Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Two analysis models using Newtons Laws of Motion have been developed.
The models have been applied to linear motion.
Newtons Laws can be applied to other situations:
Objects traveling in circular paths
Motion observed from an accelerating frame of reference
Motion of an object through a viscous medium
Many examples will be used to illustrate the application of Newtons Laws to a
variety of new circumstances.
Introduction
Uniform Circular Motion, Acceleration
Section 6.1
Uniform Circular Motion, Force
A force, Fr , is associated with the
centripetal acceleration.
The force is also directed toward the
center of the circle.
Applying Newtons Second Law along
the radial direction gives
v2
F mac m r
Section 6.1
Uniform Circular Motion, cont.
Section 6.1
Conical Pendulum
The object is in equilibrium in the
vertical direction .
It undergoes uniform circular motion in
the horizontal direction.
Fy = 0 T cos = mg
Fx = T sin = m ac
v is independent of m
v L g sin tan
Section 6.1
Motion in a Horizontal Circle
The speed at which the object moves depends on the mass of the object and the
tension in the cord.
The centripetal force is supplied by the tension.
Tr
v
m
The maximum speed corresponds to the maximum tension the string can
withstand.
Section 6.1
Horizontal (Flat) Curve
Section 6.1
Banked Curve, 2
Section 6.1
Ferris Wheel
Section 6.1
Ferris Wheel, cont.
Section 6.1
Ferris Wheel, final
Section 6.1
Non-Uniform Circular Motion
Section 6.2
Vertical Circle with Non-Uniform Speed
Section 6.2
Top and Bottom of Circle
v top gR
Section 6.2
Motion in Accelerated Frames
Section 6.3
Centrifugal Force
From the frame of the passenger (b), a force
appears to push her toward the door.
From the frame of the Earth, the car applies
a leftward force on the passenger.
The outward force is often called a
centrifugal force.
It is a fictitious force due to the
centripetal acceleration associated with
the cars change in direction.
In actuality, friction supplies the force to
allow the passenger to move with the car.
If the frictional force is not large enough,
the passenger continues on her initial
path according to Newtons First Law.
Section 6.3
Coriolis Force
Section 6.3
Fictitious Forces, examples
Although fictitious forces are not real forces, they can have real effects.
Examples:
Objects in the car do slide
You feel pushed to the outside of a rotating platform
The Coriolis force is responsible for the rotation of weather systems,
including hurricanes, and ocean currents.
Section 6.3
Fictitious Forces in Linear Systems
The inertial observer models the sphere
as a particle under a net force in the
horizontal direction and a particle in
equilibrium in the vertical direction.
The non-inertial observer models the
sphere as a particle in equilibrium in
both directions.
The inertial observer (a) at rest sees
Fx T sin ma
F T cos mg 0
y
Section 6.4
Motion with Resistive Forces, cont.
The magnitude of R can depend on the speed in complex ways.
We will discuss only two:
R is proportional to v
Good approximation for slow motions or small objects
R is proportional to v2
Good approximation for large objects
Section 6.4
Resistive Force Proportional To Speed
The resistive force can be expressed as
R bv
b depends on the property of the medium, and on the shape and dimensions of
the object.
The negative sign indicates R is in the opposite direction to v .
Section 6.4
Resistive Force Proportional To Speed, Example
Section 6.4
Resistive Force Proportional To Speed, Example, cont.
Initially, v = 0 and dv/dt = g
As t increases, R increases and a
decreases
The acceleration approaches 0 when R
mg
At this point, v approaches the terminal
speed of the object.
Terminal Speed
To find the terminal speed, let a = 0
mg
vT
b
Solving the differential equation gives
v
mg
b
1 e b t m
vT 1 e t t
t is the time constant and
t = m/b
Section 6.4
Resistive Force Proportional To v2
For objects moving at high speeds through air, the resistive force is
approximately equal to the square of the speed.
R = DrAv2
D is a dimensionless empirical quantity called the drag coefficient.
r is the density of air.
A is the cross-sectional area of the object.
v is the speed of the object.
Section 6.4
Resistive Force Proportional To v2, example
D A 2
a g v
2m
Section 6.4
Resistive Force Proportional To v2, Terminal Speed
2mg
vT
D A
Section 6.4
Some Terminal Speeds
Section 6.4
Example: Skysurfer
Section 6.4
Skysurfer, cont.
Open parachute
Some time after reaching terminal speed, the parachute is opened.
Produces a drastic increase in the upward resistive force
Net force, and acceleration, are now upward
The downward velocity decreases.
Eventually a new, smaller, terminal speed is reached.
Section 6.4
Example: Coffee Filters
Section 6.4
Coffee Filters, cont.
Section 6.4
Coffee Filters, Graphical Analysis
Graph of resistive force and terminal speed does not produce a straight line.
The resistive force is not proportional to the objects speed.
Section 6.4
Coffee Filters, Graphical Analysis 2
Graph of resistive force and terminal speed squared does produce a straight line.
The resistive force is proportional to the square of the objects speed.
Section 6.4
Resistive Force on a Baseball Example
vT2 A 2
Section 6.4