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PHASE MODULATION angle modulation in which the FREQUENCY DEVIATION change in frequency that
instantaneous phase deviation is proportional to the occurs in the carrier when it is acted on by a modulating
amplitude of the modulating signal and the instantaneous signal frequency
frequency deviation is proportional to the slope or first CARRIER SWING peak-to-peak frequency shift in Hz
derivative of the modulating signal
PERCENT MODULATION
FREQUENCY MODULATION angle modulation in which the
instantaneous frequency deviation is proportional to the % = 100
amplitude of the modulating signal and the instantaneous
phase deviation is proportional to the integral of the PHASE MODULATOR circuit in which the carrier is
modulating signal varied in such a way that its instantaneous phase is
proportional to the modulating signal
For a modulating signal v (t), the phase and frequency
m
modulation are: REST FREQUENCY unmodulated carrier which is a single
frequency sinusoid
Phase modulation = instantaneous phase deviation FREQUENCY MODULATOR frequency deviator circuit in
Phase modulation = (t) = K v (t) (rad) the carrier is varied in such a way that its
which
m
instantaneous phase is proportional to the integral of the
Frequency modulation = instantaneous frequency deviation
modulating signal
Frequency modulation = (t) = K v (t) (rad/sec)
1 m
1. PM MODULATOR = differentiator followed by an
Where: FM modulator
K = deviation sensitivity of phase modulator (constant in 2. PM DEMODULATOR = FM demodulator followed
radians per volt)
by an integrator
= phase deviation per volt of modulating signal (It is a
measure of how much sensitive is a phase modulator 3. FM MODULATOR = integrator followed by a PM
in deviating the phase in proportion to the modulator
modulating signal voltage) 4. FM DEMODULATOR = PM demodulator followed
K = deviation sensitivity of frequency modulator by a differentiator
1
(constant in radians per volt- second or hertz per
volt) The modulation index (m) determines the number of side
frequencies. khz, and the maximum frequency deviation is 5 khz.
If modulation index = 0, there are no side frequencies. Narrowband FM is usually used for communications
by police, military, and other similar services
The higher the modulation index (m), the more are the
side frequencies that have significant amplitudes.
DEVIATION RATIO (DR) worst-case modulation index and is
A side frequency is not considered significant unless it equal to the maximum PEAK FREQUENCY DEVIATION divided
has an amplitude equal to or greater than 1 % of by the maximum MODULATING SIGNAL FREQUENCY
unmodulated carrier amplitude (J >= 0.01)
n
*worst-case modulation index produces the widest output
The bandwidth of an angle modulated wave is a function
of the modulation index. frequency spectrum
The higher the modulation index, the higher is the ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE interference produced
bandwidth.
when the highest side frequencies from one channel are
The theoretical bandwidth required to pass all allowed to spill over into adjacent channels
frequencies in an angle modulated wave is infinite.
However, this is impractical and the bandwidth used in FM NOISE TRIANGLE spectral shape of the demodulated
practice are approximates of the theoretical (infinite)
noise
bandwidth.
The value of J eventually decreases, but not in a simple *the noise voltage at the output of a PM demodulator is
manner. It fluctuates as the value of n increases. constant with frequency
When m (modulation index) = 2.4 or 5.4 (or some
other values in Bessel table), J = 0, and there is no *the noise voltage at the output of an FM demodulator
0
increases linearly with frequency
component of the modulated wave whose frequency
=f
c. * As the noise alters the amplitude of the phase modulated
This is called carrier null. wave, it also causes phase changes on the PM wave, thereby
The values of m where the carrier component creating noise at the output of a PM demodulator.
disappears is called
eigenvalues. *For FM receivers, a process called amplitude limiting, which
is limiting the amplitude of the received signal, is usually done
BESSEL FUNCTION IDENTITIES used for modulation by a to reduce noise
single frequency sinusoid
* For a given range of noise frequencies with the same
Angle modulated waves can be classified into: amplitudes, the output of a PM demodulator is the same for
Low-Index (narrowband) all the noise frequencies.
Peak phase deviation (modulation index) is
less than 1 radian. * FM is much more immune to noise than AM.
Angle modulation receivers are very similar to Preselector, RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillators, IF
conventional amplitude modulation (AM) receivers, amplifiers, and audio amplifier are almost identical to those
except for the following basic differences: used in AM receivers.
Generally much higher operating frequencies for FM FM receivers generally have more IF amplification.
An amplitude limiter must precede the FM VCO natural frequency is equal to IF center
demodulator to reduce noise, except when the FM frequency.
demodulator itself has limiter capability.
Output voltage (Vout) is proportional to the
Amplitude Limiter is a circuit that produces constant frequency deviation at the FM input, and is thus the
amplitude output for all signals above a prescribed minimum demodulated signal.
input level, which is sometimes called: threshold, quieting, or
capture level. IF signal amplitude is usually limited prior to feeding
to PLL demodulator for noise reduction.
Amplitude Limiter works on the principle of passing
the stronger signal and eliminating the weaker.