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Diseases caused by Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
tuberculosis) have reached pandemic proportions with some strains being resistant to existing
chemotherapies. Complex therapies requiring four to six drugs are sometimes required to prevent
the emergence of resistant strains. There is a need for the discovery of new drugs or compounds
that are potential drug templates that can be used to treat diseases caused by these bacteria. The
research reported in this paper describes the isolation of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerol from fresh ginger
rhizome and the identification of 10-gingerol as the most active inhibitor of M. avium and M.
tuberculosis in vitro. The gingerols were isolated by fractionation of a crude methylene chloride
extract of fresh ginger rhizome by normal phase HPLC. Identification was based on mass spectral
data. The identification of 10-gingerol was confirmed by synthesis.
Table 1. Percent Inhibition of M. avium for Crude Table 3. APcI-LC-MS and Area Percent Data for the
Extract and Semicrude Fractions of Fresh Ginger Analysis of Gingerols in Semicrude Fraction 2a
Rhizome
retention time area % (M + H)+ base peak
% inhibition at given concn (g/mL) gingerol (min) at 282 nm (amu) (amu)
residue ID 100 (g/mL) 50 (g/mL) 25 (g/mL) 12.5 (g/mL) 10-gingerol 9.8 15 351 333
8-gingerol 10.5 11 323 305
crude 87 58 13 0
6-gingerol 11.6 72 295 277
semicrude 1 85 0 0 0
semicrude 2 95 95 73 42 a Other minor compounds ) 2%.
semicrude 3 65 0 48a 0
semicrude 4 0 0 0 0
a Outlier.
Table 5. Yields of Gingerols Isolated from Fresh Ginger To confirm the identity of 10-gingerol, it was synthe-
Rhizome sized using an Aldol reaction. The direct probe EI-mass
gingerol yielda (ppm) spectra for synthesized 10-gingerol (Figure 4) correlated
10-gingerol 120 well with the direct probe EI-mass spectra for 10-
8-gingerol 93 gingerol extracted from fresh ginger rhizome which
6-gingerol 880 confirmed the identification.
a Based on weight of fresh ginger.
CONCLUSION
Table 6. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for
M. avium and M. tuberculosis A systematic approach was developed for screening
MIC (g/mL) methylene chloride extracted ginger compounds for
inhibition of M. avium and M. tuberculosis, and 10-
gingerol M. avium M. tuberculosis
gingerol was found to inhibit the growth of these
10-gingerol 25 50 mycobacteria in vitro. The mechanism of inhibition may
8-gingerol 50 50 be related to lipophilicity since the inhibition of M.
6-gingerol >100 >100
avium increased from 6-gingerol (MIC > 100 g/mL) to
10-gingerol to be the most active compound for inhibi- 10-gingerol (MIC ) 25 g/mL). The significance of this
tion of M. avium with a MIC of 25 g/mL. This research lies in the recognition of 10-gingerol as a lead
represents a significant increase in activity over the compound for more active homologues and analogues.
crude residue which by definition was greater than 100 Some of these compounds have been synthesized and
g/mL. 10-Gingerol was less active for inhibition of M. are being tested for inhibition of M. avium and M.
tuberculosis with a MIC of 50-100 g/mL. tuberculosis by Gillis W. Long Hansens Disease Center.
Direct probe EI-mass spectra were obtained for 6-, 8-,
and 10-gingerol which confirmed the APcI-LC-MS data. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The EI-mass spectrum for 10-gingerol is shown in
Figure 3. The ions at m/z ) 322 and 294 are due to the We acknowledge the Center for Advanced Food Tech-
presence of 8- and 6-gingerol as impurities in this nology (CAFT) mass spectrometry facility for providing
sample. instrumentation support. CAFT is an initiative of the
2508 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 46, No. 7, 1998 Hiserodt et al.
New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology. Collins, L. S.; Franzblau, S. G. Microplate Alamar Blue assays
This is New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station versus BACTEC 460 system for high throughput screening
(NJAES) Publication No. D99101-98-2. of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and My-
cobacterium avium. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997,
41, 1004-1009.
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