Assignment Number 1,2, and 3 Water Resources

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ducation. Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

mpowerment. Lucena City, Philippines
xcellence. Granted Autonomous Status

CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
University Site, Brgy. IbabangDupay, Lucena City, Philippines; Telephone No. (042) 710-3151
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ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 2
IN
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
JOHN LAWRENCE S. IBASCO
V-BSCE
THURSDAY (12:00 3:00)
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. EVANGELINE L. CONSTANTINO
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ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 1
IN
CURRENT SITUATION OF WATER SUPPLY IN THE PHILIPPINES
SUBMITTED BY:
V-BSCE
THURSDAY (12:00 3:00)
SUBMITTED TO:
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Philippines' water and sanitation crisis

Out of 101 million Filipinos, eight million rely on unimproved, unsafe and unsustainable water sources and
27 million lack access to improved sanitation. Families without a safe water source in or near their home
often spend significant time and energy collecting water. Those without a sanitary toilet facility at home face
a number of unattractive choices, including venturing out at night or suffering the embarrassment of asking
to use the toilet of a neighbor.
Thus, Filipinos consider water and sanitation access a matter of safety, pride, progress, and convenience, in
addition to the health considerations. While about 75 percent of surveyed Filipinos expressed an interest in
a water and sanitation loan, previously few banks or microfinance institutions offered loans specifically
tailored to this purpose.
There is demand for water and sanitation loans in the Philippines - 75 percent of surveyed Filipinos expressed
interest.
Our impact in the Philippines

In 2014, Water.org expanded WaterCredit to the Philippines with the support of the Caterpillar Foundation
and Swiss Re Foundation. We now work with six different microfinance institutions, providing philanthropic
and technical support to build their capacity to provide a variety of water and sanitation solutions in urban
and rural communities. In 2015 and 2016, partners conducted research, trained staff, designed their loan
products and executed lending pilots.
We are expanding our partnerships, and by the end of 2018, we aim to reach more than one million people
with safe water and sanitation. In addition, we are developing innovative approaches to working with
municipal water utilities and developing new toilet models, so even more low-income Filipinos can enjoy safe
water and the dignity of a toilet.
The report presents a current assessment of the Philippines' water supply and sanitation sector, and
the strategic investment priorities of the Government of the Philippines and the Asian Development
Bank regarding it.
The report highlights the sector's past performance, the current constraints facing its development, and the
government's plans and strategies for future development of the sector. The report also reviews ADB's overall
experience with the sector, as well as the support and experience of other development partners.
The sector road map presented in the report outlines key ADB initiatives for reducing water supply shortages
and improving sanitation in urban areas. For 2013, these initiatives include preparation of loans for financing
(i) the Water District Development Sector Project, (ii) the
Urban Water and Sanitation Sector Project, (iii) the Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project, and (iv)
future technical assistance and lending activities to be discussed with the Government that may include a
sector project for water utilities administered by local government units and other agencies.
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A thirsty world and the PH water problem

MANILA, Philippines Half of Filipino households, as of 2011, did not try to make their drinking water safe,
according to the latest National Nutrition Survey (NNS).
Not everyone has access to proper sanitation and hygiene. This can impact on individual health, and in the
long-run, the countrys overall productivity.
Providing better water systems can help improve socio-economic, health and nutrition status of households,
the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) advised.
Every 21 seconds, a child dies globally from water-related illnesses, international non-profit
organization Water.org estimated. This is mostly due to water contaminated by fecal matter because many
families still lack toilets.
Unsafe water kills more people than violence and wars each year, the United Nations said. Combined with
poor sanitation, it is the worlds second biggest killer of children.
As of 2010, 16% of Filipino households lacked access to clean and potable water, the National Statistical
Coordination Board reported. (READ: 55 die daily due to lack of proper PH sewerage)
Annually, around 6,000 Filipinos die prematurely from such diseases. In fact, diarrhea is the countrys second
leading cause of death, the Department of Health (DOH) stressed.
Bottled/Mineral water as main source of drinking water among Filipino households
2008 2011
15% 22.8%
(Source: National Nutrition Survey, FNRI)
The percentage of Filipino households depending on bottled water has been increasing, but not everyone
can afford this.
Water is not only necessary for drinking, but also for cooking and agriculture. Hence, the lack of it may also
contributes to malnutrition, says the World Health Organization (WHO).
'Right to water'
The UN recognizes one's access to water and sanitation as a basic human right:
Sufficient: Individuals need 50-100 liters of water/day for personal and domestic use. Poor families
use only 5 liters or less, equivalent to what rich countries use to flush toilets

Safe: no harmful microorganisms, chemicals, health threats
Accessible: Water source must be within 1,000 meters of the house; collection time should not
exceed 30 minutes. Meanwhile, some Filipinos still walk long distances while carrying heavy buckets
of water to and from their house (READ: Future of PH rural roads)
Affordable: Water costs should not exceed 3% of the household income
The UN declared 2005-2015 as the water for life decade, encouraging countries to create policies and
actions addressing water issues.
Despite the UN Resolution, some Filipinos still remain thirsty, hungry, and dirty daily.
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The worlds water problem

*No access to basic sanitation 2.5 billion (40% of global population)
*No access to safe drinking water 783 million (11% of global population)
Child deaths (under age 5) per year related to water- 1.5 million
related illness
School days per year lost due to water-related illness 443 million
*Deaths per year due to inadequate water supply, 3.5 million
sanitation, hygiene
(Source: UN Right to Water 2010, MDG 2012, *UN Water 2013)
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) include halving the population without access to drinking water;
this was achieved in 2010.
However, a lot of work is yet to be done in terms of sustainability, safety, and reliability.
Those in urban areas have better access to water services and toilets than those in rural areas, according to
UN Water.
Proportion of population among rural areas using improved drinking water sources
Asian tiger cub economies as of 2012
Malaysia 88%
Thailand 86%
Philippines 84%
Indonesia 70%
(Source: WHO 2012)
These water-related problems hinder countries from achieving other MDGs such as improving health and
education, reducing hunger, poverty, maternal and infant deaths, and ensuring environmental sustainability.
With enough research and government support, water may also be tapped as an energy source hence
contributing to economy and sustainable development.
Climate change and pollution also affect water availability and may intensify droughts which can then impact
livelihoods and food security.
By 2030, the UN expects global food and water demand to double. Water resources must be properly
managed; otherwise, supply may not meet the demand.
To address the issue, the Philippines has the Water Code of 1976 and the National Water Resources Board
which focus on water resources ownership and management.
The country has the "Sanitation Code of 1975" which sets standards on food, water, toilets, among other
public goods, services, and establishments. The DOH also prescribed standards on drinking water.
Not all Filipinos, however, directly benefit from these policies.
In 2011, then senator Eduardo Angara filed SB 2997 or the "Water Sector Reform Act" which proposed to
increase funds and to improve the country's water supply and sanitation management.
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Women, water
WOMEN, WATER. Indian women fill up containers with water from a water tanker during a water
shortage in New Delhi, India in April 2014. File photo by Money Sharma/EPA
Worldwide, women spend roughly 200 million hours per day collecting water, Water.org estimated. This
translates to 6 hours per woman or girl, UN said.
These hours could have been better spent at school.
In many countries, including the Philippines, women are primarily expected to feed the family. This burden is
often shared by mothers and daughters alone.
Around 2 liters of water/day is needed for meal preparation, individuals drink 2-4 liters/day, while lactating
mothers need at least 7.5 liters/day. Water is also needed for cleaning, laundry, and maintaining plants or
livestock.
This may not seem much, but for poor households, this may already seem too much and too expensive.
The task to secure all these is often shouldered by poor women.
Another problem is the lack of clean and safe toilets for girls.
The UN observed that some girls across poor countries avoid drinking water at school to avoid urination,
thereby becoming dehydrated and unable to concentrate. They did this either because their schools have
no or have poorly maintained toilets.
Girls would also stay away from school when menstruating, UN added.
In agriculture, if female farmers had the same access to irrigation as men, their yields could increase by at
least 30%; this could help 150 million hungry people, according to UN Water.
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Thirsty, sick
TRASH. Improper waste management is one of the major causes of pollution, which then contributes to poor
health. Photo by Fritzie Rodriguez/Rappler.com
Improper sanitation and hygiene may lead to illnesses such as dehydration, cholera, diarrhea, malaria,
typhoid, intestinal worms, eye infections, and even skin and bone problems.
LAUNDRY. A batch of freshly washed clothes hang above a polluted sea. Photo by Fritzie
Rodriguez/Rappler.com
Waterborne diseases are more common among developing nations either because people cannot afford
proper services or are unaware of sanitation standards. Or governments provide poor social services and
infrastructure.
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"Investing in water and sanitation is costly. Yet evidence has shown that the cost of not ensuring access to
drinking water and sanitation is even higher in terms of public health and lost work and school days," the UN
warned.
In 2010, DOH, together with the Department of the Interior and Local Government and the National Anti-
Poverty Commission (NAPC), began conducting the "Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig Sa Lahat Program."
The program provides capacity-building for local government units and water service providers, as well as
water supply systems for waterless areas:
Municipalities
Barangays
Health centers
Resettlement sites
As of 2012, the program has covered 290 out of its 455 targeted beneficiaries. It plans to cover the rest from
2013-2016, with an annual budget of P1.5 billion, according to a NAPC statement.
Its end goals are to increase water service for the waterless population by 50%, to improve sanitation
services, and to reduce cases of water and sanitation-related diseases.
The UN cited the inadequate treatment of human waste, as well as agricultural and industrial wastes, as the
most common sources of water pollution.
Filipino households without toilets
2008 2011
8.1% 9.6%
(Source: National Nutrition Survey, FNRI)
As an alternative, some Filipinos use the streets, bodies of water, and their backyards as toilets and garbage
disposals.
Pricey
NO BATHROOM. An old woman lives in this small home with her family. The small space serves as
their kitchen and bedroom, but they have no more room for a toilet. Photo by Fritzie
Rodriguez/Rappler.com
A 2006 UN study found that families from Manila slums pay 5-10 times more for water than those from high-
income areas.
They also pay more than those in London and New York.
In Manila, the cost of connecting to the [water] utility represents about 3 months income for the poorest 20%
of households, the study said.
These conditions violate ones rights to water and sanitation. "Right to water does not mean free water for
all, but affordable water.
On the other hand, some Filipinos indifferent to the needs and woes of others tend to waste and take
water for granted.
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By 2025, two-thirds of the worlds population may be threatened by water scarcity, UN Water estimated.
Rappler.com
How can we help fight hunger, its causes, and effects? Share your stories and ideas with us. Report what
your LGU is doing, recommend NGOs, or suggest creative solutions. E-mail us at move.ph@rappler.com.
Be part of the #HungerProject.
Transcript of Current Water Situation in the Philippines

How it affected the Philippines
When the typhoon hit, the water became contaminated with sewage and pollution. There were many food
and water shortages in the country. Between 1990 to 2010 the Asia Pacific country was able to provide
drinking water for 1.7 billion people. 65% of the people in Asia Pacific however didn't have drinking water.
Short term plans
Other countries, organizations and agencies are already sending drinking water over to the Philippines. The
USAID was one of the first agencies to bring materials such as food, drinking water, hygiene kits and
sanitation equipment to the survivors in the Philippines. Trucks loaded with equipment along with drinking
water and sanitation equipment were being transported. An organization called WASH was able to provide
1.7 billion people in Asia Pacific with portable drinking water.
Long term plans
Even though these countries, organizations and agencies are providing the Philippines with drinking water,
those are only short term plans to this issue. They can't do this forever. The one thing that the Philippine
government has to do is invest more time and money into
constructing a proper water supply and sewage system. If this is accomplished the Philippines won't have
to worry about water contamination and they won't have to face another water shortage.
Current Water Situation in the Philippines
What Happened?
As many of you know, a huge tropical storm hit the Philippines. About 13 million people were affected, 5109
people were killed and 600,000 were left homeless. Most of the people in Tacloban which was the worst hit
city began to worry because they had no food, water or electricity. Today, I will be talking about the current
water situation in the Philippines.
What could have went wrong
There are many factors that could have contributed to the contaminated drinking water. One thing to say
first is that the Philippines is very exposed to water related disasters. First, the Philippines do not have a
proper sewage system like we do in Canada. So when the flood hit, all of the sewage got mixed in and the
water became contaminated.
Then it goes to where the source for drinking water is and contaminates that too. People do not know that
this water is contaminated and they begin to use it for cooking, bathing and drinking. When they get sick
they are around other people so the disease spreads.
Thank You For Listening!
Another way people get sick is when the sewage backs up and gets into the bodies of water. Most of this
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water is the drinking water supply. People don't know that this water is contaminated. They still use this
water not knowing it's contaminated and they get sick. This is another way that the diseases spread.
The Philippines had one of the lowest scores on what is called the National Water Security Index. This is a
test to see how safe and secure the water is for drinking. The Philippine government needs to invest about
$59 billion to improve water supply and about $71 billion for better sanitation.
Conclusion
In conclusion, based on all of the facts, the Philippines really need to do whatever they can to improve the
water security and sanitation. As i said before, the Philippine government needs to invest more time and
money to improve water supply and sanitation throughout the country. Even though the Philippines need to
invest their money to improve their situation, all other countries can do a little bit to help the Philippines. We
can create more charities and foundations that can help raise money to help find a solution to this problem.
I'm sure that if we all work together, we can help restore and even improve the water sanitation and security
in the Philippines.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY
The Philippines is comprised of 7,110 islands with a land area of about 300,000 square kilometers. The
country has a total of 96,000 square kilometers of agricultural land which is about 32% of the total land
area. These lands are utilized for plantation of palay, corn, fruit, trees, root crops, vegetables, coconut,
sugar cane and others.
July, 2004 census of Philippine population is 86.2 million and projected to reach 100 million in 14 years.
The current population growth rate is 2.71% or 3 persons born per minute. Existing settlement patterns
show that 48.05% of the population live in urban areas while the rest in rural areas.
There are about 85,000 manufacturing industries in the Philippines, with Metro Manila as the prime
industrial region. Accounting for about 52% of the total manufacturing establishments. These
establishments are classified into thirty (30) major industrial groups. Food manufacturing constitutes the
biggest number of manufacturing establishments in the country.
With the rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization reduce the quality of Philippine
waters, especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. The
discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of
the receiving water-bodies. This effluent is in the form of raw sewage, detergents, fertilizer, heavy metals,
chemical products, oils, and even solid waste. Each of these pollutants has a different noxious effect that
influences human livelihood and translates into economic costs.
The adverse impact of water pollution costs the economy an estimated Php67 Billion annually (more than
US$1.3 Billion). The government continues its fight against worsening water pollution by espousing and
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including among its priorities, environment policies, legislation, and decrees that address the growing need
to control water pollution. In the last few years, the government has employed economic instruments such
as pollution fines and environmental taxes.
Access to clean and adequate water remains an acute seasonal problem in urban and coastal areas in the
Philippines. The National Capital Region (Metro Manila), Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, and Central
Visayas are the four urban critical regions in terms of water quality and quantity. The Governments
monitoring data indicates:
Just over a third or 36 percent of the countrys river systems are classified as sources of public
water supply:
Up to 58 percent of groundwater sampled is contaminated with coliform and needs treatment;
Approximately 31 percent of illness monitored for a five-year period were caused by water-borne
sources; and

Many areas are experiencing a shortage of water supply during the dry season.
Nearly 2.2 million metric tons of of organic pollution are produced annually by domestic (48 percent),
agricultural (37 percent), and industrial (15 percent) sectors. In the four water-critical regions, water
pollution is dominated by domestic and industrial sources. Untreated wastewater affects health by
spreading disease-causing bacteria and viruses, makes water unfit for drinking and recreational use,
threatens biodiversity, and deteriorates overall quality of life. Known diseases caused by poor water include
gastro-enteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, and more recently, severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS). The number of water-related health outbreaks including deaths reported in newspapers
is going up. However, awareness regarding the need for improved sanitation and water pollution control,
reflected by the willingness-to-pay and connection to a sewerage system where they are easily available, is
very low.
The annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at Php67 Billion (US$1.3 billion).
These include Php3 billion for health, Php17 billion for fisheries production, and Php47 for tourism. Losses
due to environmental damage in pollution, the Philippines has many water-related laws, but their
enforcement is weak and beset with problems that include: inadequate resources, poor database, and
weak cooperation among different agencies and Local Government Units (LGUs). A Clean Water Act is
now being deliberated in the Congress.
There is considerable under-investment by the Government in sanitation and sewerage, indicating a low
spending priority, though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996. Only seven
percent of the countrys total population is connected to sewer systems and only a few households have
acceptable effluent from on-site sanitation facilities. Estimates show that over a 10-year period, the country
will need to invest Php250 billion (nearly US$ billion) in physical infrastructure. While LGUs recognize
emerging water quality problems, they are constrained by high investment and operating costs, limited
willingness-to-pay, restricted space available in the low-income urban areas where sewage is disposed of
indiscriminately. Some of the Government budget, which is directed mostly towards water supply (97
percent of the total), needs to be diverted to sewerage and sanitation. Individuals are not yet aware and
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willing to pay for these services and Government incentives are justified in the short-term for the larger
community-wide benefits.
Related Presentation:Programmes of MWSS and Concessionaries on Sewerage and Sanitation
Water Resources
The country is endowed with rich natural resources, including water, which are essential for the countrys
economic development and in meeting its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Water resources of the
Philippines include inland freshwater (rivers, lakes, and groundwater), and marine (bay, coastal, and
oceanic waters). Overall, there is sufficient water but not enough in highly populated areas, especially
during dry season.
Philippines: A hotspot for water crisis
THE PHILIPPINES, despite being surrounded by water, is likely to face shortages of water for drinking,
sanitation, agriculture, and industry within the next ten years unless stronger management and conservation
efforts are initiated. The situation will impact dire consequences on the population, the economy, and the
ecosystem. This is the general conclusion of studies conducted by the government, environmental groups,
and the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
In its latest study, Asian Water Development Outlook 2016, ADB scores countries on a scale of 0 to 100 in
terms of national water security, which encompasses key factors such as access to clean water, sanitation
systems, water sources for agriculture and industry, laws designed to protect water resources, and
conservation efforts. It has found that in the three years since its previous assessment of Asias water
resources, water management has indeed improved in the Philippines and throughout the region.
For example, in 2013, the Philippines had a national water security index score of 35; in the 2016 ADB
report, that had improved to 40.4, largely on the back of somewhat better enforcement of environmental laws
and the growth of water supply systems serving communities.
According to the study, the Philippines regional group which includes Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam had generally made significant gains in improving water
security, but still faces a challenging future. Despite improvements in managing water resources, the region
is a global hotspot for water insecurity, the ADB said. Sixty percent of the worlds population and the worlds
poorest people live in Asia, ADB pointed out, with agriculture consuming 80 percent of the regions water.
Industrialization and economic transformation require more power and a shift to more water-intensive diets,
thus increasing competition between water users like industry and agriculture, the ADB report warned. The
regions water demand is projected to increase by about 55 percent, due to the growing needs for domestic
water, manufacturing, and thermal electricity generation. Agriculture will need to produce 60 percent more
food globally by 2050, and 100 percent more in developing countries, using diminishing water resources.
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According to the study, the Philippines regional group which includes Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam had generally made significant gains in improving water
security, but still faces a challenging future. BY DJ DIOSINA
PH mirrors region, globe
The challenges the Philippines is facing mirror the regional and global water outlook on a smaller scale.
Over the past several years, numerous studies have reached a similar conclusion: Unless water demand is
slowed to match the rate the countrys water resources are replenished, the Philippines will face serious
water shortages, with dire consequences for the population, the economy, and the ecosystem.
According to data from the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the total freshwater resources in the
Philippines, including water from lakes and river basins and groundwater, is about 149.5 billion cubic meters
per year. According to data compiled by the World Bank, as of 2014 the Philippines total water demand
the amount extracted from the environment is about 81.6 billion cubic meters per year.
That sounds like a healthy margin, but the surplus is rapidly shrinking year after year as the population and
the economy grow. Agriculture by far is the biggest user of the countrys water, accounting for more than 85
percent of yearly demand, most of it for irrigation, according to NWRB data. Alarmingly, this demand may
increase very rapidly. According to a report by environmental watchdog Greenpeace, only about 47 percent
of the agricultural land that could be irrigated is covered by irrigation systems. With expanding irrigation a
key part of the Duterte administrations socioeconomic strategy, which suggests that a
significant expansion of irrigated land area is on the horizon, demand for water can very quickly exceed the
countrys available supplies.
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The shrinkage of annual water supplies is already starkly evident in the data, even without large-scale
projects like expanded irrigation. In 2003, a study conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) estimated that by 2025, only 1,970 cubic meters of fresh water per capita (per person per year) would
be available, which would make it the second-lowest supply in Southeast Asia. As of right now, however,
based on the latest available data on water resources and population, the water supply is already well below
that estimate at just 1,457 cubic meters per capita, meaning that the water shortage crisis projected for the
year 2025 may happen much sooner, and perhaps already is.
Areas of concern
Among the agencies working to mitigate the potential water crisis the Philippines faces, the National
Economic Development Authority (NEDA) has identified areas where water issues need the most attention.
Disparities between supply and demand are a particular concern, with urban areas using more than they
should, causing seasonal shortages not only for their own populations, but those in watershed areas as well.
NEDA also cited what it called a lack of a water allocation formula as a major problem; laws and regulations
on water allocation, use, and conservation are still largely based on the old principle of first in time, priority
in right, NEDA explained, which is no longer practical or fair.
Other problems highlighted by NEDA included the poor enforcement or weak regulations on water use, which
is partly attributable to a lack of government resources to properly investigate and process water permit
applications; inefficient water use, and waste due to poorly-maintained supply and drainage systems;
excessive groundwater extraction due to unlicensed wells, which can cause ground subsidence and sea
water intrusion into water tables in coastal areas; and fragmented management, with too many government
agencies having conflicting or overlapping responsibilities for monitoring and managing water resources.
Industry efforts
Fortunately, many Philippine companies, particularly large users of water, have in the past few years stepped
up to the challenge to protect water resources for the future. Most recently, the Coca-Cola Company pledged
P25 million for a five-year project in cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund to rehabilitate and conserve
part of the Ipo watershed, an important source of Metro Manilas drinking water. In a statement, the company
also highlighted its commitment to restoring 100 percent of the water it uses in producing its beverages back
to the environment or affected communities by 2020.
Likewise, food conglomerate Nestl Philippines received a Sustainable Business Award in 2014 for its water
conservation efforts, which include the installation of wastewater treatment facilities in each of its
manufacturing plants, and its Project WET (Water
Education for Teachers), a curriculum activity-based training on water and related environmental concerns,
and the Greening the Supply Chain Program.
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The cement industry, one of the Philippines key manufacturing sectors and an extremely heavy user of water
the Cement Manufacturers Association of the Philippines (CeMAP) estimates the industry uses 3.2 billion
liters (3.2 million cubic meters) of water per year has since 2013 pursued an industry-wide initiative to
capture and utilize rainwater for many of its production needs, potentially saving hundreds of thousands of
cubic meters of water per year.
Many more examples of water conservation efforts among industries, environmental action groups, non-
government organizations, and local communities abound, and the increasing concern and effort to ensure
a sustainable future for our most critical resource is encouraging. But as experts from ADB, NEDA, and
environmental groups such as Greenpeace and the WWF all agree, much more needs to be done, not only
by business and government, but individuals as well if we are to avoid a serious water crisis in the years
ahead.
Water crisis looms in Metro Manila

By: Gil C. Cabacungan - Reporter / @gcabacunganINQ
Philippine Daily Inquirer / 02:04 AM November 01, 2016
Angat Dams water supply is gradually dwindling. CONTRIBUTED PHOTO
Metro Manila faces a water crisis unless the government finds a source to supplement the UmirayAngat
Ipo or Angat reservoir system, which will not be able to meet the needs of its more than 15 million inhabitants
four years from now, a private water concessionaire said.
Maynilad Water Services Inc. said the government still had no concrete backup plan for the current single
supply source, which happens to sit on a fault line.
According to Maynilad president and CEO Ramoncito Fernandez, disaster risksthe 49-year-old Angat sits
on the West Valley Fault in Bulacan provinceand climate change have made Metro Manila doubly
vulnerable to an acute water shortage.
We are at a very high risk because Metro Manila is dependent on one water source. We will have water
shortage starting in 2020 when Angat cannot meet our demand anymore, Fernandez said at a meeting
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between Maynilad officials and Inquirer editorsCHED
and staff on Thursday night at the newspapers office in Makati
CEB Res. 076-2009
City.
Fernandez said the issue was not only about water running out but also about the need for a redundancy
or a reliable backup to Angat. For example, should a major earthquake occur that will (God forbid) affect the
Angat Dam and Ipo Dam water system, then Metro Manila will have no major alternate water source. It will
be waterless until Angat and Ipo Dams are repaired, he said.
Losses, health hazards
Asian Development Bank (ADB) said the chance of a serious breakdown of Metro Manilas only water source
was increasing.
This would lead to losses to the economy of Metro Manila and the Philippines, as well as potential health
hazards. The poor urban population would suffer most because of their limited capacity to tap alternative
water sources, it said.
ADB said experts placed the probability of a partial breakdown in the Angat system at 20 percent, with at
least one-third of its water supply to Metro Manila lost and a minimum period of two months to restore the
system.
Aside from a quake, climate change was also putting more pressure on Angat to produce water for the
metropolis, which has experienced a spurt in population growth, Fernandez said.
Fernandez said the regulator, Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), which has yet to
appoint a replacement for its former head, Gerardo Esquivel, should now look for another water source.
Kaliwa Dam
Despite the threats, the MWSS has yet to start its construction of Kaliwa Dam in General Nakar, Quezon
province. The project was supposed to start in 2015 and finish by 2020 just in time for Angats water shortfall.
Maynilad COO Randolph T. Estrellado said MWSS had advised the company that the timetable for Kaliwa
Dams completion had been moved to 2022.
Estrellado said Maynilad had doubts about the timetable considering the strong opposition from indigenous
people in Sierra Madre whose ancestral lands would be swallowed by the roughly 10,000-hectare watershed
and reservoir project.
Kaliwa Dam is expected to supply 600 million liters a day (MLD), or over a quarter of the supply from Angat.
Kaliwa Dam is just half of the water supply project, which includes Laiban Dam and Laiban Hydro-Electric
Power Plant that are expected to yield 1,800 MLD.
The two dams will produce more than the 2,000 MLD currently produced by Angat. But just like Kaliwa Dam,
Laiban is mired in legal, resettlement and environmental issues.
Estrellado said Maynilad would look for alternative solutions to mitigate the projected water crisis in 2020
should MWSS not be able to start the project next year. The water crisis had been sounded off as early as
2013 by then President Benigno Aquino III.
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Estrellado said that if Kaliwa Dams completion would be pushed beyond 2022, Maynilad would have to
undertake the third phase of its Putatan Water Treatment Plant much earlier than scheduled.
Maynilad has started construction of the second phase of its Putatan Water Plant in Muntinlupa, which
recycles water from Laguna de Bay.
The $100-million project is expected to double its Putatan Plant output to 200 MLD.
But Estrellado said that even an additional 300 MLD from the lake would not be enough to cover the needs
of its customers in 17 cities in Metro Manila and Cavite.
We can only get so much water from Laguna Lake. The other option is a desalination plant but this is not
feasible because it is expensive. It needs a lot of power to make salt water potable, Estrellado said.
Rationing, dry taps
As things stand, residents of Muntinlupa, Las Pias and Cavite have been suffering from water rationing
since May (the worst stretching for 10 days in June without a single drop), as Maynilad has to cut down on
supply from its treatment plant in Barangay Putatan in Muntinlupa City.
Estrellado said the plants filter system could not cope with the high salt content of water from the lake,
especially during the summer months when water from Manila Bay enters the lake through the Pasig River.
Besides high salinity, Maynilad had been forced to shut off supply from the Putatan treatment plant because
of high turbidity of water from the lake.
Maynilad is a joint venture between Metro Pacific Investments Corp., Marubeni Corp. of Japan and DMCI
Holdings. The group took over Maynilad in 2007 when Benpres Holdings sold out due to debt problems.
Benpres won the west zone while Ayala Corp. won the east zone in the privatization of MWSS water
distribution functions in 1997.
Water, water everywhere, and much of it polluted
MANILA, PhilippinesFilipinos have more than enough of water to drown in but, alas, not a drop for drinking
in some areas.
The reason: Much of it is polluted, or simply, the Philippines does not have the infrastructure to impound,
treat and distribute it to households, according to an official of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR).
Vicente Tuddao Jr., the executive director of the DENRs River Basin Control Office, on Tuesday said
Filipinos have so much water around them thanks to an abundant groundwater supply, various inland water
bodies and regular rains. But it is not being used in the most efficient manner.
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At a press briefing to mark World Water Day on Thursday, Tuddao said the Philippines had 160 billion liters
of water available but only 28 percent of that was being used by Filipinos for domestic purposes.
The rest is unfit for drinking and is used for agricultural and industrial purposes.
We are still at the lower end compared to other Asians. There is a lot of surplus. But our water is polluted,
Tuddao said.
Water rationing
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Water pollution is a serious problem in urban areas nationwide, depriving city residents of the precious
resource, according to Tuddao.

Metro Manila, for instance, can boast of several bodies of water but none of these supplies the city with
potable water.
Laguna Lake and Pasig River are polluted. Can we use that? Here in Metro Manila, we are still polluting our
rivers, Tuddao said.
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He said the metropolis, which depends on river basins in Central Luzon for its water supply, had to implement
rationing in some areas during the summer months.
Make use of floodwaters
Tuddao also said the Philippines was not taking advantage of its floodwaters for lack of infrastructure to save
this resource.
He noted that other countries, like Singapore, were catching floodwaters in underground cisterns to be used
during the dry season for agricultural and industrial purposes.
Compared to other countries, the Philippines is in a unique position when it comes to its abundant water
resources, according to the United Nations.
By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions gripped by water scarcity and two-thirds of
the worlds population could be facing a possible water shortage, the UN said.
The United Nations said South Asia, East Asia and the Middle East were already close to using up their water
resources.
Giant water drop

To celebrate World Water Day on Thursday, personnel from the DENR and other government agencies will
assemble and form themselves into the shape of a giant water drop in front of Quirino Grandstand in Manila.
This would be an attempt to set a record as the worlds largest water drop formation, with hundreds of
participants expected to attend, Tuddao said.
Environment Secretary Ramon Paje said this years activities would focus on increasing awareness to
conserve water resources not only because we need water to drink, bathe in and wash our clothes, but also
because it is an important component of the food that we eat.
Food supply chain
Water is very much incorporated in the food supply chain, whether in irrigation, fisheries or in producing
feeds for our livestock, Paje said.
According to Tuddao, the Philippines river basins can sufficiently irrigate its crop lands. However, the country
needs infrastructure, such as reservoirs and irrigation systems, to make sure water goes to the farmlands
with little waste.
He compared the Cagayan Valley river system to the Mekong Delta, that fertile area in Cambodia and
Vietnam where rice is grown, but it needs to be rehabilitated.
Some tributaries of the river system, which feeds into 2.5 million hectares of farmland, are polluted and
heavily silted. This results in water wastage and floods during the rainy season, Tuddao said.
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WITH a population of more than 100 million, the Philippines is faced with the challenge of ensuring water
security.
The Finex Research and Development Foundation Inc.

forum on water security at a hotel in Makati City recently is graced by (from left) Antonilo Mauricio, master of
ceremonies; Ramoncito Fernandez, president and CEO, Maynilad Water Services; Dr. Sevillo David Jr.,
executive director, National Water
Resources Board; and Ferdinand de la Cruz, president and CEO, Manila Water Co. Manila Water.
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) Administrator Reynaldo V. Velasco, underscoring
the need to protect the countrys freshwater source, recently unveiled the plan to address this challenge at
forum led by Finex Research and Development Foundation Inc. at a hotel in Makati City recently.
Primarily mandated by Republic Act 6234, the MWSS is tasked to ensure the proper operation and
maintenance of waterworks system to ensure an uninterrupted and adequate supply and distribution of
potable water for domestic and other purposes, and the proper operation and maintenance of sewerage
systems in its service area, which includes the whole of Metro Manila and parts of Cavite and Rizal.
Environmental protection
According to Velasco, the MWSS shall vigorously partner with the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), local government units (LGUs), business and civic organizations to conserve and use
water, as well as protect the environment.
He said the MWSS is eyeing six major watersheds that need protectionthe Umiray, Angat, Ipo, La Mesa,
Marikina and Laguna de Baywhich are currently managed by different government agencies. Velasco
added that in the long term, an integrated watershed management plan should be implemented to sustain
the care and protection of these watersheds, including the rivers and arterial channels.
The protection of these watersheds is important as their environmental conditions directly impinge on the
quality and amount of potable water supply to our constituents, he said.
Lucrative business
Appearing for the first time before members of the Financial Executives Institute of the Philippines (Finex)
since he assumed his MWSS post in February, Velasco shared the agencys programs for water
sustainability.
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Velasco said, water, being an essential human need and service, is also a lucrative business venture given
the successful legal framework for public-private partnership (PPP) put in place in August 1997 during the
administration of then-President Fidel V. Ramos.
This can be gleaned through the income figures in the last 20 years since the MWSS started implementing
PPP, he said, citing the gains of MWSSs private water contractorsMaynilad Water Services Inc. and Manila
Water Co. Inc.
The income figures would not lie and you can just ask Mr. Ferdz de la Cruz and Mr. Mon Fernandez on their
secrets of success in managing Manila Water and Maynilad in the last 20 years since the MWSS was put
into a PPP, he added.
The multibillion-peso bottled-water industry, where top corporations and malls all over the Philippines have
joined the lucrative business, are also proof of the water sectors huge business potential. Another
mushrooming water business, he said, is the water-refilling stations all over the country.
Water sustainability
For Velasco, water sustainability means there should be enough and available water not only for the present
generation but also for future generations.
He underscored the fact that one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations is to ensure
availability and sustainability in the management of water and sanitation for all.
He cited the 2016 Asian Water Development Outlook of the Asian Development Bank, which states that by
2050, more than 60 percent of the Asia and Pacific regions population will be living in cities.
The overall urban water-security score takes into consideration the fundamental requirements of a livable
citywater supply, wastewater collection, flood management [drainage] and river health, he said.
The Philippines has a National Water Security score of 40.4 out of 100, which means that much needs to be
done for the country to become water secure, he added.
Privatization
In 1997 Velasco noted that the MWSS privatization highlights the Ramos administrations strategy to address
the looming water crisis.
In the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation 15th year commemorative book launched on April 21, an
event hosted by the MWSS, he noted the books chapter on environment and sustainable development,
which are the salient features of water privatization.
During the early years of the Ramos administration, Velasco noted the generally poor water-service coverage
all over Metro Manila, with around 53 percent only of the service area.
The unaccounted water, meanwhile, is around 63 percent. There was also inefficient service with low water
pressure and limited water availability. Water situation was also characterized by high nonwater revenue and
minimal sewerage coverage.
To address the problem, Ramos signed two lawsRepublic Act (RA) 8041, or the National Water Crisis Act
and Executive Order (EO) 311 on March 20, 1996.
RA 8041 aimed to address the nationwide water crisis, which adversely affects the health and well-being of
the population, food production and industrialization.
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On the other hand, EO 311 encouraged private sector participation in the operations and facilities of the
MWSS.
The reorganization of the MWSS, which followed the signing of the two laws, meanwhile, addressed issues
relevant to supply distribution, anti-water pilferage and finance privatization of the water sector.
In August 1997 the Ramos administration entered into a 25-year concession agreement with two private
consortia comprised of international and local partners, shifting the operational responsibilities of MWSS to
Maynilad Water Services Inc., for the West Zone, and Manila Water Co. Inc. for the East Zone of Metropolitan
Manila and nearby provinces.
Master stroke
The MWSS privatization, Velasco said, is the former Presidents master stroke of a genius.
Among its positive results was the expansion of serviced area, which now stands at 96 percent, as well as
reduced unaccounted for water at 13 percent by Manila Water and 32 percent by Maynilad.
One important aspect and enduring effect of the successful legal framework of the PPP between MWSS
and the concessionaires, is that these two water partners have shared their best practices to other parts of
the country and also our Asean neighbors, like Vietnam, Myanmar, Indonesia and Cambodia, Velasco said.
He added that it is for such reasons that he is pushing to redraft the agreements with the provisions that
MWSS must have at least a royalty on the PPP legal framework, much like a franchise.
Safe water for all
In the next five years, Velasco is bent on ensuring affordable and safe water for 20 million consumers in
Metro Manila and nearby provinces of Rizal, Cavite and Bulacan.
Our mission at MWSS is to work for the well-being of our consumers notably on water supply for each person
that must always be sufficient, safe and continuous for personal and domestic uses, he added.
While pursuing fairness for water consumers, Velasco said the MWSS would respect its concessionaire
agreements with Manila Water and Maynilad, and its latest partner, the Bulacan Bulk Water.
Velasco said the Annual MWSS Million Tree Challenge, aimed at planting 1 million trees a year over the next
five years in the watershed areas, would be launched. He urged Finex Foundation to participate in the project
to protect the countrys watersheds.
Sustainability
With the MWSS under his helm during the Duterte administration, Velasco said the agency would pursue
water sustainability.
He said MWSS sources 95.6 percent of its total water supply from the Angat and Umiray Rivers, and 4
percent from Laguna Lake. The remaining supply, 0.4 percent, comes from groundwater sources.
The Bulacan Bulk Water Supply Project of the MWSS, in partnership with the San Miguel Corp.s Luzon
Clean Water Development Corp. and K-Water, for the supply of treated bulk water to the entire Bulacan
province through its water districts, aims to ensure sustainable water supply for the province.
Bulacan hosts the Angat Dam, which supplies Metro Manila and other nearby provinces with clean drinking
water.
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While the Angat Reservoir has a sufficient capacity to cover the water requirement of the current population,
the water supply for Metro Manila must be secured through additional water sources.
MWSS needs to reduce its dependency on the Angat Dam, especially when the Big One, or a 7.2 [-
magnitude]earthquake, strikes or when major disasters occur, including potential threats from terrorists, he
said.
Future projects
Together with the new MWSS board of trustees under the administration of President Duterte, we will deliver
the needed dam projects that were long-started and stalled during the Ramos presidency to ensure adequate,
safe, potable, affordable and sustainable water supply for Metro Manila and the adjoining provinces serviced
by MWSS, he added.
Velasco said he is pursuing the approval and implementation of new water-source projects, like the Kaliwa
and Laiban dams, with the National Economic and Development Authority, through Secretary Ernesto M.
Pernia, and the Department of Finance, through Secretary Carlos G. Dominguez III.
We have the opportune time under this administration to push for the Laiban and Kaliwa flagship dam
projects that will include the possible rehabilitation of the Wawa Dam. Putting these all together in place will
result in additional combined 2,400 MLD [millions of liters per day] to complement the 4,000 MLD from Angat
Dam, he said.
With such projects, Velasco said the MWSS would ensure adequate, steady and sustainable water supply
for water consumers in Metro Manila and adjoining provinces in the next 25 to 50 years.
E

REFERENCE: CHED CEB Res. 076-2009
1. https://water.org/our-impact/philippines/
2. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33810/files/philippines-water-supply-sector-
assessment.pdf
3. https://www.adb.org/documents/philippines-water-supply-and-sanitation-sector-assessment-strategy-and-
road-map
4. https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/61480-access-water-sanitation-philippines
5. https://prezi.com/euvwfqcpnhep/current-water-situation-in-the-philippines/
6. http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/state/philippines/overview.htm
7. http://www.manilatimes.net/philippines-hotspot-water-crisis/290528/
8. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/837101/water-crisis-looms-in-metro-manila
9. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/164837/water-water-everywhere-and-much-of-it-polluted
10. http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/protecting-environment-securing-water-supply/
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ASSIGNMENT NUMBER 2
IN
SPRING AS A SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY
SUBMITTED BY:
V-BSCE
THURSDAY (12:00 3:00)
SUBMITTED TO:
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Formation
A natural spring on Mackinac Island in Michigan

A spring may be the result of karst topography where surface water has infiltrated the Earth's surface
(recharge area), becoming part of the area groundwater. The groundwater then travels through a network
of cracks and fissureopenings ranging from intergranular spaces to large caves. The water eventually
emerges from below the surface, in the form of a karst spring.
The forcing of the spring to the surface can be the result of a confined aquifer in which the recharge area of
the spring water table rests at a higher elevation than that of the outlet. Spring water forced to the surface
by elevated sources are artesian wells. This is possible even if the outlet is in the form of a 300-foot-deep
(91 m) cave. In this case the cave is used like a hose by the higher elevated recharge area of groundwater
to exit through the lower elevation opening.
Non-artesian springs may simply flow from a higher elevation through the earth to a lower elevation and
exit in the form of a spring, using the ground like a drainage pipe.
Still other springs are the result of pressure from an underground source in the earth, in the form
of volcanic activity. The result can be water at elevated temperature such as a hot spring.
Sunrise at Middle Spring, Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge, Utah

The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock such as limestone and dolomite,
creating vast cave systems
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A spring supply is a provision of piped mainsCHEDwater to Res.
CEB a number of consumers direct from a natural spring.
076-2009
Spring supplies are therefore a source of groundwater, which in most instances has fewer micro-organisms
(e.g. coliform bacteria and protozoa such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium) and chemical contaminants than
a supply from surface water. The point at which the groundwater reaches the surface is prone to
contamination, so must be protected using a structure called a spring box. This is often surrounded by a
fence to keep animals out, with other common features being a ditch on the uphill side, an overflow pipe
and a well fitting lid. Spring supplies can range from single property supplies that are privately owned, to
large supplies that are managed by water companies and serve entire communities. As with any water
supply, a spring supply may need to be treated in order to bring it up to drinking water standards. The
method for doing this will vary according to the contaminant, but can include sand filters, pH balancing units
and ultraviolet light.
REFERENCE:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_supply
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Floridas springs are among the States most

valued natural and scenic resources. Springs are
an important part of Floridas history, dating back
to the days of early Spanish explorers including
Ponce de Len, who came in 1513 seeking the
Fountain of Youth. Archeological evidence
indicates that Indian villages were located near
springs; native Floridians used the springs for
their water supply and fished in the streams
formed by the springs. Many of Floridas springs
are tourist attractions; the best known is Silver
Springs which has been a location for movie and
television productions. Most of Floridas springs
are located in the northern half of the State
(fig. 1). Springs are the surface evidence of a vast
underground water resource, the Floridan aquifer
system, which supplies most of the States drinking water. The large quantities of water discharged
from Florida springs indicate the large capacity of
the underground aquifer system to store and
transmit water.
Springs provide base flow for many of the
streams and rivers that are used for boating,
fishing, swimming, scuba diving, and snorkeling.
The nearly constant temperature of spring water
creates an ideal habitat for many plants and
animals; one example is the manatee, which seeks
out the warmer waters of spring runs during
cooler winter months. The 320 known springs in
the State discharge about 12,300 cubic feet per
second (ft3/s) or nearly 8 billion gallons per day.
This exceeds the 7.5 billion gallons per day of
freshwater used in the State (from ground-water
and surface-water sources) for public supply,
agricultural, industrial, domestic, and thermoelectric power purposes in 1990.

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ducation. Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

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Philippines' water and sanitation crisis

Our impact in the Philippines

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A thirsty world and the PH water problem

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The worlds water problem

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY

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Philippines: A hotspot for water crisis

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Water crisis looms in Metro Manila

Angat Dams water supply is gradually dwindling. CONTRIBUTED PHOTO

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Water, water everywhere, and much of it polluted

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resource, according to Tuddao.

Giant water drop

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The Finex Research and Development Foundation Inc.

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A natural spring on Mackinac Island in Michigan

Sunrise at Middle Spring, Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge, Utah

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Floridas springs are among the States most

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