CARL E. SCHORSKE FIN-DE-SIECLE tl POLITICS AND CULTURE Rs @ [127 Vinvage Books + A Divison of Random House « New York nlerr mnee ee, Janey 18 CConyrigh 196,198 19752079 By Ga. Seborbe Al righ, rome woe sana nd Paavo Copyright on Convene Pabited i toe United Sener By Reon Hom I Li ‘New Tork and in Cri by Rondon Hoare of Cade Limited Toone: Origaly ped by vad A Rpt, te New Yorn ‘ear ot The ollecing rly appre as atic inthe “Anse Here Review Police ond Pride rou leterpeaion of Drews Volo (Apis h abe “The Tramreacion ofthe Candee Soir in ‘ashen rate?” Vol 72 (Jl 98) D307 “Polis and rycen Finesse Vis Seber and ost Va al 19). 8 Gralacknetdgom imate 028 fllosing fer germisiono repr roo pesos pulsed materi nivesiy of Chan Pres “alter iw 4 New Keys An Asien ‘ripaseh The Jnr of Modem cary, Vol. 9 (December 1989) pp sara Copsrigh yr bythe Umer of Chica. Ong os ef ssa eer acide or prison tere peson’y pubdate anda aceedment for eran eprta iaon,si bfownd ocing th ind inary of Constr Caoing in Pbenion GitnteGal fe Fordestcte Viena Tire ples ines, 1. Vienna Adres ema caren NN reer, ey eure - Diy Sie wks gestive Hoon ives Marae inhe Ueto AmericaContents Actuorledgments i Imrosuction oi Police ond the Psyche: Schnitler amd Hofmannsthl 3 U1 he Ringers, hs Cries, nd the Bin of Urban Modern 24 TLL Polis n@ New Key: An Ausrin Trio 116 IV. Police ant Patricide i Preut' Interpretation of Dreams > Gus Kiva aiming an the Cris ofthe Liberal Ego. 208 VI The Tramformation of the Garden ang Explosion in the Garden: Kohoscbha and Schoenberg. 332 Indes 362Illustrations Views before redecclopmens (map) 28-y Leafs ennsecing Ringe development 32-3, Ringsrae wth Palen, Rathaus, University, na Barghewer 3-5, Raabe (Some) 3 Hofborgteater (G. Semper University (14. Feral) 42 Reichrat (Perlioment) 42 Arne fowntin. 44 Kirtner Ring 50 Reicbirauarase 51 ‘Sil in Kanner Ring No 14 $C. Horenoner) 38 Vest in Reituratstrane Now 39 Gruppensisbows $5oor pan of the Gruppencnsbas 5 Schuwrenbeplits 56-2 Concordapls sy Herrongase 6 Ceserrihische Linderbnt (0. Wagner), seret fuente 16 GeserrichieheLanterba, ror court 77 cierichibe Linterbak, rel! 78 Umer-Dobling Station (0. Wagner) 0 [Nusdorf Dae seteric engineering (0. Wagner) Apartment Bees (0. Wager) Linke Wienclle nd Konorgace 8-9 Porta ving: Ofice (0. Wagner) 92-3 enttgnie No.4 (O. Wagner) 94 Modul City Discs (0. Wagner) 99 Drascing of 2 Ait Center (0, Wagner) 99 Modular Panfor tbe Expanibe City (0. Wagner) 100 (Outer Bargpars(G.Semper) 103-3 Museion City Project“Anibu” (0, Waruer) 1057 Galery for értssonbs of Ow Age (O- Wagner) 108-3 Hone of ry, MCMMA (0. Wagner) 108-9 Grand Stray of the Burtheter 310 ‘Shakespear’ Power, cing pubing (G. Kbne) 210 Auatringn ofthe Olt Rangtvitr (Kit) 213 Aten pone! (Gt) 244 Poster for th ir Secesion Bxibiton (GK) 306 Nude Vern (G.Klome) 27 Honseo th Secession (]Olbricb) 2819 Schubert atthe Bans (G. Klint) fi Musi (G, Klint) 235 42. United (*Seasuons Git) (G. Klima) 43 FsbBlood(G. Kline) 235 ie Sleme (Glin) 236 44 Philosophy, cling pang (Klint) 46. Medicine, cen siting (G. Klint) 4. Iumisgrtence, compostionsudy (G. Kit) 248 #.-sprdene, olin puinting (Klimt) 249 ah Goh (G. low) 0. Destbocen (M. Klinger) 245 51, Seceniom Interior fo the Beerboven Exbibi (f Hoss) 296 2. Bethoven fice Panel 1G. Klont) 248-9 1. Hecthozen ese, Peel U (G. Klint) 360-1 4 Beethoven frie deta of Pawel (G. Klimt) 5. esibocen frie, deta of Panel (Klint) 265-5 56. Runsschow Faction (. Hoffmann) 266 57 Oteor Wide’ Bitty of he Ifa (Kien Garton Theater) sh utrton from The Dressing Bays (O.Kokoscbte) 335 tration frm The Drening Boys (0. Koboschts) 34 a Penand- rus drasing or Mardetr, Hope of Waren (0. Kohorcbta) 336 (sn Umitled(B. Ste) 337 62, The Book ofthe Hanging Gardens, Song 1 (A. Schosnberg) 3 63. Poter (e-pormait) (O-Kotorchba) 356ai sro Anse follwing page 1. Palas Arbon (G. Kim) 1 Wateraater 11(- Klnt) nl, Jui and Holferes (G. Kirt) IV. Ports of Margaret Stouborough-Wingenstein (Kin, 1. Port of BritzaReler(Q. Kl) VL Pore of Adele Bloch Raver (G. Klint) VL. Dense (6. Kine) Vill. The Kiss (9. lit) 1X, Desh ondLife(G. Klimt) Insere folowing page 390: Xi. The Red Sere (A. Schoenberg) Kl. Kuch porter (0. Kokorcbka) XIE Lithograph and tex from The Dreaming Boys (0.Kolowkse)| Ill, Poster for Murderer, Hope of Women (Pet) (0. Koko) XIV. Portaic of Hemoarh Walden (0. Kokoschts) XV. Portrait of Hane Tits an Erie Tete Comat (0-Kobocbls) XVL_ The Tompst (0. Kokosebls) XVI Portrait ofthe aebites Adolf Loos (0. Robes) Acknowledgments Eyew rine w087 individual sebolaly work, siewed io terme ofthe economic inlet, and peychologial sopportnecemay to its accomplafnent, ms ot to bea social enerprve In theese fof works aloo grow as mine, whose production resembled les ‘he determined making of a book thin the sping of 2 zecord of continuing exploration, one becomes expecially conscious of the ‘nngninde of personal help and intemal sttenance recived slong she way ih fellowship fom the Joba Sinon Guggenheim Foundion nade posible» valuable ye of inl reading and reeazch i Eandon. My thee oniverstie—-Weseyan, Caloris a Berkley, and Princeton provided leave ie and fanelal suppor Tor the ‘work, Sich rene from teaching dais enabled me fo acept the homily ofthe Center for Advanced Seudy inthe Behsvorl Sei ‘nee (Stanford) the Instat for Advanced Study (Princeton, and ‘Wesleyan's Center forthe Humanities, ‘The American Counel of Leamed Soci slo sported my wring the Wesleyan Cente. "Among the many scholar wham I wish to tank, Fel GilbertII POLITICS IN A NEW KEY: AN AUSTRIAN TRIO zie so ere ot born hen” wrote Rater Masi ofthe sear ec il ea ee, ee hoc eren then new moving far tan xv cane Bat Into ay eine ww vg Ni conn, eld avone gt dings beech at ws sore tnd what was below, beeen a as mowing fora and What ‘backward.”* * a “The tcl forces at roe to chllenge he eal ascendancy coud oe fa one baer wh ved he tag Shea cna stn awh Hat pcan fh toy In he sos he Auton era shogh eter ep ar Salt pte, hl tor car nfl of a wo Shove and wha blew " st was moving frwatd and Sack” Socially hey bieved th the attr ls rng an hg hy eer ig ec Sing nn «arn ramen eden The Pipe aad Dolticsina Now Keys An Aurion Tio oa programs wich ode up the Hera cred were designe ro supersede rcratealy the of tie feudal” a the artoerats were pot ely elle. Consent monarchy would replace arsteratic “nlm, parimentary center, aisoeraic federal. Seine ‘would replace eelgin, Those of Geran rationality wold ere 8 oor ab caches to bing up the subject peoples, rather ean Keep ‘hen jgorant tansnen she feuds had done, Thus saionay fail cl uinatly serve a8 principle of popular eoheson in (hula! state, "The Germans in Ausra” wrote the era Tender JN. Berge in, shoud tive aoe for pla hegemony. tht for euiewal hegemony among the peoples of Austria” They Should “cut cular to de eae, ees the propaganda of Gee inelleson, German scence, German buraism. Finally, bse hie would break the arbieary rule of privilege inthe economic ‘pte and minke ert her shan prilege or charity, he basi of comomi reward Tal tse aspects oftheir program, che Ansroiberals knew tamer to be combatting the socially superior and the orca anterior: they saw themselves as Tending what was below int moving forwasd gine wha was above and ackward IF che ‘Common people coukl noe yet be ested since they dd nx always indeatnd the spread of tana esare would one day provide the prerequsite for a Inoully democratic ordt. Populir power ‘Wonld iets only a aneson of rational espoosity. “Nssan sky fle o respect these Hera coordinates of order sod progres Dig the lst. quater of ebevinetenth entry, the Frog whieh the Iberals had Jevaed aginst the upper cscs FreEioned the explosin of the Jose. The Heals seceded in ‘ning the pols energies ofthe tases, but against remiles Tater tan guint ancien oe. Every shor sed the enemy Shove prodacd » hoe avo fom below: A German sionals Sree aginst arsnraie cosmopolitan was answered by She forrts chamring for onan When the eras sftpedaled ek Geman the interest of the -ational wat, they eee rand ax tir to rainalen By an ance-biberal German petite Tourgevne Laie fine, deised 0 fee the economy fom the Feces of he pascal forth the Marxist revolutionaries of the Faeure.Caholicon cote from he school and the courthouse as the Tandeiden of arucrtc-oppresion, reared» the ideology ofue FIN-DE-SIBCLE VIENNA peoane andatan for whom terion meant capiin and ESpatsn sant ew. By the end of he entry even the Jw ‘om Assorbrtios hd fered enancpatn, oppor, aad ‘elton tomer, gun to rath bck en thet bee freer The fare oer the Jew » sya et peri aver to ictimion wath fit vote ston! bre fae Zoo per. Whee ber moms thence ‘Ruan state mith rp the Poni seed seen Fa from lng ee agai the od ang ch shows then the bere uniting summed fom the Sci ep Ut {orcs of» general oregon, Sng gh fo dsole the old polieal oer, Horn could not meter the sei ors which The disaiten reed md ch genet enna se {der Brain's ele b inl sep The ew sere ira moveneny—Cck atin, Pa-GermanChision Socal. Socal Denwray, and entree from below f0 change the trnteaip ofthe sda mile caso prec ix pte sytem, rd to deminer in the renal secre of tse. Teisno ou ak he ore she complex sory ofthe ean the Atsroibera fom pola poet, of the pss of patlanetates by mio! noi cote. We sal fecha fn che nate ofthe kad who, breling fom thir ove ea ‘ign ogiedandexprecl he axpeston ofthe groupe wich theta bd fled own Ou ni of leader ofthe new st rovenens sevens pie tt dilerence in polis arp, 9 Common aw aylc-tthng of anew pat canner power and roponby were dire fered tan inthe fue fro esl. Nor all the new ovencn,sitioal and iesogs, which ed itera cendiny fen the Bas and from below Seed depen fom then! poli eae, The sen-Geren Sato parr and the Soci Derocrae wre the len it for ora Uber comprehend avng been ivan fo 2 Ia cer in» stage for Geran oa een: the Geran Bers ld nderan, even when hey deplored oF rejected the osc Increasingly real domends fr epaty in legal and cof sons: ‘The Soci Democracy fomaly {ended tx pay np, ce oeed few conde ca he Pain in a New Key: An Austin Trio ne iver ming, Une of all he fl rl aping to replace the fathers none bore dhe pueral festores mare pronounced than the Social Deca, Tei thetorie wa onal thei eclrism Inno, thor fath in efveaton vieeallyualiiced. True, the Dncpal Sical Denocracie leader Vitor Ade, fad rebelled psn ronal a sen, when he espoused German ration ie and Wagner's ides of sa negracon on» folks basis? Yet inlay embracing the Marist reed, Aer armed funda- neta alegiance to the eatonlstie heritage of cence andl. "Te ier themselves fl the soils flint o ei clare cos he ies that divided them, Liberals eould condemn Social Democrats for hui wopianism, foe their absurd demands for a welfare state before “the mow primatve peregisits” of pole Calighenment had yet been cteted" BUC ether the pain ‘nna no the daseoriented cosmopoltanism of the socials Clstuyed the Merb me of Kindip with chem. Fhouph one igh ejecta soci postin, one could argue with hi inthe sane Tanginge To the literal mind, the Soil Democrat was untesonable bo etna ‘Other movements tsuhing from the Uber faire to bring the nase nt the sate epreseted afar more evluonay bre frm the tation of Avstian Hberalsm and evoked a more traumatic espns in the Dera commacity. These movements were Pa {Geranism, Chitin Socials, and—in anwwer e both of these— “ionisn, Again he dey atonal oles of Horan, the powerfl Tear of these nuvements dereloped what became know 35 “the sharper Key.” a tude of poll Behavior at once more abrasive, Inoce creative, and more tating to the life of feling than the Acubertve syle of the eras. Two leading vita ofthe new ley--Georg von Schincrer ofthe Pun-Germans and Karl Laeger tof the Christin Sociacare the inspire and politcal mode of Adolf Hier A shin Theodor era, pioneer in providing iter’ vit with the mont appealing and powerfalpoiial re sponse yet devised to the gentile rag af eo. Thus, even before Vienna's nectuseblzed eat the ewentirh century's higher colt, thee af er son pionered in is pos-ciona eli ‘Sehinerer, Loeger, and Hera all began their cares as politcal, berate and then spose to organize masses neglected or rejected by Iberalisn in mcendaney. All posened the pecule gif ofne FIN-DE-SIBCLE VIENNA answering the soc and spit ess of thei followers by com Dosing ieolgialcolger—colliges made of fragt of tal iy glimpses of Fray, and resurrected renmant of + bal forgoten pst. tera eyes these ideological moses were mystify ‘ng and repukive, confounding the “above” with che “belo” the “forward ith te “backward” Ver ech of thee poll att Schinerer,Lueger and Herl~geape xo paychologicl rity ‘which dhe lierl could note, Each eaprened im plies» rebelion tine renee ant aw which soon became more widespread. In their manner of seetion from the Heal poles tradition and in ‘he form ofthe tllenge they pone ts wlth rind ofp Yichnsadumbraeé concep of ie and» made of action which transcending the putlypollcal consuted pat of the wider ea tral reolton te here inthe svete cenit sue Geon vox Scwaxenen (1tys-19:1) organized the radical German nationait n188s an le them ino extreme antec pots, Although he never succeeded in forming a powerfal party. he clevnted ants Senition into 4 major drove force in Ataan Poliicl ie. Perkpr more than anyother single figure, he wae espomble for dh new stdency in Asin poi the "sharper uy” of exvcous debate and seer brawling thee mathe the lt seade ofthe intent century. ‘A curious compound of gangster, piling, and aritocst, ‘chinerer conceal of himscf asthe mane knightredecmer of the German Voik He rejoiced in epithets redolenc of chivalry "Knight George” or-after his esate in Lower Avsra—"the Knight of Rosnnn.” The offi song of hi prey, iter Geor Doct, as song te the tne with which the Attnans tacionaly honored their milky hero, Prince Fugene of Savoy, “the noble nigh” who fd ved Attia fom she Tua? Tei king that for his progem of revolutionary atonal subversion Schiaerer =p pled to democrae aden and to Treated lower mide and {tian cla inthe archaic garb of knight, Fis arocratc pre tenon offers» che both t the peychologia sources of hs own, Polis ina New Key: An Aurion Trio ne rnncorous rebel aginst Hheral eutare and to the soi sensi= Ui ofthe srat rch he organized ‘Georg von Schonerer acquired le by hones inheritance, bu te wes fr from being an ararcreof the blond. Alone song oor thee Fars he ears from the new indo las. His father had ceived his poten of nab fom he ands ofa greelemperoe for services ws an engincer and railway administrator, Georg was thos the son of selene man, "aman wth quate.” He spent his Ife in oseilaon between living up #0 bis iercnce and Wing it Bown Marhis Sener: what father, what an archetypal man of the ealy indi era In 838, when only twenty-one, he but ‘toss fat rwey—a horaedriun afsr-and thereafter sever Seam powered ins * From 1 sy tour of eaway engineering in the United Sates: he etusned to Vien in 2858 with the fs steam Tecomotve, the “Philadephia” He thereupon organized the fist Tocomotve and ea-biling works to eliinate Austria's dependence on foreign esipmene and browghe in American Iocomoave en heer to tain native drvers® Mathias perquisites of fie i ‘lode a eidence in View's new South Staton twas ati ery ‘modern sable that she fture vor of German atonal Was ‘om in Sj The eer Schinererdipayed the tens ofan a Imitestor no le than eho of ue Tn an indsry in srhich the cloves coloration between engine and banker wat ealled for, Schinererdeveioped exane working reins with the gre financial sysoons ofthe day- Whether throegh his diploma talent ‘en am pone Schomac y hsa eromt inys ha he m ‘Sr of te Vienna Gps Rates. is many le {he Konpepie vray chrome rhe aes Aner so fr rene Meter cred fey hi inal ole mk a $e mene eee namin a fl ‘nck Oneachche Netondboapie Vie, 60) XXXi FIN-DE-SIBCLE VIENNA or his indspenssity 22 allway ble, he managed xo work wich tho ofthe biterest als in Austin bighFnance-om the one and (hth the Hone of Roslin the other, th Baron San Sia, Gv as often aosated in his ray ventures with the Jewish Fouse of Arnstein ant Eskles, When the competion beeen thst frat private bares too the more formidable for of « srugle Frewetn the cols ne oie srck banks—Sins Créie mobili tnd) the. Rothschi’ Oeserschiche Credtansa? Marci ‘Schanerer could be fund hgh nthe eounc ofthe away ener rine of both group tn 8 he Rete called upon 5 Expt to determine whether hey shld poser thei great projected [Noribaha yore ary ean" eas hs aio ha Shire’ son va to nake thefts of is an Seni atonalzaon crusade in 188, Schinere sor achieved the height of his busines career ‘S member ofthe board of decors of the Empress Flabeeh Rai way (bike in 856-60). A. Rothschid-dominaed enterprise, i ‘board wa thoroughly interlocked wich that ofthe Credansals® “The vigorous enginer became a wealthy’ an, che clborator of nk eras, Jens, tek jobbers, and imperial breasts all, those svi yest whose destruction hi son Gene would devote is poe! hfe—fier hs father's death ‘esl onthe oseason of the dedication of dhe Empres liza eth Railway, the tefl emperor honored Mathis Sehsnere fr Ii evies ray bilder with patent of nbiy.Like others proud of thet achievements in the world of indwery and tale, “chaerer chose an acutchoon appropriate ro his voeaon winged Uahel inthe coors of technology, ser and hie. His orto 10, Tete rej (“To fellow the righ), conformed well othe etic, i hotalways so the pactice, of his el and generation. Les epic tras Masti’ dcelson eo celebrite is social achievement by the prelse ofa feudal holting, He boughe the manor of Rosenss Sear Zeta fourenthscenery esate with a charming eae from the em of Mara Theres. In England ine had hallowed the pasage ‘Of the merchant inte the agarchy the country house. In ‘Atti nobility fr service fad become common, be 4 noemal Inge and aecompainene wis higher cular, not» country sex “The acquisition of + nobles exate wae notin ood ease e would ‘ory some sigom of soci presrpeaoases. “The cher Sehnwer fel touched by such qualms, And, lke Polis in a Noe Keys Aurion Trio tay cecher self-made men of hie, he did 9 em concerned to fser in fis offspring che humane cuore inegralto the socal style of ‘Autres bute bourgeoce and expecially of the service nobility which Sehineres had now entered. The two of fs Ave children toe whoo someting ie known were both stllectul idle thas by the stndards oftheir cls. Alene von Schonerer George, sared the orgniing ales of ber father and broke. But she abo sar the rling Viennese pasion for the tester, After sone experience as an actre, Alexandrine eared er ale and ee Sobstontal legacy to account ayn hese eneprenur T1885, She bought the Thexer an der Wien, one ofthe olde centers of populr these, (is original manager wis Inmanvel Schickaneder, Mires of Mozar’s The Magie lure and. fie producer of Beethoven's Fei) Under Mine, Schinerers rnageneat, be ‘ame the outstanding tester for operet, with the heen Works ‘of Johann Struns and Kat Nile replacing the more astringent ‘acid: noraity plas of Johan Nestoy and Ludwig Anzengrabe. [Asa member ofthe esamopaitan Ansusn there commun ‘which numbered many Jews, Alesandine explcty rejected ber Trthers ants Senite politics, Roch enthuse forthe tester ‘citertsinment ands teteprenedral spn, she remined loyal tthe Calture of midlebrow Viennese Hberlsn ‘Georg scems to have sured re deeply than his ser fom he ambiguities bedevil the ll fan energetic pavens Is Matis Schonerer’s eduation of ht son, one aguin.mpecs 2 certain fccenicty inthis otherwise reput royal entrepreneur He Set the boy not o the Gymnasium, sul for hk clas, bat to te ech- ‘ally riented Oberreschale, The face tha Gear changed school Several tines sugges some Kind of adjustnent rable! 101859. Goong entered the schoo of commerce in Dresden, In che following years when hie fither seqszednightwod and 4 landed esate, Georg changed cours. He left the busines schol in 1860 and completed hs education in vo apicuorel seademie. In the Spite if noc under the pres offs father, Georg thas prepared Fimself for inheriting the news acqired ete and te-rand for raking the fe of a country aire pay. Arizocraie pretension and cononicrssm were to Be harmonize inthe second Ritter von Rone if notin he fs Tras appropriate, therefor, that Goong should have put thebe FIN-DE-SIECLE VIENNA capstone on his education hy serving as # steward or Fam manager nthe esate of one of Autti’ greta astocraicenrepreneus, Johann Alf Princ Seuarzemberg. Prince Schwarzenberg wat 10 the economic meserztion ofthe nde aitocracy what hs gifted Irother, ely Fan. Jnephis menor, mad been to its pola daatornoente in raykesoe” Eating Nivel in Bagland inthe ines rechsigues of capitalise apsicuure, foo-procesig, and Inieal extraction, Jann Adolph tueformed hiv acon tts Inwo a vauly profeble ded empire, He was ealled “the prince wna fares anh fre stong pines” As oll adr in the Boheninn Diet, be was 4 pl of extreme stifocrasic con Servassm. but as entrepreneur e operted in the same bourgeois SGrle of finance and indusry in which Mathias Sehdnerer abo hnoved. Prince Schearveberg served on the founding committee nda the ist president of the board of decors (Versaong) ike Octerechiche Credits, which was 30 deeply ier fined with he bom of the Enpes: Ezaeth Tila Mortis Schinerer would fv had eid acces to the pine cough thet ‘runy commen financial anocites AbSough specific evidence i Teeing, une may sppose that the Father wsed is comecsons 10 Secite so vaknble sents for i son into the technocratic rarcraey In any events the Tari Knight of sensu could Grech, have founé s move promising apprenticeship than on the stats of Prince Schwarzenberg, ‘Wheteas most sm of the sccesful middle class in Atia nner an urban weston, Georg Sehieter was thas commited ro Trecoming a rode epi of Prine Schwarzenberg, aking wince fn he eerprencr spn tee land a4 moder lord of the manor Whether ths eter emerged frm the wes of the father tre ambitions of the mm we donot know." ‘Conan e's thar Gong stove with dogged if graces cone: sion fl the role f grand sigur. Vee within te framework of the honest, "nable” way of Resena, he gradually prepared to rebel gin rol eveything upon sich his Father hd bu his if: Ttsbarg loyal, exp, iteracal oleanee, and nancial specolston, Ava fnstated preo-arizocrt, Georg prepared him iP a meoncisy ao Had tore social sata Who ehafed Ue the ele ofthe industrial lounges fom which he hineelf Pos in a Nee Key: A Aner Trio ns sprang. Revolting sues and rebellion son would in due couse find ‘ch oer “The process of transformation of the Knighe of Rovenay into rationale demagogue proceeded slowly and was completed. only er is father’s dest nab. Thank oi forene, i energy, 200 fis prtcal knowlege of real aces, Schanerer fst established Ins home distri ibs for «pits! carer. He formed and Fnanced agrcaltrabimprovennt sociions, equivalents of the ‘American range, and volunee fie deparsmen. For bis work in 1Gs own constveney, he chose the ieolgialsynbal of the Vols Ibier, Joseph I, who had de hit policy c ing the fis of seiencto che ln and to bal song peasy Sehonerer exeted Pq in various villages of his set showing the Emperor Joseph With his hand onthe plow! Here the Tiber cle of scence and Pubic welfare mingled with Hatsburg loyly: Schonerer as ec all within the fsmework of che liberal Jsepian eran. ‘On ti secre rral base, Scnerer began his paaneeary cares Bere to the Reheat in 1873, he pied the Forschritsklah? the et-deneratc wing ofthe liberal camp. He essed an ex} epuation a defendet ofthe farmee’s interes, Soon he eam nto ‘onfce with the daninane bea ores. There were ro iss cha iow aromed Schinerers disatsfaction with his colleagues chee fniference co soci prblens, and thee aden vigor inom Inn Slavic national, On the later fant, Sebinerer sored his fist geen succes in weskening Ausue-lberaism The German Tier as 2 whole were then dividing on the nationality question, Concessions vo the militant Czechs meant breaking the German ‘middle cas bold upon Behera and Maravia and ths weakening Iieralisn, On the shor hand, by driving the Slavic peoples in sharper reaction, fare wo make concesons might threaten che enpare tel, Ether way, the liberals had no principle to bind o- {ether thee atonal their crsnopoia, and their social yates ‘Thee hese defense seomed the matenanee of the resited-tTeage yore, which kept the radical national masses aay fom the pol” TF thei national values suffered some loss, the integrity ofne FIN-DE-SIECLE VIENNA the mok-ational Empire could sil he msintined withthe Hera Tegal and vocal sndancy only sghly weakened “Ste he vid Uber fell from power in 1890, Seinere ad an importa groyp of young university’ inelctsls who had ‘Moped hin a6 tha parlamentaryrepesenatee openly rebelled gst eee party's lie, They placed the principle of denncracy tnd German hata ahead of peril abit and middleclass Sigatchy* lathe called Lin program (i882), eh group forma Tated pation wich combined rail denwcracy, socal reform, and maconalisn ina nner ceembling che contemporaneous phe ‘pomenon of popu in the United States In suppor fr home dsc and “hoxe: Ibo,” a compultory ening ceeeate for rans and prohision of howe-erhooe peddling, ee program ook account of the poevancs of the ant Semiie Viens ation “sociaions Those were survivors of an ealee economic ert Far-presed by the advent of the factory de eal ore, and the evi per sol factory pradas tothe former customers af ‘he atonary arian, The progr was nt, however, diet} ant- Serie in intent "The Line progr carted overtones of « “greater Germ” orien tation ini demends for & etme won and stoager ereaty ‘rangement wit Geaman Empire. Ie id not, bower, incor porate ones whch Schinerer ha expressed inthe Reicher in2 Inoment of choker “If only we aktady belonged to the German pire?" Schigere’ fellow naan no fad not reached the pine where ey would wih go devolve the Habsburg Empire “ettely and vst of hem never would Ba hey gece with him in Skin together tvo of the gree lame on the Austrian sate whi the libra had wlesed be could mater curb nor say the tla for national ascendancy and for social justice. ‘Schinerer exproned his synthesis of sleet in oft for his tinalise cian, the erin der deuschen Vollpate, isi “WWe wane tg lively expresion co the feeling of slaty we Tens of Sn Denney Reber Bata, ee Chin Swale, ni Helms Podge he Ml wri The sop ha ogi Pe itonly ina eiery sole ogi, the Enea eee ‘odeen Wie tye ee Wis Jie Se ai In hon Jur! of Contemporary Hoy WS. (895. Pots in a Neo Key: An Asin Trio . of the German nation jn Austin nor only in contending with Savon but ao na sage aginst the exploitation ofthe nclest forces ofthe people [presumably the pessans and astsans) 1 the ixvanoge of few Sach 4 synthets could encompass rater bond front of Atstr-Genman tera mains concerned for Sol refer Bathe fre cold a be tbilzed.Seinere hel presen to extend oth rrms of his shthess co che pine where {hey became wholly incomprble with Awso-ibertsm. On the atonal de, he inerpreed "eh feeling of solidarity” ro encompass totaly "the Germans in Aust” but Germans everywhere. Sehr fete here drew upon the gromdewrch el of 84h, when Geran lemoctate revotonais sought ropplane the on-atonl Imonarchical sates syste ith «unitary Pan-German republic Dnng the France-Prosinn War and wth the founding of the ‘German Empite in sy, unversty sradent ia Vienna and ebewhere hd apated for an extension of ifexton igo the Habib ans Th r838 Schoncer was elected honorary member of the staat Lserercn at the sune tne the aged chaplain of the Acadenic gion af ce +848 revolton, This coincidence reveals how dificult itor dings forward” from "backward and how exile ‘lier democrat nationalism could hecome reincarnated in new Fighe-wing radial forms. Schneter, for is part aimed not at 2 taniary German repue, like the democrats of ri. but atthe Ireskcap of the “pe-Slv” Hisbaburg monarchy ia order thei ‘western portion might be united ith the Bismarekian monarchy Not muy efwing progress cold fallow Sehonerer ito his comerrativerevlutonary diecsion. But his developene of ani= ‘tsan national loyal Fond a resounding eco in sade ices, The univers, once cemters of traniphane Ausroliberalsm, be- ume inthe ate serene and igs che seene of rang atonal estion a the nfuence of the Sohineriener spread ‘Schinerers second exteson of hie nationlsocal program was ino ants Semiun. He made bs Ss progesmnatie statement agit the Jews in an electoral pitfor in #879 eee Schinerer characte ically inked artcracy and. people—"the interes of landed property and of productive hand aginst “he heretofore piileged Ireress of motile eaptal-and thes. Serie rae of money and the word [ics the pees.” As i condemming his aged father and Fence the sours of ht wn considerable fortane e called for lawsoe FIN-DE-SIECLE VIENNA agains the moral and economic dangers ating out of che in- adeqine reponsbiliy of fomders of corpunies and corporation boards of decor Wider plitieal epportaniies for Sehinerer fs ant-Senaie rad son opened, and these coincided with hi fuckers preaching dent 188n, which tle nkbited gprs oui l tha Mattias Scherer sod fo. The soil thse for Gene’ anc-Hberal leadership and he psychological cond ‘Sons for aeting i sonwerged "Sin fis Pa Cermani Shinerer had been aniipated by the aioe stent sation, son ical an Semitisn e was nated by the an movement. [a8 the fst a-Si Society forthe Defense ofthe Handworker was founded in Vienna. Ti 188, wa aoe into the Austrian Reform Union, a whose founding macing Sehnerer was the major sede, declaring war fmt sucking vanpie that Knacks == athe narrow -windowed tne ofthe Gera farmer and eraftsman”—che Jew. The vicious new ey" offs cork pec restated eins les han so Waghrite odes. Schinerer achieve his retest notoriety as palamentrian in the yes 18hj-85 when he led the Fgh forthe taionaization of the Nora, the rail which hi father Id counseled the Roth hs to construct yeas before, The franchise for es profi Tine was due for reeval atthe vary ime when the eval agaist Iie fire was ren il fin vaio eat of society. Tung the popu struggh against the bankers and oes ito ant Senie chanel, Seierer inves the sve with the explosive trergy of hs belated oedipal rebelion, He accused not only the Libera and nites bot indivedly the court isl? of “bowing ‘fore the power ifthe Rothchlds and thie comrades” and he teetened ll with “cles forcible errs” a he hands of the people if that power were aoe now broken" The zea of the Fepresed in capitals vciery ha ee analogue i the return of the Fepresed in Senet pyche, The aber athe ae of this ut werk of raw eancur found thenelvs with te backs to the wall ‘Schonerer’s oe tage is ans Seni campaign he rok mare Airey from the eitzedarsats of Vieana with whom he be fame ientifed, The Jewish pedler was the lower-class analogue ‘othe Jewsh depertpene store owner: hoth rete he eadsonal Shopleeper; both arated the hoe aswell a he eastom of the small consumes Fialy, Sohinerer entered is campaig agit che ors in an stent to resrice thei miigeston fom Russia a che time of the pogroms. Where fis father had Jooked ro American tngncers for reshma models for zalloay” design, Georg cured (0 the United States for a leplatve model for rail dscriinason the (Chines Exchiion Ac of 188s Tn some respec, Sehinerer’san-Sentisn i mach more cent to consideration of hs dsinegativ infence on Hera soit thas fis mationaion a such The Jews a Hannah Azende hs sghdy ob served, wee the “stake people” par exellnce in Austin The’ did tnt conte 4 natonali—not ceen a socalled unisoric ‘Sonalty ike the Slovaks or Ukeaiians. Their civic and economic feitence depended not on thet participation in 4 national com monty soca the German othe Coech bu, on the conta, 08 tot equiring sucha status, Even if they became animated con Pee tothe clare of given naonliy, hey eould not outgrow? he stan of “conver” eo tha atonaly. Nether alleyance to che “mero nor allegiance to bras a » pla system posed such {iicukies The emperor andthe Hberal system offered satus to the Jes without dennnding national, eey became the spat people ofthe multi-national sate, the one folk whic, sn eet, Sepped into the shots of the eater arstoeracy Their Fortes 10 fd fll wth thine ofthe eral, cermapaitan at. More iprcane for our concerns, the fortunes of the Hbealexted elf beame fnrangld with the foe of the Jews. Th 0 the degre that be tional eid to weaken the cotal power of the monarchy 50 ‘heir teres the Jus were attacked inthe nae of every nation. ‘Schanerer was the strongest and mir thoroughly eonsstet a= Senite tat Awtia produced, He war equally and correspondingly the teres eneny of every principle of integration by hich the ‘rul-natonal empice could be held together: the enemy of ber Shy of soils, of Cithlcsn, and of inperal autorgy. AS tor national, he could noe ee conten with the imperal sate “The emperor appeared ro im, creel a compromising among the peoples into which his ram we oationally ded and he ideologies inco which hs realm was socially dvde. Ifthe emperor ‘vs stpre-natonl he Jews were baton the oxipresent fk Substance ofthe Empire, whe rereenacives could be found ia ‘rey national and every creda grouping. In whatever eroop theybe FIN-DE-SIECLE VIENNA fancione, te Jews evr sor odinmener the Eni, Tht i ‘they became th tine of every cong foree son nd only song att force aed to subvert the Epi ‘Sehnert Sin ae of engl donee re inthe er of lca ncentiney. No one eer cpt in such fall eave cory dive penta in the sce lay ology, “Seong, and rjon, Noam provided te postive cemer of Shiner faith bt sce neon might have be ted ‘thou onl dngeaon, fe eed» agave element co ge foterence to he sytem. Ant Soin waste deere cing fim tote stanly tcl a ant Habu Stier ever cele biing ret mins movement tisouces Laeger and Hier. His prin lasing np Ieee rs of po dor, in wor an in ary wher syle was agree as enogy, br more consis In he ‘ekchrt con of Hel lps nd dgity, Secret and it Colleagues inojec the sbrper key, with coi daa of ‘Toner and invecve, Thar sgt ody had to aca ie Tis daeibo agate fee Jews, Northern Raley Jorn, Jw edly refs Je snr, and the ike, Tew tacks on [oat of the oote” German people were dled in he proenee {both Jews and Cet eb oe eingwed 0. InJane of (88, rs Ernst von Plner er of the Liber pry, 4 digs lyer nd slope enna, rd to ptt t0 the an Sec aginton onthe Rear He expel he repret {hace pendent peak), who others «had cated 0 wel fore lgny ofthe how” hal pemied wich vnpensve eons fovend He hal ara semer ne of the power of te ai Perabo proposed oc cea Semel psec: wasnt eure cr the Jes inthe form of lgsae Propaabs "Thxn Per conclaed, “we sal sce what hee feoemen rely intends ad thor he» ae wl be geen an Sppotonty co exon opinion concern an again shih ste of he mow npetablesymprone of en tine Schnee ponte oh change with viguom combination of prtomensry ton andthe thet of force He prom 0 Seana wrry ils co cr the Jes Between the rie and otis in New Key: An Ani Trio ne the fallen fl the tret IF the prsident ofthe Howse should follow the sugenion of Plener to cu freedom of dacssion onthe Jewish queion, “then thi queion could no be brought nearer to Solution through propo made and words spe in he prime din that ee the Fs wil ave to go sta action outside pli. tment While Liberal paramentarns condemned "the scaled ant-Senitc movement as unworthy of = cz people” the ight of Rosen called for the “nora bith of the fatherland” by abortion of "gl restrictions on the Jewish explters of the people” Here agin. Sehinerer wed creating’ sheoric. He Promised the Reichs in 188) chat if hs movement dd noe ccc now, “the avengers wil aise fom oue bones” and, the terror ofthe Semitic oppresors an their hangereon.” mike gud the principle, "Aa eye fr an eve a tooth for oth" Polical syle and personal remperstnen in Schinerer bth bate the aK of puri. Whether a: accuser op aecased, he becime frequenly involved in bel ri Aggrenon, which bro him many followers, inthe ead proved his undeing. Les than yea afer he had thestened the Reich with an eye foram eye he nuble ge broke nr the oftces ofthe Never Winer Tugba and, with the help of sme colleagues, eat op the salf ofthis “Jewish a “The papers edo, Monty Seep, was an intnaze of Grown Prince Rudolf. As one ofthe more aggresive Hoes Szeps bad been ex godin beth verbal and leg duck with Schincrer Belor, and oe vaya the winner® Schineters rion the elt ice, how cre, wat the Ht tne the new syle in plits took the form of tral iy lal. The sharper tone in verbal coma ws one shing, he ‘musipu coneite of ysis! asaul another. The coe sentenced Schaerer nt only 20 be prison term be —mow fttally for bis poled career—to 4 auperion of plea righ for five yers™ Finally, the court conviction autonuially cast Goong von Sch nerer fis tiles With thi, che Knighe of Roseau had kn the one Inbercnce from his fer eh he erly prize. In acenpcing to dlonroy his fathers world he deusoved the symbol of higher st ‘gh nia hsb chlor. See Bea Sepe-Zochertana, My Le nd ‘ney thin Serta Loin) 8 6 9aD FIN-DE-SIECLE VIES Uh was the evar for sccm in that world Schnee caer of lic dexrstion ened in c-dercton, He Soon returned to {Ha obvi wench ahr bad emerged Te perplting cnbnaton of lane in Scinere’ aakeup rend agin of “hsv sora contee in Mision Fru hin a geno oe ite ln how to dings be tween wit ware and what iw, beeen what wo ting {era and what bac Bch nN eon ands elo Scharrer combined se mos Gene an conteicory den Dopey sping to arr, he might hve succeded at» Pons unk, but nvr ava At pre, For che Awan nobieraion denon» grace» platy, ands one nigh a Stokrne for the wrongs a lo hi word hich were ally foreign to Scinerts makeup. Mt scaly pring sos of cool View miei fan, cpecily tone ofthe service toby, acquire sorte colure ts an arpa suet fr Ceuy ito the hizo aicrcy of pede, Schuneeror fs fathered s more rate coun forcing the fsue by sequiing + fel cxate nd becoming» baron vctnocrt no ca, bt ‘gt by force msn. Coresponingl, Schone tented his obi pen, not apna the artoctacy whore ck be faled © feos, bar apne is ater word af Werk the ihe Bourget whom fr a Ip to Tere tein. ie cae of poll dercton vem to ave bad psn sures the thw ambin ol the under-cced a wver-evended Son of paren fe, inthe part of is revoluon of rnor, Schnee contracted bi elogy oe of eter an vale fm many std any sacl ate meccae iim and elgtreddpton, a Scrism and democrey, sh grsdewrch denocriy and Bi ‘arc stom meal ehvaley and ancien, gu reco and aate wre of pbc wiles Every one ef hese ‘airs of vals the rinetenth-century eral would have seen a fonerdcory. Bur ere common denier in ds et of esto faesons al neato ofthe Rar le nd als A Scnerer wis an angry uy soi clogs mone ap ese angry pepe: artane che cat of ce pot wah mo ‘Snort the ee of the poet and no pein the psec of Pols ina New Key: An Aurion Trio te the Fura; stades with she spirit of romantic rebelionwnsutised by the dat homilies ofthe Ubersethial eradion: eho wete the fi ofthe rool, the spiritual predecewor of decaying Europe’ soci jetsam whom right leaders would ber organize. Teas Fiting that che deeply midl-clas Knipe of Rosco, belated and olen Don Quixote, should Gnd artisans and adolescents 2 [ctd-feualretinge with whom to eeease his Bt fare: One Uy tor farce would take the stage a8 tragedy, with Schoneer’s ‘nie, Hier, nthe leading ele ame Kani Lenore (1844-19%0) had ach in common with the Knight of Rosen. Bork men began as bers, bath crisized Tiveralenilly from asi and democratic viewport, a both Ended as sponaten epoingexpily anil cred Both wed fn-Semitn to lize te ste unable element in ee popu fon artians and sions, And—crocial for our purposes—oth tlevelope he echniqes of extra-paramentry plies, the pts ff che fowy nd the nob, Hee the ures end ‘Schanere’s cea postive acomplshinet wis to metamorphose 4 tadton of the Old Lefe into an delogy ofthe New Rigi he transformed demic, grovesnrcb naonalim ito racist Pane “Gernninm, Laeger did the oppose: he anforme as ieology of the OM Right Austrian poles Citolcism—into an weoiogy of 1 New Left, Christan Soon, Schonerer began a8 4 naser Org- ize in his country conituency and ended 3 an agitator with w ‘ral fan following i the iy Laeger Ben a an agator in the iy, conquered the ith and then organiza agree party with itssable tase inthe eounttysle. Our concer wl be ik Laeger rane, one ik Laeger rumphant. After 1gon the mature a= ‘onal polican shepherded his once waeuly Ack ito the homely ll of she Hotburg. We shill four rather on Luger the tbone, [reser the partner and competitor of Sehanerer as compos inthe ew hey Fr thi i the Larger who yoked “backward” and “Yor Stord”abore" and "below wh brought together the ancien an Inder enemies of Uberalsn fora stecesfl polis ale on itsoe FIN-DE-SIECLE VIENNA ‘ental ston the city of Vienna. In the year 1857, when the Telocane emperor fly ratified Logger’ eleeon 3s mayor, che fea classe ier ascendincyin Austria reached is femal chs. ‘Wir knnen waren, Wien nach fe” (We ca weit. Know- ‘ge Hierten) Tn tse crmfdene words the salware Kier von Scloneling exprenel the somatic expectations of she pole process athe begining ofthe Hera ein 1861." At the end of hacer, the poet Huge vor Hofimannstha, sion of a euiated Iniale-cs eval ofee diferent formal fr polite succes “Polos is magi. He who Knows how to sununon the forces from the deep, hm wll sey follow" Lacge began his eater in the trained Rare wy as “De. Laege bac when he found his Side he became do schone Karl beutfl Charles the spelinee Even more sveceshlly than bi sal Sehinerer, he tstersed the roa fom Schering to Hotmansstha, rom the polities of reson to the poles of fats Where Schinere: wis reared in the exceuve’s apartment of ‘Vienna's South Staton, Tile Ket Leger grew up in the quar of far loi cnt serean: the supernenden’ fa in the Vienna Polyecne Inst Laeger pully expresed pre in his futher, Lecpold, who, coming into Vienne fom the comers, “could each sch a goal [he sperngendency] without having enjoyed 9 previoos educations! tackpround*” Bur ene suspects cht Kar? nother wa the el foree in he howsehol! Neither her evo. Cdgiter nor her son tmssed-a sign of extreme maternal at thority. According to one Ristori, Frau Lueger meted on ber ‘eubed 2 plege rom her forefoursyearold son tt he would emai unaried care for his ize” She Bad abo Kept these Stes close to her sien managing the rabaceo shop though which tte er tabard death sheeted er modest ing. There is m0 fsidence thatthe “ing fortes of er Son alered the fas Simple syle of ifle—or the pray lysty ofthe son to his tong Sled smother” Where a powerfal pavenu father shaped the Knight of Rosen. tough Kl erie Pourgeie forme the Future “ned God of Viera (Hervgot on Wi)” rau Leger enovurged he on fom an easly age eo follow the pti Nap, ker i Mie fen wi, dm pln ucitinal road eo higher socal tus." simple woman of the people” er grateful son repored she (nevertheless) red Geer’ fratons (with me]. Ske undentood noe word of them she merely followed the words of che tex with scrupulous uenventae—and woe ome f recited a passe incoretis! She held me steely 0 leering" Foriied by maternal dicipine, young Kat! guned disso tothe moseetlsive prepaneary school sn Viens, he ‘Thereanam® Test nor be the tha Ka mingled on el erms with he sons ofthe ret durng hi six yar ac he Thervanam He ws not ‘cadet (Zgling) bu day scolar (Ester) Onl since v850 Bad Ahiy scholars heen adie to he school at all. They came sas ‘xchnvely from the Vienne drier of Wieden, where the school ‘wav lcied. While the sont of the upper bourgeois predominated ssrong the day scholars “there always appeared beside hen” he Schools tori tls ws “the eld of completely simple fk such os De. Katt Laeger. son ofa servant atthe Teetnical High School" The day stent st inthe se cases with the des, ur presumably wore no uniform. “Theda scholar stave fet is dsineion from the “repular— “spesilly ihe came 6 did Laeger, from the lewee social star Tele Kita foes Hopi fu becana # our of glee ‘gatas eee Aan and Honan aon a the Se Ta my pa Sa Pc ‘Caron te ines the cae he hia the bar ire oe cea yy ea "Falter toe dg whom eo of Lope we Sig eed was we Ki inte yor when Ener fly ren) be eno seg of the mole likeri—ant the Joewat the Alaemsehes Gyro. CE Kat sot, Boerne it Eronengen sree 97.6 FIN-DE-SIECLE VIENNA repraentd Yet Kal seme ro have den only prof fom his ‘operience athe Thera. There evidence that he ever be ame, like Schonere, envious of the ariocray. He sequied 20d Says retained » ference toward Austria traitor Talig css: Rabble-eser though he became, hi tye aay bore the mus of a eetan grace n anos aeshase distinction, which ane him the thr der shine Karo" i belonged eo that ange Silene commis of anerstanding that subsite in Vienno beeen the decning nobly and the depressed litle man—wvhae Her trina Bruch called the “gelsin demoerey” of ‘Vienss gay fpoalypoe The Thseanut undoubtedly refined Laege’s mata Fesing for yc disnction al gee fi, bm flaton to the more unending bourgeois reed who Were tobe his fos a subi sense ‘of social superiority despite hi lowly ens His was che sensily Gf the welltained servant, who knows breeding beter than the ‘hses do dha ie betwen hie mas’ and hs own e proved robe nse in his Inter pla tak of welling together 2 colon of stocrcy and mins agente bra middle eas ‘hea unvery sent, Lagger parsed the sad of lw Nis fing oral tamination in Teal and pil scene, the young, man tlefended theses whch revel him av an Ausrodemocrat.anaroeate ‘of univer sage wie» oncern forte sca problem. Unlike mont denmerats hovever, Lager sce ro have rejected atonal Crentins The analy Mea detractive and an obsale to fhe progtess of marking: to defend a desis so raealy cosmo. plan was aot ppd of den opinion when Lugper ook his amon the eve ofthe Franco-Prussian War (Janey 14 1870)" ‘fer the war broke oi, when aves of German mata pasion Swept through the Vienna University stent eommaniy yung De, Trees tered tv aoa miter to coat pranophl national. Ata student deramutracion of sodarty with the who were fighing and dying under the black, whks. and zed, Loeger pre fopated a nearot by denouncing the North German colors 2 the prods of dspaie aitranes” Thaugh cheered by his sopporers Lusge wis mahandled by the iste pstionalss that Tchad oe he He ad hi fist experience wih he sharper ein pois as wesin—and that onthe ony fe whereoa he fennel seafseHnoagut is cheer opponon eo che Bein Potesin a New Keys An Aurion Trio or decd idea of German unity without Austria Hetsin he showed Iiwelf noe piel derocrat of the ine But 4 tr¥e som af the ‘Theresanom Mstiity to Novth Germany id os, however, safc wo build poll case in the city of Vienna inthe cartysevents, With Bw degree in tand as his union cad, Leger ered. pois ‘rough the sur vestibule, the Liberal Burgeklab of hs ow shied Ati of the ey te ener, Riter von Khun, an aging veteran of ‘igh culated the young man a one with acces cO the “ie people™—those who though sill without a vere, threatened eo Eecome che shock tromps of the democratic radia In 1876, ater bea yearinthe Vienna ety coun, eger won te plaudits of he [Neve Pree Presi asthe bicnpie of the center paris agaist he [eft Not for long Inthe sue ye, Leger swerved tothe Let, tlgnng binself with a Jewish Democrat, Ignaz Mand, esbune Ish inveghed agsise monopoly and corruption in the Libera thar tha controled the cy” Mayor Ketan Felder, self made nan lawyer and lepidopterelogi, became the chit target of the Mandl Laeger forces The wo partcrs represented the sal hop Leeper the "tilor and gseengrcer asambliey” in det demands fora preter voice in pla! fairs These mpporers were not procaine bur small apayers the “rogalden nen” of dhe hin ocing clas who were especialy emsve to waste in city govern sent an wo te bene of patronage in which they had no stars. They avo reseed the srangebuld which» cls franchne seconded the privileged in smmicpal goverment" Laeger and Mandl ia- tweed a new se into mn politics. The Swlonton of the tice homagencow “ity council of the iliac” gave place to Snfae Feder called “the shireseere manne” af the demagogic Demncras" The rightots mayor, refising to allow he incre ingly derocratic city councl ro ienigae the condact of fis a tmmsteation, resigned in 1878. If as the major teamph of the Vienne ower mile clas in ts denwcrateineation Laeger tnd Mandl meine led the group within the ety counll wich ‘emaned extenson ofthe suragewa reform on which the Liberals vided, and which was not achierod ans 166, when s-guken taxpayers were asorded the franchise. The rsanee of some of the Liberal Mayor Feder at thir heed—to the extension of thebe FIN-DE-SIBCLE VIENNA franchise ony incre the ancisitvera mood of the lower elses. Tsuch a comene democracy and iberlioy became conraeory ‘Almost impercepebly, Loege’s succes a5 2 democratic agitate rey him deeper ino the growing opposition to the liber order fs while, He siz! upon gible sues where soil resentment ‘could be dati to reinforce democratic grievance with cco foc envy. The denteaon of bis Liver! pail foes with the fren of igh fnanesolferod an any target for he Tocting of fancor, Thus Linge launched + exmpaiga agains an Engh gineering frm dened to receive the contact for constructing {ty trampore syst. Laeger charged the supprcers ofthis Si ‘sth attempts to bible Kine and other ety counel members the Tvuing bel ral Brought bin gree pbc nce. Lake Sehooee, fe nun appeared in the ral f Daviau he mighty Goliath of otermatinal capi" "These fancial elgaes and money powers ton and corre publ if,” sd Langer, after a second ial id Requiem of Helin Marc 188s; nd he pledged inal co fighron agai hea For five more ys from 188: ¢0 18, Logger contin 0 digate hinelf 4 Democrat and to st with the Left in che Rice. Asa iy poltclan whe grees tle ly in reecing td expresing the studs of hit commiaens, was inevitable shat fe should follow thei folk” x they moved toward more rae Pesisens: from anticorrption ine ané-capitalism, and fom an pital into a-Si ToS. Looper joned Sehinerer in his exude to block the renewal ef the Roti" lucrative franchise for the Northern alway. While Schonerer led the Bight for sonazation inthe Reicha, Lueger panied suppor for im inthe city eounel and in Viennese able non Fighting the “teres” a demeatc lihanreforner eared Lucger into the lower atin st, where tn Semi felng wat onthe Fe, He entalshedcomnecions with the some Austrian Reform Union a whose foundiag meting in rie we have seen Schinerer pecform ‘More she apporanise an Schaneer, less the sve of hs own incre felngy, Loeger war slower to commit himself roan anti Semie ance. Luger reflected in is ple pins i the Aid ins the murky teamiton from democratic to procofacie poles. As ate as 1864, he sill parcpaed actively in devting Spermcrate party program which iessted upon “the principle “ie equality ofall denominations" lathe Reset elections of 1885, he fit in which the ggelden taxpayers parsisipated, Laeger Sui fon as.2 Deters. Ir was chancterisc of both his Vienna isnt (Margatethen) and his voiag cas cht hit vl for 3 Reiceat set 18 was aon lied oe 4 Democrat. The diference teewesn the candites lay sv hel excerml endorsements: the tne Semiie Reform Union supported Lueger the Liberal is ial Democrat ideology sll served a common ground for heals in dele and an ants Semitsm on there. By sessing his demo ‘tie etude aint “te ners” pursing at Semtisn aly in iow key, Laeger annoyed the Reform Union but kept enough Demncrcie votes to win the election by eighty-five vores. Laeger thos took hie satin the Reichare in e86s with the Awstin Democrat ed by Dr, Ferdinand Kronawete, but his comminment torte pty lacked the ol fren. "We sl se eich ovement tv become the stronger, the Democratic or the an-Semiti” he Told Kronawerer. "One will ave to aceommodite oneself 9 coeingly." “When Schinerer brought ro the Roe his legion to restit Jews mignon in Say 18h, Laeger seemed to make up his rind: he supported Sehnrers hl A Bl break wth Krona cer followed, Linger give up the atempt co hold together the 0 n= tressingly disparate tendencies, democriy and ane Semitsn. De- Spite his rejection of Panerai, Leger found allance with Schoneree more. promising than the owmoded commitment to Kronaverer Trueger thus completed in 87 the same evoltion at Schinerer ad undergone ve yess before: fom pola itera through democracy and social reform to an6-Semtisn. But there twat aiference. Laeger was a Views polclan, hence a eepe Senttine of the citys interes as am iperal esp He retained 3 Fundamental allegiance t the Habsbung monarchy and ence was tnatracted to Geeman asl, the postive Musing subwence of Schinerer’s myriad bates Lacger would fave to find his iterating ieology esehere ven while Luger was ing impelled toward Schonerer by his lowermiddlechs and arsin followers pssbilies for a les 1ionaltic mas pots were ity opening up na mos unexpected tqamer-nanedy, inthe Catholic community. Catholic offered Toeger an ideology sine could iotegeate the diparate antral ‘ements which fa ben moving in eotraitory iecios a8 his freer developed democracy, soci reform, antiSemitim, and Tatsborg loyalty. Conversely Lueger could ive Catolcsn the pital Ieadersp to weld together te shtered socal components fhe an organization song eanugh to make way in the madera secular word ‘inl he emergence of Luegers Chrisian Social partyin shout sit Ansan Catholic, both poles and eles, had tron languishing in sbacromian, Boek inelecrly and sociolg ‘all, he Catholic Federship remained commited to. an onde nich the liberal ncendaney fad forever deoyed. ‘The eit Political leaders of Catholicism were federlit Bohemian noblemen Td provincl conservatives from the Alpine lands Thee pati tment clos were fonoratierenperteisn mall groups of notables. Modernity and alls works and pomp alarmed them they could tly look Back willy to the vanes days when religion pro- ‘ie he ban of efteni sacety i which the landed arte They predomainatl For protection in the ving. present. they Teaned, in Jospin ftion, on the emperor, even hough he had since No erienly become a poner of che heals Tine hierarchy, shove hight prelates tended to be draw. fom the noblarfamieskewse offered ite resizance to the ds Imanting of the Chercls trons astboty. Both bishops and pies, ike the Vaan il, were overlie by che collapse of evan. The Austrian emperor, fist son and lst proveete Gf the Church Univer had heen def in the Feld by the Petmontee apse in N60 and the Prasian rotesans in 1846, ‘Gace i on™ echined Pi IN secreiy of ate when he head of Astris defeat ar Kaiggei. Te words were a: prophetic forthe fate of barae Cth in a Bheral esa hey wee € pesive of the limi, frightened olok of ecelssics. For ow leralisn elated its trmph ia Austin aoe only by instating consictonal goveramene but by denouncing the Con- Corde between Fmpie and Papacy, inerodaclag Schoo reform, and heeing wile the pope lost Rome and inmured ise in the Vian Cascail mondo!” As the old world collapsed, the Austrian ‘Church unable o adap to the nes, returned tits osephan habits fof behavior Ie chang to tempera spate $0 the rock on which is ship was sreched, worked trough the Honoraioren and the oar and tried o keep out of trouble, The Char ths behaved in ‘much the sme fashion a he ll ofthe nobility of hic its Fenders rere a parte bose to the inevitable and bore is sfesings a6 a int victin, without self-examination and withor self-doubt "No regenenston could energe from sich a reigned sance. In [Awe as eewhere in Eatope new viay i ee Catholic com nunty came ony when the fatful re-examined moder society for its poles and simuleneoly serine their ancient Church forts fasts Laity a well a legy Hovey became engged in his proces of review and reorientation. That complex development Extending well beyond the social sper, es ouside our sep. Ts aggresive spint, however, docs concern ws, for this affected the ‘work of sea Hieron, Tht spt appeared cleat inthe fis all Nvstrin Catholic Congres of 187. Tt prepaneary commision “expres the new mood in a mesg to Pope Lz: heres no death of peoples nl the faith in ur ands, bat many of the mow upigt Cotes ck 4 char ondemtandag of he seston, Swag fhe methods of come near under te new ents, And above all the requis ongancion Always acatoned 0 being Feed ins Chin spt hy our Catole monarch ead the asworty ten fzly chosen iy ht the ret mary of Catolic yen a0 Tanger now how even homeless" “This statement contins the lements of the program which the ath poll renewal would ave to follow: to free the Cahole tommsnty from dependence on the monarch and hs advisers (0 find new methods of combat appropriate to new eondions and £9 congue. Becwecn 1 and 8, while Leger was drawing away frm hitiver orgins and welling uneasily beeen secular dermericy tnd nationalist atSemiie, the elenent of «pital Cito ‘apble offulliling thes nk slowly emerged The entibatrs to {he new movement eae fom sectors of pet smttng in Varing ‘degree under itera epitale rue arsoerts and Calc inte Jeet Bsinesmen rgyien and artis. Paradignatc forthe tehotehew complen wat the act of Coune Leo Thun, one of the nore nidert lene of the Cate Conservatives in appoinsing Fcherr Kal won Veglsng as eitor of his poll and theoretic tng, Das Vaterlnt, Vogelang identified capitalist socal inifer- hee the Achilles eel of ber, Again this neo-feodal {heorat aimed hi diy shat: Linking capital with the spit fof 78, Voglsng sould reve arose the mda class to bth the retan and the worker who were in incresing eebelion agit the presures of laser fate, What 8a above-parts of the arstoeracy fined with what was belt lowers victims of line? fate Iwasa pattere for which, tts muons, song preceent txisted in England France, and Vogesang’s eave Germany. But in ome of thee di thi deiogy Become che program af x sucesful ‘kerertc pacts Tn the sphere of sci leglation some aesocrats developed» praca aaloge 1 Vagelstg’s ieology Prine Alas vom Lie entcinnow to he ene "the ed Prince,” ook he les in prs wcll from the sight side ofthe House in the Taio Kael Laeger supported bis endeavors from the lit, Aso Cate deviant and doxraie demagogue found cach ater" Two. ter elements one the nese alton eo round ou he ingrens tf the Christan Socal purty zealous group of young press and theologians looking toward 4 more ial Se between corch and people andthe amt Senitic arian movement, which had ale Ten is apport eo Sehaneree and Lees, “The fst meeting of uo rpeesentaives of all shee elements took plce in x synbole wing” the vila of Princes Melanie Metterich-ichy. Under apices tus redolent of ce vaised ps. trict social thors and peactinet of ras politics joined forces Prince Liectesein, 2 moral theologian, Profesor Franz Schindler, Vogeang Laeger of the Detacran, Erst Schneider of the, antiSemtic.atians, Under the itllecal_guidince of Schindler they worked out» program in long series of discon meetings an lunched iin the religious word dough he Auserian Cte Cngenen of 89 and 183. Through the formation ofthe United Chrsuan (1888) 20d ther expansion into the Chrsian ‘Soci part» plitsl organisation was developed to eary out the tase of Catholic renewal Thoth the eclstcal and the pla phere, she program of Cristina deowcrate acon encountered he oppostion ofthe ‘older and ore enous generation. "The new program involved throwing the gules dow Yo te emablshment, hence ones ever popula wih the chastened Tener ofthe Catal word. The Tharp key, thal #8 ruthless, appeazed. within the Chole fold inthe ae eighties and neti jos as lea asi din he Literal Vienna cy counel when Mandl and Luegerunleshe their siemocrstie nppston, or in the Reicset when Sehinerer embarked Upon his enue asine the Jews The radical Caholis manifested Inany ofthe sign colt alienation that characterized the Pan- Germans, the Socsl Demers, and the Zionists, They essed their own pen they onganized wort cli, ey developed, ike the Pan. German patois a schoo sition t re thei community fof dependence on sate eduction, And they took the sees in rowdy mass dennnstrations, as shocking 0 the old guard Catholic hierarchy as they were alsming tthe Uber, The younger Cris ofthe new slike te younger nationals, seed t0 fea he eed to nies tei aati fom the established order tthe necesay prelile to sedenption, Whether their savaion ‘howl ie ina wihdewal from the sate oF ix #5 conques, the fpvcholgia prema of sce wonld nem eo have been the lear Professon of minonty sath, fink welfdeiaion as an oppresed Social sulgroup. The ws a trae forthe new Catholics for the how sana ad the Zions “The pls chemise who fined he elements of Catholic soci affection in an ongeizaton of ee fst rmagitade was Karl Laeger Althoogh nor parsley religions, Lueger knew how to teeth new Cathe socal henry acre political expec nent Flaving seared the suppor of the Sehonereeforess By pro- Fesions of ane-Seitian, he wat able, thanks ko Schinere' im prsonment, Head ow of hie Vienna arian following a the Chrisin Soil fold Inthe city of Vienna, Looper allowing inresed from eetionto lection uni in 5, acquired he major inthe ity eounel feces t elect hin mayor, Hi public persona contained all the ‘ion of has ld contiuency. Der sche Kan! commanded ‘ht fine, alee dindish presence which, as Bandeire observed, race nan effecie striate of poli leaden in “periods of "tamson when democracy ot et a-powerfl and aritocracy i ‘nly portly. tterag. " His elegant, alos col manner Clntanded deference fon che ns, white i apa to peak to them in Vienna's warn folk dace won their Bers. A Volts ‘oth an arstcrse wees, Lgger alo had some atebutes to dae the Viemoxe mde ls 0 hs Banner He loved the ety with a {ve panton and woth enhance Ve be erie his predeces ‘ors rule for tt needles expenditures and kept is ental Tongue athe rely fer al ig of waste. Ths Luegee made sendy Foros nt the following ofthe Liberals wot in Meh of ts, he apace the proper second cura of vores, Only the rchest piper holders remined trae to ler, Troegers victory arte pls in Viena in 895 opened a evo year period of dels which way be regarded a> the as stand of ‘Vienne ibrar, although Ceegr ha teen dal elected mayor by he necenary mit ofthe ce coun the emperae refed to raify hi taking ofce A tiny of pressures ws Brough to beat fin the emperor agin hin te Literals and Comerativs in the Colton government. and the bighes clergy, The government, ‘hough the persona eda of Frane Carl Sebtaborn, ced in vain to secure pal ftervention aguine the movement. The ‘Vinnese went tothe pil p Fefinn their choge. The emperae periced in his esa vl 197 “The Liter, erie champions of representative government, ‘vere inmost paradnseal posture. They might be convince, vie ener Ernst vom Plenet sid hit colon goverment Which had mde the Sigh gant the radction of peat ie tn eal pare off program could noe allow the emperor to Sihccon “the pokemnt of movement bordering 0 the eval tionary” "a communal demagogue” who was responuble for “the Invasion of the plenary tone in our Home of Repeesenc- tes However stmpchenible leer tesoing, hi 2c ry war now nthe poison of elng fst on pisopsl—cven apaldisiplne o avoid the consequences of Ubeea institutional rrngemonts and ccond on pei dictate to preven he wail of the electorate from beng fala. Even the progresive Sigmund Freud. who in his youth had ike Beethoven, stbboraly reused to show respect for the enperor by: doing his hat, now celebrated Francis Josephs autocratic veto of Laeger andthe majority's wil The imperial et could not be sseied in a ge of as pits (On Gora Friday 1857, the emperor eapiulted, and der scbone Karl taveted she Rath tivmph Atte mete, she Asan gov mene entered profound criss over the language onfimanes in fhe Caceh lands. ‘Ths, jst as he old bert bastion fll to the ‘Chron sn Semien, the Reicsnt fell nt such hopeless discord thot the emperor had to daslve and exabish government by Acree The Tbr could, however raul, only welome the ‘Change Tir aton ly enceforantin zeta to Josephus, an avoidance pot only af democracy but even of represenatve paiamentary government, which seemed co Had 0 only «0 ‘aut general chaos oto the tum of one or anater of the nie forces Schinerer and Laeger, each after is faion, had succeeded in humping democracy whie fighting Hoeralam. Both composed “lslogat systems which unifedbersn'senenies ach im his Way ttlied rstocrate styl, geste, oF pretension to mabe 2 ths of follower il hungry fora ead that based its authori ‘on something older and deper than the power of rational argument Sa empictelevidence, Of the ewo leery Schunerer was the more fons and he stonger pioneer in unleashing desructive instincts, He breached the walls with his powerl ant Serie pea, bat Tnegr organized the troops to win the vitor and the soi. Trneger was both ls alenied and more tana han the frastated boorgeisknighe of Rovenas. ven in is ant-Seitisn Leer licked the rancor, conviton, oF comiency of Schonere. While Schnee esplied the spr-rational character ofthe Jews community to atack every integrating principle of Austrian social fd poliseal fe, Lacgr reiiied ane Semis tothe arack on lierlsm and expt is famous phrase, “Wer Jude st hetinme ich (Who i Jor something 1 determine)” slowed Logger t»be the espe and sabreive potenti of aS in the rere ofthe mony, se io choc and er of te Expt he profesed 0 ght. A colour cannot Wo CET rah pnp Lge tesco tlre the osu Tres Somaian among i leer bag more manputor and ‘Tacha uid th elo fe isl employed rate han vedic Boe nite pi of the new hey, Leger ape or the age of mas plea a the epee of cae sal Sthinerershe ance Habba pine a sera aiy “ue Av, mabe He suceeded beter in podcing a allince of aristocrats and Senne anne areca, Dy confining the wes of race pon co stacking the Meal foe av As nue poviriean FouxDAT#ON® of fet became {role nds ia sone teed by rene commited to then ear bean to sxk new fount to soe mas Shere als Ang hem wat Thonn Herel (904) He Shapiro Fest spin fr hs pople, ton the rational rene of 1 Shmertag"Wosen che (Rwedge irs) eete fn, on he promise of ie a ithe dom -Wole ch fre (Desig ete)" In Zann Tee eonaractel sing sons nomen the of eral Income and ing tect the awesome work of eresive descrcton whch Sthnerer and Leger ha ben Tiel cul fe ac powerful lene tthe itn ofa Seni becae eed in hp the sani ea The tery motel ofthe eae Mr, he generated is Highly creae approche te Jou ggeion e 8U of erson ia the Jewish eattion but ou of hi sin forts oleae eind, He ‘ame to hi meter! poles of fantasy no, ike Seer ad Laeger ou of cia sity and polis opportuni but out of petsna fruition and aehete deep, Even Heras conception [F Zion can be est sedesood by viewing i ata atop to solve the liberal problem thrangh = new Jewish state ae well to solve ‘he Jewish problem shrogh «new ler ste. Hs ie experience fenlowed hin with all the values of the ordesiee inlet. Te ‘wat these which fe drew upon to redeem the Besieged Jor from the cllping iter order f his response tothe ta was his own, the materials oof whieh he framed were tho ofthe nom Jewish liberal caltre, whic, ke so many uppermide-lss Jews, be tnd doped bs “Tac Hetl wt torn and bred ia Budapest did not prevent hin from being Viennese o his fingers. His family belonged co thie incressingly prosperous sam of Jews who, entering che modern cntepeeneri cl, alpted. Geran cure andthe Germain language cren na deminamtynon-German ethnic region, The ith of the fathers decined asthe state of the sora nae Theodo’s perma grandfather alone among three bute, clang t0 fi religion, ile his soa, Heels father, gave up all bu i forms ‘Thendars mother, Jeanete Diamant, fad been given + seul ‘eeation by ber Father welhto-dn sloth merchant. Hr brother puede iler come co asian by beating aie in fy’ eelutionry’ amy in 1848 though his commasion could not Hresanetioned uni the Jes were fly emancipated in 1843 When “Thendor ses born in 18a hs family was well ov ofthe gheto conomicilly eased ligiouly“enlghrned” polly ber find eoleurly German, Thi Jato amounted tite more than ‘hue Theador Gonpers the aimed Jews clas ike eo call plone arene de felle” Herd thu grew up in the sting of enlightened Jewry an educated citizen of the Ausrociterd Stattolk, His noche, 4 Strong imginative woman superior in social secu and clr "tinent co he es-edested his, conveyed to he 0 3 deep ‘chien for German Iteatire. fn ht fourcet yea, not lon ter hie barmitvah (his parents pefered eo eal te Kon tion), Hira organized with bis schoolflows 2. German IeruryHence be thought of hs state as “an aitocrte republi” with ‘many lente dawn fom the ame model which, perhaps unkown to Herc inspired the early English Whigs. Veice.™ In England no lw than in Ara, rjetion by rose Jew leaders forced Heal cum eo the muses. Ashe lef ne of hie om socceul meting with the leds he turned toa friend and sid “Orgnize the East al for ne There Herel was ets rectved in 1896. Alhaagh he pefeted to organize an “aristocratic ‘epubl” the inadeqe suppor fom even English Jewish lenders compels him to the eoune of 4 "emer monarch.” Hera Inne that the aicaon of the dite mide hi oem power Ester ‘nhunced hs menianc role He saw the love of the ett Jews Teed om ignorance of ie eure, yer endowing bien with a sur, 2 indus deve for hsmision, From a workers podium i Landon, ad inne at my legend grew. ‘The people fesse the tonnes tse cel Aig hse egg well pasund ne sich wel perap be he lod on wick Taal go forward. fe per ap the move inte thing tht Teor i the ares ow legen grows oly seled to be even te worthy of thet [the nase est ad ove! Asif t prove dha be wished to adic even the lowest Jew it the astoracy to which throughout hs He he had ssc fie for ‘as person, hen for lis eace, Hera soggeted that the East End Jews call heir Zion orgaizasion “The Knights of Pasting” “The Jewish ghernivelers were to organize theneles for thee assiniaionis paride by aesming collie the romance tle oflay-Chrisian knighthood. Amore vid isance ofthe role ‘of eater fantary nthe bie of pet eral splice would be dfcl to id Tike the Knight of Rosnaw nd der sehime Karl, Her Io his followers ow of the collapsing Hverl worl by capping the wel springs of + deferential px fo sty the yearnings fo» con Dontrian fatre. Thi he should hake espana che poles ofthe new key in eder to save the Jews Irom ie consequence the inte word doc not destroy Heres ity with his antagonist, Aline respective ators were rebellious clren of Aso ert cure, 4 cleure which could sty he minds bat starved the souk of & popolation sill chershing the memory of @ pre 3 NOTES & “Mohr a The Alon Wibot Qe iho Win nd es SJR! ge Zar ity der eerste Veja (Vio Ths. ps che ie Raed Charme, Ado Pct (Sat wd Fink Diy tad ans Pin rs Nw ‘Vienna furna of Gemtemporary History tl, Nox» (in 3-9 Hans Maman Bie Soleus and ie Naoussa Babe {br Onnoctt Cngrichen Monastic Ven Tex nt Lip ‘inch Pant es ‘Shinn mmc seam Chic Paw ithe SIR ap ma, hen, ‘eo tragh te epron he Hanbun eon Et Merl ‘oComtla‘ow Wabich, Ostenebiehe Natnlhicranie (Vim veg AKL yh. "LWONigh ed, E Ca, Dew Ontersicicke Lite feces ogy oh ‘Bi boner ers ata th Geng sandra fram he hes ‘eel oy sla Dinah ek or wt he wren sp “GED Cnt Fe Sst” Ost Rocinch Beit ie wicetebe Rng dr Freep {Zar CWaser sche Sede 1 [ann ted Meh Cals tree inl iil mai on em i Froine ta mig shor he tess pe ma Ch a, Shaner, SE icky cole lence oe Mei” amore hare and Ck ra vn Hoe Brenan rang snd Lai. fect cgi ol he Line progam ad Sir ce in RO.) i, The Rue of Pode usm i Gray ad ati, IMispy (New Yoke tes McGrath Dsnaos Ae vow "tarde Nes en rat yr him tae de Roca nah Mai the fal eo sora tien a Pe ee 18 ih I 5 Se aso Ham Te, Die Jaden Wo (Ce 99, Oar Katoh “Tt Foie of Poel AMES” Feith Sosa “ago ron Hosanmabal, “Buch der Freande” Aufscbmngen (Frankfurt Fie Sere at Le tyoten Deco ein 9 Dr. Kat Laeger Mehta id by the me, eat Se “Pa Molich, Police Gece dr devon Hactrcbales ix eer race ot heii (Winona epi Hr Sela, Teen pe onda a Sek Facer 92 ‘Spm Maer Di Wiener den (Vin ands, 9 9 fret ben V5 ‘eShmne epr pp oo “Ta Serer poi mx tn of he mgs «Peer Que Se Srp ‘Ee Jones The Life and Werk of Sigmund Frend (New York, 19957. Ae i, Theor Hel Biorpie (Wha, 1) ‘Thr Her Der fei, Vss, 193) p98 ‘mle and ppc Severe Ser Bs He pe 0 od “Sch He Aap 5, “seem he Crd Theodor Here Tareiher (Be, 1s) 1 285. a Heh pa+ les in“ ay Dit in Rap Pa Her Yar Bok ws a ‘Que Waid a Fi Noe Fee roe Aa Fa in Ban Hol pe hen He ‘ler oon ‘suse i rd ay Fr Bins cone a Heras report he naan tu the sve nl le “ses rn Eee, ip Ch lc “Ho a ‘ths pos Lea Keke, Thedir Hore Lar (Sanaa Bi sth EE cn eee Pine ng it ty when Neth oe a ob tar i sin af Hers ngs oe Ben Her pa 2-2 tn ne fe ie, Meth i Mos pp. ‘etter opdebe ‘tama oa Ph User, Jn ye Bae Hr Sst Har yp gd fe Her, Zoinice Senin (od. es Tasco, by we in MCh oral of Cotenprary ‘atten sme oes nme ld, ane a Bn ray Sen opt ye Sn Hi ye Sand Feet thd yyy Her, on 9 “Her Pbk rm ‘ser doa pos ‘Her denne. Ie, Pager. Te Franch He “ie Tr cei A ‘eH Fe The ie wa te Gio De Bae Sued i 405, Max Bro Sritbres eben (Munich 9) pt, Sen, Za The We fF. esp en Rt Ke ne Tel gre of Jews i mae etl Inch bial drowns of Ed th a ih Ms nd Bs wegen et “Ch Basi, Die sone Boseytog pein “Hun ch FAs Mer does pp -9Bshn, Di saith Reg ps "Her, po The str ad fants to er CayVal 2G POLITICS AND PATRICIDE IN FREUD'S INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS des who found the Key to the human ‘Oedips ae aoa lover of jokes When at ‘aly given am asocite profesor, ore the event to # fend in mack ouncereng Fr! hd