for me if I was late.
(c) They told me that they would wait for me if I was late.
(d) They told me that they will wait for me if I was late.

(9) He said to me, Rogue! You have spoiled my assignment.

(a) He called me a rogue and accused that I had spoiled his assignment.
(b) He called me a rogue and accused that he had spoiled his assignment.
(c) He called me a rogue and accused that I had spoiled my assignment.
(d) He called to me a rogue and accused that I had spoiled his assignment.

(10) The saint said to her, May God help you.

(a) The saint cursed that God might help her.
(b) The saint swore that God might help her.
(c) The saint wished that God might help her.
(d) The saint declared that God might help her.

(11) She said to him, Please, co-operate me in my distress.

(a) She requested him to co-operate her in her distress.
(b) She requested him to co-operate him in her distress
(c) She requested him to co-operate her in my distress
(d) She requested her to co-operate her in her distress

(12) The teacher said to the girls, keep away from the wall.
(a) The teacher rebuked the girls to keep away from the wall.
(b) The teacher instructed the girls keep away from the wall.
(c) The teacher instructed the girls to keep away the wall.
(d) The teacher instructed the girls to keep away from the wall.

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(13) She said, What a pitiful scene!
(a) She exclaimed that it was pitiful scene.
(b) She exclaimed that it was a scene.
(c) She exclaimed that it was a pitiful scene.
(d) She exclaimed it was a pitiful scene.

(14) The principal said, Well done! My boys.

(a) The principal exclaimed that the boys had done well.
(b) The principal exclaimed with applause that the boy had done well.
(c) The principal exclaimed with applause that the boys had done well.
(d) The principal exclaimed with applause that his boys had done well.

(15) She said to me, Do have some drinks.

(a) She requested me to have some drinks.
(b) She requested to me to have some drinks.
(c) She requested me to have some drink.
(d) She advised me to have some drinks.

Ans-1 (c) Ans-2 (b) Ans-3 (d)

Ans-4 (c) Ans-5 (a) Ans-6 (b)
Ans-7 (d) Ans-8 (c) Ans-9 (a)
Ans-10 (c) Ans-11 (a) Ans-12 (d)
Ans-13 (c) Ans-14 (c) Ans-15 (a)

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