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SEDACIN Y
ANALGESIA EN RN
www.bibliotecaneonatal.com
Bitcora de navegacin
Introduccin
Medidas de tratamiento
No farmacolgicas / farmacolgicas
Recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia
Sndrome de deprivacin
Definiciones
Tlamo:
24 semanas: aferentes alcanzan la placa cortical
Mdula espinal:
8 semanas: Arco reflejo frente a un estmulo
19 semanas: Neuronas del dolor en raz dorsal
Algunas consideraciones
Cambios en VEC
Albmina
Dosis e intervalos muy variables entre RN y en un mismo RN por EG, edad
cronolgica, comorbilidades, uso de otros frmacos, polimorfismos
genticos
Rubenstein SD
RN: mayor sensibilidad analgsica
Clearance disminuido
Dosis nica: mayor duracin de accin
Dosis mltiples: acumulacin, potenciacin de RAM
Metabolitos activos
Midazolam:
Barbitricos:
Ketamina:
Propofol:
El 5 signo vital
Sedacin analgesia!!!
Rubenstein SD
Respuestas al dolor en RN
Aumento de FC y PA
Aumento de la FR
Disminucin de la saturacin de O2
Muecas/ llanto
Aumento de la PIC
Sudoracin palmar
Rubenstein SD
Evaluacin del dolor neonatal
Morfina Fentanyl
Dosis equianalgsica 100 ug 1 ug
Liposolubilidad Pobre Alta
Inicio accin/ peak 2-3 min/ 15 min 15 seg/ 5 min
Vida media RNT 6,5 h/ PT 9 h RNT 5-13 h/ PT 6-32
Duracin 2-7 h 0,5-1 h
Metabolismo Heptico Heptico
Eliminacin Renal Renal
Metabolitos activos Si (excrecin renal) No
Metadona
Analgsico potente
Duracin prolongada
Mnimos RAM
Bajo costo
R. Whit Hall. Clin Perinatol 39 (2012) 239-254
Otros opioides
Utilidad en convulsiones
resistentes a fenobarbital/
fenitona
Mecanismo de accin?
Dosis 2 mg/Kg
Escasos estudios en RN
Lidocana
Bloquea canales de Na
Uso frecuente en circuncisin
Anestsicos tpicos
til en punciones venosas, lumbares e inmunizaciones
Complicaciones: methemoglobinemia y rash cutneos
Lidocana 4%
Opioides:
Uso rutinario no recomendado ya que no existen beneficios a
largo plazo demostrados
Midazolam/ barbitricos:
Opioides alternativos
Medidas no farmacolgicas
Frmacos para tratar stress, dolor y sndrome de deprivacin
Cochrane: Midazolam
Three trials were included in the review. Using different sedation scales, each study showed a statistically
significantly higher sedation level in the midazolam group compared to the placebo group. However, since none of
the sedation scales used have been validated in preterm infants, the effectiveness of midazolam in this population
could not be ascertained. One study showed a statistically significant higher incidence of adverse neurologic
events (death, grade III-IV IVH, PVL), and meta-analysis of data from two studies showed a statistically significant
longer duration of NICU stay in the midazolam group compared to the placebo group.
Authors' conclusions
There are insufficient data to promote the use of intravenous midazolam infusion as a sedative for neonates
undergoing intensive care. This review raises concerns about the safety of midazolam in neonates. Further
research on the effectiveness and safety of midazolam in neonates is needed.
Cochrane: Opioides
Thirteen studies on 1505 infants were included. Infants given opioids showed reduced premature infant pain profile
(PIPP) scores compared to the control group (weighted mean difference -1.71; 95% confidence interval -3.18 to -
0.24). Differences in execution and reporting of trials mean that this meta-analysis should be interpreted with
caution. Heterogeneity was significantly high in all analyses of pain, even when lower quality studies were
excluded and analysis limited to very preterm newborns. Meta-analyses of mortality, duration of mechanical
ventilation, and long and short-term neurodevelopmental outcomes showed no statistically significant differences.
Very preterm infants given morphine took significantly longer to reach full enteral feeding than those in control
groups (weighted mean difference 2.10 days; 95% confidence interval 0.35 to 3.85). One study compared morphine
with a sedative: the treatments showed similar pain scores, but morphine had fewer adverse effects.
Reviewers' conclusions
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of opioids in mechanically ventilated newborns. Opioids
should be used selectively, when indicated by clinical judgment and evaluation of pain indicators. If sedation is
required, morphine is safer than midazolam. Further research is needed.
Cochrane: Propofol
One open-label randomised controlled trial of 63 neonates was eligible for inclusion. Thirty-three neonates in the
propofol group were compared to 30 infants in the morphine-atropine-suxamethonium group. There was no
statistically significant difference in the number of infants who required multiple intubation attempts (39% in the
propofol group versus 57% in the morphine-atropine-suxamethonium group; RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.29). Times
required to prepare medication, to complete the procedure and for recovery to previous clinical status were shorter
in the propofol group. No difference in clinically significant side effects was observed; however, the number of
events was small.
Authors' conclusions
No practice recommendation can be made based on the available evidence regarding the use of propofol in
neonates. Further research is needed on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in neonates and once a relatively safe
dose is identified, randomised controlled trials assessing the safety and efficacy of propofol are needed.