BLENDING OF FUELS

Fuel blending is a key component in the manufacture of fuels and critical to a maximum optimization of the
individual blend components. Blending amounts of alternative fuel with conventional fuel is an important
option for reducing petroleum consumption.

Examples of fuel blends include:

E10 (10% ethanol/90% gasoline),

B5 (5% biodiesel/95% diesel), and
B2 (2% biodiesel/98% diesel).

Bio-fuels and production methods

A biofuel is defined as any fuel whose energy is obtained through a ' process of biological carbon fixation.

Carbon fixation is a process that takes inorganic carbon (in the form of things like C02) and converts it into
organic compounds.
any process that converts carbon dioxide into a molecule that would be found in a living organism is
carbon fixation. 'If this process occurs in a living organism, it is referred to as biolOgical carbon fixation.

Biofuels are fuels produced directly orindirectly from. organic material biomass including plant materials
and animal waste. Biomass is a dead material that was once living. Kernels of corn,-mats of algae, and
stalks of sugar cane are all biomass. In order to be considered a biofuel the fuel must contain over 80
percent renewable materials.
Biofuels may be derived from agricultural crops, including conventional food plants or from special energy
crops. Biofuels may also re derived from forestry, agricultural or fishery products or municipal wastes, as
well as from agro-industry, food. industry and food service lay-products and wastes.

Primary bio fuels, such as fuel wood, wood chips and pellets, organic materials are used in an unprocessed
form, primarily for heating, cooking or electricity production.

Secondary bio fuels result from processing of biomass and include liquid biofuels such as ethanol and
hiodiesel that can be used in vehicles and industrial processes.

Ethanol (CzHSOH) or Ethyl alcohol

HH H--o-H 1H;

Ethanol can be made from any crop or plant that contains a large amount of sugar or components that can
be converted into sugar, such as

starch or cellulose.

defined by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) for

Ethanol is primarily extracted from corn. Ethanol is a systematic name a mobcule with tWo carbon atoms,
having a single bond between them and

an attached -OH group. The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest bio-technologies
employed by humans.

Ethanol can be blended With gasoline, diesel or it can also be used as a pure fuel.

Ethanol fuel mixtures have E numbers which describe the percemat-'e of ethanol fuel in the mixture by
volume, for example

(1) E85 (85% of anhydrous ethanol and 15% gasoline) (ii) E5 0 E25 (LOW ethanol blends, also known as
Gasohol)