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2
The Real Number
System
Uses of Number
1. Naming
2. Ordering
3. Counting
4. Measuring
Addition
Multiplication
a b ab
2 3 23
Closure Axioms
Closure Property for Addition
For any a,b , a b
If x 5 y, then 2x 3 y 2 5 y 3 y.
x 5 y .
3 3
Also,
Example 1.2.2
Now consider 3 x 0.
Remarks:
0 1 and
0
W 0
Solvable Equation
Is 3 x 3 solvable in W ?
Is 3 x 2 solvable in ? in W ?
Additive Inverses
a0 b0 Existence of + inverses
a b Existence of + identity
Theorems
Theorem 2. Zero Property
For a , a 0 0.
Theorem 3.
For any a,b R, a b a b
Corollary 4.
For any a R, 1 a a
Theorems
Corollary 5. 1 1 1
Theorem 6.
For any a,b R, a b a b
Theorem 7.
For any a,b R, a b a b
Theorems
Theorem 8.
For any a,b R, there is a unique
solution to the equation a x b.
3 2 3 2 1
5 5 5 5 0
Set of Integers
W . . . ,-3 ,-2 ,-1
. . . ,-3, - 2, -1, 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 , . . .
Remark:
is the smallest subset of that
satisfies all of the previous axioms.
Subsets of Z
: Set of positive integers
: Set of negative integers
: Set of non-negative integers
: Set of non-positive integers
Set of Integers
Consider the mathematical system Z , .
Is Z closed under +?
Is + associative in Z ?
Is there an additive identity in Z ?
Is there an additive inverse for
each element of Z ?
Properties of [Z,+]
1. Z is closed under +.
2. + is associative in Z .
3. There is an additive identity in Z .
4. Every element of Z has additive
inverse
Group
A mathematical system a non-empty set
together with an operation satisfying the
four properties is a group.
Group
Given a non-empty set G and an operation
on G , the mathematical system G ,
is a group if
1. G is closed under .
2. is associative in G.
3. There is an identity element under in G.
4. Every element of G has an inverse under .
Example 1.2.4
Which of the following mathematical
systems are groups?
1. N ,
Is N closed under +?
Is + associative in N ?
What is the identity element?
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
Abelian Group
Z , is a group.
Is commutative on Z ?
1. S , is an abelian group.
2. S is closed under .
3. is associative in S.
4. a b c a c b c , for any a,b, c S.
Commutative Ring
Is 3 x 6 solvable in Z ?
Is 3 x 1 solvable in Z ?
Multiplicative Inverses
Existence of Multiplicative Inverses
For any real number a 0, there is a
1 1
unique real number such that a 1.
a a
Remark:
This theorem can be used when solving
equations of the form x a x b 0.
Theorems
Theorem 11.
If a,b are nonzero real numbers,
1 1 1
b
a b a
Theorem 12.
For any number b and any nonzero
number a, there is a unique solution
to the equation a x b.
Remark:
The solution for the equation a x b ?
1
x b
a
Division
Definition. For any a,b R and a 0,
b 1
b
a a
Remark:
Division by 0 is undefined.
Theorems
b
Theorem 13. For any number b, b.
1
b d
Theorem 17. If then b d and
a a
b d
if then b c a d,
a c
a 0, c 0.
Theorems
b 1 a
Theorem 18. If 0, then .
a b b
a
d
b c da
Theorem 19. If 0, then .
a b cb
a
Theorems
b b b b b
Theorem 20. and , a 0.
a a a a a
b d b ca d
Theorem 21. , a 0, c 0
a c ac
Example 1.2.7
Perform the indicated operations.
2 5 25 10 52 5
1.
3 12 3 12 36 18 2 18
4
5 4 25 100
2. 1
20 20 5 100
25
2 3 23 5
3. 1
5 5 5 5
2 4 2 5 3 4 22 7
4. or 1
3 5 35 15 15
Rational Numbers
Definition
A real number x which can be written
as a quotient of an integer p by a
nonzero integer q is called a rational
number.
p
Q x x , p , q is a nonzero integer
q
Example 1.2.8
Is the mathematical system Q, ,
a commutative ring?
Is Q closed in +?
Is + associative in Q ?
What is the identity element under +?
Are there additive inverses?
Is + commutative in Q ?
Q , is an Abelian group.
Is Q closed under ?
Is associative in Q ?
Is distributive over +?
Is commutative in Q ?
1. F , , is a commutative ring.
2. There is an identity element for .
3. Every nonzero elements of F has
an inverse under .
Field
, , is a field.
Sovable Equations
Is 2x 3 0 solvable in Z ? in Q ? in R ?
2
Is x 2 solvable in Q ?
Irrational Numbers
Definition.
A real number which is not rational
is called an irrational number.
R Q Q'
Decimals
A real number can have a decimal
representation that is:
terminating or 1.45
non-terminating 1.4545...
A non-terminating decimal representation
can be
repeating 1.4545... 1.45
or non-repeating 3.1415...
Decimals
terminating, non-terminating
but repeating:
rational number
2 e 1 5
Irrational Numbers
Some irrational numbers are of the
form n
p where p is an integer.
n
p : nth root of p. sometimes called radicals
p radicand
n index
p: square root of p, p 0.
nth Root
n
p is a solution to x n p
3
8 is a solution to x 3 8
2 8 so
3 3
8 2
4 is a solution to x 2 4
22 4 so 4 2
2
2
Question : 4 so 4 2?
Principal Root
Definitions.
If n is even and p is non-negative,
we define n
p as the positive nth
root of p. If p is negative, n
p is
undefined.
If n is odd and p is positive,
n
p n p
Example 1.2.9
Determine the value of the following
radicals.
1. 9 3
2. 3
8 2
3. 3
27 27 3
3
4. 4
625 5
5. 4 is undefined
Example 1.2.10
Find the solution(s) to the following.
2
1. x 16 4, 4
3
2. x 125 5
5
3. x 4 5
4
4. x 2 9 no solutions
2
5. x 3 3, 3
Operations on Radicals
Addition: xn p y n p x y n p
Multiplication: n pn q n pq
p n p
Division: n
q n q
Root of a root: n m
p nm pq
Example 1.2.11
8 8
3 5 4 5 7 5 2
4 4
3
3
2 3 6
3 3 6
27 27 3
4 4
4
64 2 2
3
27 3 3
3 3
3
3
3
27 3
3
Example 1.2.12
Perform the following operations and
simplify:
1
1. 8 12 2 48
4
2. 2 3 2 3
2 2 3
3. 4.
3 3 3
Groups, Rings, Fields
Closed Under
Addition
Addition is
Associative
Group
Abelian Additive
Group Identity
Addition is
Commutative
Closed Under Additive
Multiplication Inverses
Commutative
Ring
Multiplication
is Associative
Multiplicative
Field
Identity
Distributivity
Multiplicative
Inverses
The Field of
Real Numbers
N
W
Z 0
Additive
Q
Inverses
Multiplicative
R
Inverses
Q
Less Than
a b : a b or a b
a b : a b or a b
a x b : a x and x b
Example 1.2.13
Determine if the following statements
are ALWAYS TRUE or ALWAYS FALSE.
Justify your answers.
3
1. If 2x 3, then x TRUE
2
2
2. aa FALSE. Why?
2
3. x 0
2
4. x 0
2
5. x 1
There is a one-to-one correspondence
between the set of real numbers and the set
of points on the line.
1. 3, 7
2 4
2. ,
3 5
3. - 2, 5
Definition. Absolute Value of a Number
The absolute value of a number x is defined as
x , if x > 0
if x < 0
| x | x x ,
2
if x = 0
0,
1. x 5 Solution : 5,5
2. x 2 3 1,5
3. x 3 3,3
4. x 3 ,3 3,
5. x 1 2 1,3
Open Intervals
The solution set to the inequality
will be written as
Definition
The number u is called an upper
bound of a set S if x u, for all
x S.
Example 1.2.15
Give upper bounds for the following sets.
1. 7,3,1,2,9,0
Upper bounds: 10,11,12.5,9
Numbers 9.
1 1
2. 1, , ,...
2 3
Upper bounds: Numbers 1
Example 1.2.15
1 5
3. x x
2 2
5
Upper bounds: Numbers
2
4. x x 1 or x 1
Upper bounds: No upper bound
1 9
5. y y N, y
2 2
Upper bounds: Numbers 4
Lower Bound
Definition
The number v is called a lower
bound of a set S if x v, for all
x S.
Example 1.2.16
Give lower bounds for the following sets.
1. 7,3,1,2,9,0
Lower bounds: 1,0, 0.5, 100
Numbers 0.
1 1
2. 1, , ,...
2 3
Lower bounds: No lower bound
Example 1.2.16
1 5
3. x x
2 2
1
Lower bounds: Numbers
2
4. x x 1 or x 1
Lower bounds: No lower bound
1 9
5. y y N, y
2 2
Lower bounds: Numbers 1
Least Upper Bound
(lub)
Definition
An upper bound b of a set S is the
least upper bound if no upper bound
is less than b.
Greatest Lower Bound
(glb)
Definition
A lower bound a of a set S is the
greatest lower bound if no lower
bound is greater than a.
Example 1.2.17
Identify the lub and glb of the following.
1. 7,3,1,2,9,0
lub : 9 glb : 0
1 1
2. 1, , ,...
2 3
lub : 1 glb : none
Example 1.2.17
1 5
3. x x
2 2
5 1
lub: glb :
2 2
4. x x 1 or x 1
lub: none glb : none
1 9
5. y y N, y
2 2
lub: 4 glb : 1
Completeness Axiom
Every subset S of R that has an
upper bound has an lub in R.