Tema 2

CONDENSADORES
CONDENSADORES
CONDENSADORES
 Condensador
Un condensador es un dispositivo que
almacena carga y energa potencial.
Condensadores en circuitos
elctricos
 Ejemplos de condensadores
Condensadores de papel,
plastico, cermico o mica
Tipo no-polarizados, pueden
conectarse en cualquier
disposicin.
Condensadores electrolticos
Tipo polarizados, deben
conectarse en el circuito d.c.
con la polaridad corrrecta.
Condensadores de aire
Se cambia la capacidad al variar
el area de solapamiento entre
armaduras.
 Condensadores
Un condensador consite en dos
conductores separados por un aislante o
dielctrico (e.g. poliestireno, aceite or
aire).
Smbolo:

Dielectric
_
 Capacitance, Capacitors
Capacitance is a measure of the capacity to store charge for a given
potential difference

Capacitors: A device consisting of two conductors carrying equal but

opposite charges

Parallel-Plate Capacitors
 Formation of a Capacitor
Capacitors are formed all of the time in everyday situations:
when a charged thunderstorm cloud induces an opposite charge in
the ground below,
when you put your hand near the monitor screen of this computer.
 Charged Capacitor
A capacitor is said to be charged when
there are more electrons on one
conductor plate than on the other.

When a capacitor is
charged, energy is
stored in the
dielectric material in
the form of an
electrostatic field.
 Capacitance
Consider any isolated pair of conductors with
charge Q

Q
Capacitance is defined as C= Unit : farad (F) = C/V
V
Where Q = charge on one conductor
V = potential difference between two conductors
 Capacitance
Farad: a one-farad capacitor stores one
coulomb of charge when a potential of 1
volt is applied across the terminals of the
capacitor. 1F=1C/1V

In electronics, the microfarad (F) and the

picofarad (pF) are usually used to
measure capacitance.
 Capacitance of a Capacitor
Q
C=
V
Note that Q is not the net charge on the capacitor,
which is zero.
Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor's ability
to store charge.
The more charge a capacitor can hold at a given
potential difference, the larger is the capacitance.
Capacitance is also a measure of the energy
storage capability of a capacitor.
 Capacidad de un conductor esfrico
Sphere: Radius R
Charge Q
Q

Electric potential of the sphere of radius R

V= kQ/R and V0= 0 at infinity, we have:

Q Q R
C= = = = 4o R
V kQ/R k

C is proportional to its radius and independent of both the

charge on the sphere and the potential difference.

The capacitance of a pair of conductors depends on the geometry of the

conductors.
14
 Voltage Rating of Capacitors
If the voltage applied across the
capacitor is too great, the
dielectric will break down and
arcing will occur between the
capacitor plates.
The voltage rating of the
capacitor is the maximum voltage
that can be steadily applied
without danger of breaking down
the dielectric.
 Capacitance of Metal Plates
Consider a metal plate A which has
a charge +Q as shown. +V
If the plate is isolated, A will then
have some potential V relative to
earth and its capacitance C = Q/V. +Q -q +q

Now suppose that another metal B is B

A
brought near to A.

Induced charges q and +q are then obtained on B.

This lowers the potential V to a value V.

So C = Q/V > C.
 CONDENSADOR PLANO
Formado por dos placas planas y paralelas, cada una de rea A, separadas por una distancia d.
Condensador cargado al voltaje V ddp entre las placas = V
Densidad superficial de carga =Q/ A
A Las placas adquieren carga Q y Q.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Entre ellas aparece un campo V
E=
d E V elctrico uniforme, al menos en la d
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ zona central alejada de los extremos.
A (Suma de los campos debidos
Aplicacin T. Gauss E= a las cargas positivas y a las
Densidad superficial de carga = Q / A 0 cargas negativas)

Relacin entre la d.d.p. y la carga:

E
V Q Qd
= = V=
d 0 0 A 0 A Efecto de los bordes

Q = Q 0 A
Capacidad del condensador plano: C=
V Qd C=
0 A
d
Permitividad del vaco
0 = 8,85 .10 12 F/m Caractersticas geomtricas
 CONDENSADOR PLANO
Ejemplo: Se construye un condensador plano con dos lminas iguales de cobre
de 400 cm2 que se colocan a una distancia de 8,85 mm. Cuando el
condensador se carga a 177 V, (a) Cunto vale el campo elctrico? (b) Cul
es la carga? (c) Cul es la densidad superficial de carga?

0 A 8,85 pFm -1 40010-4 m 2

C= = = 40 pF
d 8,8510 3 m

(a) Campo elctrico:

V 177 V
E= = 3
= 20 045 V/m
d 8,8510 m

12 10
(b) Carga: Q = C V = 4010 F 177 V = 7,08.10 C

Q 7,0810 10 C
(c) Densid. Carga: = = = 1, 77. 10 8
C/m 2

A 40010-4 m 2
 Q
C=
V

Un cable coaxial es un largo

condensador cilndrico
 ASOCIACIN DE CONDENSADORES
ASOCIACIN EN SERIE

Igual carga en todos los condensadores:

+Q Q +Q Q +Q Q
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q
C1 C2 C3

La d.d.p. total es la suma de los voltajes:

V1 V2 V3
V0 V0 = V1 + V2 + V3
+

Capacidad equivalente: Cs Q Q Q
C1 = C2 = C3 =
V1 V2 V3
+ V0
+Q Q

CS

n
1 1
1
=
1
+
1
+
1
=
CS C1 C2 C3 CS i =1 Ci
 ASOCIACIN DE CONDENSADORES
ASOCIACIN EN PARALELO
+ V0
+ Q1 Q1
Igual d.d.p. en todos los condensadores: V0 = V1 = V2 = V3
C1

+ Q2 Q2 La carga total es la suma de las cargas: Q0 = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

C2

Q1 Q Q3
+ Q3 Q3
C1 = C2 = 2 C3 =
V0 V0 V0
C3

Capacidad equivalente: CP
n
+ V0
C P = Ci
C P = C1 + C2 + C3
+Q Q

CP i =1
REDES DE CONDENSADORES
REDES DE CONDENSADORES
Dielctricos en condensadores
 Efectos del Dielctrico
1) Resuelve el problema mecnico de mnima distancia sin contacto

2) Aumenta la ddp mxima que puede soportar el condensador sin provocar

la ruptura de la rigidez dielctrica (Emax, aire= 3.106 V/m)

3) Aumenta la C del condensador

Qo
Sin dielctrico (vaco): Co =
Vo
Qo
Con dielctrico: Q = Qo; C =
V

como V < Vo C > Co

(x106 V/m)
 Energa almacenada en el condensador

Trabajo realizado por la q

batera sobre las carga
dU = V dq = dq
C
hasta cargar el
Q q 1 Q2 1 1
condensador con Q y V
U = dU = dq = = QV = CV 2
0 C 2 C 2 2
Densidad de energa
en el campo elctrico E
1 1
U = CV = o E 2 Ad
2

2 2
U U 1
u= = = oE2 Validez general
volumen Ad 2
 ALGUNAS APLICACIONES DE LOS CONDENSADORES:

1. Sensores: de niveles, de humedad, de posicin, para airbag, etc.

2. Automviles hbridos: mejora la descarga de energa durante la aceleracin

del vehculo.

3. Pantallas tctiles: monitores de computadora, telfonos mviles,

(x10tabletas,
6 V/m)

4. Micrfonos: de alta fidelidad para grabacin y medida de ondas sonoras.

5. Filtros: en sistemas de filtrado de ondas electromagnticas.

6. Adaptacin de impedancias: hacindolas resonar a una frecuencia dada

con otros componentes del circuito.

7. Almacenamiento de Energa: sistemas microelectrnicos, memorias de

computadoras y relojes y cmaras de alta precisin.

8. Regulacin energtica: evitar picos y cadas de tensin.

 ALGUNAS APLICACIONES DE LOS CONDENSADORES:

1. Sensores: de niveles, de humedad, de posicin, para airbag, etc.

 Applications of Capacitors
Capacitive touch-screens use a layer of capacitive
material to hold an electrical charge; touching the
screen changes the amount of charge at a specific
point of contact.
 Applications of Capacitors
Condenser microphone
sound pressure changes the
spacing between a thin
metallic membrane and the
stationary back plate. The
plates are charged to a total
charge Q=CV.
A change in plate spacing will cause a change in
charge Q and force a current through resistance R.
This current "images" the sound pressure, making this
a "pressure" microphone.

http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/electromag/java/microphone/index.html
 Applications of Capacitors
The capacitance is varied by
altering the overlap between
a fixed set of metal plates
and a moving set. These are
used to tune radio receiver.
http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/electromag/java/radio/index.html

Press the key on a computer

keyboard reduce the capacitor
spacing thus increasing the
capacitance which can be
detected electronically.
 Applications of Capacitors
Electronic flash on a camera
The battery charges up the
flashs capacitor over several
seconds, and then the capacitor
dumps the full charge into the
flash tube almost instantly.
A high voltage pulse is generated
across the flash tube.
The capacitor discharges
through gas in the the flash tube
and bright light is emitted.