2015 International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation
Seamless Mobility with Interference Free Reliable
Communication in WBAN
Vijay M. Birari Dr. Jagdish Helonde
Research Scholar Principal, ITM College of
RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur. Engineering, Nagpur university,
Maharashtra, India Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
vijaybirari@yahoo.com jb_helonde@rediffmail.com
Abstract This paper describes seamless mobility
management in mobile Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
for patient monitoring system. Nowadays super specialty
hospitals are generally equipped with more electronic medical
devices which results in high level of electromagnetic interference
that lead to failure of medical monitoring device. In order to
overcome these issues, seamless mobility and interference free
reliable communication technique is adopted for patient
monitoring in mobile WBAN. A Demodulate and Forward XOR
Network Coding Scheme is used to generate an efficient network
code to increase the reliability during communication. Also an
efficient random partial coloring technique is used to increase
spatial reuse and increase the energy efficiency. In order to
increase the reliability without any overhead in the network
route quality identifier (RQI) and next hop identifier (NHI) is
estimated to determine the quality of the link.
Keywords - WBAN, Random XOR Network Coding (RXNC),
Random Incomplete Coloring (RIC), Route Quality Indicator
(RQI), Next Hop Identifier (NHI)
I. INTRODUCTION
WBAN
A Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is a special
purpose sensor network. It is designed to operate in
competition to connect various miniature medical sensors and
appliances, located inside and outside of a human body. The
data gathered by the devices is collected by central device
called sink. WBANs is used for ambulant patient monitoring
[1-2],[15], which is one of the key technology to support
medical help to growing elderly population. WBAN presents
two major advantages compared to current electronic patient
monitoring systems. The first is mobility of patients and
second is the location independent monitoring facility. WBAN
can also explore and find the appropriate communication
network to transmit data to an isolated database server for
storage. Physical layer, Data Link layer (MAC Layer) &
Network layer play an significant role in WBAN, for sensing
accurate readings of patients health and transmitting precise
information to medical servers. Physical layer is anxious with
energy, antennas and radios. MAC layer has the liability to
manage data rates, while network layer has a role to search
best possible route from source to destination [6], [15].
Reliability in WBAN
978-1-4799-6892-3/15 $31.00 2015 IEEE 251
DOI 10.1109/ICCUBEA.2015.54
Dr. Vijay Wadhai
Principal, SIT College of
Engineering, S.P. Pune University
Pune, Maharashtra, India
wadhai.vijay@gmail.com
Adaptive channel bandwidth allocation based on queue
and fault-tolerant priority is basic need for reliability in
WBAN similarly energy efficiency is an important
requirement in WBANs. Sensors can search only a limited
amount of energy from their environment and have limited
battery capacity. Reliable communication in wireless body
area sensor network for health monitoring is required [4-
5][16].
To predict, diagnose, and treat diseases in human body
monitoring system using wireless Body Area Networks
(WBANs) have been developed. Channel fading significantly
affects packet error rate and overall network performance in or
around the human body during the signal transmission in
WBANs takes place
A novel in-network solution for WBAN [10] system is
proposed which endlessly watches vital signs of manifold
patients and prioritizes data transmission based on patients
condition and data content.
For interference-aware prioritization service cross-layer
communication solution is proposed. The modules include
Routing, Scheduling and Medium Access Control. Each
module is individually designed to meet the domain-specific
requirements; then, the three modules are jointly optimized
and considered to obtain the best performance possible.
However the available energy is wasted on idle listening.
While routing medium access collisions, protocol overheads
occurs and interference occurs. Also error due to data loss
occurs during data transmission.
II. RELATED WORK
An easy way to comply with the conference paper Nabil
Ali Alraje [6], have proposed a novel multi-radio multichannel
framework for efficient communication among devices in
WBAN. The focus of this research is to ensure energy
efficient and reliable communication in WBAN. The multi-
radio multi-channel offer efficient data delivery rate and
reduced end-to-end delay. However, more energy
consumption is observed in multi-radio multi-channel
mechanism due to operation of extra radios.
Baozhi Chen and Dario Pompili [10] have proposed a
novel in-network solution to prioritize the transmission of
patient vital signs using wireless body area networks; the
solution relies on a distributed priority scheduling strategy
based on the current patient condition and on the vital sign
end-to-end delay/reliability requirement. The proposed
solution was implemented in Tiny OS and its performance was
tested in a real scenario. However there occurs delay and error
due to loss of data.
Baozhi Chen [11] has developed a novel wireless
communication solution that seamlessly supports patient
mobility and that prioritizes vital signs transmission using
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). This solution
overcomes the current limitations of patient monitoring in pre-
and hospital environments, which represent an important
barrier for developing improved trauma triage strategies.
However there occurs signal error due to packet loss.
Shih Heng Cheng and Ching Yao Huang [14] have
proposed a random incomplete coloring (RIC) with low time-
complexity and high spatial reuse to overcome in-between
wireless-body-area-networks (WBAN) interference, which can
cause serious throughput degradation and energy waste.
Interference-avoidance scheduling of wireless networks can be
modelled as a problem of graph coloring. For instance, high
spatial reuse scheduling for a dense sensor network is mapped
to high spatial-reuse coloring; fast convergence scheduling for
a mobile adhoc network (MANET) is mapped to low time-
complexity coloring. The proposed coloring algorithm
effectively overcomes inter-WBAN interference and
invariably supports higher system throughput in various
mobile WBAN scenarios compared to conventional colorings.
III. PROPOSED WORK
In the existing works, they have not proposed any interference
free reliable routing model and mobility management.
Therefore in our solution provide mobility management with
interference free reliable routing communication to monitor
patients in WBAN [15].
To overcome the intrusion problem, we can apply random
incomplete coloring (RIC) algorithm with low time-
complexity and high spatial reuse. RIC coloring has two major
components: one is a proposed random-value coloring method
and second is proposed incomplete coloring approach. By
relaxing the coloring rule, the distributed coloring algorithm
RIC avoids the trade off and satisfies both high spatial-reuse
and fast convergence requirements. We propose an
interference free reliable communication for patient
monitoring by applying DXNC and RPI technique which is
described in the following section.
A. Estimation of Matrix
1) Vertices per Color (Vp)
It is described as average number of vertices colored by
each color considered which is used to estimate average
spatial reuse of periodical coloring.
High Vp indicates more number of wireless nodes which
can concurrently transmit packet by using same color, that
means the system make higher spatial reuse on average.
252
2) Random Partial Coloring Technique
Once the network coding is done [18], then for the entire
selected relay random partial coloring technique is applied to
avoid any kind of interference and hence saves the energy by
efficient spatial reuse. The proposed partial coloring technique
has two main components:
Random Value Coloring method: It is a type of low time-
complexity coloring technique to design for inter-WBAN
scheduling (IWS).
Incomplete Coloring Technique: It is a high spatial reuse
coloring technique which controls standard coloring rule to
discover about the high spatial reuse in case B < F ( G ) .
Where F ( G ) represents minimum number of color (i.e.
chromatic number) to color a graph in spatial reuse coloring
method.
3) Random Value Coloring Technique
The random-value coloring scheme is a technique which
recognizes prioritized vertex coloring and have low time-
complexity. This technique considers a random value
comparison to generate immediate priority differences among
all adjacent vertices as illustrated in Figure 1. In this Figure,
the justice to the random value coloring can be supported only
in case random value Rv < from different vertices which are
created with like uniform distribution. As there is symmetry
among vertices, hence it is clear that that the probability that
vertex produces maximum random value (that means wins the
color) amongst (n-1) competitors is given by 1/ n . Here
competitors represent adjacent vertices competing for the
same color. Hence, each vertex has equal rights of radio
resource sharing with its adjacent vertices. Moreover, random
value coloring avoids any kind of conflict with the circle, as it
is not feasible to arrange the random values of vertices in a
circle with one way orientation RV 1 > RV 2 > ......RVn > Rv1 .
The fairness and circle-free properties of the proposed
technique makes proposed coloring possible to recognize for
quick IWS
3
G Y
1
B
2
4
Resource/ Active vertices scheduling Y
4
3 1 2
Y G B
VP =4/3
Fig.1. Partial Complete 3- coloring
 4) Incomplete Coloring IV. PROPOSED ALGORITHM FOR COLORING TECHNIQUE
This technique increases the spatial reuse by continuously
coloring a graph B < F (G ) . However, it is not possible to fully 1. Perform colouring for coded relay
color a graph using B < F (G ) colors, as color conflict is 2. For each coloring cycle
obvious for this case and also it cannot be resolved. Hence 3. While j is uncolored
incomplete coloring technique helps to avoid any kind of 4. j choose color Cj from color set Cj(r) with a random
conflict in case vertices run out of B colors as illustrated in value Rj
Figure 1. It is important to note that while applying incomplete 5. j broadcasts RVC message including Cj and Rj to Lj
coloring to IWS, the uncolored node represent that a CPN 6. if j receives message from
doesnt reserve any resource in that coloring. Then the WBAN v T j with condition Rv R j
of this Central processing Node (CPN) becomes provisionally
inactive and hence no interference is created with its 7. then j remains uncolored
neighbour WBANs. In Figure 1, importance of incomplete 8. else colored by Cj
coloring is shown. 9. if j wins color
10. then it broadcasts color taken from notification
In Figure 1, graph D with four vertices can be fully colored 11. j delete color taken from Lj and Cj(r+1)
with F (G ) = 3 (case 3a) written as 3 . Hence VP (3 ) = 4 / 3 In 12. if | Cj(r+1)|=0
the second case, if two colors are considered for incomplete 13. then it becomes uncolored
coloring that means if B=2 written as ' 2 , then four possible
Fig. 3. Coloring Algorithm Interference free Reliable communication
results is expected at the end of the coloring cycle that is (case
2a to 2d. Since 2a to 2d all have three vertices colored by two V. SIMULATION RESULT
colors, hence 2a to 2d all have same VP (3 ) = 3 / 2 . The
A. Simulation Model and Parameters
probability that all cases occurs depends color conflict
technique. As in cases 2a to 2d all are symmetric and vertices The Network Simulator (NS2) is used to simulate the
1 to 4 have equal priority in the conflict, hence each case proposed architecture. In the simulation, the mobile nodes
move in a 50 meter x 50 meter region for 50 seconds of
shows probability 1 / 4 . As a result, if incomplete coloring with
simulation time. All nodes have the same transmission range
B=2, ' 2 , is iterated, then for each coloring E[VP(2')] = 3/ 2 . It of 250 meters. The simulated traffic is Constant Bit Rate
is observed that there is an increase of 12.5 percent (CBR). The number of nodes is varied from 20 to 100. The
over V P (3 ) = 4 / 3 . nodes are moving in a horizontal direction with the varying
speed of 0.5m/s to 2.5 m/s.
3
TABLE I
Y 3
1 Y Simulation settings Parameters
1 No. of Nodes 20,40,60,80 and 100
G 2 G Area Size 50 X 50
2 Y
Mac IEEE 802.11
Y 4 4
Transmission Range 250m
Simulation Time 50 sec
Y 3 3
1 Y G Traffic Source CBR
1 G
Packet Size 512
Rate 50,100,150,200 and 250Kb
2 2 Node Speed 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 m/s
Y 4
Y 4
Routing Protocol SMIFRC
Simulation Time 50sec
(2a) or (2b) or (2c)
Y G Y G Y G Y G or (2d) .t B. Performance Metrics
The proposed Seamless Mobility Interference Free
Reliable Communication in WBAN (SMIFRC) is compared
3 1 3 1 with the Channel Quality Based Routing (CQBR) technique
VP = , P[ 2 a ] = , V p = , p[ 2b ] = [10]. The performance is evaluated mainly, according to the
2 4 2 4
following metrics.
3 1 3 1 Packet Delivery Ratio: It is the ratio between the number
VP = , P[ 2 c ] = ,V P = , P[ 2 d ] =
2 4 2 4 of packets received and the number of packets sent.
Fig. 2. Representation of Periodical complete and incomplete Coloring using Packet Drop: It refers the average number of packets
colors Y, G, and B dropped during the transmission

253
 Delay: It is the amount of time taken by the nodes to Speed Vs Delay
transmit the data packets.
15
RESULTS
1) Varying Nodes

Delay(sec)
10 SMIFRC
In our first experiment we vary the number of nodes as
5 CQBR
20,40,60,80 and 100
0
Nodes Vs Delay
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

25 Speed (m/s)
20
Delay (Sec)

15 CQBR
10 SMIFRC
5 Fig.7. Speed Vs Delay
0
20 40 60 80 100 Speed Vs Delivery Ratio
Nodes
0.4

Delivery Ratio
0.3
SMIFRC
Fig.4. Nodes Vs Delay 0.2
C CQBR
0.1
Nodes Vs Delivery Ratio 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0.4 Speed (m/s)
Delivery Ratio

0.3
CQBR
0.2
SMIFRC Fig.8. Speed Vs Delivery Ratio
0.1
0
Speed Vs Drop
20 40 60 80 100
Nodes 80000
Drop pkts

60000
SMIFRC
40000
CQBR
Fig.5. Nodes Vs Delivery Ratio 20000
0
Nodes Vs Drop 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Speed (m/s)
15000
Pkts

10000 CQBR Fig.9. Speed Vs Drop

5000 SMIFRC
Figure 4 shows the delay of CQBR and SMIFRC
0 techniques for different number of nodes. . It is observed that
20 40 60 80 100 proposed SMIFRC technique has the delay 57% of less than
CQBR technique.
Nodes
Figure 5 shows the delivery ratio of CQBR and SMIFRC
techniques for different number of nodes. It is observed that
proposed SMIFRC technique has the delivery ratio 54% of
Fig.6. Nodes Vs Drop higher than CQBR technique.

2) Varying Horizontal movement Speed Figure 6 shows the drop of CQBR and SMIFRC
techniques for different number of nodes. . It is observed that
In our second experiment we vary the mobility speed as
0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 M/s

254
proposed SMIFRC technique has the drop of 26% of less than
CQBR technique.
Figure 7 shows the delay of CQBR and SMIFRC
techniques for different rates. . It is observed that proposed
SMIFRC technique has the delay 53% of less than CQBR
technique.
Figure 8 shows the delivery ratio of CQBR and SMIFRC
techniques for different rates. It is observed that proposed
SMIFRC technique has the delivery ration of 75% higher than
CQBR technique.
Figure 9 shows the drop of CQBR and SMIFRC
techniques for different rates. It is observed that proposed
SMIFRC technique has drop of 75% of less than CQBR
technique.
IV CONCLUSIONS
In this paper seamless mobility interference free reliable
communication technique is adopted for patient monitoring in
mobile WBAN is proposed. A Demodulate and Forward XOR
Network Coding Scheme [18] is used to generate an efficient
network code to increase the reliability during communication.
Once network coding is done, the selected relays are sent for
the coloring. In this efficient random partial coloring
technique spatial reuse is adopted and hence it increases the
energy efficiency. In order to increase the reliability without
any overhead in the network, route quality identifier (RQI)
and next hop identifier (NHI) is estimated to determine the
quality of the link. The link with the best RQI is selected for
transmission and the best hop is selected based max value of
NHI.
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IJENWMC, ISSN(P): 2250-1568, ISSN(E): 2278-9448 Volume 4, Issue
4, August 2014, 41-46