IntegralCalculusFormulaSheet

DerivativeRules:

d d
dx
c 0
dx
x n nx n 1
d d
sin x cos x cos x sin x
dx
d
dx
d
d x
a a x ln a
sec x sec x tan x csc x csc x cot x dx
dx
d
dx
d
d x
e ex
tan x sec2 x cot x csc 2 x dx
dx dx
d d d d d
cf x c f x f x g x f x g x
dx dx dx dx dx
f g d
f g f g f g
f

g


fg
g2 dx

f g x f g x g x

PropertiesofIntegrals:

kf (u )du k f (u )du f (u ) g (u )du f (u )du g (u )du

a b a

f ( x)dx 0
a
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a b
c b c b
1
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a a b
f ave
b a a
f ( x) dx
a a a

a

f ( x)dx 2 f ( x) dx iff(x)iseven
0

a
f ( x) dx 0 iff(x)isodd

b f (b )

g ( f ( x)) f ( x)dx
a f (a)
g (u )du udv uv vdu

IntegrationRules:

du u C sin u du cos u C du 1 u
a
n 1
arctan C
n u
u du n 1 C cos u du sin u C u
2 2
a a
sec u du tan u C u
2
du
du
u ln u C a 2 u 2 arcsin a C
csc u cot u C
2

e du e C u
u u
du 1
csc u cot u du csc u C u u 2 a 2 a arc sec a C
1
a du ln a a C sec u tan u du sec u C
u u

FundamentalTheoremofCalculus:

d x
F ' x f t dt f x where f t isacontinuousfunctionon[a,x].
dx a

f x dx F b F a ,whereF(x)isanyantiderivativeoff(x).
b

RiemannSums:

n n b n
ca
i 1
i c ai
i 1
f ( x)dx lim f (a ix)x
n
a i 1
n n n

a i bi ai bi x b a
i 1 i 1 i 1 n
n
height of ith rectangle width of ith rectangle
1 n
i 1
i
Right Endpoint Rule:
n
n(n 1)

n n

i 1
i
2 f (a ix)(x) (
i 1 i 1
(b a )
n
) f (a i (b n a ) )
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
i2
i 1 6
Left Endpoint Rule:
n n
n
n( n 1)
2
f (a (i 1)x)(x) ( (b na ) ) f (a (i 1) (bn a ) )
i
i 1
3

2
i 1 i 1
Midpoint Rule:

n n

i 1
f (a ( i 1) i
2 x)(x) ( (b n a ) ) f (a
i 1
( i 1) i
2
(ba )
n )

NetChange:

b b t t
Displacement: v ( x) dx
a
DistanceTraveled: v( x) dx
a
s (t ) s (0) v( x)dx Q (t ) Q (0) Q( x)dx
0 0

TrigFormulas:

sin x 1 cos( x ) cos( x ) sin 2 ( x) cos 2 ( x) 1

sin 2 ( x) 12 1 cos(2 x) tan x
sec x
cos x cos x
cos x 1 sin( x ) sin( x ) tan 2 ( x) 1 sec 2 ( x)
cos 2 ( x) 12 1 cos(2 x) cot x csc x
sin x sin x

GeometryFomulas:

AreaofaSquare: AreaofaTriangle: Areaofan AreaofaCircle: Areaofa

A s2 A 12 bh EquilateralTrangle: A r2 Rectangle:
A 3
s2 A bh
4

AreasandVolumes:

Areaintermsofx(verticalrectangles): Areaintermsofy(horizontalrectangles):
b d

(top bottom)dx
a
(right left )dy
c

GeneralVolumesbySlicing: DiskMethod:
Given:BaseandshapeofCrosssections Forvolumesofrevolutionlayingontheaxiswith
b slicesperpendiculartotheaxis
V A( x )dx ifslicesarevertical b
V R ( x ) dx ifslicesarevertical
2
a
d a
V A( y )dy ifslicesarehorizontal d
V R ( y ) dy ifslicesarehorizontal
2
c
c

WasherMethod: ShellMethod:
Forvolumesofrevolutionnotlayingontheaxiswith Forvolumesofrevolutionwithslicesparalleltothe
slicesperpendiculartotheaxis axis
b b
V R ( x) r ( x) dx ifslicesarevertical V 2 rhdx ifslicesarevertical
2 2

a a
d d
V R ( y ) r ( y ) dy ifslicesarehorizontal V 2 rhdy ifslicesarehorizontal
2 2

c c

PhysicalApplications:

PhysicsFormulas AssociatedCalculusProblems
Mass: Massofaonedimensionalobjectwithvariablelinear
Mass=Density*Volume(for3Dobjects) density:
Mass=Density*Area(for2Dobjects) b b

Mass=Density*Length(for1Dobjects) Mass (linear density ) dx

( x)dx
a distance a

Work: Worktostretchorcompressaspring(forcevaries):
Work=Force*Distance b b b

Work=Mass*Gravity*Distance Work ( force)dx F ( x)dx kx

dx
Work=Volume*Density*Gravity*Distance a a a Hooke ' s Law
for springs

Worktoliftliquid:
d
Work ( gravity )(density )(distance) ( area of a slice) dy

c volume
d
W 9.8* * A( y ) *(a y )dy (in metric)
c
Force/Pressure: Forceofwaterpressureonaverticalsurface:
Force=Pressure*Area d

Pressure=Density*Gravity*Depth Force ( gravity )( density )(depth) ( width) dy

c area

d
F 9.8* *(a y ) * w( y )dy (in metric)
c

IntegrationbyParts:

Knowingwhichfunctiontocalluandwhichtocalldvtakessomepractice.Hereisageneralguide:
1
u InverseTrigFunction ( sin x, arccos x, etc )
LogarithmicFunctions ( log 3 x, ln( x 1), etc )
( x , x 5,1/ x, etc )
3
AlgebraicFunctions
TrigFunctions ( sin(5 x ), tan( x ), etc )
3x 3x
dv ExponentialFunctions ( e ,5 , etc )
Functionsthatappearatthetopofthelistaremoreliketobeu,functionsatthebottomofthelistaremoreliketobedv.

TrigIntegrals:
Integralsinvolvingsin(x)andcos(x): Integralsinvolvingsec(x)andtan(x):
1. Ifthepowerofthesineisoddandpositive: 1. Ifthepowerof sec( x ) isevenandpositive:
Goal: u cos x Goal: u tan x
i. Savea du sin( x ) dx
i. Savea du sec ( x ) dx
2

ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto
ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto
cos( x ) (using sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x .)
tan( x ) (using sec x 1 tan x .)
2 2

2. Ifthepowerofthecosineisoddandpositive: 2. Ifthepowerof tan( x ) isoddandpositive:

Goal: u sin x Goal: u sec( x )
i. Savea du cos( x ) dx i. Savea du sec( x ) tan( x ) dx
ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto ii. Converttheremainingfactorsto
sin( x ) (using cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x .)
sec( x ) (using sec x 1 tan x .)
2 2

3. Ifboth sin( x ) and cos( x ) haveevenpowers: Iftherearenosec(x)factorsandthepowerof

Usethehalfangleidentities: tan(x)isevenandpositive,use sec x 1 tan x
2 2

i. sin ( x )
2 1
2
1 cos(2 x ) toconvertone tan x to sec x
2 2

ii. cos ( x )
2 1
1 cos(2 x) Rulesforsec(x)andtan(x)alsoworkforcsc(x)and
2
cot(x)withappropriatenegativesigns
Ifnothingelseworks,converteverythingtosinesandcosines.

TrigSubstitution:
Expression Substitution Domain Simplification

a2 u2 u a sin a 2 u 2 a cos
2 2

a2 u2 u a tan a 2 u 2 a sec
2 2

u 2 a2 u a sec 0 , u 2 a 2 a tan
2

PartialFractions:
Linearfactors: Irreduciblequadraticfactors:
P( x) A B Y Z P( x) Ax B Cx D Wx X Yx Z
... m 1
2 2 ... 2 2
( x r1 ) m
( x r1 ) ( x r1 ) 2
( x r1 ) ( x r1 ) m ( x r1 )
2 m
( x r1 ) ( x r1 ) 2
( x r1 ) m 1
( x r1 ) m
Ifthefractionhasmultiplefactorsinthedenominator,wejustadd thedecompositions.