Antennas and Wave Propogation - Sachidananda

ANTENNAS and
WAVE PROPAGATION
Solution Manual
A.R. Harish and M. Sachidananda

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur - 208 016, India
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
2
Contents
1 Electromagnetic Radiation 5
2 Antenna Characteristics 19
3 Wire Antennas 45
4 Aperture Antennas 59
5 Antenna Arrays 83
6 Special Antennas 97
7 Antenna Measurements 105
8 Radio Wave Propagation 107
3
4 CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Electromagnetic Radiation
Solution 1.1 The unit vectors in spherical coordinates, viz., ar , a , and a can be
expressed in terms of ax , ay , and az as (see Example 1.7),
ar = ax sin cos + ay sin sin + az cos

a = ax cos cos + ay cos sin az sin
a = ax sin + ay cos
Taking the dot product of each of the unit vectors with itself,
ar ar = sin2 cos2 + sin2 sin2 + cos2 = 1

a a = cos2 cos2 + cos2 sin2 + sin2 = 1
a a = sin2 + cos2 = 1
Taking the dot products with each other,
ar a = sin cos cos2 + sin cos sin2 sin cos = 0

a a = cos cos sin + cos sin cos = 0
ar a = sin cos sin + sin sin cos = 0
Therefore, the spherical coordinate system is orthogonal.
Solution 1.2 In rectangular coordinate system, the gradient operator is given by

d d d
= ax + ay + az
dx dy dz
Taking the curl of ,
ax ay az

= x y z

d d d
dx dy dz
Expanding the determinant,

! ! !
2 2 2 2 2 2
= ax + ay + az =0
yz yz xz xz xy xy
5
6 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Solution 1.3 The curl of a vector in rectangular coordinates is given by

ax ay az

A =
x

y

z

Ax Ay Az
! ! !
Az Ay Ax Az Ay Ax
A = ax + ay + az
y z z x x y
Taking the divergence,
! ! !
2 Az 2 Ay 2 Ax 2 Az 2 Ay 2 Ax
A= + + =0
yx zx yz xy xz yz
Solution 1.4 In rectangular coordinates

ax ay az

A = x y z

Ax Ay Az
" # " # " #
Az Ay Ax Az Ay Ax
A = ax + ay + az
y z z x x y
Now we can expand A as
A = ( " # " #)
Ay Ax Ax Az
ax
y x y z z x
( " # " #)
Az Ay Ay Ax
+ay
z y z x x y
( " # " #)
Ax Az Az Ay
+az
x z x y y z
( )
2 2 2 2
Ay Az Ax Ax
= ax + 2 2
xy xz y z
( )
2 2
Ax Az Ay 2 Ay
2
+ay + 2 2
xy yz x z
( )
2 2
Ax Ay Az 2 Az
2
+az + 2 2
xz yz x y
( )
2 2
Ay Az Ax Ax 2 Ax 2 Ax
2 2
= ax + + 2 2 2 2
xy xz x x y z
( )
2 2
Ax Az Ay Ay Ay 2 Ay
2 2 2
+ay + + 2 2 2 2
xy yz y x y z
7
( )
2 Ax 2 Ay 2 Az 2 Az 2 Az 2 Az
+az + + 2 2 2 2
xz yz z x y z
!
Ax Ay Az
= ax + +
x x y z
!
Ax Ay Az
+ay + +
y x y z
!
Ax Ay Az
+az + +
z x y z
ax 2 Ax ay 2 Ay az 2 Az
= ( A) 2 A
Solution 1.5 In a source-free region the Maxwells equations reduce to
E = jH
H = jE
E = 0
H = 0
Taking the curl of the first equation,
E = j H
Expanding the L.H.S. using the vector identity and substituting the expression for H
on the R.H.S from the second equation,
( E) 2 E = j(jE)
Since E = 0 and 2 = k 2 , we get
2 E + k 2 E = 0
Similarly, taking and curl of the second equation,
H = j E
Expanding the L.H.S. using the vector identity and substituting the expression for E
on the R.H.S from the first equation,
( H) 2 H = j(jH)
Since H = 0, we get
2 H + k 2 H = 0
Solution 1.6 From Eqns (1.31) to (1.34), we can conclude that V (r) = V0 ejkr /r rep-
resents a wave with a velocity v = /k. Since both and k are positive numbers, the
velocity is positive. Therefore, V (r) represents a wave travelling in the positive r direction.
Solution 1.7 (a) The equiphase surface is a sphere of radius r with center at the origin.
(b) Equiphase surface is a plane x =constant.
Solution 1.8 From Eqn (1.53), we have
ejkr
Az = I0 dl
4 r
Substituting into Eqn (1.57)
" #
1 ejkr ejkr
A = a (r I0 dl sin ) ( I0 dl cos )
r r 4 r 4 r
Performing the indicated differentiation,
" #
1 ejkr
A = a I0 dl jkejkr sin + sin
r 4 r
1 ejkr
= a I0 dl sin (jkr + 1)
r 4 r
Substituting in
1
H= A

and rearranging, we get
Hr = 0
H = 0
" #
I0 dl sin ejkr 1
H = jk 1+
4 r jkr
Solution 1.9 Substituting the expression for H from Eqn (1.61) into Eqn (1.63)
" ( )!
1 1 I0 dl sin ejkr 1
E = 2
a r r sin jk 1+
j r sin 4 r jkr
( )!#
jkr
I0 dl sin e 1
ra r sin jk 1+
r 4 r jkr
" ( )
1 1 I0 dl ejkr 1
E = a r r2 sin cos jk 1 +
j r2 sin 4 r jkr
2
( )#
jkr jkr
I0 dl sin jkr e e
ra jk jke jk
4 jkr jkr2
9
Substituting = k/ and simplifying

" ( )
I0 dl ejkr 1
E = ar cos jk 1+
jk 2r r jkr
( )#
jkr
I0 dl sin e 1 1
+a jk jk 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
This can be written in component form as

!
I0 dl cos ejkr 1
Er = 1+
2r r jkr
!
kI0 dl sin ejkr 1 1
E = j 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
E = 0
Solution 1.10 From Eqn (1.53), the magnetic vector potential due to a z directed current
element is,
ejkr
A = az I0 dl
4 r
where, q
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
The curl of A in rectangular coordinates is given by
! ! !
Az Ay Ax Az Ay Ax
A = ax + ay + az
y z z x x y
Since Ax and Ay are zero,

Az Az
A = ax ay
y x
Differentiating Az with respect to x,
!
Az ejkr
= I0 dl
x 4 x r
We now compute
! !
ejkr ejkr q 2 ejkr q 2
= jk x + y2 + z2 2 x + y2 + z2
x r r x r x

ejkr x 1
= jk
r r r
Similarly, !
ejkr ejkr y 1
= jk
y r r r r
and hence
Az ejkr y 1
= I0 dl jk
y 4 r r r
Therefore, the magnetic field components are,

1 Az I0 dl ejkr y 1
Hx = = jk
y 4 r r r
jkr
1 Az I0 dl e x 1
Hy = = jk
x 4 r r r
Hz = 0
Using the transformation from rectangular to spherical coordinates (see Appendix F),
Hr = sin cos Hx + sin sin Hy

H = cos cos Hx + cos sin Hy
H = sin Hx + cos Hy
Substituting the expressions for Hx and Hy and using the relationships x = r sin cos
and y = r sin sin ,

I0 dl ejkr 1
Hr = jk {sin cos sin sin sin sin sin cos }
4 r r
= 0

I0 dl ejkr 1
H = jk {cos cos sin sin cos sin sin cos }
4 r r
= 0

I0 dl ejkr 1
H = jk ( sin sin sin cos sin cos )
4 r
r !
I0 dl sin ejkr 1
= jk 1+
4 r jkr
These are the same as given by Eqns (1.59) to (1.61).

The electric field is computed using,
" ! ! !#
1 1 Hz Hy Hx Hz Hy Hx
E= H= ax + ay + az
j j y z z x x y
Since Hz = 0, " !#
1 Hy Hx Hy Hx
E= ax + ay + az
j z z x y
We now compute the partial derivates of Hx and Hy with respect to x, y, and z.
" !
Hx I0 dl y 1 ejkr ejkr y 1
= jk + jk
y 4 r r y r r r y r
! #
jkr
e 1 y
+ jk
r r y r
11
"
Hx I0 dl y 1 ejkr 1 y
= jk jk
y 4 r r r r r
! #
jkr jkr 2
e y y e 1 y 1
+ + jk
r r r3 r r r3 r
Similarly,
"
Hy I0 dl ejkr 1 xx 1
= jk jk
x 4 r r rr r
! #
ejkr x x ejkr 1 x2 1
+ + 3 jk
r r r3 r r r r
Using x2 + y 2 = (r sin cos )2 + (r sin sin )2 = r2 sin2 , we can write

! "
Hy Hx I0 dl ejkr 1 2 2
= jk + sin
x y 4 r r
! #
1 2 sin2 sin2
+ jk + 2
r r r r
Further, we can write the derivatives of Hx and Hy with respect to z as
"
Hx I0 dl ejkr 1 zy 1
= jk jk
z 4 r r rr r
#
ejkr yz 1 ejkr y z
jk +
r r3 r r r r3
"
Hy I0 dl ejkr 1 zx 1
= jk jk
z 4 r r rr r
jkr jkr #
e xz 1 e x z
3
jk +
r r r r r r3
which can be written as,
"
Hx I0 dl ejkr 1 1
= jk cos sin sin jk
z 4 r r r
!#
jkr jkr
e 1 1 e cos
sin sin cos jk + sin sin
r r r r r2
"
Hy I0 dl ejkr 1 1
= jk cos sin cos jk
z 4 r r r
!#
jkr jkr
e 1 1 e cos
sin cos cos jk + sin cos
r r r r r2
The electric field is given by
" !#
1 Hy Hx Hy Hx
E = ax + ay + az
j z z x y
( "
I0 dl 1 ejkr 1 1
= ax jk cos sin cos jk
4 j r r r
!#
jkr jkr
e 1 1 e cos
r r r r r2
"
ejkr 1 1
+ay jk cos sin sin jk
r r r
!#
jkr jkr
e 1 1 e cos
r r r r r2
"
ejkr 1 2 2
az jk + sin
r r
! #)
1 2 sin2 sin2
+ jk + 2
r r r r
The components of the electric field in spherical coordinates can be written as
Er = sin cos Ex + sin sin Ey + cos Ez
E = cos cos Ex + cos sin Ey sin Ez
E = sin Ex + cos Ey
Substituting the expressions for Ex , Ey and Ez , and simplifying

I0 dl ejkr 1 1
Er = sin cos jk cos sin cos jk
4j r r r
!#
1 1 cos
r r r2

1 1
+ sin sin jk cos sin sin jk
r
r !#

1 1 cos
r r r2
"
1 2 2
cos jk + sin
r
! #)
1 2 sin2 sin2
+ jk + 2
r r r r
(
jkr 2
I0 dl e 1 1 1 1
= jk + sin2 cos + jk + sin2 cos + 2 sin2 cos
4j r r r r r
2
1 2 1 1 1
jk + sin2 cos + jk + cos jk + sin2 cos
r r r r r

1
2 sin2 cos
r !
I0 dl k ejkr 1 1
= 1+ cos
2 r jkr r
!
I0 dl cos ejkr 1
= 1+
2r r jkr
13

I0 dl ejkr 1 1
E = cos cos jk cos sin cos jk
4j r r r
!#
1 1 cos
r r r2

1 1
+ cos sin jk cos sin sin jk
r
r!#

1 1 cos
r r r2
"
1 2 2
+ sin jk + sin
r
! #)
1 2 sin2 sin2
+ jk + 2
r r r r
(
jkr 2
I0 dl e 1 1 1 1
= jk + cos2 sin + jk + cos2 sin + 2 cos2 sin
4j r r r r r
2
1 2 1 1 1
+ jk + sin3 jk + sin + jk + sin3
r r r r r

1 3
+ 2 sin
r " #

I0 dl sin 1 ejkr 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
= jk + + jk + jk + + 2
4 j r r r r r r r
" #
jkr 2
I0 dl sin 1 e 1 1 1 1
= jk + + jk +
4 j r r r r r
" #
I0 dl sin 1 ejkr jk 1
= (jk)2 + + 2
4 j r r r
" #
jkr
I0 dl sin e 1 1
= j 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2

I0 dl ejkr 1 1
E = sin jk cos sin cos jk
4j r r r
!#
1 1 cos
r r r2

1 1
+ cos jk cos sin sin jk
r
r !#)

1 1 cos
r r r2
= 0
These are the expressions for the components of the electric field in spherical coordinate
system as given by Eqns (1.64)-(1.66).
Solution 1.11 Substituting = 2f and f = v/,

v
= 2

Using k = 2/, and v = 1/ , we get
r
1
= k = k = k

Solution 1.12 The electric and magnetic fields in the far-field region of a Hertzian dipole
can be written as
ejkr
E = E0 sin
r
E0 ejkr
H = sin
r
where E0 is a complex constant. Taking the curl of the electric field,

ar ra r sin a
1
E= 2 r
r sin jkr

0 rE0 sin e r
0
Since the electric field is independent of , differentiation with respect to yields a zero.
Thus, the determinant can be expanded to get,
( )
1
E= 2 r sin a (E0 sin ejkr )
r sin r
Differentiating with respect r,
ejkr
E = a jE0 k sin
r
ejkr
= ja E0 sin
r
" #
E0 ejkr
= j a sin
r
= jH
Similarly,

ar ra r sin a

1

H =
r2 sin
r
jkr
0 0 r sin E0 sin e r

jkr
1 E0 e 1 E0
= ar r 2 sin cos 2 ra sin2 (jk)ejkr
r2
sin r r sin
E0 ejkr E0 ejkr
= ar 2 cos 2 + a j sin k
r r
15
At large distances, we can ignore the term containing 1/r2 and using the relationship
k/ = , we can write
( )
ejkr
H = j a E0 sin
r
= jE
Solution 1.13 Assuming far field condition, from Eqn (1.69),
kI0 dl sin ejkr

E = j
4 r
kI0 dl sin
|E | =
4r
In the x-y plane = 90 . Substituting dl= 1 m, I0 = 10 A, f =1 MHz which corresponds
to = 300 m, and k = 2/ = 2/300 and = 376.73 we get
2 1 6.279
|E | = 376.73 10 1 1 = = 1 103
300 4r r
Therefore, we get
r=6279 m
Solution 1.14 The magnetic vector potential for a y directed Hertzian dipole is given by
0 ejkr
A = ay I0 dl
4 r
Expressing ay is spherical coordinates,
0 ejkr
A= I0 dl (ar sin sin + a cos sin + a cos )
4 r
The magnetic field is given by

ar ra r sin a
1 1 1
H = A= r
r2 sin
Ar rA r sin A
( " ! !#
1 I0 dl ejkr ejkr
= 2 ar r sin cos r cos sin
r sin 4 r r
" ! !#
jkr jkr
e e
ra r sin cos sin sin
r r r
" ! !#)
jkr
e ejkr
+r sin a r cos sin sin sin
r r r
( " #
jkr jkr
1 I0 dl e e
= 2 ar r cos cos r cos cos
r sin 4 r r
" #
ejkr ejkr
ra jkr sin cos sin cos
r r
" #)
jkr
e ejkr
+r sin a jkr cos sin cos sin
r r
I0 dl ejkr
= {a cos (jkr + 1) a cos sin (jkr + 1)}
4r r ! !
jkI0 dl ejkr 1 jkI0 dl ejkr 1
= a cos 1+ a cos sin 1+
4 r jkr 4 r jkr
The electric field is given by,

ar ra r sin a
1 1 1
E = H= r
j j r2 sin
0 rH r sin H
jkI0 dl 1 1
= 2
4 j r sin
( " !! !!#
ejkr 1 ejkr 1
ar r sin cos sin 1+ r cos 1+
r jkr r jkr
" !#
jkr
e 1
ra r sin cos sin 1+
r r jkr
" !#)
jkr
e 1
+r sin a r cos 1+
r r jkr
k I0 dl 1
= 2
4
( " r sin ! !#
2 ejkr 1 ejkr 1
ar r cos sin 1+ + r sin 1+
r jkr r jkr
" ( ! !)#
jkr 1 jkr 1
+ra sin cos sin jke 1+ +e
jkr jkr2
" ! !#)
1 1
+ r sin a jkejkr 1 + + ejkr
jkr jkr2
The components of the electric field are,
!
jkr
I0 dl 1 2 e 1
Er = 2
r sin sin 1+
4 r sin r jkr
!
jkr
I0 dl e 1
= sin sin 1+
4r r jkr
" #
I0 dl jk jkr 1 1
E = r sin cos sin e 1+
4 r2 sin jkr (kr)2
" #
jkI0 dl ejkr 1 1
= cos sin 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
" #
jkI0 dl ejkr 1 1
E = cos 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
17
Solution 1.15 The electric field, Ez at (0, 100, 0) is the same as E (r = 100, = 2 , =
2
), and from Eqn (1.65)
" #
kI0 dl ejkr 1 1
E = j 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
Comparing i(t) = 2 cos(6 106 t) with i(t) = I0 cos(t) we get, I0 = 2 A, = 6 106

6
and k = v = 610
3108
= 0.0628 rad/m. From the data given in the problem, we have
dl = 0.5 m and r = 100 m. Therefore,
0.0628 2 0.5 ej0.0628100

E = j376.73
4 100 !
1 1
1+
j0.0628 100 (0.0628 100)2
1 1
= j0.0188ej6.28 (1 +
j6.28 39.438
= j 0.0188(0.9746 j0.1592)
= j0.0188 0.98756 9.28
E = 0.018566 80.72 V/m
Since az Ez |=90 = a E ,
Ez = +0.018566 (80.72 180 ) = 0.018566 99.3 V/m
If the dipole is oriented along x direction, the field also gets oriented along the x
direction. Therefore,
Ex = 0.018566 99.3 V/m
Chapter 2
Antenna Characteristics
Solution 2.1 The magnetic field can be written in terms of the electric field by
1
H= E
j
ejkr
E = (a E0 cos sin + a E0 cos )
r
Therefore,

ar ra r sin a
1 1
H = r
j r2 sin
Er rE r sin E
1 1
= 2
j r sin
( " ! !#
ejkr ejkr
ar r sin E0 cos rE0 cos sin
r r
!
jkr
e
ra r sin E0 cos
r r
!)
ejkr
+r sin a rE0 cos sin
r r
1 1
= 2
j r sin
( " #
ejkr ejkr
ar r cos E0 cos rE0 cos cos
r r
ra sin E0 cos (jk)ejkr
o
+r sin a E0 cos sin (jk)ejkr
k ejkr
= E0 [a cos + a cos sin ]
r
19
20 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Since = k,
E0 ejkr
H= [a cos + a cos sin ]
r
Therefore
E E
= =
H H
Solution 2.2 The instantaneous Poynting vector is given by
S = E H
Using the phasor notation,
S = Re{Eejt } Re{Hejt }
If z is a complex number, z + z = 2Re{z}, and hence we can write

1 h jt i h i
S = Ee + E ejt Hejt + H ejt
4
1h i
= E Hej2t + E H + E H + E H ej2t
4
This can rearranged as
1h i
S = E Hej2t + E H ej2t + E H + E H
4
Again using the identity z + z = 2Re{z},
1 1
S = Re{E Hej2t } + Re{E H }
2 2
The time average power density is obtained by integrating the instantaneous Poynting
vector over one period. Since E and H are not functions of time, and
Z T Z 1/f
j2t
e dt = ej4f t dt
t=0 0
1/f
1 j4f
= e

j4f 0
1
= [ej4 1] = 0
j4f
Therefore, the time average power density is given by,
1
S = Re{E H }
2
21
Solution 2.3 From the figure, the elemental area is

da = (rd)(r sin d) = r2 sin dd
Fig. P2.3 Spherical coordinate system
Solution 2.4 Following the procedure of Example 1.8 we can write the magnetic vector
potential due to a y directed Hertzian dipole of length dl, and carrying a current I0 , as
0 ejkr
A = ay I0 dl
4 r
Expressing the unit vector in terms of the spherical coordinates,
ejkr
A= I0 dl (ar sin sin + a cos sin + a cos )
4 r
The magnetic field is given by

ar ra r sin a
1 1 1
H= A= r
r2 sin
Ar rA r sin A
( " ! !#
1 I0 dl ejkr ejkr
H = 2 ar r sin cos r cos sin
r sin 4 r r
" ! !#
jkr jkr
e e
a r r sin cos sin sin
r r r
" ! !#)
jkr
e ejkr
+a r sin r cos sin sin sin
r r r

Hr = 0
( )
1 I0 dl jkr ejkr
H = r sin cos (jk) e r sin cos
r2 sin 4 r
( )
I0 dl ejkr 1
= jk cos 1+
4 r jkr
" #
1 I0 dl jkr ejkr
H = cos sin (jk) e cos sin
r 4 r
" #
I0 dl ejkr 1
= jk cos sin 1+
4 r jkr

ar ra r sin a
1 1 1
E= H= r
j j r2 sin
0 rH r sin H
( " " #!
1 1 I0 dl ejkr 1
E = 2
jk a r r sin cos sin 1+
j r sin 4 r jkr
" #!#
jkr
e 1
r cos 1+
r jkr
" #!
ejkr 1
a r r sin cos sin 1+
r r jkr
!!)
jkr
e 1
+a r sin r cos 1+
r r jkr
Using k/ = ,and simplifying
( ! !)
1 I0 dl h i 1 1
Er = 2 cos2 sin2 sin ejkr 1 + + sin e jkr
1+
r sin 4 jkr jkr
Using the result cos2 + sin2 + 1 = 2 sin2
!
I0 dl ejkr 1
Er = sin sin 1+
2r r jkr
( )
I0 dl 1 jkr ejkr ejkr
E = r sin cos sin jk e jk
4 r2 sin jkr jkr2
( )
kI0 dl ejkr 1 1
= j cos sin 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
( ! !)
I0 dl 1 jkr 1 jkr 1
E = r sin cos jke 1 + +e
4 r2 sin jkr jkr2
!
kI0 dl ejkr 1 1
= j cos 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
23
Time averaged power density is

1 1 n o
S = Re {E H } = Re ar E H ar E H
2 2
( )
I0 dl ejkr 1 1
E H = jk cos sin 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
( )
I dl ejkr 1
jk 0 cos sin 1
4 r jkr
|I0 |2 dl2 1
= k 2 2 2
2 cos sin 2
(4) r
)
1 1 1 1 1
1+ + +
jkr (kr)2 jkr (kr)2 j (kr)3
" #2
|I0 | dl
Re E H = k cos sin
4r
!
I0 dl ejkr 1 1
E H = j k cos 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
!
I0 dl ejkr 1
(j) k cos 1
4 r jkr
" #2
|I0 | dl
Re (E H ) = k cos
4r
Therefore, !2
1 k |I0 | dl h i
S = ar cos2 sin2 + cos2
2 4r
Since i(t) = 10 sin(2 106 t 4 ) A, the frequency of excitation is = 2 106 rad/s
and hence f = 1 106 Hz. The excitation current phasor I0 = 106 4 A.
6
Substituting |I0 | = 10 A, dl = 1 m, k = 2f c
= 210
3108
= 0.0209 rad/m, r = 4000 m,

= 2 and = 0,
2
1 0.0209 10 1
S = ar 376.73 (1) = 3.25 109 W/m2
2 4 4000

With = 2
and = 2
we have S = 0.
Solution 2.5 This is the electric field of an x-directed Hertzian dipole. In the = 0
plane, the power pattern is a figure of eight (xz plane pattern in Fig. 2.8). The = 90
plane pattern (yz cut in Fig. 2.8) is a circle.

Solution 2.6 (a)In the = 2
plane
ejkr
E = a E0 sin
r
The normalized power pattern is

Pn , = sin2
2

The maximum is along = 2 and 3 dB points are along = sin1 0.5 = 45 and
135 . Therefore, the 3 dB beamwidth is 135 45 = 90 .
(b)In the = 2 plane
ejkr
E = a E0 cos
r
2
The normalized power pattern Pn () = cos
. The maximum of this pattern is along 0
and the 3 dB points are along = cos1 0.5 = 45 . Therefore, the 3 dB beamwidth
is 45 (45 ) = 90 .
Solution 2.7 (a) The electric field is

ejkr
E = a E0 cos
r
The maximum is along = 0 . The 3 dB points are along = cos1 (0.707) = 45 .
Therefore, the 3 dB beamwidth is 45 (45) = 90 .
(b)
ejkr
E = a E0 cos2
r

Maximum
of the
pattern is along = 0 . The 3 dB points are cos2 = 0.707 or =
cos1 0.707 = 32.77 . The 3 dB beamwidth is 32.77 (32.77 ) = 65.54 .
jkr
3 e
(c) E = a E0 cos
h r i
. Maximum along = 0 . The 3 dB points are along cos3 =
0.707 or = cos1 3 0.707 = 27.02 Therefore, the 3 dB beamwidth is 54.04 .
Solution 2.8 The radiated electric field has only component and is given by
ejkr
E = a (cos 1)
r
In the far field region, the electric and magnetic field intensities are related by (Eqn (2.10))
E
=
H
where is the impedance of the medium. Therefore, the radiated magnetic field is given
by
1 ejkr
H = a (cos 1)
r
The time averaged power density is given by
1
S = Re {E H }
2 ( )
1 ejkr 1 ejkr
= Re a (cos 1) a (cos 1)
2 r r
25
Since a a = ar ,
1 (cos 1)2
S = ar
2 r2
Solution 2.9 For U (, ) = sinn , the direction of the maximum is =90 . For n = 3,

U (, ) = sin3 . The 3 dB points are given by sin3 = 0.5 or = sin1 3 0.5 = 52.53
and 127.47 Therefore, 3dB beam width is 3dB = 127.47 52.53 = 74.94 .
Solution 2.10 The time-averaged power density of a Hertzian dipole is given by [see
Eqn (2.12)]
2
1 kI0 dl sin2
S(r, , ) = ar
2 4 r2
The total radiated power is obtained by integrating the power density over the surface of
a sphere of radius r.
Z 2 Z
Prad = S(r, , ) ar r2 sin dd
=0 =0
2
1 kI0 dl Z 2 Z
= sin3 dd
2 4 =0 =0
Using the identity, sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin3 , we can write,

2
1 kI0 dl Z 2 Z 1
Prad = (3 sin sin 3)dd
2 4 =0 =0 4
2
Z
1 kI0 dl 1
= 2 (3 sin sin 3)d
2 4 =0 4
2
1 kI0 dl 1 1
= 2 [3 cos + cos 3]0
2 4 4 3
2
1 2 I0 dl 1 1 1
= 2 [(3 ) (3 + )]
2 4 4 3 3

I dl 2
0
=
3
The radiation intensity is given by,

2
2 1 kI0 dl
U (, ) = r S(r, , ) = sin2
2 4
The directivity is given by

U (, )
D(, ) = 4
Prad
Substituting the expression for Prad and U (, ),

2
1 2I0 dl 1
D(, ) = 4 sin2 2
2 4
I0 dl
3
2
= 1.5 sin
Solution 2.11 Pin = 1500 W and = 0.95. Using Eqn (2.52)
Prad
=
Pin
which gives, Prad = 0.95 1500 = 1425 W. Since, Pin = Prad + Ploss , Ploss = 1500
1425 = 75 W.
Solution 2.12 On doubling the current into a Hertzian dipole, (a) the total radiated
power goes up by a factor of 4, (b) the radiation intensity also goes up by a factor of 4,
and (c) there is no change in the directivity.
Solution 2.13 In the far field

E E
==
H H
Therefore
1 n o
S = ar Re E H E H
2 ( )
1 E E
= ar Re E + E
2
1
= ar |E |2 + |E |2
2
(a) Given that
ejkr
E = E0 cos cos
r
ejkr
E = E0 sin
r
Therefore
1 |E0 |2 2 2 2

S = ar cos cos + sin
2 r2
The radiation intensity is given by
|E0 |2 2
U = r2 S = cos cos2 + sin2
2
27
The total power radiated is obtained by integrating the radiation intensity over the sphere.
I
Prad = U d

|E0 |2 Z 2 Z
= (cos2 cos2 + sin2 ) sin dd
2 =0 =0
Integrating with respect to

( 2 2 )
|E0 |2 Z 2 1 1 1 1
Prad = cos ( + sin 2) + ( sin 2) sin d
2 =0 2 2 0 2 2 0
|E0 |2 Z n 2 o
= cos (2) + 2 sin d
4 =0

|E0 |2 Z 1
= 2 (1 + cos 2) + 1 sin d
4 =0 2
|E0 |2 Z
= (3 sin + cos 2 sin ) d
4 =0
Using cos A sin B = 12 [sin (A + B) sin (A B)]

|E0 |2 Z 1 1
Prad = 3 sin + sin 3 sin d
4 =0 2 2
2
|E0 | 5 1
= cos cos 3
4 2 6 0
2
|E0 | 5 1 5 1
= + + + +
4 2 6 2 6
2
|E0 | 4
=
3
U (, )
D (, ) = 4
Prad

2 2 2
|E0 |2 cos cos + sin
= 4 |E0 |2 4
2
3

= 1.5 cos2 cos2 + sin2
In the = 2 plane, the pattern is independent of (omnidirectional) and the maximum

directivity is 1.5.
(b)For the electric field given by
ejkr
E = (a E0 cos sin + a E0 cos )
r
the power density in the far-field is,
1 |E0 |2 2 2 2

S = ar cos sin + cos
2 r2
The radiation intensity is given by
1
U (, ) = r2 S = |E0 |2 cos2 sin2 + cos2
2
The total power is,
I
|E0 |2 Z 2 Z
Prad = U d = (cos2 sin2 + cos2 ) sin dd
2 =0 =0
Initiating with respect to
2 2 !
|E0 |2 Z 2 1 1 1 1
Prad = cos sin 2 + + sin 2 sin d
2 =0 2 2 0 2 2 0
|E0 |2 Z 2
= cos (2) + 2 sin d
4 =0

|E0 |2 Z 1 1
= 2 + cos 2 + 1 sin d
4 =0 2 2
2 Z
|E0 |
= (3 sin + cos 2 sin ) d
4 =0
From part (a),

|E0 |2 4
Prad =
3
U (, )
D(, ) = 4 = 1.5 (cos2 sin2 + cos2 )
Prad
This has a maximum in the = 0 plane and is equal to 1.5.
Solution 2.14
Pt D
Smax =
4R2
3.5
Substituting Pt = 10 103 W, D = 10 10 = 2.24, = 0.80, and R = 5000, we get
10 103 2.24 0.8

Smax = = 5.7 105 W/m2
4 (5000)2
Therefore, the maximum power density is 57 W/m2 .
Solution 2.15 The region z 0 corresponds to 0 /2.

29
(a)For U (, ) = cos2 , the total radiated power is given by

Z 2 Z /2
Prad = cos2 sin dd
=0 =0
Integrating with respect to , and using the relations

1
cos2 = (1 + cos 2)
2
and
1
sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A B)]
2
we can write,
Z /2
1
Prad = 2 (sin + sin cos 2)d
=0 2
Z /2 1
= (sin + [sin 3 sin ])d
=0 2
Z /2
= (sin + sin 3)d
2 =0
/2
1
= cos cos 3
2 3 0

1 2
= 1+ =
2 3 3
Umax 3
D = 4 = 4 =6
Prad 2

The 3 dB points are given by the solution of cos2 = 0.5. That is, = cos1 ( 0.5) = 45
The 3 dB beamwidth in the two principal planes are equal to 2 . Therefore directivity,
4
using Eqn (2.32)is = /2/2 = 5.09
3
(b) U (, ) = cos
Z 2 Z /2
Prad = cos3 sin dd
=0 =0
Integrating with respect to ,

Z /2
Prad = 2 cos3 sin d
=0
We can expand cos3 sin as
cos3 sin = cos2 cos sin

1 1
= (1 + cos 2) sin 2
2 2
1
= (sin 2 + cos 2 sin 2)
4
1 1
= (sin 2 + sin 4)
4 2
Therefore,
/2
1 1 11
Prad = 2 cos 2 cos 4
4 2 24 0

1 1 1 1
= + + =
2 2 8 2 8 2
Umax 2
D = 4 = 4 = 8
Prad

The 3 dB points are given by cos3 = 0.5, which gives = cos( 3 0.5) = 37.5 . Therefore
half-power beamwidth = 2 37.5 = 75 = 1.31 rad. Thus, directivity using Eqn (2.32) is
4
= (1.31)2 = 7.3.
(c)U (, ) = cos4
Z 2 Z /2
Prad = cos4 sin dd
=0 =0

Z /2
Prad = 2 cos4 sin d
=0
Let us expand
cos4 sin = cos3 sin cos

1 1
= (cos 3 + 3 cos ) sin 2
4 2
1
= (cos 3 sin 2 + 3 cos sin 2)
8
11
= (sin 5 sin + 3 sin 3 + 3 sin )
82
1
= (sin 5 + 3 sin 3 + 2 sin )
16

2 1 2
Prad = cos 5 cos 3 2 cos
16 5 0

2 1 2
= +1+2 =
16 5 5
Umax 5
D = 4 = 4 = 10
Prad 2

The 3 dB beamwidth is given by 2 cos1 ( 4 0.5) = 65.5 = 1.14 rad. Directivity using
4
Eqn (2.32) is = (1.14)2 = 9.7.
31
Solution 2.16
Pt D
Smax =
4R2
22
Substituting Smax = 0.2 103 W/m2 , Pt = 2 103 W, D = 10 10 = 158.5, and R =
10 103 m, we get
2 103 158.5
0.2 103 =
4 (10 103 )2
and hence, = 0.793. The radiation efficiency is 79.3%.
Solution 2.17 The radiation intensity is given by
U (, ) = U0 [1 sin(2)]
(a) The direction of the maximum is given by the solution of dU/d = 0. Substituting
for U and differentiating
U0 [2 cos ] = 0
which gives = 45 and 135 . The direction of the maximum is along = 135 . (Along
= 45 we have U (, ) = 0.)
(b) Radiated power is given by
Z 2 Z
Prad = U0 [1 sin 2] sin dd
=0 =0
Z
= 2U0 (sin sin 2 sin )d
=0
Using the identity sin A sin B = 12 [cos(A + B) cos(A B)],

Z
1 1
Prad = 2U0 (sin +
cos 3 cos )d

=0 2 2

1 1
= 2U0 cos + sin 3 sin
6 2 0
= 2U0 [1 + 1] = 4 U0
1
Since Prad = 1 W, U0 = 4 .
(c) Directivity is given by
1
U 4
[1 sin(2)]
D = 4 = 4 = [1 sin(2)]
Prad 1
The maximum value of directivity is
Dmax = 1 sin(2 135 ) = 2
Solution 2.18 From Eqn (2.32)

4
D=
1HP 2HP
where 1HP and 2HP are the halfpower beamwidths in radians.

Expressing the beamwidths in degrees,

1HP = 1HP
180
and

2HP = 2HP
180
Therefore, the directivity can be expressed as
4
D =
1HP 180 2HP 180
41253
=
1HP 2HP
Solution 2.19 Given Rrad = 1.97 , Rloss = 1 , and jX = j100 , the antenna
impedance becomes
Za = Rrad + Rloss + jXa

= (2.97 j100)
Therefore, the series reactance is Zser = +j100 so that the input impedance becomes
Zin = 2.97 .
n2
For a Transformer ZZ12 = n12 . Substituting Z1 = 50 and Z2 = 2.97 we get n1 : n2 =
q 2
50
: 1 = 4.1 : 1.
2.97
Source current = 100
100
= 1 A, peak to peak. The power supplied by the source into
a matched load Ps = 41 V I. ( 12 V I is the power generated by the source. Half of this is
dissipated

int he

source resistance.) Substituting V = 1002
= 50 V and I = 12 A, we have
Ps = 14 50 21 = 6.25 W.
Peak Current in the secondary I2 = I1 nn21 = 12 4.1 = 2.05 A.
Real power input to the antenna= 12 2.052 2.97 = 6.25 W.
Power radiated by the antenna = 21 2.052 1.97 = 4.15 W.
Solution 2.20 Power into a 100 load is 100 W. Therefore, P = 21 I 2 100 = 100

Therefore, I = 2 A, and the source voltage is Vg = I (100 + 50) = 150 2 V.
When this source is connected to an antenna, the maximum power is delivered if the
the antenna
input
impedance is equal to the source impedance.1 Therefore, the
current is
I = 150
50+50
2
= 1.5 2 A. The power into the antenna is Pin = 2
I 2
R = 1
2
(1.5 2)2
50 =
225 W. Since the antenna has an efficiency of 80%, the radiated power is Prad = 0.8225 =
180 W.
Solution 2.21 (a) The electric field vector is given by
Ea = (a a j)
33
Expressing the electric field as an instantaneous quantity

n o n
o
Ea = Re (a a j)ejt = Re a ejt + a ej(t 2 )
Taking the real part

Ea = a cos(t) + a sin(t)
As t increases, the tip of the electric field rotates clockwise with constant amplitude.
Therefore, this represents a right circularly polarized wave.
(b) The electric field vector is given by
Eb = (a j a )
Expressing the electric field as an instantaneous quantity

n o n
o
Eb = Re (a j a )ejt = Re a ej(t+ 2 ) + a ej(t)
Taking the real part

Eb = a sin(t) a cos(t)
As t increases, the tip of the electric field rotates anticlockwise with constant amplitude.
Therefore, this represents a left circularly polarized wave.
Solution 2.22 The polarization of the wave is decided by the factor (a ja ). This is the
same vector given in problem 2.21(a). Therefore, the wave is right circularly polarized.
Solution 2.23 (a) Linearly polarized along the x axis. (b) Linearly polarized along the
y axis.
Solution 2.24 The electric field of the wave is given by
E(t) = (a 3 + a 5) cos(wt)
5
The angle made by the the vector (a 3 + a 5) with respect to the axis is tan = 3
or
= 59.04 .
Solution 2.25 (a) The electric field vector is given by
E(t) = a 4 cos(t) + a 3 sin(t)
Since the amplitudes of the and components are not equal and the components are
not in phase, this represents an elliptically polarized wave. The tip of the electric field
vector rotates clockwise and hence it is right elliptically polarized.
(b) The magnetic field vector is given by
H(t) = a 4 cos(t) + a 3 sin(t)
Expressing the field as a phasor
H = a 4 + a 36 90
E E
Since H
= H = , the electric field vector is given by
E = a 36 90 120 + a (4) 120

= a 11316 90 + a 15086 180
The electric field vector can be expressed as an instantaneous quantity.
E(t) = a 1131 sin(t) a 1508 cos(t)
This is also right elliptically polarized.

(c)The electric field vector is given by

E(t) = a 4 cos(t) a 2 sin(t + )
3
The tip of the electric field rotates anticlockwise and traces an ellipse. Therefore it is a
left elliptically polarized wave.
Solution 2.26 Applying KVL to the left loop in Fig. 2.13,
V1 = I1 (Z11 Z12 ) + (I1 + I2 )Z12

= I1 Z11 + I2 Z12
Similarly applying KVL to the right side loop,
V2 = I1 Z12 + I2 Z22
These two equations represent the voltage-current relationship of a reciprocal two-port

network with Z12 = Z21 .
Solution 2.27 Let I0 be the amplitude of the current source. When it is connected to
port 1 of a two port network, let the open circuit voltage at port-2 be Voca . Let us call
this situation (a). Since port-2 is open-circuited, current I2 = 0. Therefore, from the
definition of the Z matrix,
V2 = Z21 I1
For this situation we can write this as,
Voca
Z21 =
I0
Let us now interchange the location of the source and the response. We connect the
source to port-2, and measure the open circuit voltage, Vocb at port-1. This is the situation
(b). Since I1 = 0, from the definition of the Z matrix we get
V1 = Z12 I2
which can be expressed as

Vocb
Z12 =
I0
35
For a reciprocal network, Voca = Vocb and hence Z12 = Z21 .
Solution 2.28 Replace the two-port network by its T equivalent circuit (the network
is reciprocal). Now, one can easily compute the impedance Za of network shown in
Fig. 2.15(a) as,
Za = Z11 Z12 + Z12 k (Z22 Z12 + Zb )

Z12 (Z22 Z12 + Zb )
= Z11 Z12 +
Z12 + Z22 Z12 + Zb
Z12 Z22 Z12 Zb + Z12 Z22 Z12
2
+ Z12 Zb
= Z11 +
Z22 + Zb
2
Z12
= Z11
Z22 + Zb
Similarly for the network shown in Fig. 2.15(b), we can write
Zb = Z22 Z12 + Z12 k (Z11 Z12 + Za )

Z12 (Z11 Z12 + Za )
= Z22 Z12 +
Z12 + Z11 Z12 + Za
Z12 Z11 Z12 Za + Z12 Z22 Z12
2
+ Z12 Za
= Z22 +
Z11 + Za
2
Z12
= Z22
Z11 + Za
Solution 2.29 For a reciprocal network Z12 = Z21
Zoc1 = Z11
(Z12 )(Z22Z12 )
Zsc1 = Z11 Z12 +
Z22
Z2 Z2
= Z11 Z12 + Z12 12 = Z11 12
Z22 Z22
Zoc2 = Z22
Z2
Zsc2 = Z22 12
Z11
Substituting the impedance values,
Zoc1 = Z11 = (30 + j15)

Zoc2 = Z22 = (20 + j20)
2
Z12
Zsc1 = 25.62 + j14.375 = 30 + j15
20 + j20
2
Z12 = (20 + j20)(4.38 + j 0.625)
= 28.286 45 (4.42 6 8.12 )
2
Z12 = 125 6 53.12
Z12 = 11.18 6 26.56
Z12 = (10 + j5) = Z21
Solution 2.30 The two antennas and the space between them can be modeled by a Z
matrix, with the terminal voltage and current related to each other by
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 (S2.1)

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 (S2.2)
Since the receive antenna is terminated in a load impedance ZR , the V2 and I2 are related
to each other by
V2
ZR = (S2.3)
I2
The negative sign is because, according to the conventions of the Z matrix, the current
is entering the port-2 (or leaving the load impedance ZR ) from the terminal which is at a
higher potential.
Eliminating V2 from Eqn (S2.2) using Eqn (S2.3),
ZR I2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
or
Z21
I2 = I1
ZR + Z22
Substituting in Eqn (S2.1) and rearranging
V1 Z12 Z21
Zin = = Z11
I1 ZR + Z22
Solution 2.31 The electric field in the far-field region of a y directed Hertzian dipole is
given by (see solution to Problem 1.14) The components of the electric field are,
jkI0 dl ejkr
E = cos sin
4 r
jkr
jkI0 dl e
E = cos
4 r
Comparing with Eqn (2.105), we can write the effective length as
leff = (a dl cos sin a dl cos )
Along the axis of the dipole, i.e., y axis, we have = 90 and = 90 . Therefore, the
vector effective length is zero. Perpendicular to the axis of the dipole, for example x axis,
we have = 90 and = 0. Therefore, the vector effective length reduces to
leff = a dl
37
Solution 2.32 The vector effective length of the receiving antenna is
leff = a cos cos + a sin
The magnetic field of the incoming wave is
H = (a + ja )
E E
Since H
= H
= , E = j and E = . Thus the electric field is given by
E = a j a
and the unit vector along E is given by

E a j a
e = = 2
|E| + 2
j 1
= a a
2 2
The unit vector along leff is
l = aq cos cos + a sin

eff
cos2 cos2 + sin2
The polarization efficiency is

2
p = ei leff
1 1
= 2 |(ja a ) (a cos cos + a sin )|2
(cos2 cos2 + sin ) 2
1
= |(j cos cos sin )|2
2(cos cos2 + sin2 )
2
1
= (cos2 cos2 + sin2 ) = 0.5
2(cos cos2 + sin2 )
2
Solution 2.33 From Eqn (2.83), the power delivered to a matched load is
|Va |2
Pr = (S2.4)
8Rrad
where Va is the open circuit voltage and Rrad is the antenna resistance. The open circuit
voltage is related to the incident electric field and the effective length by
Va = Eleff (S2.5)
The incident power density is given by

1 E2
S= (S2.6)
2
The received power is related to the incident power density and the effective aperture by
1 E 2 Ae
Pr = SAe = (S2.7)
2
Substituting Eqn (S2.7) and (S2.5) into Eqn (S2.4),
1 E 2 Ae E 2 leff
2
=
2 8Rrad
Substituting = 120 and simplifying

30 2
Ae = l
Rrad eff
Solution 2.34 Gain and the effective area of an antenna are related to each other by,
Ae
G = 4
2
Substituting the expression for Ae from the previous solution,
!2
30 leff
G = 4
Rrad
Substituting 120 = , we get

!2
leff
G=
Rrad
Solution 2.35 (a) A -polarized wave from (, ) = (/2, /2) is orthogonal to the
x-directed dipole. Therefore, the polarization efficiency is zero.
(b) A -polarized wave from (, ) = (/2, /2) is parallel to the x-directed dipole.
Therefore, the polarization efficiency is one.
Solution 2.36 The electric field is given by
E = E0 (ax jay )
where E0 is a constant. Writing the field as an instantaneous quantity

E = Re{ax ejt + ay ejt 2 }
= ax cos(t) + ay sin(t)
As a function of time, the tip of the electric field rotates in a clockwise direction if the
wave is propagating along the positive z-direction. Therefore, the antenna transmits a
right circularly polarized wave propagating in the positive z-direction.
39
Solution 2.37 Current through the matched load is

Vn
I=
2Ra
and the power into the matched load is
Pn = I 2 Ra
Vn2
=
4Ra
4kTa B
=
4Ra
kTa B
=
Ra
Solution 2.38 The noise power delivered by a resistor into a matched load is [Eqn (2.124)]
P = kT B
Substituting k = 1.38 1023 J/K, T = 273 + 27 = 300 K, and B = 1 kHz,
P = 1.38 1023 300 1 103

18
= 4.14 10
W !
4.14 1018
PdBm = 10 log10 = 143.8 dBm
1 103
No change is the noise power, i.e., -143.8 dBm.
Solution 2.39 PdBm = 104 dBm, expressing in watts,

PdBm
P = 10 10 mW
Substituting P = 3.981 1014 W, k = 1.38 1023 J/K, and B = 10 106 Hz in
P = kT B
14
3.981 10 = 1.38 1023 T 10 106
Solving, we get T = 288.5 K.
Solution 2.40 The noise equivalent temperature of the the amplifier, referenced to its
input is
N0
Te =
GkB
20
Substituting G = 10 10 = 100, k = 1.38 1023 J/K, B = 1 106 Hz, and N0,dBm =
98.6
98.6 dBm which is N0 = 10 10 mW = 1.38 1013 W, we get
1.38 1013
Te = = 100 K
100 1.38 1023 106
(a) For an antenna with narrow beam and low sidelobes, Ta = Tb0 = 10 K. Noise
power received by the antenna is
Prn = kTa B
= 1.38 1023 10 106
= 1.38 1016 W
Noise power at the output of the amplifier is
N = GPrn + GkTe B
= 100 1.38 1016 + 100 1.38 1023 100 106
= 1.518
1013 W !
1.518 1013
NdBm = 10 log = 98.2 dBm
1 103
(b) For Ta = 300 K
Prn = Gk(Ta + Te )B
= 100 1.38 1023 (300 + 100) 106
= 5.52 1013 W
Prn = 92.6 dBm
Solution 2.41 Substituting Pr = 0.1 nW and Aer = 3 m2 in Pr = SAer , we get
Pr 0.1 109
S= = = 3.33 1011 W/m2
Aer 3
Expressing the gains as ratios

GdB,1 12
G1 = 10 10 = 10 10 = 15.85
GdB2 20
G2 = 10 10 = 10 10 = 100
G1 G2
Since Ae1
= Ae2
15.85 100
=
3 Ae2
i.e.,
Ae2 = 18.93
The received power with the new antenna is
Pr = 3.33 1011 18.93

= 631 pW
41
Solution 2.42 The transmitter power, P = 100 W and the cable loss is 3 dB. Therefore,
power into the antenna, Pt ,is 50 W. (3 dB loss implies half the power is lost in the cable)
Now from the Friis Formula,
Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4R/)2
Substituting Pt = 50 W, Gt = 1015/10 = 31.62, Gr = 101/10 = 0.79, R = 25 103 m, and
3108
= fc = 90010 6 = 0.33 m we set
50 31.62 0.79
Pr = 3
2 = 1.403 109 W
4 2510
0.333
Expressing it in dBm,
!
1.403 109
Pr = 10 log = 58.5 dBm
1 103
Solution 2.43 The effective area of the receive antenna is related to its gain by
4 Aer
Gr =
2
c 3108
Substituting Gr = 1015/10 = 31.62 and = f
= 2.4109
= 0.125 m, we get
Gr 2 31.62 0.1252
Aer = = = 0.0393 m2
4 4
Received power is
Pr = S Aer
Substituting S = 25 106 W/m2 and Aer = 0.0393 m2
Pr = 25 6 0.0393 = 9.825 107 W
Expressing in dBm,
!
9.825 107
Pr,dBm = 10 log = 30 dBm
1 103
The received power is

1V2
Pr =
2 Z
Substituting Z = 50 we get V = 9.91 mV. The open circuit voltage = 2 V =
19.82 mV.
Solution 2.44 Friis formula is

Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4 R/)2
70
Substituting Pr = 70 dBm = 10 10 mW = 1 1010 W, Gt = Gr = 1020/10 = 100,
3108
R = 20 103 m and = fc = 2.4109 = 0.125 m, we get
Pt 100 100
1 1010 = 3
2
4 2010
0.125
which can be solved to get Pt = 40.4 mW.
Solution 2.45 The received power is

Pt1 Gt Gr
Pr1 = 2
4 R1
where Pt1 = 20 mW and R1 = 0.5 m. The received power with Pt2 as the transmit power
and R2 as the range is
Pt2 Gt Gr
Pr2 = 2
4 R2
where R2 = 1000 m. For system operation, Pr2 = Pr1 and hence
Pt1 Pt2
2
= 2
R1 R2
which gives
R22 3 10002
Pt2 = Pt1 = 20 10 = 80 kW
R12 0.52
Solution 2.46 If d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, the received
power using the cable connection,
c
Pr,dBm = Pt,dBm d 1 dB
For the free space propagation link,

Pt Gt Gr
Prf = 2
4 d
Expressing in decibels,
!
f d
Pr,dBm = Pt,dBm + Gt,dB + Gr,dB 20 log 4

1000103 c 3103
Substituting Pt,dBm = 10 log 103
= 20 dBm and = f
= 2.4109
= 0.125 m, we
get
c
Pr,dBm = 20 d
!
f 4d
Pr,dBm = 20 + 20 20 log
0.125
43
Equating the two powers

!
4d
20 d = 20 + 20 20 log
0.125
which reduces to ! !
20 + d 4 d
= log
20 0.125
Solving this iteratively,
d LHS RHS
100 6 4
200 11 4.3
50 3.5 3.7
60 4 3.78
55 3.75 3.74
54.8 3.74 3.74
we get d = 54.8 m.
Pr,min = 70 dBm
Using the cable
70 = 20 d 1
which gives,
d = 90 m
Using free space propagation
!
4 d
70 = 20 + 20 20 log
0.125
and we get d = 3.15 km.

Chapter 3
Wire Antennas
Solution 3.1 The magnetic vector potential can be expressed as
ejkr
Ar (r, , ) = Ar0 (, )
r
ejkr
A (r, , ) = A0 (, )
r
jkr
e
A (r, , ) = A0 (, )
r
The magnetic flux density is related to A by B = A. Therefore we can write,

a ra r sin a
1 r

B =
r2 sin r

Ar rA r sin A
( " ! !#
1 ejkr ejkr
= 2 ar r sin A0 rA0
r sin r r
" ! !#
jkr jkr
e e
+a r Ar0 r sin A0
r r r
" ! !#)
ejkr ejkr
+ a r sin rA0 Ar0
r r r
( " #
1 jkr jkr A0
= 2 ar e (sin A0 ) e
r sin
" #
jkr
e Ar0
+a r sin A0 (jk)ejkr
r
" #)
jkr ejkr Ar0
+a r sin (jk)A0 e
r
Ignoring the terms containing r2 and the higher powers of r in the denominator,
ejkr ejrk
B = a jkA0 a jkA0
r r
45
46 CHAPTER 3. WIRE ANTENNAS
Therefore, the magnetic field can be written as

k
H=j [a A (r, , ) a A (r, , )]

Since
k 2 2f 2f
= = = =
c
and
ar At = ar (a A + a A ) = a A a A
we can write the magnetic field as

H = j ar At

The electric field can be computed from the magnetic field using
1
E = H
j

a ra r sin a
1 1 r
=
j r2 sin r
0 rH r sin H
( " #
1 1
= 2
ar (r sin H ) (rH )
j r sin
" #

+a r (r sin H )
r
" #)

+a r sin (rH )
r
Ignoring the terms containing r2 and higher powers of r in the denominator,

( )
1 1 k ejkr k ejkr
E = a r sin j A 0 (jk) + a r sin j A0 (jk)
j r2 sin r r
" #
2 jkr jkr
jk e e
= a A0 + a A0
r r
Since 2 = k 2 ,
E = jAt
Solution 3.2 The electric field of a short dipole is given by [Eqn (3.29)]
kI0 l ejkr
E = a j sin
8 r
Comparing with Eqn (2.105), i.e.,
kIin ejkr
Ea = j leff
4 r
47
we get the vector effective length as

l
leff = a sin
2
Solution 3.3 For a short dipole

!2
2 l
Rrad = 20

c 3108
Substituting l = 0.3 m, = f
= 100106
= 3 m,
2
2 0.3
Rrad = 20 = 1.97
3
Since Ra = Rrad + Rloss = 2.2 , the radiation efficiency is
Rrad 1.97
= = = 0.895
Rrad + Rloss 2.2
The radiation efficiency of the dipole is 89.5%.
Max Gain of the dipole is G = D = 0.895 1.5 = 1.34. The maximum effective area
is related to the maximum gain by
Ae
G = 4
2
Therefore the maximum effective area is given by
G2 1.34 32
Ae = = = 0.9597 m2
4 4
Output voltage at the terminals is
Va = Ei leff
For a z directed short dipole, the electric field in the far field region is given by
kI0 l ejkr
E = a j sin
8 r
Comparing with
kIin ejkr
E = j leff
4 r
We get
l l
leff = a sin = sin (ax cos cos + ay cos sin az sin )
2 2
The electric field at the dipole is
Ei = (ax 4 + ay 3 + az 5)
Therefore the open circuit voltage at the terminals of the dipole is
Va = Ei leff
l
= sin (4 cos cos + 3 cos sin 5 sin )
2
Solution 3.4 (a) The current distribution on an x directed dipole located at (x00 , y00 , z00 )
is given by h i
2

a x I 0 1 l
(x 0
x 0
0 ) x00 x0 (x00 + 2l )
Ix (x0 ) = h i

a I 1 + 2 (x0 x0 ) (x0 l ) x0 x0
x 0 l 0 0 2 0
The magnetic vector potential is given by
Z x00 + 2
l jkR
0 e
A = ax Ix (x ) dx0
4 x0 2
0 l R
where the distance R between the source point (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) and the field point (x, y, z) is
given by
q
R = (x x0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 + (z z 0 )2
q
= x2 + x02 2xx0 + y 2 + y 02 2yy 0 + z 2 + z 02 2zz 0
Substituting r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and ignoring x02 + y 02 + z 02 because it is much smaller than

r2 , s
xx0 zz 0 zz 0
R'r 12 2 2 2 2 2
r r r
Substituting
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
we get s
2
R = r 1 (x0 sin cos + y 0 sin sin + z 0 cos )
r
Considering only the first two terms in the Binomial expansion of R,
R ' r (x0 sin cos + y 0 sin sin + z 0 cos )
For the x directed dipole located at (x00 , y00 , z00 ), we have (x00 l/2) x0 (x00 +l/2), y 0 = y00 ,
and z 0 = z00 . Substituting these in the expression for the magnetic vector potential,
ejkr Z x00 + 2
l
0 jk(x0 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
A = ax Ix (x )e dx0
4 r l
x00 2
49
where we have used the approximation R ' r in the denominator. Substituting the
expression for the current, and rearranging
I0 ejkr jk(y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
A = ax e
(Z 0 4 r )
Z x0 + l
x0 2 0 0 jkx0 sin cos 0 0 2 2 0 0 jkx0 sin cos 0
1 + (x x0 ) e dx + 0 1 (x x0 ) e dx
x00 2l l x0 l
Substituting x0 = (2x00 x00 ) in the first integral,
Z x0
0 2 0
1 + (x0 x00 ) ejkx sin cos dx0
x00 2l l
Z x0
0 2 0 00 j2kx00 sin cos jkx00 sin cos
= 1 + (x 0 x ) e e (dx00 )
x00 + 2l l
Z x0 + l
0 2 2 00 0 00
= 1 (x x0 ) ej2kx0 sin cos ejkx sin cos dx00
0
x00 l
Replacing the symbol x00 by x0 ,
Z x0 + l
0 2 2 0 0
= 1 (x0 x00 ) ej2kx0 sin cos ejkx sin cos dx0
x00 l
Substituting in the expression for the magnetic vector potential and integrating,
A = ax e
(Z 40 l r

x0 + 2 2 0 0 jkx0 sin cos j2kx00 sin cos
1 (x x 0 ) e e dx0
x00 l
Z x0 + l )
0 2 2 0
+ 1 (x0 x00 ) ejkx sin cos dx0
x00 l
I0 ejkr jk(x00 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
= ax e
4 r
Z x0 + l n o
0 2 2 0 0 jk(x0 x00 ) sin cos jk(x0 x00 ) sin cos
1 (x x 0 ) e + e dx0
x00 l
= ax e
4 r
Z x0 + l
0 2 2 0
1 (x x0 ) 2 cos [k(x0 x00 ) sin cos ] dx0
0
x00 l
jkr
I0 e 0 0 0
= ax ejk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )

4 r
x0 + l
2

sin[k(x0 x00 ) sin cos ] 0 2
1 (x0 x00 ) 2
l k sin cos 0
x 0
0 l
x +
4 cos[k(x 0
x00 ) sin cos ] 0 2

l (k sin cos )2 0
x0

= ax e
4 r
cos kl sin cos 1
4 2

l (k sin cos )2

= ax e

4 r
2 kl
l sin 4 sin cos
2 ( kl4 sin cos )2
If kl/4 1,
I0 l ejkr jk(x00 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
A ' ax e
4 2 r
Expressing the vector potential in spherical coordinates, and considering only the
components transverse to r,
A = cos cos Ax
A = sin Ax
From Eqn (3.30), we get
E = jAt = j(a A + a A )
= j e
4 2 r
[a cos cos a sin ] (S3.1)
The magnetic field is given by Eqn (3.31).

j
H = ar A t

j I0 l ejkr jk(x00 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
= e
4 2 r
[a sin + a cos cos ] (S3.2)
If the dipole is located at (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ), the electric and magnetic fields are given by
Eqns (S3.1 ) and (S3.2) with x00 , y00 and z00 replaced by x0 , y 0 , and z 0 , respectively.
(b) Following a similar analysis, we can write the vector potential for a y directed
dipole located at (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) can be written as,

A = ay e
4 2 r
Expressing the vector potential in spherical coordinates,
A = cos sin Ay
A = cos Ay
51
The electric field in the far-field region is given by
E = j(a A + a A )
= j e
4 2 r
[a cos sin + a cos ]
The field is given by
j
H = ar (a A + a A )

= e
4 2 r
[a cos + a cos sin ]
(c) Following a similar analysis, we can write the vector potential for a z directed

A = az e
4 2 r
A = sin Az
A = 0
E = j(a A + a A )
= j e [a sin ]
4 2 r
j
H = ar (a A + a A )

= e [a sin ]
4 2 r
Solution 3.5 (a) The current distribution on an x directed dipole located at (x00 , y00 , z00 )
can be written as
h n oi
l

a I
x 0 sin k 2
(x 0
x 0
0 ) x00 x0 (x00 + 2l )
Ix (x0 ) = h n oi

a I sin k l + (x0 x0 )
x 0 2 0 (x00 2l ) x0 x00
The magnetic vector potential is given by

Z x00 + 2
l jkR
0 e
A = ax Ix (x ) dx0
4 x00 2l R
The far-field approximation for R is given by
R ' r (x0 sin cos + y 0 sin sin + z 0 cos )
in the phase term and in the amplitude R ' r. The vector potential can be written as
A = ax e
4
(Z 0 r " ( )#
x0 l 0
sin k + (x x0 ) ejkx sin cos dx0
0 0
0 l
x0 2 2
Z x0 + l " ( )# )
0 2 l jkx0 sin cos
+ sin k (x0 x00 ) e dx 0
x00 2
Substituting (x0 x00 ) = x00 and rearranging the terms [see the solution to problem 3.4(a)],
I0 ejkr jk(x00 +sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
A = ax e
(Z 4 r" !#
0 l 0 jkx0 sin cos
sin k + x e dx0
2l 2
Z l
" !# )
2 l jkx0
+ sin k x0 e sin cos
dx0
0 2
On integration, the terms in the curly brackets reduce to (see solution to problem 3.6)
h i
kl kl
2 cos 2
cos cos 2
k sin2
Therefore, the magnetic vector potential of an x directed dipole is
h i
kl kl
I0 ejkr jk(x00 +sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos ) cos 2
cos cos 2
A = ax e
2 r k sin2
Expressing the vector potential in spherical coordinates, and considering only the
components transverse to r,
A = cos cos Ax
A = sin Ax
From Eqn (3.30), we get
E = jAt = j(a A + a A )
= j e
4 2 r h i
cos kl2 cos cos kl2
[a cos cos a sin ] (S3.3)
k sin2
53
The magnetic field is given by Eqn (3.31).

j
H = ar At

= e
4 2 r
h i
kl kl
cos 2
cos cos 2
[a sin + a cos cos ] (S3.4)
k sin2
If the dipole is located at (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ), the electric and magnetic fields are given by
Eqns (S3.3 ) and (S3.4) with x00 , y00 and z00 replaced by x0 , y 0 , and z 0 , respectively.
(b) Following a similar analysis, the vector potential for a y directed dipole located at
(x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) can be written as,
h i
kl kl
I0 ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos ) cos 2
cos cos 2
A = ay e
2 r k sin2
A = cos sin Ay
A = cos Ay
E = j(a A + a A )
= j e
2 r h i
cos kl2 cos cos kl2
[a cos sin + a cos ]
k sin2
j
H = ar (a A + a A )

j I0 ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
= e
2 r
h i
kl kl
cos 2
cos cos 2
[a cos + a cos sin ]
k sin2
(c) Following a similar analysis, we can write the vector potential for a z directed
h i
kl kl
I0 e jkr
0 0 0 cos 2
cos cos 2
A = az ejk(x sin cos +y sin sin +z cos )
2 r k sin2
A = sin Az
A = 0
E = j(a A + a A )
= j e
2 hr i
cos kl2 cos cos kl2
[a sin ]
k sin2
j
H = ar (a A + a A )

j I0 ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
= e
2 r
h i
kl kl
cos 2
cos cos 2
[a sin ]
k sin2
Solution 3.6 Consider the integrals of Eqn (3.45)

Z 0 " !#
l 0
I = sin k + z0 ejkz cos
dz 0
2l 2
Z l
" !#
2 l 0
+ sin k z0 ejkz cos
dz 0
0 2
Using the identity

Z
eax
eax sin bxdx = (a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a2 + b2
we can integrate the two integrals. Consider the first integral,
Z 0 " !#
l 0
I1 = sin k + z0 ejkz cos
dz 0
2l 2
0 " ( !) ( !)#0
ejkz cos l l
= 2 2
jk cos sin k + z0 k cos k + z0
(jk cos ) + k 2 2 2l
! kl
1 kl kl ej 2 cos
= 2 2 jk cos sin k cos 2 2 (k)
k sin 2 2 k sin
" #
1 kl kl j kl cos
= j cos sin cos + e 2
k sin2 2 2
The second integral,

Z l
" !#
2 l 0
I2 = sin k z0 ejkz cos
dz 0
0 2
55
0 " ( !) ( !)# l
ejkz cos l l 2
= 2 2
jk cos sin k z0 (k) cos k z0
(jk cos ) + k 2 2 0
!
j kl cos
1 kl kl e 2
= 2 jk cos sin + k cos + 2 2 (k)
k2sin 2 2 k sin
" #
1 kl kl j kl cos
= j cos sin cos + e 2
k sin2 2 2
Adding the two,

" ! !#
2 kl kl
I = 2 cos cos cos
k sin 2 2
Substituting this in Eqn (3.45) we get Eqn (3.46).
Solution 3.7 For a half wave dipole Rrad = 73.08 . Rloss = 1 , and hence the radiation
efficiency is
Rrad 73.08
= = = 0.9865
Rrad + Rloss 74.08
The radiation efficiency is 98.65%.
3108
The wavelength = fc = 14510 6 = 2.07 m. The directivity of the dipole is 1.642. The
gain and the effective aperture are related to each other by.
4Ae
G= = D
2
Thus,
D2 0.9865 1.642 2.072
Ae = = = 0.552 m2
4 4
Solution 3.8 Gain of half wave dipole is 1.642. Using Friis formula
Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4 R )2
80
Substituting Pt = 100 103 W, Pr = 10 10 mW = 1 1011 W, Gt = Gr = 1.642, and
3108
= fc = 2.410 9 = 0.125 m, we get
100 103 1.6422

1 1011 = R
(4 0.125 )2
which gives R = 1.63 km.
Solution 3.9 If p is the polarization efficiency, Friis formula can be written as
Pt Gt Gr
Pr = p
(4 R )2
With one of the dipole replaced by a circularly polarized antenna, p = 12 . Therefore,
100 103 1.6422 1

1 1011 = R
(4 0.125 )2 2
and we get R = 1.15 km.
Solution 3.10 Using the image principle, the problem reduces to a full circular loop of
radius 10 cm radiating into free space. The circumference of the loop is 2 10 cm =
3108
0.628 m. and the wavelength is = fc = 10010 6 = 3 m. This is a small loop radiating
into free space. The fields in the positive y half space correspond to the original problem.
The electric field of a short loop is [Equation(3.96)]
a2 k 2 ejkr
E = I0 sin
4 r
2 2
The maximum occurs along = 90 . Substituting a = 10 102 m, k =
= 3
=
2.094 rad/m, I0 = 4 A, r = 1000 m, we get
(10 102 )2 (2.094)2 1

|E | = 120 4 = 16.5 mV/m
4 1000
Solution 3.11 The loss resistance of an N turn loop is
Rloss,N = N Rloss,1
where Rloss,1 is the loss resistance of a one turn loop. If the radiation resistance of a one
turn loop is Rrad,1 , an N turn loop has a radiation resistance of
Rrad,N = N 2 Rrad,1
The radiation efficiency of a single turn loop is

Rrad,1
1 =
Rrad,1 + Rloss,1
and the radiation efficiency of an N turn loop is
Rrad,N
N =
Rrad,N + Rloss,N
N 2 Rrad,1
=
N 2 Rrad,1 + N Rloss,1
Rrad,1 + Rloss,1
= N 2 1 2
N Rrad,1 + N Rloss,1
Rrad,1 + Rloss,1
= 1
Rrad,1 + N1 Rloss,1
For N > 1 the denominator is less than the numerator, and hence N > 1 .
57
c
Solution 3.12 Circumference of the loop = diameter = 3.14 m. Wavelength = f
=
3108
10106
= 30 m. The circumference is 0.105 and therefore using Eqn (3.106)to compute
the radiation resistance 4
2 2 Lc
Rrad = 20 N

Substituting N = 20, Lc = 3.14 m and = 30 m, we get
4
3.14
Rrad = 20 2 202 = 9.48
30
Loss resistance of 1 turn is 1 and there are 20 turns. Therefore, the total loss
resistance is 20 . The radiation efficiency is
Rrad 9.48
= = = 0.3216
Rrad + Rloss 9.48 + 20
The radiation efficiency is 32.16%.
Chapter 4
Aperture Antennas
Solution 4.1 The volume V1 is filled with a perfect magnetic conductor, which makes
E = 0 and H = 0 in V1 . The magnetic conductor forces the tangential H on S to zero.
Introducing a surface current Js = n H just outside the surface S2 , will restore the
tangential H on the surface to the same value that existed before the introduction of the
magnetic conductor. Therefore, by uniqueness theorem, the fields that exist outside the
surface S shown in Fig. 4.2(c) and those shown in Fig. 4.1 are identical.
Solution 4.2 Vertical Electric Current Element Consider a current element J =

az I0 dl located at (0, 0, d). The magnetic vector potential due to the current element is
ejkR1
A = az I0 dl
4 R1
q
where R1 = x2 + y 2 + (z d)2 . The magnetic field is obtained by
1
H = A

a a a
1 x y z

=
x y z

0 0 Az
" #
1 Az Az
= ax ay
y x
Differentiating Az with respect to y,
( )
Az ejkR1 1 1
= I0 dl jk 2y ejkR1 3 2y
y 4 R1 2R1 2R1
jkR1
e 1
= I0 dl 2
jk y
4 R1 R1
Similarly, differentiating Az with respect to x,

Az ejkR1 1
= I0 dl 2
jk x
x 4 R1 R1
59
60 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS

I0 dl ejkR1 1
H= 2
jk [ax y ay x] (S4.1)
4 R1 R1
We can compute the electric field from the Maxwells equation. The electric field is
computed using,
" ! ! !#
E= H= ax + ay + az
j j y z z x x y
Since Hz = 0, " !#
1 Hy Hx Hy Hx
E= ax + ay + az
j z z x y
We now compute the partial derivates of Hx and Hy with respect to x, y, and z.
" ! !
Hx I0 dl 1 y ejkR1 ejkR1 y 1
= jk + jk
y 4 R1 R1 y R1 R1 R1 y R1
! #
jkR1
e 1 y
+ jk
R1 R1 y R1
" jkR1 !
Hx I0 dl 1 y e 1 y
= jk jk
y 4 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
! ! ! ! #
jkR1 jkR1 2
e y y e 1 y 1
+ + jk
R1 R1 R13 R1 R1 R13 R1
Similarly we can write
" !
Hy I0 dl 1 x ejkR1 1 x
= jk jk
x 4 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
! ! ! ! #
jkR1 jkR1 2
e x x e 1 x 1
+ + jk
R1 R1 R13 R1 R1 R13 R1
Therefore,
! " !
Hy Hx I0 dl ejkR1 1 2 x2 + y 2
= jk +
x y 4 R1 R1 R12
! !#
1 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
+ jk +
R1 R1 R13 R14
Further, we can write the derivates of Hx and Hy with respect to z as
"
Hx I0 dl ejkR1 1 2 y(z d)
= jk
z 4 R1 R1 R12
#
ejkR1 y(z d) 1 ejkR1 y(z d)
jk +
R1 R13 R1 R1 R14
"
Hy I0 dl ejkR1 1 2 x(z d)
= jk
z 4 R1 R1 R12
#
ejkR1 x(z d) 1 ejkR1 x(z d)
jk +
R1 R13 R1 R1 R14
61

" !#
1 Hy Hx Hy Hx
E = ax + ay + az
j z z x y
jkR1
I0 dl 1 e
=
4 j R1
( " #
1 2 x(z d) x(z d) 1 x(z d)
ax jk jk +
R1 R12 R13 R1 R14
" 2 #
1 y(z d) y(z d) 1 y(z d)
+ay jk jk +
R1 R12 R13 R1 R14
" ! #)
1 2 x2 + y 2 1 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
az jk + + jk +
R1 R12 R1 R1 R13 R14
(S4.2)
Vertical current element above an electric wall The electric field of a z directed
image current element of strength J0 = az I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by
I0 dl 1 ejkR2
E0 =
4 j R2
( " #
1 2 x(z + d) x(z + d) 1 x(z + d)
ax jk 2
3
jk +
R2 R2 R2 R2 R24
" #
1 2 y(z + d) y(z + d) 1 y(z + d)
+ay jk jk +
R2 R22 R23 R2 R24
" ! #)
1 2 x2 + y 2 1 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
az jk + + jk +
R2 R22 R2 R2 R23 R24
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 .

At z = 0, R1 = R2 = x2 + y 2 + d2 , and extracting the x and y components (tangen-
tial components) of the electric field
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Ex + Ex0 =
4 j R0
" ! ! !
1 2 dx dx 1 dx
jk jk +
R0 R02 R03 R0 R04
2 ! #
1 dx dx 1 dx
+ jk 2
3
jk + 4
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
= 0
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Ey + Ey0 =
4 j R0
" ! ! !
1 2 dy dy 1 dy
jk jk +
R0 R02 R03 R0 R04
2 ! ! !#
1 dy dy 1 dy
+ jk 2
3
jk +
R0 R0 R0 R0 R04
Ey + Ey0 = 0
Therefore, the tangential electric field on the PEC is zero (boundary condition).
Vertical current element above a magnetic wall The magnetic field of a z di-
rected current element J0 = az I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by

0 I0 dl ejkR2 1
H = 2
jk [ax y ay x]
4 R2 R2
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 . At z = 0, the magnetic field due to the z directed
source is
2 2 2 !
I0 dl ejk x +y +d 1
H= jk 2 [ax y ay x]
4 x2 + y 2 + d2 x + y 2 + d2
and the field due to the image is
!
jk x2 +y 2 +d2
I 0 dl e 1
H0 = jk 2 [ax y ay x]
4 x2 + y 2 + d2 x + y 2 + d2
Therefore, the total tangential field due to the source and its image is zero, and it satisfies
the boundary condition on the magnetic wall located at z = 0.
Vertical Magnetic Current Element Using duality principle (see Eqn (4.20)), we
can write the expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a z directed magnetic
current element M = I0 dl. Using duality principle, E is replaced by H, H is replaced
by E, and is replaced by . The fields of the magnetic current element are, from
Eqn (S4.1)

I0 dl ejkR1 1
E = jk [ax y ay x]
4 R12 R1
and from Eqn (S4.2),
I0 dl 1 ejkR1
H =
4 j R1
( " #
1 2 x(z d) x(z d) 1 x(z d)
ax jk jk +
R1 R12 R13 R1 R14
" #
1 2 y(z d) y(z d) 1 y(z d)
+ay jk jk +
R1 R12 R13 R1 R14
" 2 2 ! #)
1 x + y2 1 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
az jk + + jk +
R1 R12 R1 R1 R13 R14
Vertical magnetic current element above a magnetic wall The magnetic field
of a z directed image current element of strength M0 = az I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is
given by
I0 dl 1 ejkR2
H0 =
4 j R2
63
( " #
1 2 x(z + d) x(z + d) 1 x(z + d)
ax jk 2
3
jk +
R1 R1 R1 R1 R14
" #
1 2 y(z + d) y(z d) 1 y(z + d)
+ay jk jk +
R1 R12 R13 R1 R14
" ! #)
1 2 x2 + y 2 1 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
az jk + + jk +
R1 R12 R1 R1 R13 R14
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 .

I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Hx + Hx0 =
4 j R0
" ! !
1 2 dx dx 1 dx
jk jk +
R0 R02 R03 R0 R04
!#
1 2 dx dx 1 dx
+ jk 2
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R0 R04
= 0
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Hy + Hy0 =
4 j R0
" ! !
1 2 dx dy 1 dy
jk jk +
R0 R02 R03 R0 R04
!#
1 2 dy dy 1 dy
+ jk 2
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R0 R04
= 0
Therefore, the tangential magnetic field on the H-wall is zero (boundary condition).
Vertical magnetic current element above an electric wall The electric field of
a z directed current element M0 = az I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by

0 I0 dl ejkR2 1
E = 2
jk [ax y ay x]
4 R2 R2
q
source is
2 2 2 !
I0 dl ejk x +y +d 1
E= jk 2 [ax y ay x]
4 (x2 + y 2 + d2 ) x + y 2 + d2
!
jk x2 +y 2 +d2
0 I 0 dl e 1
E = jk 2 [ax y ay x]
4 (x2 + y 2 + d2 ) x + y 2 + d2
the boundary condition on the electric wall located at z = 0.
Horizontal Electric Current Element
Consider a current element J = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d). The magnetic vector
potential due to the current element is
ejkR1
A = ax I0 dl
4 R1
q
where R1 = x2 + y 2 + (z d)2 . The magnetic field is obtained by
1
H = A

a a a
1 x y z
=
x y z
Ax 0 0
" #
1 Ax Ax
= ay az
z y
Differentiating Ax with respect to y,

( )
Ax ejkR1 1 1
= I0 dl jk 2y ejkR1 3 2y
y 4 R1 2R1 2R1

ejkR1 1
= I0 dl 2
jk y
4 R1 R1
Similarly, differentiating Ax with respect to z,

Ax ejkR1 1
= I0 dl 2
jk (z d)
z 4 R1 R1

I0 dl ejkR1 1
H= jk [ay (z d) az y] (S4.3)
4 R12 R1
We can compute the electric field from the Maxwells equation. The electric field is
computed using,
" ! ! !#
E= H= ax + ay + az
j j y z z x x y
Since Hx = 0, " ! #
1 Hz Hy Hz Hy
E= ax ay + az
j y z x x
65
We now compute the partial derivates of Hy and Hz with respect to x, y, and z.

" !
Hy I0 dl 1 (z d) ejkR1
= jk
z 4 R1 R1 z R1
! !#
jkR1
e (z d) 1 ejkR1 1 zd
+ jk + jk
R1 R1 z R1 R1 R1 z R1
"
I0 dl ejkR1 1 (z d) 1 (z d)
= jk jk
4 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
jkR1 2
!
jkR1
#
e 1 1 (z d) e (z d) (z d)
+ jk +
R1 R1 R1 R13 R1 R13 R1
"
Hz I0 dl ejkR1 1 y 1 y
= jk jk
y 4 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
jkR1 2
!
jkR1
#
e 1 1 y e y y
+ jk +
R1 R1 R1 R13 R1 R13 R1
Therefore,
! "
Hz Hy I0 dl ejkR1 1 2 y 2 + (z d)2
= jk +
y z 4 R1 R1 R12
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z d)2 y 2 + (z d)2
+ jk +
R1 R1 R13 R14
Further, we can write the derivates of Hy and Hz with respect to x as

"
Hy I0 dl ejkR1 1 x (z d) 1
= jk jk
x 4 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
#
ejkR1 x(z d) 1 ejkR1 (z d) x
jk +
R1 R13 R1 R1 R1 R13
"
Hz I0 dl ejkR1 1 x y 1
= jk jk
x 4 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
#
ejkR1 xy 1 ejkR1 x y
jk +
R1 R13 R1 R1 R1 R13

" ! #
1 Hz Hy Hz Hy
E = ax ay + az
j y z x x
jkR1
I0 dl 1 e
=
4 j R1
( "
1 2 y 2 + (z d)2
ax jk +
R1 R12
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z d)2 y 2 + (z d)2
+ jk +
R1 R1 R13 R14

1 x y 1
+ay jk jk
R1 R1 R1 R1
!#
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R1 R1 R1 R13
"
1 x zd 1
+az jk jk
R1 R1 R1 R1
!#)
x(z d) 1 zd x
jk + (S4.4)
R13 R1 R1 R13
Horizontal electric current element above an electric wall The electric field
of an x directed image current element of strength J0 = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is
given by
I0 dl 1 ejkR2
E0 =
4 j R2
( "
1 2 y 2 + (z + d)2
ax jk +
R2 R22
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z + d)2 y 2 + (z + d)2
+ jk +
R2 R2 R23 R24

1 x y 1
+ay jk jk
R2 R2 R2 R2
!#
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R2 R2 R2 R23
"
1 x z+d 1
+az jk jk
R2 R2 R2 R2
!#)
x(z + d) 1 z+d x
jk +
R23 R2 R2 R23
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 .

I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Ex + Ex0 =
4 j R0
("
1 2 y 2 + d2
jk +
R0 R02
! #
1 2 y 2 + d2 y 2 + d2
+ jk +
R0 R0 R03 R04
"
1 2 y 2 + d2
jk +
R0 R02
! #)
1 2 y 2 + d2 y 2 + d2
+ jk +
R0 R0 R03 R04
67
= 0
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Ey + Ey0 =
4 j R0

1 x y 1
jk jk
R0 R0 R0 R
!# 0
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R03

1 x y 1
jk jk
R0 R0 R0 R
!#)0
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R03
= 0
Therefore, the tangential electric field on the PEC is zero (boundary condition).
Horizontal electric current element above a magnetic wall The magnetic field
of an x directed current element J0 = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by

I0 dl ejkR2 1
H0 = 2
jk [ay (z + d) az y]
4 R2 R2
q
source is
I0 dl ejkR0 1
H= 2
jk [ay d az y]
4 R0 R0
and due to the image is

0 I0 dl ejkR0 1
H = 2
jk [ay d az y]
4 R0 R0
the boundary condition on the magnetic wall located at z = 0.
Horizontal Magnetic Current Element Using duality principle (see Eqn (4.20)),
we can write the expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a z directed magnetic
current element M = I0 dl. Using duality principle, E is replaced by H, H is replaced
by E, and is replaced by . The fields of the magnetic current element are, from
Eqn (S4.3)

I0 dl ejkR1 1
E = jk [ay (z d) az y]
4 R12 R1
and from Eqn (S4.4),
I0 dl 1 ejkR1
H =
4 j R1
( "
1 2 y 2 + (z d)2
ax jk +
R1 R12
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z d)2 y 2 + (z d)2
+ jk +
R1 R1 R13 R14

1 x y 1
+ay jk jk
R1 R1 R1 R1
!#
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R1 R1 R1 R13
"
1 x zd 1
+az jk jk
R1 R1 R1 R1
!#)
x(z d) 1 zd x
jk +
R13 R1 R1 R13
Horizontal magnetic current element above a magnetic wall The magnetic

field of a x directed image current element of strength M0 = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d)
is given by
I0 dl 1 ejkR2
H0 =
4 j R2
( "
1 2 y 2 + (z + d)2
ax jk +
R2 R22
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z + d)2 y 2 + (z + d)2
+ jk +
R2 R2 R23 R24

1 x y 1
+ay jk jk
R2 R2 R2 R2
!#
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R2 R2 R2 R23
"
1 x z+d 1
+az jk jk
R2 R2 R2 R2
!#)
x(z + d) 1 z+d x
jk +
R23 R2 R2 R23
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 .

At z = 0, R1 = R2 = x2 + y 2 + d2 = R0 , and extracting the x and y components
(tangential components) of the total magnetic field
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Hx + Hx0 =
4 j R0
("
1 2 y 2 + d2
jk +
R0 R02
! #
1 2 y 2 + d2 y 2 + d2
+ jk +
R0 R0 R03 R04
" 2 2
1 y + d2
jk +
R0 R02
69
! #)
1 2 y 2 + d2 y 2 + d2
+ jk +
R0 R0 R03 R04
= 0
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Hy + Hy0 =
4 j R0

1 x y 1
jk jk
R0 R0 R0 R
!# 0
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R03

1 x y 1
jk jk
R0 R0 R0 R
!#)0
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R03
= 0
Therefore, the tangential magnetic field on the H-wall is zero (boundary condition).
Horizontal magnetic current element above an electric wall The electric field
of a x directed current element M0 = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by

I0 dl ejkR2
0 1
E = 2
jk [ay (z + d) az y]
4 R2 R2
q
source is
I0 dl ejkR0 1
E = 2
jk [ay d az y]
4 R0 R0

I0 dl ejkR0
0 1
E = 2
jk [ay d az y]
4 R0 R0
the boundary condition on the electric wall located at z = 0.
Solution 4.3 The magnetic and electric vector potentials can be expressed as
ejkr
Ar (r, , ) = Ar0 (, )
r
jkr
e
A (r, , ) = A0 (, )
r
ejkr
A (r, , ) = A0 (, )
r
jkr
e
Fr (r, , ) = Fr0 (, )
r
ejkr
F (r, , ) = F0 (, )
r
jkr
e
F (r, , ) = F0 (, )
r
We now compute the curl of A,

a ra r sin a
1 r

A =
r2 sin r

Ar rA r sin A
( " ! !#
1 ejkr ejkr
= 2 ar r sin A0 rA0
r sin r r
" ! !#
ejkr ejkr
+a r Ar0 r sin A0
r r r
" ! !#)
jkr jkr
e e
+ a r sin rA0 Ar0
r r r
( " #
1 A 0
= 2 ar ejkr (sin A0 ) ejkr
r sin
" #
jkr
e Ar0
+a r sin A0 (jk)ejkr
r
" #)
jkr
e A r0
+a r sin (jk)A0 ejkr
r
Ignoring the terms containing r2 and the higher powers of r in the denominator,
ejkr ejrk
A = a jkA0 a jkA0
r r
Therefore,
1 k
A = j [a A (r, , ) a A (r, , )]

Since
k 2 2f 2f
= = = =
c
we can write
1
A = a j A a j A

Similarly, we can write
1
F = a jF + a jF

This is obtained by using the relation k/ = .
In spherical coordinates, the divergence of A is
1 2 1 1 A
A = 2
(r Ar ) + (A sin ) +
r r r sin r sin
1 1 ejkr 1 A0 ejkr
= 2 (rejkr )Ar0 + (A0 sin ) +
r r r sin r r sin r
" #
jkr jkr jkr
e e 1 e 1 A0 ejkr
= jk A r0 + (A 0 sin ) +
r2 r sin r2 sin r2
71
and the gradient of A is given by,

1 1
( A) = ar ( A) + a ( A) + a ( A)
r r r sin
(" #
jk jkr 1 jkr k 2 jkr k jkr
= ar 2 e 2 3e e + j 2e Ar0
r r r r
" #
ejkr ejkr
+ (A0 sin ) jk 2 2 3
r r
" #)
1 A0 ejkr ejkr
+ jk 2 2 3
sin r r
( !
jkr
e jk Ar0
+a 3
2 ejkr
r r
" # " # )
1 ejkr 1 A0 ejkr
+ (A0 sin ) +
sin r3 sin r3
( !
1 ejkr jk jkr Ar0
+a 2e
sin r3 r
" # " # )
1 ejkr 1 A0 ejkr
(A0 sin ) +
sin r3 sin r3
Ignoring the terms containing r2 and higher powers of r in the denominator,
!
k2
( A) = ar ejkr Ar0
r
Since k 2 = 2 , we can write
j ejkr ejkr
jA ( A) = jar Ar0 ja A ja A + jar Ar0
r r
= ja A ja A
Similarly we can write

j
jF ( F) = ja F ja F

Substituting these expressions in Eqn (4.13)
E = a jF + a jF ja A ja A
The electric field components are
E = j(A + F )
E = j(A F )
Substituting the appropriate results in Eqn (4.14)

E = a j A a j A ja F ja F

The magnetic field components are

E
H = j (A F ) =

E
H = j (A + F ) =

Solution 4.4 Integrating the left hand side of Eqn (4.28)

Z T
1 jz 2
T
2 jz
e dz = e
T2 j T
2
1 h j T T
i
= e 2 ej 2
j
1
= 2j sin(T /2)
j
sin(T /2)
= T
T /2
Solution 4.5 Using the formula given by Eqn (B.12)

Z
eax
eax cos bxdx = (a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
a2 + b2
we can perform the integration.
Z a/2 !
x0 jkx x0 0
Fx (kx ) = cos e dx
a/2 a
" ! !#a/2
ejkx x
0
x0 x0

= jk x cos + sin
(jkx )2 + (/a)2 a a a
a/2
jkx a/2 jkx a/2
e e
= +
kx2 2 2
+ (/a) a kx + (/a) a 2
!
1 kx a
= a 2 cos
(kx a)2 2 2

a
2
cos kx a
2
= 2 2
kx a
2
2
Solution 4.6 The aperture fields are

!
x0
E = ay cos
a
!
1 x0
H = ax cos
a
73
The equivalent sheet currents are
Js = n H
" !#
1 x0
= az ax cos
a
!
0
1 x
= ay cos
a
Ms = En
!
x0
= ay cos az
a
!
x0
= ax cos
a
The magnetic vector potential can be calculated from Eqn (4.23).

" !#
ejkr Z a/2 Z b/2 1 x0 0 0
Ay = cos ejk(x sin cos +y sin sin ) dx0 dy 0
4r a/2 b/2 a
Substituting kx = k sin cos and ky = k sin sin and performing the integration by
letting
Z a/2 !
x0 jkx x0 0
Fx (kx ) = cos e dx
a/2 a

a
2
cos kx a
2
= 2 2
kx a
2
2
Z b/2
0
Fy (ky ) = ejky y dy 0
b/2
sin ky b/2
= b
ky b/2
Therefore,
ejkr
Ay = Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Similarly, the electric vector potential can be written as
!
ejkr Z a/2 Z b/2 x0 jkx x0 +jky y0 0 0
Fx = cos e dx dy
4r a/2 b/2 a
ejkr
= Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Converting the vector potentials into spherical coordinates
ejkr
A = Ay cos sin = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos sin
4r
ejkr
A = Ay cos = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos
4r
ejkr
F = Fx cos cos = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos
4r
ejkr
F = Fx sin = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) sin
4r
Making use of Eqns (4.15) and (4.16) the and components of the electric field can
be written as
E = j(A + F )
!
ejkr
= j cos sin sin Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
ejkr
= jk(1 + cos ) sin Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
E = j(A F )
!
ejkr
= j cos cos cos Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
ejkr
= jk(1 + cos ) cos Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Solution 4.7 The aperture fields are

!
x0
E = ay sin
a
!
1 x0
H = ax sin
a
The equivalent sheet currents are
Js = n H
" !#
1 x0
= az ax sin
a
!
0
1 x
= ay sin
a
Ms = En
!
x0
= ay sin az
a
!
x0
= ax sin
a
The magnetic vector potential can be calculated from Eqn (4.23).
" !#
ejkr Z a/2 Z b/2 1 x0 0 0
Ay = sin ejk(x sin cos +y sin sin ) dx0 dy 0
4r a/2 b/2 a
75
Substituting kx = k sin cos and ky = k sin sin and performing the integration by
letting !
Z a/2
x0 jkx x0 0
Fx (kx ) = sin e dx
a/2 a
Using the formula given by Eqn (B.11)
Z
eax
eax sin bxdx = 2 (a sin bx b cos bx) + C
a + b2
we can perform the integration.
Z a/2 !
x0 jkx x0 0
Fx (kx ) = sin e dx
a/2 a
" ! !#a/2
ejkx x
0
x0 x0

= jkx sin cos
(jkx )2 + (/a)2 a a a
a/2
jkx a/2 jkx a/2
e e
= jkx jkx
kx2
+ (/a) 2 kx2 + (/a)2
!
2 1 kx a
= jkx a 2j sin
(kx a)2 2 2

kx a kx a
2
sin 2
= a 2 2
kx a
2
2
Z b/2
0
Fy (ky ) = ejky y dy 0
b/2
sin ky b/2
= b
ky b/2
Therefore,
ejkr
Ay = Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Similarly, the electric vector potential can be written as
!
ejkr Z a/2 Z b/2 x0 jkx x0 +jky y0 0 0
Fx = cos e dx dy
4r a/2 b/2 a
ejkr
= Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Converting the vector potentials into spherical coordinates
ejkr
A = Ay cos sin = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos sin
4r
ejkr
A = Ay cos = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos
4r
ejkr
F = Fx cos cos = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos
4r
ejkr
F = Fx sin = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) sin
4r
Making use of Eqns (4.15) and (4.16) the and components of the electric field can
be written as
E = j(A + F )
!
ejkr
= j cos sin sin Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
ejkr
= jk(1 + cos ) sin Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
E = j(A F )
!
ejkr
= j cos cos cos Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
ejkr
= jk(1 + cos ) cos Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Solution 4.8 In the = 0 plane, the 3 dB points are given by the solution of Eqn (4.75).

ka
cos 2
sin 2 2
2 2 =
ka
sin 2
2 2
ka
Substituting 2
sin = X, and rearranging
" 2 #
2 2 2
cos X 2 X =0
2
Solving iteratively, we get the solution of the above equation as X = 1.7263 rad. There-
fore, the 3 dB points are

2 1
= sin 1.8676)

ka !
1 0.5945
= sin
a
Therefore, the half-power beamwidth is given by

!
1 0.5945
HPBW|=0 = 2 sin
a
In the = /2 plane, the 3 dB points are given by the solution of Eqn (4.76).

kb
sin 2
sin 1
kb =
2
sin 2
Solving this iteratively, we get

kb
sin = 1.391
2
77
Therefore, the half-power beamwidth is given by

!
1 2 1.391 0.4428
HPBW|=/2 = 2 sin = 2 sin1
kb b
Solution 4.9 The optimum flare angle in the H-plane is (from Eqn (4.109))
!1
3 2
h = 2 tan1
4rox
or
2 h 3
tan =
2 4rox
From Fig. 4.12(b),
a
rox =
h

2 tan 2
and substituting in the previous equation,
h 3
tan =
2 2a
Substituting this in Eqn (4.111),
a aw
L=
h

2 tan 2
we get
(a aw )2a
L= (S4.5)
6
Similarly, in the E-plane, the optimum flare angle is given by Eqn (4.110)
!1
2
e = 2 tan1
2roy
which can be written as

e
tan2 =
2 2roy
From Fig. 4.12(a),
b
roy =
e

2 tan 2
and substituting in the previous equation,
e
tan =
2 b
Substituting this in Eqn (4.112),
b bw
L=
e

2 tan 2
we get
(b bw )a
L= (S4.6)
2
For optimum condition in both the planes, the two lengths given by Eqns (S4.5) and
(S4.6) should be equal to each other.
(a aw )2a
= (b bw )b
3
Since ab = 100 cm2 = 0.01 m2 , we can substitute, b = 0.01/a in the previous
equation.
0.01 0.01
2a(a aw ) = 3 bw
a a
Expanding and rearranging,
2a4 2a3 aw + 0.03abw 3 0.012 = 0
Substituting aw = 22.86 103 m and bw = 10.16 103 m,
2a4 45.72 103 a3 + 0.3048 103 a 3 104 = 0
Solving iteratively, we get a = 0.1135 m, and b = 0.01/a = 0.01/0.1135 = 0.088 m.

Therefore, the ratio a/b = 1.29.
Solution 4.10 Given: aw bw = 0.02286 m 0.01016 m, = 0.03 m, and D = 16 dB

=39.81
Substituting in Eqn (4.108)
4ab
39.81 = 0.5
(0.03)2
which gives
ab = 5.7 103 m2
Since a/b = 1.3, we get a = 0.0861 m and b = 0.0662 m.
From Eqn (4.103) q
(x0 ) = k( rox
2 + x02 r )
ox
For optimum flare angle the maximum phase error is 3/4.

s
2
2 2 a
3 = rox + rox
4 0.03 2
79
Rearranging, s
2
2 +
a
0.01125 + rox = rox
2
Squaring, 2
a
0.011252 + rox
2 2
+ 2rox 0.01125 = rox +
2
Substituting a = 0.0816, we get rox = 0.0684. From Eqn (4.104),
nq o
(y 0 ) = k 2 + y 02 r
roy oy
For optimum flare angle the maximum phase error in the E-plane is /2.
v
u !2
u
2 t 2 b
= r oy + roy
2 0.03
2

Expanding and rearranging,

!2
5 2 3 2 b
5.625 10 + roy + 2roy 7.5 10 = roy +
2
Substituting b = 0.0662 we get roy = 0.0693. The optimum flare angles are given by
!1
3 2 3 0.03 12
h = 2 tan1
= 2 tan1
= 59.67
4rox 4 0.0684
!1
2 0.03
1
2
e = 2 tan1 = 2 tan1 = 49.9
2roy 2 0.0693
Two lengths are given by,

a aw 0.0861 0.02286
L = = = 0.0551
2 tan h 2 tan 29.84
2
b bw 0.0662 0.01016
L = = = 0.0559
2 tan e 2 tan 24.95
2
Choose the longer one L = 0.0559 m. With this choice,

0.0861 0.02286
h = 2 tan1 = 58.99
2 0.0559

1 0.0662 0.01016
e = 2 tan = 52.88
2 0.0559
Solution 4.11 The phase variation over the aperture is given by Eqn (4.105).
q q
(x0 , y 0 ) = k 2 + x02 r
rox ox +
2 + y 02 r
roy oy
v v
u 2 u !2
u x0 u y0
t t
= k rox 1+ rox + roy 1+ roy

rox roy

Approximating the square root terms with two dominant terms of the Binomial series,
(see Eqn (C.4))
!2 !2
1 x0 1 y 0
(x0 , y 0 ) ' k rox 1 + rox + roy 1 + roy

2 rox 2 roy
( )
x02 y 02
= k +
2rox 2roy
Solution 4.12 In the H-plane the optimum flare angle is obtained when the maximum
phase error is equal to 3/4. From Eqn (4.103), the phase of the field at (x0 , 0) is given
by q
(x0 ) = k 2 + x02 r
rox ox
Using Binomial series approximation,

1 x02
(x0 ) = k
2 rox
The maximum phase error corresponding to x0 = a/2 is 3/4.
3 2 1 a2
(a/2) = =
4 2 4rox
Solving for a, q
a= 3rox
Substituting in
a
rox =
2 tan(h /2)
and rearranging

a
1
h = 2 tan
2r
" ox #
1 3rox
= 2 tan
2rox
!1/2
3
= 2 tan1
4rox
In the E-plane the optimum flare angle is obtained when the maximum phase error is
equal to /2. From Eqn (4.104), the phase of the field at (y 0 , 0) is given by
nq o
(y 0 ) = k 2 + y 02 r
roy oy
Using Binomial series approximation,

1 y 02
(y 0 ) = k
2 roy
81
The maximum phase error corresponding to y 0 = b/2 is /2.
2 1 b2
(b/2) = =
2 2 4roy
Solving for b, q
b= 2rox
Substituting in
b
roy =
2 tan(e /2)
and rearranging
" #
1 b
e = 2 tan
2roy
q
2roy
= 2 tan1
2roy
!1/2

= 2 tan1
2roy
Solution 4.13 The radiation pattern of a point source kept in front of a 90 corner
reflector is
P (, ) = 2 |cos(kd sin cos ) cos(kd sin sin )|2
Substituting d = 0.7
P (, ) = 2 |cos(2 0.7 sin cos ) cos(2 0.7 sin sin )|2
In the xy plane = 900 and hence
P (90, ) = 2 |cos(1.4 cos ) cos(1.4 sin )|2
P is maximum when the term inside the modulus sign is maximum. To find the maximum,
differentiate it with respect to and equate it to zero.
sin(1.4 cos )1.4 sin + sin(1.4 sin )1.4 cos = 0
This is satisfied for = 0. Therefore, along = 0 the pattern has a maximum.
Pmax = 2 |cos(1.4) cos(0)|2 = 3.427
The 3 dB point is computed by equating the normalized pattern to 0.5.

2
|cos(1.4 cos ) cos(1.4 sin )|2 = 0.5
3.427
or
|cos(1.4 cos ) cos(1.4 sin )| = 0.926
Solving iteratively we get = 13.7 and the 3 dB beamwidth = 27.4
Solution 4.14 Consider Eqn (4.136),
[(c + x)2 + y 2 + z 2 ]1/2 [(c x)2 + y 2 + z 2 ]1/2 = 2a
Transfering the second term on the left hand side of the above equation to the right hand
side, and squaring both the sides,
(c + x)2 + y 2 + z 2 = (c x)2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4a2 + 4a[(c x)2 + y 2 + z 2 ]1/2

c2 + x2 + 2cx = c2 + x2 2cx + 4a2 + 4a[(c x)2 + y 2 + z 2 ]1/2
c
( x a) = [(c x)2 + y 2 + z 2 ]1/2
a
Squaring again,
c
( )2 x2 + a2 2cx = c2 + x2 2cx + y 2 + z 2
a
x2 x2 y 2 + z 2 c2 a2
2 =
a2 c c2 c2
2
x 2 2 y + z2
2
c a2
2
(c a ) =
a2 c2 c2 c2
2
x y + z2
2
= 1
a2 c2 a2
Chapter 5
Antenna Arrays
Solution 5.1 The electric field in the far-field region of a z directed dipole located at
(x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) and carrying a sinusoidal current is given by (see solution 3.5(c)),

E = j e
h2 r i
cos kl2 cos cos kl2
a
k sin
The field of a /2 dipole located at (0, 0, z 0 ) is
h i

I0 ejkr jkz0 cos cos 2
cos cos 2
E = a j e
2 r sin
The electric field due to N dipoles located at z10 , z20 , . . . , zN
0
and carrying currents
I1 , I2 , . . . , IN is given by
E = E1 + E2 + + EN
h i

1 ejkr cos 2 cos cos 2 X N
0
= a j In ejkzn cos
2 r sin n=1
The factor h i

1 e jkr cos 2
cos cos
2
a j
2 r sin
is the element pattern of a dipole located at the origin and carrying unity current. There-
fore, the array factor is given by
N
X 0
In ejkzn cos
n=1
Solution 5.2
(a) Yes, this is a four element array of identical elements.
(b) Yes, though one of the elements is missing, it can be treated as an element with
zero excitation.
83
84 CHAPTER 5. ANTENNA ARRAYS
(c) No, one of the elements has been rotated, therefore, all the elements are not oriented
in the same direction.
(d) Yes, this is an array of identical equi-oriented elements.
(e) No, one of the elements is shorter than the others, therefore, all the elements
patterns are not identical.
(f) Yes, this is an array of equi-oriented identical antennas.
Solution 5.3 The array factor of a two-element array with uniform in-phase excitation
is given by !
kd
AF = 2 cos cos
2
Substituting d = 2,
AF = 2 cos(2 cos )
The maxima occur along m , which satisfy the following equation
2 cos m = m m = 0, 1 and 2
m = 0 gives m = 90 .
m = 1 gives m = 60 and 120 .
m = 2 gives m = 0 and 180 .
There are 5 maxima in the array factor. The nulls satisfy
kd
cos z = (2n 1) n = 1, 2 . . .
2 2
and the directions of the nulls are given by

2n 1
z = cos1
4
n = 1 gives
z = 75.52 , 104.48
n = 2 gives
z = 41.41 , 138.59
There are 4 nulls in the array factor.
Solution 5.4 The array of a two-element array is given by

!
kd
AF = 2 cos cos +
2 2
2 3
with = kd, and d = 0.75, kd = 4
= 32 , and the array factor reduces to

3 3
AF = 2 cos cos +
4 4
85
The maxima occur along m , which satisfies

3
(cos m + 1) = m m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
4
The directions of the two maxima are, corresponding to m = 0, m = 180 and corre-
sponding to m = 1, m = 70.53 .
The nulls occur along z ,which satisfies
3
(cos z + 1) = (2n 1) n = 1, 2, . . .
4 2
With n = 1 we get z = 109.47 and with n = 2, we have z = 0 . These are the
directions of the two nulls.
Solution 5.5 The element pattern is
kI0dl ejkr
j sin
4 r
This has a maximum along = 90 . The array factor is given by
!
kd kd
AF = 2 cos cos +
2 2
kd 2 0.25
(a) For d = 0.25, 2
= 2
= 4
and the array factor reduces to

AF = 2 cos (cos + 1)
4
The maximum is along m which satisfies

(cos m + 1) = m m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
4
The array factor has a maximum along m = 180 corresponding to m = 0.
The array pattern is proportional to

sin cos (cos + 1)
4
The direction of the maximum is obtained by differentiating it with respect to and
equating it to zero.

cos cos (cos + 1) + sin sin (cos + 1) sin = 0
4 4 4
This equation is satisfied for = 111.5 . Therefore the direction of the maximum of the
array pattern is along 111.5 .
(b) For d = 0.5, kd
2
= 2 0.5
2
= 2 , and the array factor

AF = 2 cos (cos + 1)
2
has maxima along m satisfying

(cos m + 1) = m m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2
The maxima are along m = 180 and 0 corresponding to m = 0 and 1, respectively.
The array pattern is proportional to

sin cos (cos + 1)
2
Differentiating with respect to and equating it to zero,

cos cos (cos + 1) + sin sin (cos + 1) sin = 0
2 2 2
This is satisfied for = 51 and 129 , which are the directions of the maxima of the array
pattern.
Solution 5.6 The normalized array factor of a uniform array is given by

sin N
2
|AFn | =
N sin
2
where = (kd cos + ). For N=14,
sin 14
2
AFn =
14 sin 2
Differentiating with respect to and equating to zero

!1 ! !2 !
14 1
sin cos 7 sin cos sin 7 = 0
2 2 2 2 2
Simplifying

14 sin cos 7 cos sin 7 = 0
2 2
or

14 tan
tan 7 = 0
2

= 0 corresponds to the main lobe. The first side lobe occurs at = 2.865 14 =
0.6429 rad.
The level of the first side lobe is

sin(7 0.6429)

|AFn | = = 0.221 = 13.11 dB
14. sin(0.5 0.6429)
2
With = 0 we have = kd cos = 0.6429, and with d = 2
, we get kd = 2
= ,
therefore,
1 0.6429
= cos = 78.19

87
Solution 5.7
= kd cos +
As varies from 0 through 90 to 180 , varies from kd + through to kd + .
Substituting d = 2 and = 4 , extent of becomes 4 + 4 = 17 4
through /4 to
4 + 4 = 15
4
.
The main lobe is along = 0, i.e.,

0 = 4 cos +
4
Solving, we get the direction of the main lobe as = 93.58 .
The grating lobes occur along = 2m, m = 1, 2, . . .. The grating lobes within
the visible region are along = 2, 2 and 4. Thus, there are 3 grating lobes in the
visible region. Their directions in coordinates are:
2 = 4 cos 1 + 4 which gives 1 = 124.23
+2 = 4 cos 2 + 4 which gives 2 = 64.06
+4 = 4 cos 3 + 4 which gives 3 = 20.36
Solution 5.8 Since, = kd cos + , the extent of the visible region is +kd + to
kd + . Substituting d = 3 and = 3 , we get

kd + = 6
3

kd + = 6
3
The grating lobes occur at = 2m, m = 1, 2, . . .. Therefore, the grating lobes of the
given array are along = 4, 2, 2, 4, 6. There are 5 grating lobes.
Solution 5.9 The array factor of a 7-element uniform array is given by
sin 72
AFn =
7 sin 2
where = kd cos + . The maximum of the AF is along = 0.
0 = kd cos +
Since the maximum occurs along = 90 , we get
0 = kd cos 90 +
Therefore, the progressive phase shift = 0 .

For minimum beamwidth, the array should have maximum length. The array has nulls
along = 0 and 180 , which means, the AF has nulls along = kd and kd. The array
factor has no grating lobes in the visible region. All these conditions are simultaneously
satisfied by choosing the ends of the visible region to coincide with the null closest to the
first grating lobe on either side of the main lobe.
The locations of the nulls of the AF are given by
7
= n n = 1, 2, . . .
2
Since it is a 7-element array, the null corresponding to n = 6 is adjacent to the first
grating lobe. Therefore, choosing n = 6, we get
12
=
7
as the extent of the visible region. Thus
12
kd =
7
Solving for d, the element spacing is 67 .
The half power points are obtained by solving
sin 27
= 0.707
7 sin 2
which gives = 0.401. In coordinates kd cos 1 = 0.401 which gives

" #
1 0.401
1 = cos 2 6 = 85.73
7

and kd cos 2 = 0.401 which gives

1 0.401 7
2 = cos = 94.27
2 6
. The 3 dB beamwidth = 94.27 85.73 = 8.54 .
Solution 5.10 Maximum of a uniform array occurs along = 0. Since = kd cos + ,

maximum along = 450 implies
kd
0= +
2
or
kd
=
2
The visible region extent is from = kd + = kd(1 12 ) (corresponding to = 0) to
= kd + = kd(+1 + 12 ) (corresponding to = 180).
Making the end of visible region corresponding to = 180 coincide with the zero
closest to the grating lobe at = 2,
1 12
kd(1 + ) =
2 7
89
which gives, kd = 3.155 or d = 0.502, and = 2

0.502

2
= 2.23 rad, or = 127.79 .
The 3dB points are along = 0.401.
0.401 = 3.155(cos 1 12 ), or 1 = 33.48
0.401 = 3.155(cos 2 12 ), or 2 = 54.56
The 3 dB beamwidth = 54.56 33.48 = 21.08 .
Solution 5.11 Unit circle representation of a 7-element uniform array with d = /2 and
= 0 . The zeros of the array factor are at n 51.4 ; n = 1, 2, . . . 6.
Solution 5.12
Fig. P5.12(a) Unit circle representation of the array in problem 5.9
Fig. P5.12(b)Unit circle representation of the array in problem 5.10

91
Solution 5.13 For a uniform array of 5 elements, the array factor is

sin 5
2
|AFn | =
5 sin 2
The 3 dB points are obtained by solving

sin 5

2 1
=

5 sin 2 2
which gives = 0.566.

The 3 dB points are
2
0.566 = cos 1
2
or
1 = 79.62
and
2
0.566 = cos 2
2
or
2 = 100.38
( = 0 for broad side array)
Therefore, 3 dB beamwidth = 100.38 79.62 = 20.76 .
The normalized array factor of a binomial array is
(ej + 1)N
AFn =
2N
where = kd cos + . For broadside array with = 0 and d = 2 , we get = cos .
The 3 dB points of the 5-element binomial array are obtained from
5
j
e + 1
= 0.707
25
or

1 + ej = 1.866
Expressing ej = cos + j sin , and evaluating the magnitude,
(1 + cos )2 + (sin )2 = 1.8662
Expanding,
1 + cos2 + 2 cos + sin2 = 1.8662
or
2 + 2 cos = 1.8662
which gives
cos = 0.736
The 3 dB points are

0.736 = cos 1
or
1 = 76.45
and
0.736 = cos 2
or
2 = 103.55
Thus the 3 dB beamwidth is 103.55 76.45 = 27.1 .
Solution 5.14 In a binomial array all the zeros are placed at = 180 . For a broad side
array the visible region can extend from = +180 through 0 to 180 , so that no part
of the grating lobe appears in the visible region.
= kd cos +
The maximum occurs along = 0, which corresponds to = 90 , therefore, = 0.

= 180 corresponds to = 0, which gives, = kd or d = 2 .
For an endfire array, = kd and the visible region extends from = 0 to = .
Therefore, = kd cos + reduces to = kd kd, i.e., kd = 2 or d = 4 .
93
Solution 5.15
Fig. P5.15 Unit circle representation of the array of Example 5.6
Solution 5.16 Since all the side lobe peaks are at the same level, we design a Chebyshev
array. The procedure to design the array is given in the following steps.
1. Calculate the value of b from the SLLdB = 30 dB using
b = 1030/20 = 31.6228
2. Choose the order of the Chebyshev polynomial equal to one less than the number
of elements.
m=N 1=6
3. Calculate the value of x0 .

1
x0 = cosh cosh1 31.6228 = 1.2485
6
4. Evaluate the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomial using Eqn (5.80)
(2i 1)
xi = cos ; i = 1, 2, . . . 6
26
The zeros are x1 = 0.9659, x2 = 0.7071, x3 = 0.2588, x4 = 0.2588, x5 = 0.7071,

and x6 = 0.9659.
5. Compute the location of the zeros in the domain using Eqn (5.81).

1 xi
i = 2 cos ; i = 1, 2, . . . 6
x0
The location of the zeros in the domain are 1 = 1.3724, 2 = 1.9374, 3 = 2.724,
4 = 3.5592 = 3.5592 2 = 2.724, 5 = 4.3458 = 1.9374, and 6 = 4.9108 =
1.3724 (all are in radians).
6. The array factor is (see example 5.7)
AF = (z ej1.3724 )(z ej1.9374 )(z ej2.724 )(z ej2.724 )

(z ej1.9374 )(z ej1.3724 )
= z 6 + 2.1508z 5 + 3.3073z 4 + 3.785z 3 + 3.3073z 2 + 2.1508z + 1
where z = ej = ej(kd cos +) .
The main beam is along = 0, which corresponds

to kd cos + = 0. Since the main

beam is along = 45 = /4, we get = kd/ 2.
The extent of the visible region is: kd+ to kd+, or 0.293kd to 1.707kd. Since no
part of the grating lobe should appear in the visible region, we set 1.707kd = 4.9108.
That is, we choose d such that the negative limit of the visible region coincides with
the zero of the polynomial that is closest to the grating lobe that occurs at = 2.
Therefore,
the inter-element spacing is d = 0.458. The progressive phase shift is =
kd/ 2 = 2.035 rad = 116.59 .
Solution 5.17 The array factor polynomial is same as in Solution 5.16. The progressive
phase shift is also given by = kd/ 2 and the the extent of the visible region is:
0.293kd to 1.707kd. Since a part of the grating lobe is allowed to enter the visible
region, but with its level limited to 30 dB below the main beam peak, we need calculate
the value of which corresponds to the -30 dB level in the grating lobe. In the array
factor expression, substituting z = ej ,
AF = (ej ej1.3724 )(ej ej1.9374 )(ej ej2.724 )(ej ej2.724 )

(ej ej1.9374 )(ej ej1.3724 )
Taking the magnitude of the array factor,
|AF| = |(ej ej1.3724 )(ej ej1.9374 )(ej ej2.724 )(ej ej2.724 )

(ej ej1.9374 )(ej ej1.3724 )|
= |(ej(1.3724) 1)| |(ej(1.9374) 1)| |(ej(2.724) 1)|
|(ej(+2.724) 1)| |(ej(+1.9374) 1)| |(ej(+1.3724) 1)|
95
= {[cos( 1.3724) 1]2 + sin2 ( 1.3724)}

{[cos( 1.9374) 1]2 + sin2 ( 1.9374)}
{[cos( 2.724) 1]2 + sin2 ( 2.724)}
{[cos( + 2.724) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 2.724)}
{[cos( + 1.9374) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 1.9374)}
{[cos( + 1.3724) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 1.3724)}
The maximum of the array factor occurs along = 0 and is equal to 278.93. Therefore,
the normalized array factor is
1
|AFn | = {[cos( 1.3724) 1]2 + sin2 (j 1.3724)}
278.93
{[cos( 1.9374) 1]2 + sin2 ( 1.9374)}
{[cos( 2.724) 1]2 + sin2 ( 2.724)}
{[cos( + 2.724) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 2.724)}
{[cos( + 1.9374) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 1.9374)}
{[cos( + 1.3724) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 1.3724)}
We iteratively find the value of such that
|AFn | = 1030/20 = 0.03162
Since this lies on the first grating lobe, the value of lies between -4.9108 (location of
the zero closest to the grating lobe; see Example 5.16, step 5) and 2 (location of the
peak of the grating lobe). Solving, we get = 5.7092. Setting this as one end of the
visible region,
5.7092 = 1.707kd
and solving for d, we get d = 0.532, and the progressive phase shift = 2.365 rad
= 135.5 .
Solution 5.18 The Chebyshev polynomial is given by
Tm (x) = cosh(m cosh1 x)
For a 7-element array, m = 6.

Tm (x0 ) = b = 31.62
3 dB point corresponds to
Tm (x) = 31.62 0.707
which is obtained by solving
cosh(6 cosh1 x) = 22.35
which gives x = 1.2073.

From Eqn (5.76)

x = x0 cos( )
2
Substituting x0 = 1.2485 (see Example 5.7), we get

1.2073 = 1.2485 cos( )
2
or = 0.5152. The directions of the 3 dB points are
0.5152 = kd cos 1 = (2 0.75) cos 1
from which we get 1 = 83.72 . Similarly,
0.5152 = kd cos 2 = (2 0.75) cos 2
and we get 2 = 96.28 . Thus, the 3 dB beamwidth is 96.28 83.72 = 12.56 .

For a 7-element uniform broadside array, the 3 dB beamwidth corresponds to =
0.401 (see Equation (5.50)).
= kd cos +
Substituting d = 0.75 and = 0, the 3 dB points are obtained by solving
0.401 = 2 0.75
and we get = 85.12 and 94.88 .

Therefore the 3 dB beamwidth is 94.88 85.12 = 9.76 .
Chapter 6
Special Antennas
Solution 6.1 The wavelength is

c 3 108
= = = 30 m
f 10 106
For a 3-element Yagi-Uda array:
Length of the driven element = 0.47 = 14.1 m
Length of the director = 0.442 = 13.26 m
Length of the reflector = 0.482 = 14.46 m
Reflector to driven element spacing = 0.2 = 6 m
Driven element to director spacing = 0.2 = 6 m
Solution 6.2 For a helix operating in the axial mode

C 2S
Directivity = 15N
3
Ignoring the losses in the structure, gain is proportional to the number of turns in the
helix
GN
and the received power
Pr G
Therefore
Pr1 N1
=
Pr2 N2
70
Substituting Pr1 = 10 10 mW = 1 1010 W, N1 = 8 and N2 = 16
1 1010 8
=
Pr2 16
or Pr2 = 2 1010 W=-67 dBm.
Another approach: Since the member of turns has doubled, received power also doubles,
which corresponds to a 3 dB increase. Therefore, Pr = 70 + 3 = 67 dBm.
97
98 CHAPTER 6. SPECIAL ANTENNAS
Solution 6.3 We are required to design an axial mode helical antenna at f = 5.2 GHz
( = fc = 0.0577 m) having a directivity D = 10 dB=10. From Eqn (6.27), the directivity
is given by
C 2S
D = 15N 3

S
Choose C = 1 and S = 4 . Since, tan = C , we get = 14 . Substituting in the
equation for directivity,
12 0.25
10 = 15N

which gives N = 2.67. Rounding off to the next higher integer, we get the number of
turns N = 3.
From Eqn (6.25),
52 1.5
Half power beam width = N
C NS
52 0.05771.5
= = 60
0.0577 3 0.25 0.0577
Unwrapped length is given by

L = N q S 2 + C 2
= 3 (0.25 0.0577)2 + 0.05772
= 0.178 m
Solution 6.4 Corresponding to the directivity of 10 dB, we get (from Fig 6.47) = 0.94
and = 0.178. Using Eqn (6.33),
1 1 0.94
tan = = = 0.0843
4 4 0.178
or = 4.82 . The upper and lower frequencies are given to be fU = 30 MHz and
fL = 10 MHz. Using Eqn (6.40),

1
log(fU ) log(fL ) = (N 1) log

1
log(30 106 ) log(10 106 ) = (N 1) log
0.94
we get N = 18.76, and rounding it off to the next higher integer, we have N = 19.
Using Eqn (6.37)
1 3 108
l19 = = 15 m
2 10 106
Using Eqn (6.29)
ln
= = 0.94
ln+1
we get
99
l18 14.1 m l12 9.727 m l6 6.709 m

l17 13.254 m l11 9.143 m l5 6.306 m
l16 12.459 m l10 8.594 m l4 5.928 m
l15 11.711 m l9 8.078 m l3 5.572 m
l14 11.008 m l8 7.593 m l2 5.238 m
l13 10.348 m l7 7.137 m l1 4.924 m
and
ln
Rn =
2 tan
From Fig. 6.45,
l1
tan =
2R1
or
l1
R1 = = 29.197 m
2 tan
and using Eqn (6.29) we get,
R2 31.059 m R8 45.02 m R14 65.26 m

R3 33.041 m R9 47.894 m R15 69.426 m
R4 35.15 m R10 50.951 m R16 73.857 m
R5 37.394 m R11 54.203 m R17 78.571 m
R6 39.781 m R12 57.663 m R18 83.586 m
R7 42.32 m R13 61.344 m R19 88.921 m
Choose the wire diameter d19 = 10 mm, and the other diameters are computed using
Eqn (6.29) as, d18 = 9.4 mm, d17 = 8.836 mm, . . . d1 = 3.283 mm.
Solution 6.5 The electric field along = 0 is given by

ejkr
E = jI0 [(cos j sin )a + ( sin j cos )a ]
2r
ejkr
= I0 [(j cos + sin )a + (j sin + cos )a ]
2r
The phasor can be represented as a function of time by
( )
ejkr jt h j+j j
i
E = Re I0 e e 2a + e
a
2r

1
= I0 cos kr + t + a + cos (kr + t ) a
2r 2
For (t kr) = 0 and = 0,
1
E = I0 a
2r
For (t kr) = /2 and = 0,
1
E = I0 {a }
2r
Therefore, the electric field rotates clockwise as time increases, and it represents a right
circularly polarized wave propagating along the positive r direction.
8
Solution 6.6 The wavelength is = fc = 15510
310
6 = 1.935 m. A turnstile antenna consists

of two 2 dipoles that are orthogonally placed and fed in phase quadrature. Length of
each of the dipole is 0.9675 m.
8
310
6 = 1.935 m. The dimensions of the wire
grid based batwing antenna shown in Fig. 6.33 are: 0.325 = 0.629 m, 0.217 = 0.42 m,
0.108 = 0.209 m, 0.04 = 0.077 m, 0.27 = 0.522 m, and 0.125 = 0.242 m.
Solution 6.8 The magnetic vector potential is given by Eqn (6.5).

ejkr Z L 0
Az = I0 sin k(L z 0 )ejkz cos dz 0
4 r 0
Consider the integral,

Z Z
az az cos(bz + c)
cos(bz + c)
e sin(bz + c)dz = e + dz aeaz
b b
Z
az cos(bz + c) az sin(bz + c) 2 sin(bz + c)
= e + ae 2
a eaz dz
b b b2
which can be rearranged as,
Z " #
az a2
eaz
e sin(bz + c)dz 1+ 2 =
[b cos(bz + c) + a sin(bz + c)]
b2b
Z
eaz
eaz sin(bz + c)dz = 2 [a sin(bz + c) b cos(bz + c)]
a + b2
Using the above identity we can perform the integration.
" 0 #L
ejkr ejkz cos
Az = I0 2 2
{jk cos sin(kz 0 + kL) (k) cos(kz 0 + kL)}
4 r (jk cos ) + (k) 0
Substituting the limits,

" #
ejkr ejkL cos 1
Az = I0 2 2 2
{0 + k} 2 {jk cos sin kL + k cos kL}
4 r k k cos k k 2 cos2
which can be simplified to
ejkr 1 jkL cos
Az = I0 2 {e j cos sin kL cos kL}
4 r k sin
For a z directed wire, the magnetic vector potential has only the z component, therefore,
in spherical coordinates (using Eqn (F.7)), we get
Ar = cos Az
A = sin Az
A = 0
101
In the far field region, the electric field is related to the magnetic vector potential by
Eqn (3.30).
E = jAt
where
At = a A + a A = a (Az ) sin
Therefore, the electric field is given by
E = ja Az sin
ejkr 1 h jkL cos i
= ja I0 e j cos sin kL cos kL
4 r k sin
ejkr 1 h jkL cos i
= a jI0 e j cos sin kL cos kL
4r sin
In the last step we have used /k = .
For a wire antenna with L = N , where N is an integer, the electric field can be
written as

ejkr 1 2 2 2
E = ja I0 ej N cos j cos sin( N ) cos( N )
4r sin
ejkr 1
= ja I0 [cos(2N cos ) + j sin(2N cos ) 1]
4r sin
The magnitude of the electric field is given by
I0 1 h i1/2
|E | = 1 + cos2 (2N cos ) 2 cos(2N cos ) + sin2 (2N cos )
4r sin
I0 1
= [2 2 cos(2N cos )]1/2
4r sin
I0 1 h i1/2
= 4 sin2 (N cos )
4r sin
I0 1
= sin(N cos )
2r sin
Solution 6.9 For an N long wire the direction of the maximum m , satisfies
1 cos2 m
(N ) = tan(N cos m )
cos m
For N=4
cos2 m 1 tan(4 cos m )
=0
cos m 4
Substituting cos m = t,
t2 1 tan(4t)
=0
t 4
Solving iteratively t = 0.905 which gives m = 25.18 .
Solution 6.10 L = 6 and the direction of the nulls, z , satisfy
sin(N cos z )
=0
sin z
or
N cos z = n n = 0, 1, 2, . . . N
With N = 6, the zeros are along
n=0 6 cos z = 0 z = 90
n=1 6 cos z = z = 80.41 , 99.59
n=2 6 cos z = 2 z = 70.53 , 109.47
n=3 6 cos z = 3 z = 60 , 120
n=4 6 cos z = 4 z = 48.19 , 131.8
n=5 6 cos z = 5 z = 33.56 , 146.44
n=6 6 cos z = 6 z = 0, 185
The pattern has 10 side lobes
Solution 6.11 The direction of the maximum is obtained by differentiating the expression
of E and equating it to zero.
" #
dE I0 d sin(N cos )
=
d 2r d sin
" #
I0 cos(N cos ) sin(N cos )
= N sin cos
2r sin sin2
For maximum,
dE
=0
d =m
which can be written as
cos(N cos m )N sin2 m + sin(N cos m ) cos m = 0

sin2 m
N = tan(N cos m )
cos m
Substituting N = 20 and solving iteratively, we get m = 11.0766 . Rounding off to two

decimal places, the direction of the maximum is along 11.08 .
Solution 6.12 The electric field as given by Eqn (6.21) is

ejkr cos 2 cos cos 2 sin
E = a jI0 +j
2r sin cos
103
Multiplying by ejt and taking the real part,

e jkr cos 2
cos cos 2
sin
E = Re I0 ejt j
2r sin cos

1 j/2 jkr+jt cos 2 cos jkr+jt
cos 2 sin
= Re I0 e e e
2r sin cos

1 cos 2 cos cos 2 sin
= I0 cos(/2 kr + t) cos(kr + t)
2r sin cos

1 cos 2
cos cos 2
sin
= I0 sin(t kr) cos(t kr)
2r sin cos
Choosing r such that kr is equal to an odd multiple of ,

1 cos 2 cos cos 2 sin
E = I0 sin(t) + cos(t)
2r sin cos
Solution 6.13 The electric field is given by

" #
1 cos( 2 cos ) cos( 2 cos )
E (, t) = I0 sin(t) + cos(t)
2r sin cos
When t = 0,
1 cos( 2 sin )
E (, t) = I0
2r cos
Maximum occurs for = 0
1
E |max = I0
2r
When t = 4 ,
" #
1 1 cos( 2 cos ) 1 cos( 2 sin )
E (, t) = I0 +
2r 2 sin 2 cos
"
#
1 1 cos( 2 cos ) cos( 2 sin )
= I0 +
2r 2 sin cos
The maximum satisfies

sin( 2 cos ) 2 sin cos( 2 cos ) sin( 2 sin ) 2 cos cos( 2 sin )
cos + sin = 0
sin sin2 cos cos2
The maximum is along = 4 . The maximum value is
1 1 1
E (45 ) = I0 [0.628 + 0.628] = I0 0.888
2r 2 2r
Therefore,
Emax
(t = 4 )
= 0.888
Emax
(t = 0)
Expressing in decibels, we get 20 log(0.888) = 1.03 dB.
For t = 2 , " #
1 cos( 2 cos )
E = I0
2r sin
1
The maximum is along = 2
and Emax
= I0 2r .
Chapter 7
Antenna Measurements
Solution 7.1 The path difference is

D2
R =
8R
4D2
Substituting R =
,
D2
R = 2
=
8.4D 32
The corresponding phase difference is
2
= kR = =
32 16
8
Solution 7.2 Substituting Pt = 1 W, Pr = 8 dBm= 10 10 mW= 1.585 104 W,
3108
Gt = Gr = G, R = 25 m and = fc = 2.4109 = 0.125 m in the Friis transmission formula
Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4 R )2
we get
1 G2
1.585 104 = 2
425
0.125
which gives G = 31.64 or 10 log(31.64) = 15 dB.
8
5109
= 0.06m. Substituting G1 = G, G2 = 2G,
3
Pr = 0.021 W, Pt = 10 W, = 0.06 m, and R = 12m in the Friis transmission formula
Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4 R )2
we get
10 2G2
0.021 103 = 2
12
4 0.06
105
106 CHAPTER 7. ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
from which, G = 2.575 or G1 = 4.11 dB and G2 = 7.11 dB.
Solution 7.4 The power received by the test antenna, Pr1 = 10 mW and its gain is G1 .
Similarly, power received by the standard antenna is Prs = 50 mW and Gs is its gain.
These quantities are related to each other by
Pr1 G1
=
Prs Gs
10
Substituting Pr1 = 10 mW, Prs = 50 mW, and Gs = 10 10 = 10,
10 G1
=
50 10
Therefore G1 = 2 or in decibels G1 = 3 dB.
Solution 7.5 The Friis transmission formula taking the polarization efficiency (p ) into
account is
Pt Gt Gr
Pr = p
(4 R )2
8
Substituting = fc = 310
1.89
= 0.1667 m, Pt = 60 W, Pr = 306 W, R = 500 m,
Gt = Gr = G, and p = 12 ,
60 G2 12
30 106 = 4500 2
( 0.1667 )
which gives G = 37.69 (or 15.76 dB).
Solution 7.6 Antenna impedance is given by

1+
Za = Z0
1
Substituting = 0.126 120 and Z0 = 50 ,
1 + 0.126 120
Za = 50
1 0.126 120
1 0.06 + j0.104
= 50
1 + 0.06 j0.104
0.94 + j0.104
= 50
1.06 j0.104
0.9466 6.313
= 50
1.0656 5.604
= 50 0.8886 11.917
= (43.44 + j9.17)
Chapter 8
Radio Wave Propagation
Solution 8.1 Friis transmission formula is

Pt Gt Gt
Pr =
(4 R )2
c
Substituting Pt = 1020/10 mW = 0.1 W, Gt = 1020/10 = 100, R = 10 103 m, = f
=
3108 70
10
1.89
= 0.125 m, and Pr = 10 10 mW = 1 10 W, we get
0.1 100 Gr
1010 = 3
( 41010
0.125
)2
which gives Gr = 10 (or 10 dB).
Solution 8.2 Incorporating the path loss given by Eqn (8.2) into the Friis transmission
formula, and expressing the result in decibels,
Pr,dBm = Pt,dBm + Gt,dB + Gr,dB PL,dB

3
Substituting Pt,dBm = 10 log( 10010
103
) = 20 dBm, Gt,dB = 20 dB, Gr,dB = 25 dB, and
PL,dB = 160 dB, we obtain,
Pr,dBm = 20 + 20 + 25 160 = 95 dBm
If Pr,dBm = 80 dBm,
80 = Pt,dBm + 20 + 25 160
and hence Pt,dBm = 35 dBm (or 3.16 W).
107
108 CHAPTER 8. RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Solution 8.3 Eqn (8.24) gives the path loss factor incorporated into Eqn (8.27). There-
fore, we plot 20 log(|F |) of Eqn (8.24) and 20 log(|F |) of Eqn (8.11) as a function of d.
We observe that for large d, the approximate value of path loss factor computed using
Eqn (8.24) approaches the exact value of the path loss computed using Eqn (8.11).
Solution 8.4 For = 0, the numerator of Eqn (8.6) must be equal to zero.
q
sin (r j) cos2 = 0
Since = 0, = 0 and hence the above equation can be written as
sin2 = r cos2
or
sin2 + cos2 = 1 = r
which implies that r = 1, irrespective of the value of .
From Eqn (8.13), k = 0 gives
q
r sin r cos2 = 0
which is obtained by making = 0 because = 0. The above equation can be written as
2r sin2 = r cos2
2r sin2 = r 1 + sin2
sin2 (2r 1) = r 1
109
r 1
sin2 =
(r 1)(r + 1)
1
sin2 =
1 + r
c 8
Solution 8.5 The wavelength is = = 310
f q 900106
= 0.333 m and the distance between
the transmitter and the receiver is R = (30 1)2 + 20002 = 2000.2 m.
(a) LOS without ground
The path loss is

4R
PL = 20 log10

4 2000.2
= 20 log10
0.333
= 97.6 dB
(b) Log-distance path loss model with n = 3.5

The path loss is

R n
PL,n (R) = PL,n (R0 ) + 10 log10
R0

2000.2 3.5
= 51 + 10 log10
10
= 131.5 dB
(c) Hata Model
(hre ) = 3.2[log10 (11.75hre )2 ] 4.97

= 3.2 [log10 (11.75 1)2 ] 4.97
= 1.88 dB
The path loss is
PL,u = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 (f ) 13.82 log10 (hte ) (hre )

+[44.9 6.55 log10 (hte )] log10 (d)
= 69.55 + 26.16 log10 (900) 13.82 log10 (30) 1.88
+[44.9 6.55 log10 (30)] log10 (2)
= 135.1 dB
Solution 8.6
(hre ) = (1.1 log10 (f ) 0.7)hre (1.56 log10 (f ) 0.8)

= (1.1 log10 (1800) 0.7) 1.5 (1.56 log10 (1800) 0.8)
= 0.043
The path loss using the Hata model is,

+[44.9 6.55 log10 (hte )] log10 (d)
= 69.55 + 26.16 log10 (1800) 13.82 log10 (80) 0.043
+[44.9 6.55 log10 (80)] log10 (3)
= 143.8 dB
The received power is
Pr,dBm = Pt,dBm + Gt,dB + Gr,dB PL,u,dB
80 = Pt,dBm + 7 + 1.2 143.8
which gives the transmit power as Pt,dBm = 55.6 dBm or 363 W.
Path loss using the Cost-231 model
+[44.9 6.55 log10 (hte )] log10 (d) + Cm
= 46.3 + 33.9 log10 (1800) 13.82 log10 (80) 0.043
+[44.9 6.55 log10 (80)] log10 (3) + 0
= 145.8 dB
The transmit power is
Pt,dBm = 30 7 1.2 + 145.8
= 57.6 dBm
= 575 W
Solution 8.7
From Fig. P8.7,

q
d1 = (r0 + ht )2 r02
Considering the first two terms of the

binomial expansion,
q
d1 ' 2r0 ht + h2t

= 2 6370 103 20 + 202
= q
15.96 km
d2 ' 2r0 hr + h2r

= 2 6370 103 10 + 102
= 11.29 km
Therefore, d = d1 + d2 = 27.25 km.

111
In the presence of atmosphere use re = 43 r0 instead of r0 . Therefore,

s s
4 4
d = 2 6370 103 20 + 202 + 2 6370 103 10 + 102
3 3
= 18.43 + 13.03
= 31.46 km
Solution 8.8
1 1 1
=
re r0 r
where re : equivalent radius of the earth, r0 : mean radius of the earth =6370 km, and r:
radius of curvature of the ray = 106 /( dN
dn
) = 106 /50 = 20, 000 km.
Substituting r0 = 6370 km and r = 20, 000 km we get
1 1 1
=
re 6370 20000
re = 9347 km
Solution 8.9
r0 = 6370 km
4
re = r0 = 8493 km
3
From Fig. (p8.9),
300 = 2 8493
= 0.0177 rad
OA
cos =
OB
8493 103 + 6
cos(0.0177) =
8493 103 + h
which gives h = 1336.6 m.
Solution 8.10
h
Wi = eV
e
where h = 6.6254 1034 Js is the Plancks constant.
For nitrogen,
6.6254 1034
15.8 =
1.602 1019
Solving this we get, = 3.8204 1015 Hz. The wavelength is given by

c 3 108
= = = 78.5 nm
3.8204 1015
For carbon,
6.6254 1034
13.8 =
1.602 1019
c 3108
The frequency is = 3.33681015 Hz and the wavelength =
= 3.33681015
= 89.9 nm.
Solution 8.11
From Fig. P8.11,

3000
= r0 = 6370
2
which gives = 0.2355 rad.
Draw AD perpendicular to OB. From
4ADO,
AD
sin =
AO
AD
sin(0.2355) =
5370
from which, we get AD = 1486.3 km.
Similarly,
OD
cos =
AO
OD
cos(0.2355) =
6370
OD = 6194.2 km
Now, from 4ABD

q
AB = AD2 + BD2 = 1486.32 + (6370 + 180.8 6194.2)2 = 1528.5 km
Using the sine rule over the 4AOB

sin sin( 2 + )
=
AB OB
sin(0.2355) sin( 2 + )
=
1528.5 (6370 + 180.8)
which gives = 0
113
Solution 8.12
From 4AOD in Fig. P8.12,
AO
cos 2 =
OD
6370
=
(6370 + 150)
Therefore, 2 = 0.2149 rad, and
d2 = 2r0 2
= 2 6370 0.2149
= 2737.8 km
In 4AOB,
BO AO
=
sin 6 BAO sin 6 ABO
6370 + 150 6370
=
sin(90 + 30) sin 6 ABO
6 ABO = 57.79
Therefore, 1 = 180 (120 + 57.79 ) = 2.21 = 0.03857 rad, and d1 = r0 21 =
6370 2 0.03857 = 491.4 km. The minimum distance is 491.4 km and to maximum
distance is 2737.8 km.
Solution 8.13
A vertically launched wave returns to
the surface. Therefore, dmin = 0 From
4AOB in Fig. P8.13,
OB OA
=
sin 6 OAB sin 6 ABO
6370 + 150 6370
=
sin(90 + 75) sin 6 ABO
6 ABO = 14.65
Therefore,
2 = 180(90+75+14.65) = 0.35 = 6.11103 rad
and hence
d2 = r0 22
= 6370 2 6.11 103
= 77.84 km = dmax
Solution 8.14
From Fig. P8.14,
2500 = r0 2
= 6370 2
= 0.1962 rad = 11.24
In 4AOB,

6 ABO = ( + + )
2

= (0.1962 + + )
2
= 1.3746
Applying the cosine rule
r02 + (r0 + 200)2 AB 2

cos =
2 r0 (r0 + 200)
63702 + (6370 + 200)2 AB 2

cos(0.1962) =
2 6370 (6370 + 200)
AB = 1282.9 km
Now apply the sine rule.
AB BO
=
sin sin 6 BAO
1282.9 6370 + 200
=
sin(0.1962) sin 6 BAO
6 BAO = 93.29
= 3.29
Solution 8.15 Plasma frequency is

s
N e2
p =
m0
s
109 (1.602 1019 )2
=
9.1096 1031 8.854 1012
= 1783787.4 rad/s
Frequency: 1 MHz
115
The conductivity is
0 p2 /
=
1 + 2 / 2
8.854 1012 (1783787.4)2 106 /(1 106 )
= 106
(2 1 106 ) 1 + ( 210 6)
2
= 6.96 107 S/m
The permittivity of the ionosphere is given by Eqn (8.111)
p2
r = 1 2
+ 2
1783787.42
= 1
(2 106 )2 + (106 )2
= 0.92
Since
6.96 107
= = 0.0125
0 2 106 8.854 1012
is very much smaller than 1, from Example 8.6, the attenuation per unit length is given
by
60
=
r
60 6.96 107
=
0.92
= 1.368 104 Np/m
Frequency: 10 MHz
The conductivity is
0 p2 /
=
1 + 2 / 2
8.854 1012 (1783787.4)2 106 /(1 10 106 )
= 106
(2 10 106 ) 1 + ( 21010 6)
2
= 7.134 109 S/m
The permittivity of the ionosphere is given by Eqn (8.111)
p2
r = 1
2 + 2
1783787.42
= 1
(2 10 106 )2 + (106 )2
= 0.9992
Since
7.134 109
= = 1.282 105
0 2 10 106 8.854 1012
is very much smaller than 1, from Example 8.6, the attenuation per unit length is given
by
60
=
r
60 7.134 109
=
0.9992
= 1.3453 106 Np/m

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ANTENNAS and

A.R. Harish and M. Sachidananda

7 Antenna Measurements 105

8 Radio Wave Propagation 107

ar = ax sin cos + ay sin sin + az cos

ar ar = sin2 cos2 + sin2 sin2 + cos2 = 1

Taking the dot products with each other,

ar a = sin cos cos2 + sin cos sin2 sin cos = 0

Therefore, the spherical coordinate system is orthogonal.

Solution 1.2 In rectangular coordinate system, the gradient operator is given by

Expanding the determinant,

Solution 1.3 The curl of a vector in rectangular coordinates is given by

Solution 1.4 In rectangular coordinates

Solution 1.5 In a source-free region the Maxwells equations reduce to

Taking the curl of the first equation,

Since E = 0 and 2 = k 2 , we get

Similarly, taking and curl of the second equation,

Solution 1.8 From Eqn (1.53), we have

Substituting = k/ and simplifying

This can be written in component form as

Since Ax and Ay are zero,

Hr = sin cos Hx + sin sin Hy

These are the same as given by Eqns (1.59) to (1.61).

Using x2 + y 2 = (r sin cos )2 + (r sin sin )2 = r2 sin2 , we can write

Solution 1.11 Substituting = 2f and f = v/,

Solution 1.13 Assuming far field condition, from Eqn (1.69),

kI0 dl sin ejkr

Comparing i(t) = 2 cos(6 106 t) with i(t) = I0 cos(t) we get, I0 = 2 A, = 6 106

0.0628 2 0.5 ej0.0628100

Ez = +0.018566 (80.72 180 ) = 0.018566 99.3 V/m

The electric field is given by

Solution 2.2 The instantaneous Poynting vector is given by

Using the phasor notation,

If z is a complex number, z + z = 2Re{z}, and hence we can write

Solution 2.3 From the figure, the elemental area is

Fig. P2.3 Spherical coordinate system

Performing the indicated differentiation,

Time averaged power density is

The normalized power pattern is

Solution 2.7 (a) The electric field is

Using the identity, sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin3 , we can write,

The radiation intensity is given by,

The directivity is given by

Substituting the expression for Prad and U (, ),

Solution 2.11 Pin = 1500 W and = 0.95. Using Eqn (2.52)

Solution 2.13 In the far field

(a) Given that

Integrating with respect to

Using cos A sin B = 12 [sin (A + B) sin (A B)]

The directivity is given by

In the = 2 plane, the pattern is independent of (omnidirectional) and the maximum

the power density in the far-field is,

From part (a),

10 103 2.24 0.8

Therefore, the maximum power density is 57 W/m2 .

Solution 2.15 The region z 0 corresponds to 0 /2.

(a)For U (, ) = cos2 , the total radiated power is given by

Integrating with respect to , and using the relations

Integrating with respect to ,

We can expand cos3 sin as

cos3 sin = cos2 cos sin

Integrating with respect to ,

cos4 sin = cos3 sin cos

Solution 2.17 The radiation intensity is given by