Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
1187
1188 Index
forming, 936938
refinery operations, 793 Classification, heat exchangers
tubes, feedwater applications, 793 compact, 1718
Cast iron, 791 construction
Cathodic inhibitors, 715716 extended surface, 15
Ceramics PHEs, 1015
classifications, 915 regenerative, 1516
heat exchanger tubular, 210
construction, 915, 916 features, construction and performance,
low gas permeability, 355 1, 36
Channels/end closures flow arrangement
bolt tightening, 1104 counterflow, 19
description, 1104 crossflow, 1920
Charpy V-notch (CVN) test, 754 parallelflow, 1819
Chemical cleaning techniques fluid phases
advantages, 491 gasgas, 21
CIP systems, 489 gasliquid, 21
disadvantages, 491 liquidliquid, 21
factors, 489 graphite, 2728
foulants and solvents, 489, 490 heat transfer mechanisms
off-line, see Off-line chemical cleaning condensers, 21
procedure, 489 evaporators, 2122
scale removal, 504 micro heat exchanger, 22
solvent and compatible base metals, 489, 490 pass arrangements, 20
Chemical reaction fouling (polymerization), 475 PCHE, 2325
Chevron cracking, 788 perforated PHE, 25
Chromiummolybdenum steels scraped surface, 2527
advanced 3CrMoNi steels, 805 transfer process
applications, 801 direct contacttype, 17
composition and properties, 800801 indirect contact, 1617
creep strength, 801802 Classification, stress
CVN impact properties, 804 discontinuity, 580
description, 800 local membrane, 579
modified 9Cr1Mo steel, 805 peak, 580
postweld heat treatment, 804805 primary bending, 579
reheat cracking, 805 primary membrane, 578579
step-cooling heat treatment, 803 secondary, 579
temper embrittlement thermal, 580
susceptibility, 802803 Cleaning techniques
weld metal, 804 chemical, see Chemical cleaning
welding metallurgy deposit analysis, 485
filler metal, 802 mechanical, see Mechanical cleaning
fusion-welding process, 802 off-line mechanical, see Off-line mechanical
joint design and preparation, 802 cleaning methods
preheating, 802 on-line, see Online mechanical cleaning
CIP systems, see Clean-in-place (CIP) systems selection, 485
Cladding Clean-in-place (CIP) systems, 425, 489
ASME code requirements, 938 Cobalt-based alloys, 1136
clad plate, see Clad plate Codes, STHE
Index 1191
inclined heat exchanger, 713 six rows-two passes with three rows per pass,
plant location, 714 72, 73
preservation, inbuilt resistance, 713 six-tube rows and passes, 68, 71
startup and shutdown problems, 714 manifold-type air cooler, 64
weldments, brazed and soldered joints, 713 thermal effectiveness, 64
inhibitor evaluation, 716717 singlepass tube row
passivation, 722 air-cooled heat exchangers, 61
plastic coatings, 720 one-and two-tube rows, 64, 66
principles, 712713 single tubeside and N rows pass, 61, 64
surface treatment, 720 thermal effectiveness chart, 61, 6667
Corrosion fatigue thermal effectiveness relations, 64, 65
and crack growth, 706707 three-and four-tube rows, 64, 67
defined, 706 unmixedmixed crossflow
and fretting wear, 738 bare tube compact heat exchanger, 57
intensity, 707 thermal effectiveness chart, 57, 62, 63
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I Intergranular corrosion
control, austenitic stainless steel, 692
Image quality indicators (IQI) susceptible alloys, 691692
description, 1002 Internal rotating inspection system (IRIS), 1033
designs, 1002 ISO 9000
sensitivity, 10031004 benefits, 963
step-wedge type, 1003 description, 963
strip-hole type, 1003 listing, 963
wire-type IQI, 10021003 principles, 963
Indirect contact heat exchangers requirements, 963
classifications, 16 series of quality standards, 963
direct transfertype, 17 TQM, 963
Industrial regenerators and heat recovery devices
ceramic bayonet tube heat exchangers, 379
combustion air preheaters, 377
J
economizer, 382, 383
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indications, 990
limitations, 987 inspection medium, 994
merits, 987 interpretation, 996
method, 989 limitations, 992
and MT, 990 magnetization direction, 994
penetrants, 988989 magnetizing current, 992993
postcleaning, 990 merits, 992
selection, developer, 989 principle, 991
standards, 988 prod magnetization, 994
surface preparation, 989 prod spacing, 994
test procedure, 988 record of test data, 996
written procedure, 987, 988 reference documents, 991
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method surface preparation, 995
correction factor, 45, 47, 426427 test procedure, 991
and -NTU, 47 wet method, 995
expression, 45 written procedure, 992
heat transfer area, PHE, 422 yoke magnetization, 994
preliminary sizing, 47 Main documents, quality system
terminal temperature distribution, 45 checklist, 961
Longitudinal heat conduction, compact heat operation process sheet, 960
exchangers QAP, 960
flow arrangements, 213 Manufacturing drawings, heat exchanger
-NTU and LMTD methods, 212213 fabrication
thermal performance, 213, 214 additional entries, 1046
Louver fins, PFHE welding and testing plans, 10451046
applications, 164 Martensitic SSs, 806
features, 163164 Material selection
geometries, 163, 164 ASME code material requirements,
j and f factors, correlations, 200201 750751
Low-alloy steels, pressure vessel constructions cost, 761
application, plates, 796 description, 749
carbonmanganesemolybdenum equipment design, 750
steels, 797 evaluation
carbonmanganese steels, 796797 description, 760
carbonmolybdenum steels, 796 material tests, 761
selection, 795796 and selection, resist corrosion, 761
Low-temperature and cryogenic applications, subzero failure modes and service damages, 762
temperature alloys functional requirements
aluminum, 919920 brittle fracture, 752753
ASTM specifications, 922 corrosion resistance, 758759
austenitic stainless steel, 922 creep, 754755
carbon steels and alloy plate steels, fabricability, 760
920922 fatigue strength, 752
copper and copper alloys, 920 features/parameters, 751
materials, 918, 919 heat and corrosion, 757758
nickel and high-nickel alloys, 920 hydrogen attack, 759760
titanium and titanium alloys, 920 strength, 751752
LSI, see Langelier saturation index (LSI) temperature resistance, 755757
LT, see Leak testing (LT) toughness, 754
1202 Index
off-line, see Off-line mechanical cleaning methods fluids unmixedunmixed, three-pass arrangements,
online, see Online mechanical cleaning methods 94, 100
Mechanical design, regenerators fluids unmixedunmixed, two-pass arrangement,
rotary regenerators 94, 99
electric drive, rotor, 376 stronger fluid, three-pass arrangements, 94, 98
leakages, 375376 stronger fluid, two-pass arrangement, 94, 97
pressure forces, 377 weaker fluid, three-pass arrangements, 93, 96
seal design, 376 weaker fluid, two-pass arrangement, 93, 96
thermal distortion and transients, 377 description, 92
single and dual-bed, 375 identical and inverted order coupling, 93
Membrane stresses, STHE, 578 two passes
MIC, see Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) with both fluids unmixed throughout, cross-
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) counterflow arrangement, 101, 105107
classification, organisms, 708709 with both fluids unmixed-unmixed in each pass,
control, 710711 94, 98, 104105
defined, 707 with one fluid unmixed throughout, cross-
industrial alloys, 709710 counterflow arrangement, 94, 97
microorganisms, 708 two-pass heat exchangers, 9495
susceptible metals, 708 Multiple heat exchangers
Micro heat exchanger assemblies, 90, 91
advantages, 22 description, 90
applications, 22 fundamental formulas, 90
demerits, 22 multipass arrangements, 20
description, 22 multipassing, 90, 91
Mill scale, 773 N-pass exchangers, 92
Minimum design metal temperature (MDMT), 753 two-pass exchangers, 92
Mock-up test Multiple-pass shell and tube heat exchangers
control unit settings, 1063 two E1-2 shells in series, 108, 110
process parameters, 1062 three E1-2 shells in series, 108, 111
pullout strength, 1062 four E1-2 shells in series, 108, 111
roller expanded joints, 1063 five E1-2 shells in series, 108, 112
tube-to-tubesheet expansion, 1062 E shell, 108, 109
Monitoring techniques, corrosion six E1-2 shells in series, 108, 112
advantages, 722 M shell passes, 108, 110
condensers, state of tubes, 724 Multitask Varestraint (MTV) Weldability Testing System,
limitations, 724 790
local, component and systems approach, 722 Muntz metal, 866
online, see Online monitoring techniques, corrosion
requirements, 724 N
Monitoring techniques, fouling
gas-side measuring devices, 482 Naval brass, 866867
inline analysis, 478, 481 NDT, see Nondestructive testing (NDT)
instruments, 482 NDTT, see Nil-ductility transition temperature (NDTT)
TFM, see Tube fouling monitor (TFM) Near field testing (NFT) technology, 1030, 1032, 1033
6% Mo superaustenitic stainless steel Nickel and nickel-base alloys
applications, 847 brazing atmospheres, 1135
ASTM/ASME spec., 846 classification, 881
corrosion resistance, 847 commercially pure, 881
description, 846 corrosion resistance
Index 1203
recessed tube cladding fusion, 1085, 1086 UCC, see Underclad cracking (UCC)
recessed tubesheet configuration, 1084 Ultrasonic testing (UT)
seal-welds, 1093 acceptance criteria, 1014
strength-welded joints, see Strength-welded joints advantages, 10091010
tapered pin method, 10871088 angle beam technique, 1011, 1012
titanium tubes, 1096, 1097 calculators, 1014
tubes and weld preparations, 1090 calibration, 1015
unequal thickness, 1092 code coverage, 1009
welded mock-ups, 1100 conventional UT method, 1007
welding equipments, 10891090 couplant, 1012
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) description, 1007
Standards developments, 1020
ASME Code, 565566 examination coverage, 1014
categorization, stress, 598 fracture mechanics, 10191020
classes R, C, and B, 565 limitations, 1010
compressive stress, 602 PAUT, 10151019
construction code, 565 presentation, 1011
contents, 564 in pressure vessel industry, 10081009
design loading cases, 595 probes, 1012
determination, effective design pressure, 598 pulse-echo technique, 10101011
differential pressure design, 600601 reference blocks, 10141015
engineering software, 565 surface preparation, 1012
equivalent differential expansion pressure, 598600 surface wave technique, 1011
fixed tubesheets design, thickness, 603 test method, 1008
fouling resistance values, liquid streams, 478480 welds, 10121014
HEI, see Heat Exchange Institute (HEI) written procedure, 1009
longitudinal stresses, 601602 Uncertainties, heat exchanger design
maximum allowable joint loads, 602603 in basic design correlations, 135
parameter F, 596597 bypass path, 137
shear formula, 597 computational procedures, 137138
shell longitudinal stress, 601 description, 133
tubesheet formula, bending, 595596 flow nonuniformity, 134135
tube-to-tubesheet joint loads, 602 in fouling, 137
Tubular heat exchangers miscellaneous effects, 137
CTHEs, 23 mixed/unmixed flows, 136
double-pipe exchangers, 2, 8 nonuniform flow passages, 135
Linde coil-wound heat exchangers, 910 nonuniform heat transfer coefficient, 136137
STHEs, see Shell and tube heat exchangers (STHEs) parameters, 133
tube inside in physical properties, 134
geometrical properties, 178 pressure drop, 139
total number of tubes, 177 in process conditions, 134
tube outside surface area, 139
bare tube bank, 178180 Underbead cracking, 780
circular fins, 180182 Underclad cracking (UCC), 788
continuous plain fins, 182184 Unicus scraped surface heat exchanger, 2627
Turbotal system, 495, 497 Unified Pressure Vessel (UPV) code, 573
Turbulence-induced excitation mechanism Uniform/general corrosion
buffeting, 518 atmospheres, 676, 679, 680
flow rates, 518 cooling water, 737
Index 1215
determination, 680 W
material selection, 680
rating, metals, 680 Waste heat recovery
types, 676 direct benefits, 338
Uniform vs. localized corrosion, 673674 fuel efficiency, flue gas, 338
Upstream filtration (debris filter), 492 fuel savings, 339
UPV code, see Unified Pressure Vessel (UPV) code indirect benefits, 339
UT, see Ultrasonic testing (UT) Water resistance, aluminum alloys
natural waters, 854
seawater, 855
V Weldability
Vacuum brazing problems
aluminum cold cracking, see Cold cracking
chloride-type and fluoride-type flux definition, 774
cleaning, 1134 tests
description, 788
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edge preparation and joint designs, 900 overlay cladding methods, 929931
filler metal, 901 procedure and welder qualification, 931
fitup and preheating, 901 stainless steel strip, 931
gas tungsten arc, 902 weld dilution, 928929
hot wire gas tungsten arc, 902 WPS, see Welding procedure
methods and embrittlement, 899 specification (WPS)
MIG, 903 Written procedures, NDT
open-air environment, shielding gases, content, 981
902, 903 deficiencies, 982
precleaning and surface preparation, 900 description, 980981
shielding, 902 requirements, 981982
shielding gases and manufacturing facilities, Wrought copper alloys, 865869
899
water rinsing, 900 Z
Welding design
ASME Code Section IX, 970 Zinc-based solders, 1141
consumables selection, 970 Zirconium
defects and inspection, 973975 alloy classification, 904905
filler metals, F and N numbers, 970971 corrosion resistance
parameters, 968, 969 chemicals, 906
P number, 970 forms, 906
procedure qualification, 971972 surface film, 905
symbols, 970 description, 904
variables affecting quality, 969 fabrication, 906907
weld quality, 968, 969 limitations, 905