NAME: CLIENT VERGEL LASPOA DATE: August 6, 2017

COURSE & YEAR: BSME IV

-MECHANICS OF FLUIDS-
ASSIGNMENT NO.

1. Differentiate gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.

Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to
gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against
ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure.
Negative signs are usually omitted.
Gauge pressure is a relative pressure measurement which measures pressure
relative to atmospheric pressure and is defined as the absolute pressure minus the
atmospheric pressure. Most pressure measuring equipment give the pressure of a
system in terms of gauge pressure as opposed to absolute pressure.
The reading on a gauge, which is the difference between two pressures, is known
as the gauge pressure. If the lower of the pressures is the pressure of the atmosphere,
the total, or absolute, pressure is the sum of the gauge and atmospheric pressures.
A gauge is often used to measure the pressure difference between a system and
the surrounding atmosphere. This pressure is the gauge pressure and can be
expressed as:
pg = ps patm
Where:
pg = gauge pressure
ps = system pressure
patm = atmospheric pressure
Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. Therefore, it is
positive for pressures above atmospheric pressure, and negative for pressures below
it.
 2. What is a manometer?
The devices used to know about the pressure difference in the pipeline, it is a
simple in construction, basic law of physics are applied for calculation of the pressure
drop.
An instrument for measuring the pressure acting on a column of fluid, especially
one with a U-shaped tube of liquid in which a difference in the pressures acting in the
two arms of the tube causes the liquid to reach different heights in the two arms.
An instrument used to measure the pressure exerted by liquids and gases.
Pressure is exerted on one end of a U-shaped tube partially filled with liquid; the liquid
is displaced upwards on the other side of the tube by a distance proportional to the
pressure difference on each side of the tube.
An instrument for comparing pressures; typically a glass U-tube
containing mercury, in which pressure is indicated by the difference in levels in the
two arms of the tube.

3. Types of manometer

A manometer is a device used for measure the pressure of a fluid by balancing it

with against a column of a liquid. Five different types of manometers are shown
below with images.

U-Tube Manometer:
It consist a U shaped bend whose one end is attached to the gauge point A and other
end is open to the atmosphere. It can measure both positive and negative (suction)
pressures. It contains liquid of specific gravity greater than that of a liquid of which the
pressure is to be measured.

where is Specific weight, P is Pressure at A.

Pressure at A is P = 2h2 1h1
Differential U-Tube Manometer:
A U-Tube manometric liquid heavier than the liquid for which the pressure difference is to
be measured and is not immiscible with it.

Pressure difference
between A and B is given by equation
PA PB = 2h2 + 3h3 1h1

Inverted U-Tube Manometer:

Inverted U-Tube manometer consists of an inverted U Tube containing a light liquid.
This is used to measure the differences of low pressures between two points where where
better accuracy is required. It generally consists of an air cock at top of manometric fluid
type.

Pressure difference can be calculated from equation

P1 1*g*H1 m*g(H2 H1) = P2 2*gH2
Micro Manometer:
Micro Manometer is is the modified form of a simple manometer whose one limb is made
of larger cross sectional area. It measures very small pressure differences with high
precision.

Let a = area of the tube,

A = area of the reservoir,
h3 = Falling liquid level reservoir,
h2 = Rise of the liquid in the tube,
By conversation of mass we get A*h3 = a*h2
Equating pressure heads at datum we get

P1 = (m 1)*gh3 + m*gh2 1*gh1

Inclined Manometer:
Inclined manometer is used for the measurement of small pressures and is to measure
more accurately than the vertical tube type manometer. Due to inclination the distance
moved by the fluid in manometer is more.