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Article history: In this paper a new method based an articial neural network (ANN) for prediction of natural gas mixture
Received 14 January 2008 water content (NGMWC) is presented. H2S mole fraction, temperature, and pressure have been input
Accepted 28 May 2010 variables of the network and NGMWC has been set as network output. Among the 136 data set 80 data have
been implemented to nd best ANN structure. 56 data have been used to check generalization capability of
Keywords: the best trained ANN. Comparisons show average absolute error (AAE) equal to 1.437 between ANN
water content
estimations and unseen experimental data. ANNs also have been compared with two commonly used
natural gas
articial neural networks
correlations in gas industry. Results show ANN superiority to correlations. Especially in higher hydrogen
sulde content in spite of ANN good predictions there was considerable deviation between experimental
data and common correlations. The proposed ANN model is able to estimate NGMWC as a function of
hydrogen sulde composition up to 89.6 mol%, temperatures between 50 and 350 F and pressure from 200
up to 3500 psia.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction water content of methane in the range of 122 F to 167 F and for
pressures from 200 to 2000 psia. Sharma and Campbell (1969)
Water is mixture with natural gas from the reservoir, through proposed a method for calculating the water content of sour gases,
production and processing, and is concerned in transmission. Natural originally designed for hand calculations, but it was slightly compli-
gas reservoirs always have water associated with them; gas in the cated. Bukacek suggested a relatively simple correlation for the water
reservoir is saturated by water. When the gas is produced water is content of sweet gas, based on using an ideal contribution and a
produced too from the reservoir directly. Other water produced with deviation factor. McKetta et al., published a chart for estimating the
the gas is water of condensation formed because of the changes in water content of sweet natural gas. This chart has been modied
pressure and temperature during production. In the transmission of slightly over the years and has been reproduced in many publications
natural gas further condensation of water is troublesome (Sharma and (GPSA, 1998). Ning et al. (2000) proposed a correlation based on
Campbell, 1969). It can increase pressure drop in the line and McKetta et al.'s chart. This correlation reveals how difcult it can be to
frequently causes corrosion problems. Natural gas freshly obtained correlate something that is as seemingly simple as the water content of
from gas elds cannot be transported before it has been dried. When natural gas. Maddox et al. (1988) developed a method for estimating
natural gas is liqueed, residual amounts of the water would freeze out the water content of sour natural gas. His method assumes that the
and block valves. Moist natural gas also has a lower caloric value. water content of sour gas is the sum of three terms of sweet gas
Highly pure, dry protective gases (e.g. nitrogen, argon) are essential for contribution (methane, CO2 and H2S).
many production processes in the chemical and technical industries. Most of the traditional methods work in the limited range of
For example, the use of dry protective gas increases the corrosion pressure and temperature and they have a good accuracy in this
resistance of a welding. Therefore, water should be removed from the limited range, which is near the ideal equilibrium condition. But in the
natural gas before it is offered to be transmitted in the pipeline. For high pressure and temperature, gases have nonlinear behavior that
these arguments, the water content of sour gas could be important for these methods cannot predict the gas behavior (Carroll, 2002). The
engineering attention. In a study of the water content of natural gases ANN as a good nonlinear function approximator can simulate the
Lukacs (1963) measured the water content of pure methane at 160 F nonlinear functions with high accuracy (Zahedi et al., 2005, 2006). In
and pressures up to 1500 psia. Gillespie et al. (1984) predicted the this paper the water content of the sour natural gas mixtures with
ANN method has been predicted. The results show the ANN's
capability to predict the measured data. We compare our results
Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 7 5535583; fax: +60 7 5581463. with the other numerical and analytical methods, e.g., Wichert and
E-mail address: grzahedi@fkkksa.utm.my (G. Zahedi). Bukacek. These comparisons conrm the superiority of the ANN
0920-4105/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2010.05.018
Y. Shirvany et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 156160 157
Ni
nj = wij oi + j ; 6
i=1
Nj
nk = wjk oj + k : 7
Fig. 1. Basic model of multi-inputs one-output neuron. j=1
where yj is the target data and oj is the output of the neural networks.
ok = f nk ; 4 In our method the target data is the experimental data. In this
Table 2
Comparison of the ANN prediction results of the sour natural gas mixture water content
with the Wichert and BM methods.
function with respect to the weights wt, and bias, t, are as: W.C (calc) Div% W.C (calc) Div% W.C (calc) Div%
Table 1
ANN model variables and their ranges.
Variable Range
Carroll, John J., 2002. The water content of acid gas and sour gas from 100 F to 220 F
and pressures to 10, 000 psia 81st Annual GPA Convention March 1113, 2002
Dallas, Texas, USA.
Gillespie, P.C., Owens, J.L., Wilson, G.M., 1984. Sour Water Equilibria Extended to High
Temperature and with Inerts Present AIChE Winter National Meeting, Paper 34-b,
Atlanta, GA, pp. 1114. Mar.
GPSA Engineering Data Book. Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Tulsa, OK.
Haykin, S., 1999. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, 2nd. Prentice-Hall,
New York.
Lukacs, J.,1963. Water Content of Hydrocarbon Hydrogen Sulphide Gases, MSc Thesis,
Dept. Chem. Eng., University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABLukacs, J., Robinson, D.B.,
1962. Water Content of Sour Hydrocarbon Systems. Soc. Petrol. Eng. J. 3, 293297.
Maddox, R.N., Lilly, L.L., Moshfeghian, M., Elizondo, E., 1988. Estimating Water Content
of Sour Natural Gas Mixtures, Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, Norman,
OK. USA. Mar.
Ning, Y., Zhang, H., Zhou, G., 2000. Mathematical simulation and program for water
Fig. 6. BukacekMaddox prediction of gas mixture water content, (lb/MMSCF). content chart of natural gas. Chem. Eng. Oil Gas 29, 7577.
160 Y. Shirvany et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 156160
Sharma, S., Campbell, J.M., 1969. Predict natural-gas water content with total gas usage. Zahedi, G., Jahnmiri, A., Rahimpor, M.R., 2005. A neural network approach for prediction of
Oil & Gas J. 136137 Aug. 4. the CuOZnOAl2O3 catalyst deactivation. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 3 Article A8.
Wichert, G.C., Wichert, E., 1993. Chart estimates water content of sour natural gas. Oil & Zahedi, G., Fgaier, H., Jahanmiri, A., Al-Enezi, G., 2006. Identication and evaluation of
Gas J. 6164. hydrotreater plant. Pet. Sci. and Tech. 24, 14471456.
Yam, J., Chow, T., 2000. A weight initialization method for improving training speed in Zahedi, G., Karami, Z., Lohi, A., 2009. A neural network approach for identication and
feed-forward neural network. Neurocomputing 30 (219), 232. modeling of delayed cocking plant. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 7 article A16.