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06/23/2017

What is a magnet?

Magnetism
http://www.china-magnet.net/simage/Education-Magnets.html

What is a magnet? What is a magnet?

https://skullsinthestars.com/2011/04/03/the-birth-of-electromagnetism-1820/

http://coe.kean.edu/~afonarev/physics/magnetism/magnetism-el.htm

Magnetism is caused by moving


charges
A moving charge creates a magnetic We focus first on the force
field
produced by a field
This magnetic field exerts a magnetic
force on another moving charge

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Magnetic field, Force on a moving charge due to


a magnetic field
The magnetic field is Magnetic field lines The force by a magnetic field on a
created by moving have no ends! moving charge moving at velocity is
charges No magnetic
monopoles!
Compare with field =
produced by a single
point charge
Units: Tesla (T)
http://www.physbot.co.uk/magnetic-fields-and-induction.html

Force on a moving charge due to Example


a magnetic field
An electron moving
at a speed to the
right experiences a
field pointing
downward.
What is the magnetic
force on the electron?
What is the path of the
electron in this field?
http://titan.bloomfield.edu/facstaff/dnicolai/Physics/Physics106/Phy106-lessons/lesson5-
106.htm

Conceptual exercise Force due to both electric and


magnetic fields
Can a magnetic field change the speed The force on a
of a moving charge? moving charge due
to an electric field
and magnetic field
is:
= +

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Application: Mass spectrometer Magnetic force on a current-


carrying wire
A current is a flow of
moving charges.
The magnetic force
on a wire with current
by a magnetic field
is a vector sum:

=
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/107067/lorentz-
force-must-there-be-two-magnets

Example Example

A straight metal wire has a current going What is the total magnetic force exerted
upward. If it is exposed to a magnetic field on the wire shown?
pointing to the right:
What is the magnetic force on the metal
wire?

Exercise Conceptual exercise

A conducting bar What happens when


rests on parallel a current-carrying
conducting rails. rectangular loop is
What should be the exposed to a uniform
polarity of the battery field?
so that the bar
experiences a
magnetic force to
the right?
http://webs.mn.catholic.edu.au/physics/emery/assets/9_3_mo9.gif

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Torque on a current-carrying loop Torque on a current-carrying loop

The torque on a rectangular loop is:


= sin
where is the cross-sectional area.

Magnetic dipole moment Torque on a current-carrying loop

Define the magnetic Then, the torque can


dipole moment as be written as:
=
where is the normal =
vector obtained by
curling your fingers
around the current.

Potential energy of a current- Application: DC motor


carrying loop in a magnetic field
And the potential
energy is:

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/electricmotors.html

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A moving charge creates a


magnetic field
A moving charge moving with velocity
produces a magnetic field at a point =
Sources of magnetic field from it:


=
4
= 4 10 /

Example Exercise

A proton is moving to the right. What is the An electron is moving to the right. What is
magnetic field that it creates: the magnetic field that it creates:
Directly above it? Directly above it?
Directly below it? Directly below it?
To its right? To its right?
To its left? To its left?

A current creates a magnetic field A current creates a magnetic field

A current passes The field produced


through a wire. by this segment is
Consider an
infinitesimal segment of =
the wire. 4
Let be the vector
pointing along the wire
towards the current
direction.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/Biosav.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/Biosav.html

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06/23/2017

A current creates a magnetic field Example

And the total field What is the field produced a distance


produced by the wire above the midpoint of a current-carrying
is the vector sum: wire of length ?

=
4

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/Biosav.html

Exercise

What is the magnetic field due to a


circular current loop of radius and
current ? Amperes Law

Amperes Law Finding the direction of the field

Consider an Amperes Law is valid Use your right hand to find the direction of
imaginary closed for any system and the field due to a current element
loop. Amperes Law any closed loop, but
states that: is only useful for
finding when there
= is symmetry.

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06/23/2017

Example Example

A current runs A current runs


through long, through a long,
straight, thin wire. cylindrical wire of
What is the radius . The
magnetic field current is uniformly
anywhere? distributed over
the cross-section.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magcur.html https://www.miniphysics.com/uy1-applications-of-amperes-law.html

Example Magnetic field inside a solenoid

What is A solenoid is a wire For long solenoids, we


everywhere? wound into a series of usually use the # of
loops, each with turns/length (
radius . / ).
It is characterized by
the number of loops
and its length .

https://www.miniphysics.com/uy1-applications-of-amperes-law.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid

Magnetic field inside a solenoid Exercise

The magnetic field Using Amperes Law, show that the


near the axis of the magnitude of the field inside a long
solenoid is solenoid is
approximately
uniform
=
What is the best shape for the closed loop?
Outside the solenoid,
the field is very weak. How do you get the direction of the field?

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06/23/2017

Problem Set

What is the direction


of the field inside a
toroid?
What shape should
we use for the closed
loop?
What is the field
inside a toroid?

https://www.miniphysics.com/uy1-applications-of-amperes-law.html https://www.miniphysics.com/uy1-applications-of-amperes-law.html

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