Tissues
rarely in leaves
Complex more than one basic type of cells
a. Xylem = conduction of water and minerals;
parenchyma, tracheary elements (vessels and
tracheids), fibers
b. Phloem conduction of food; parenchyma,
sieve elements, companion cells, fibers
Two types of water conducting cells, tracheid and
vessel elements, are dead at maturity
Tracheids are found in the xylem of all vascular
plants
Vessel elements = are common to most angiosperms
and a few gymnosperms
Fibers- supporting cells
Phloem
Sieve tube elements = are alive at maturity though
they lack organelles
Sieve plates porous end walls that allow fluid to
flow between cells along the sieve tube
Companion cell = connected to sieve tube element
whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells
Stele = vascular tissue of a stem or root
Vascular cylinder the stele of the root in
angiosperms
Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is pith;
external cortex for storage, photosynthesis and
support
Meristem = parenchyma tissue, dividing tissues and
allow for indeterminate growth, generate cells for
new organs
Indeterminate growth = grow throughout its life
Determinate growth = cease to grow at a certain size
Apical meristem located at the tips of shoots
Lateral = add thickness or girth to woody plants,
process called secondary growth
To lateral mersitems vascular and cork cambium
Meristems = give rise to initials, remain in the
meristem and derivatives, become specialized in
developing tissues
Woody plants, primary and secondary growth occur
simultaneously but in different location
Secondary in stems and roots of woody plants but
- Characteristic of gymnosperms and many
eudicots, but not monocots
Roots
- Multicellular organs with important functions:
anchoring the plant, absorbing minerals and
water, storing organic nutrients
Types of root system
Taproot consist of one main vertical root, gives rise
to lateral, or branch roots
Fibrous characterised by thin lateral roots with no
main root
Adventitious
Root tip covered by root cap, which protects the
apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil
Growth and development occur above the root tip, in
three zones of cells; zone of cell division, elongation
and maturation or differentiation
Endodermis innermost part of cortex
Specialized/modified roots
Storage roots
Strangling aerial roots structural support
Buttress roots
Taproots
Prop roots- type of adventitious
Pneumatophores
Root nodules - develop as a result of a symbiotic
relationship between rhizobial bacteria and the root
hairs
Mychorrhiza fungi-plant root association
Secondary growth
Origin of secondary tissues in roots