May 13, 2011

THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE INTELLECTUAL MIGRATION

(BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY)

(FIRST PART FROM 1933 TO 1988)

This bibliography is an attempt to provide access to the evolution of this debate

through a chronological list of important disciplinary-historical and methodological
articles, with brief annotations summarizing each entry and relating them to one another

This bibliography intends to be comprehensive including all the writings in whatsoever

form on the intellectual migration. Literally my purpose has been to list in this
bibliography every writing in English whose topic was the IM or any aspect or aspects of
it. Thus, it includes primary and secondary sources depicting the experience and the fate
of the migrs and their impact on America. I have listed the writings of historians on
this topic regardless they are refugees or not. The literature on the refugees is found
on newspapers, magazines, journals and also on books dedicated to the subject in a broad
sense. The goal is to include in this bibliography everything that has ever been written
in English on the IM theme adding the necessary historical context which will provide an
explanatory frame of reference. I think that the context may sometimes explain and
clarify the contents of these writings, in other words it may tell us why the writer
chose this or that point of view or this or that subtopic within the very extensive theme
which is the intellectual migration.

The majority and the best chroniclers of the IM were at the beginning the refugee
themselves. The older generation was the first in doing the auto-analysis of their
experiences, and within them the writers and politicians were those prone to become
militant about the nature of their emigration. Being mature Europeans displaced from
their natural habitat, their criticisms (incomprehension) of American habits and mores
are understandable.

This ends up being a history of the IM and therefore time and space limits must be
established. It is the history of the IM from Europe to the U.S. Other host countries,
important as they are for a more comprehensive history of the migration are not included.
The main crisis began in 1933 in Germany but the interwar period is included when
appropriate and relevant. Even though the majority of the refugees where from German-
speaking countries, the theme is not limited to those refugees (see, French, Spanish,
Italians, Poles, Czechs, etc.). As to the closing of the IM there is a commenter who says
that the history of the IM is not over until the last member of the migration passed
away. It has a beginning (imprecise perhaps) but not an end yet.

Last, a comment on the language. The historiography of the IM includes only works in
English, because the historians of the IM have been either Americans or foreigners
writing in English. If they were Germans the writings have been translated for the
American market. There is a large literature in German which is however excluded because
our theme is the IM to America. With few exceptions, the Germans writing in German did
not focus on the migration but on their own German experience. The remigration even
though relevant in certain areas of study, is mainly a topic outside the theme of the IM.

This historiography aims to present the intellectual migration, not as it seems in

retrospect, but rather as it appeared to the most revealing contemporary observers.
Malcolm Cowley, Fitzgerald and the Jazz Age, New York: Scribners, 1966, pg. .

The Nazi regime drove increasing numbers of its Jewish victims to the United States.
Owing to economic conditions, and to the hostility of U.S. consuls empowered to grant
visas, total Jewish immigration to the United States most of it from Germany, did not
exceed 33,000 from 1933 through 1937. With the extreme worsening of the situation 124,000
arrived from 1938 through 1941, mostly from Germany and the lands it had taken. Refugee

1
immigrants encountered great difficulty in adjustment owing mainly to depressed economic
conditions, and most of them had to start and long remain at a level beneath that which
they enjoyed in Europe. They concentrated in New York City, focusing on particular
neighborhoods, and tended to establish their own congregations, welfare organizations,
and social clubs. A coordinating body, the National Coordinating Committee for Aid to
Refugees and Emigrants Coming From Germany, was established in 1934, and in 1939 it
became the *National Refuge Service, a functional agency.

Several thousand of these refugees were scientists and academic intellectuals, whose
symbolic leader was Albert *Einstein. A few hundred of them wielded tremendous
intellectual influence on research and teaching in the U.S. in such fields as music, art
history, psychiatry and psychoanalysis, history, sociology, and incomparably in nuclear
physics. This intellectual migration, nearly all Jewish insured the transfer of the
world's intellectual leadership from Europe to the United States. (col. 1629)

In talking about the people Bernard Baylin studied in his book Voyagers to the West he
said that his interest in these people grew greater. I wanted to trace every one of them,
find out everything about them, probe their origins, the great transition in their lives,
and their ultimate destinies I could present aspects of an entire world in motion
(pg. xx). Similarly, we can say so about the members of this intellectual migration.

1930s

Economic depression. New government (New Deal): FDR was inaugurated on March 1933, less
than two months after the seizure of power in Germany. Immigration policy: the
restrictionist immigration policy (quota system) began finally in 1929. Cultural
receptivity: realization that after 1929 a new era opened up. The 19th century ended in
1929. New attitude (the self-exiled writers and artists come back from Europe). Return of
the expatriates. New social and national consciousness among the American intellectuals.
Politics of the Popular Front up to the German-Soviet Pact in 1939 (see analysis of the
political lines followed by the American Communist Party in Cazden). Recognition of the
Soviet Union by the Roosevelt government in 11/13/1933. The "red menace" or the "red
decade". Partisan Review was founded in 1934 as an organ of the N.Y. branch of the John
Reed's Club. Popularity of the Soviet experiment. Contradictory attitude of American
Academe toward the refugee problem (Krohn, 22) Anti-Semitism in the universities (Krohn,
21/24) America's melioristically (progressive ideas remained ?) optimistic 1930s. Main
characteristics of the literary studies of the assimilationist period (1930/1950?). See,
Coser's criticism in Refugee Scholars, 51. Lionel Trilling, "Is Literature Possible?",
The Nation, 10-15-30 (106). Coser's Refugee Scholars, pag. xii, Americans were more
receptive listeners during the Great Depression and the New Deal than they were in the
complacent years that followed the Great War. Warren Susman, The Thirties, Henry Dan
Piper, ed., Think Back on Us (A Contemporary Chronicle of the 1930s by Malcolm Cowley,
Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois UP, 1967. Malcolm Cowley, And I Worked at the
Writer's Trade. Chapters of Literary History, 1918-1978, N.Y.: Viking Press, 1963. For a
political and literary analysis of the 1930s, see chapters VII, The 1930s Faith and Works
(95), and IX The Sense of Guilt (133).

According to the hefty and enormously popular- social science survey Recent Social
Trends reflects an interpretation of history based on a succession of punctuated segments
of time. Instead of a decisive, one-time break with the past, this conception of time
implied a view of history as a continuous string of new eras. This survey portrayed
change as ongoing and recent in its origins, with President Hoovers committee reporting
that their investigation does no exaggerate the bewildering confusion of problems; it has
merely uncovered the situation as it is. Modern life is everywhere complicated, but
especially so in the United States, where immigration from many lands, rapid mobility
within the country itself, the lack of established classes and castes to act as a brake
on social changes, the tendency to seize upon new types of machines, rich natural
resources and vast driving power, have hurried us dizzily away from the days of the
frontier into a whirl of modernism which almost passes belief. Presidents research
committee on social trends, Recent Social Trends in the United States (New York 1933),

2
2:xii. Jason Scott Smith, The Strange History of the Decade: Modernity, Nostalgia, and
the Perils of Periodization, Journal of Social History, Winter 1998.

To understand what kind of America the refugees found we can utilize two main studies,
one on immigration and the other on social trends. The first one is the Dillingham Report
which though made in 1911 sowed a pattern of restriction based on the Immigration
Commission's findings that took root as an American immigration policy that endured until
1968. John M. Lund, Boundaries of Restriction: The Dillingham Commission, UVM History
Review, vol. 6, December 1994. En cuanto a refugees, este informe basicamente said that
inmigracion to America based on religious or political persecution was minimal even
though those motives had been enshrined in the history of the first pioneer immigration
groups, that the fact and the result of the research was that the main motivation of
American immigrants was economic.

The second study is the 1932 report entitled Recent Social Trends in the United States
especially, Vol I, PART 2 concerning Problems of Biological Heritage, ii. Quality of
Population, pg. xxiii. It must be read carefully because it reveals how deeply eugenics
ideas were rooted in the members of the commission minds and also in the Presidents.
This is not the place to elaborate an extended theory of this ideas, but this writer
believe were part of the metal baggage of his own father, a physician born in 1904 in
Argentina (German and French heritage). The origins of the eugenic ideas may be found in
racism, Victorianism, and Progressivism.

[The number of refugees indicated by the year is taken from M.Davies study, pag. 24 for
that specific year. The total amount of these refined estimates of refugees from 1933 to
1944 is 243,862]

1933 (1,919 refugees)

For year 1933, I found newspaper articles but only a few magazine articles related to the
refugee crisis. It was the very beginning of the wave represented by only 1,919 refugees.
A. Einstein entered the U.S. in October of this year.

New York Times, "Asks Laws to Admit Jews from Germany," March 20, 1933.

[Jewish Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society (JSIAS) asked to ease the legal ban on
refugees' immigration. Request for amendments to immigration laws to provide that aged
parents of U.S.C., unmarried dependent stepchildren under 21 of U.S.C., and alien
husbands of U.S.C. be placed in no quota immigrant status; and right to appeal consular
decisions]. The former claims on non-quota immigrant status exist today as a matter of
course, but not the right to appeal consular decisions. The resolution of the society
also included a protest against discriminatory conditions and atrocities committed upon
the Jews in Germany.

Lion Feuchtwanger [article from Bern, Switzerland], "Terror In Germany Amazes Novelist,"
New York Times, March 21, 1933.
[Author fears war if violence continues in the Reich. He believes world will never know
how many Jews and others have been slain. Author left America for Switzerland].

New York Times, "Nazi Persecution Stressed by Wise," March 22, 1933
[The American Jewish Congress pushes for revocation of the 1930 Executive Order (Public
charge order by Hoover) to facilitate the immigration of Jews]. (Stephen Samuel Wise
(born Weisz, March 17, 1874April 19, 1949) was a Austro-Hungarian-born American Reform
rabbi and Zionist leader.)

New York Times, "Refuge Here is Urged," March 22, 1933

[The ACLU requested from F. Perkins, Secretary of Labor the removal of the restrictions
which now prevent admission of political refugees from Germany].

3
New York Times, "Carr Fights Easing of Curb on Aliens," March 30, 1933
[Wilbur J. Carr, Assistant Secretary of State tells House committee that Dickstein plan
would not aid German Jews. Congressional resolution seeking to revoke the public charge
1930 order. Carr declared that the State Department enforcement of the order had kept
500,000 immigrants away]. Wilbur J. Carr (1870-1942) was born in Ohio and entered the
Department of State as a clerk in 1892. He became Chief of the Consular Bureau in 1902,
Chief Clerk in 1907, and served as Director of the Consular Service from 1909 to 1924. A
believer in scientific management and administrative efficiency, Carr took pride in
having brought Consular Service operations "as near to perfection as possible." He strove
to extend professionalism and merit to all aspects of the Department, working for passage
of the 1906 Consular Reorganization Act and helping to draft the Rogers Act.

Carr served as Assistant Secretary of State from 1924 to 1937. His duties included those
of Chairman of the Board of Foreign Service Personnel and Budget Officer of the
Department, a combination which allowed him to administer the transition from separate
Diplomatic and Consular Services to a unified professional Foreign Service. His last
assignment was Ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1937 until the German occupation in
1939. "The Father of the Foreign Service" then retired from the Department, having served
for 45 years under 17 Secretaries of State.

New York Times, "Hitler Challenges American Protests," April 7, 1933

In an speech Hitler challenged American protests against his anti semitic policies
reminding the US about its own immigration restrictions, Eugenic movement, and anti
semitic immigration policy.

New York Times, "Wants Alien Curb on Refugees Eased," April 14, 1933
[ACLU urged Hull and Perkins to ease restrictions on political fugitives].

New York Times, "10,000 Jews Flee Nazi Persecution," April 15, 1933, pg. 6. [German-born
refugees settle in near-by lands hoping conditions will change. The refugees have gone to
Katowice, Prague, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Paris, with Paris as the main objective. Some
have made their way to Spain and Portugal. These exiles leave Germany but not Europe in
the understanding that they could wait outside for a change of government and then return
to Germany (this option came to an end in 1940 with the invasion of France and the rest
of the continent).

The refugees are divided into three categories: NATIVES: German-born citizens; FOREIGN-
RESIDENTS: nationals of other countries who have resided in Germany for many years; and
NANSEN PASSPORT HOLDERS: those without any national status who are holders of Nansen
passports. This information is reported by HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society)].

Time Magazine, "Co-ordination," April 17, 1933

Dorothy Thompson, "Back to Blood and Iron. Germany goes German Again," The Saturday
Evening Post, vo. 205, No. 45, May 6, 1933, pg.3-74.

Time Magazine, May 15, 1933, GERMANY: Nazification

German workmen woke from the heady excitement of their first Nazi May Day last week
(TIME, May 8) to find their trade unions snatched from under them. Catholic unions
announced complete allegiance and subservience to the Hitlerites and were accepted as
good converts. Socialist unions with a total membership of over 4,000,000 men were not
given the chance. Though the Socialist union published a formal statement several days
earlier offering full co-operation with the Government, important young Storm Troopers
raided their headquarters throughout the Reich and marched 50 union leaders off to jail.
Up popped Dr. Robert Ley, former chemist of the German dye trust and new Nazi chairman of
the Committee of Action for the Protection of German Labor. "We are not to be fooled by
Socialist foxy tricks," said he. "With the disappearance of the Socialist unions, the
Social Democratic party will be permanently deprived of the soil in which it lived. . . .
I alone will have the full direction of the labor front, which is to be newly
constructed." Again carefully following the Mussolini model, Nazification did not stop
with the seizure of the unions. At the other end of the economic scale it was announced

4
that the powerful Federation of German Industries had been Nazified too. It was not
necessary to send Storm Troopers to call on the tycoons. After a brief conference in the
Chancellery it was announced that none less than Dr. Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach,
head of the great Krupp works, had been given power-of-attorney to reform the Federation,
bring it into line with the Government and cut out wasteful competition among its
members. By his shrewdness in backing Handsome Adolf against the field several years ago
Krupp von Bohlen last week restored his firm to the dominant political position in German
industry that it occupied under the Empire with his wife, the great Bertha. The banks
were next. Dr. Georg Solmssen last week resigned as president of the Central Association
of German Banks and Bankers; Dr. Otto Christian Fischer succeeded him. Werner Dietz was
appointed to membership as Nazi "liaison official." He talked turkey to his fellow
members at his first board meeting: "The banking system is inflated and interest must
come down. If you do not want the State to interfere, cut the interest rate yourselves."
Schlageter. Control of unions, employers, banksthat was enough work for a week, it was
time to prepare for another festival. Nazi authorities announced plans last week for a
gigantic mass meeting at Diisseldorf in honor of Albert Leo Schlageter. A Nazi martyr was
Albert Leo Schlageter. Claimed as one of the original Brownshirts, he was shot by the
French during the occupation of the Ruhr for damaging bridges and railways over which
they were exporting German coal as part of the Reparations payment. On the field where he
faced a firing squad a gigantic cross has been erected. There, to the rage of French
authorities, tens of thousands of Storm Troopers will assemble next week to spend a night
bivouacked round the cross, listening to speeches, roaring patriotic songs.

Time Magazine, "Bibliocaust," May 22, 1933 Book burning was a grim augur for the German
intellectual world.

Undampered by a chilly drizzle, some 40,000 Germans jammed the square between Berlin's
Friedrich Wilhelm University and the Opera House looking at a black mass of criss-crossed
logs, insulated from the pavement by sand. A thumping band blared out old military
marches. Toward midnight a procession entered the square, headed by officers of the
University's student dueling corps in their dress uniforms: blue tunics, white breeches,
plush tam o'shanters and spurred patent leather jack boots. Behind them came other
students and a line of motor trucks piled high with books. More students clung to the
trucks, waving flaring torches that they hurled through the air at the log pile. Blue
flames of gasoline shot up, the pyre blazed. One squad of students formed a chain from
the pyre to the trucks. Then came the books, passed from hand to hand while a leather-
lunged student roared out the names of the authors:
"Erich Maria Remarque [wild cheering]for degrading the German language and the highest
patriotic ideal!"
"Emil Ludwigburned for literary rascality and high treason against Germany."
"Sigmund Freudfor falsifying our history and degrading its great figures. . . ."
On he went, calling out the names of practically every modern German author with whom the
outside world is familiar: Karl Marx, Jakob Wassermann, Albert Einstein, Thomas and
Heinrich Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger. Arnold and Stefan Zweig, Walther Rathenau.
Burned, but not condemned to the crowd, were books by several U. S. authors: Helen
Keller, Upton Sinclair, Jack London, John Dos Passes, Ex-Judge Ben Lindsey.
While the flames flared highest, up to a little flag-draped rostrum stumped clubfooted,
wild-eyed little Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda and Public
Enlightenment in the Nazi Cabinet, organizer of the great midnight bibliocaust.
"Jewish intellectualism is dead!" cried he. "National Socialism has hewn the way. The
German folk soul can again express itself!
"These flames do not only illuminate the final end of the old etra, they also light up
the new. Never before have the young men had so good a right to clean up the debris of
the past. . . . The old goes up in flames, the new shall be fashioned from the flame in
our hearts. ... As you had the right to destroy the books, you had the duty to support
the government. The fire signals to the entire world that the November revolutionaries
have sunk to earth and a new spirit has arisen!"
All over Germany similar pyres blazed with similar books. In the Romerberg, Frankfurt's
medieval marketplace, a band played Chopin's Funeral March during the firing. In Munich
only 100 books were burned, yanked from the shelves of the University library. Breslau
boasted that it burned 5,000 Ib. of heretical works, Kiel burned 2,000 volumes.

5
Nowhere was a real effort made to destroy all copies of all books on the Nazi Index. In
Berlin, in fact, a special library committee was hastily organized to comb through the
masses of literature brought in by enthusiastic Nazis for irreplaceable volumes, rare
editions. No Bibles were burned. Pride of the book burners was the seizure and
destruction of the files of famed Sexologist Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, who has analyzed many
an abnormal Nazi leader in his Institute for Sex Science. Heir to Krafft-Ebing's
theories, Dr. Hirschfeld put over the door of his Institute the motto of Hitler's hero
Frederick the Great, "I intend in my state that every man amuse himself in his own way."
The day of the book burning in Germany, 80,000 New York Jews paraded behind Major General
John F. O'Ryan. Schoolchildren shouted "TWO, FOUR, SIX, EIGHT, WHO WOULD WE ASSASSINATE?
HITLER! BOO! BOO! BOO!" At least 50,000 more Jews paraded in Chicago, 20,000 in
Philadelphia. One- time Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby made a speech in New York's
Battery Park:
"The Germany of today is captained by madmen. She is galloping to the brink of
destruction. It is not far off. She has forfeited the respect of mankind and has invited
the censures which are being heaped upon her by all people regardless of race, creed or
nationality."
Meanwhile New York newshawks went down to the incoming Italian liner Rex to interview a
Berlin correspondent of long experience, buxom Dorothy Thompson, wife of Nobel Prizeman
Sinclair Lewis.
Dorothy Thompson had plenty to say:
"I was wrong about Hitler before this visit. I once laid a bet he wouldn't last a year.
Today I wouldn't take odds on how long he will last. I still believe Hitler is a little
man, but I see that he is a really great demagog. He believes all that nonsense. He is
the apotheosis of the little man.
"What Germany is now experiencing is a mass movement of a new kind. This is not a return
to Potsdam. It is the coming forth of the lower middle class who had no future under the
imperialistic and the last German Governments. It is a revolution against culture, a
culture which cost them too much.
"They are the victims of a War-defeat psychosis. That fact eats into their very hearts,
because they were taught to believe that their military machine could not fail. When
Hitler tells them that this machine did not fail but that it was betrayed, they believe
him.
"After the War defeat came inflation, and then the crazy period of luxury living, all of
which more and more excluded the lower middle classes. ... It had no place, and therefore
in order to save itself, it made its goal identical with the Government itself.
It is difficult to explain what has happened to the Jews because nobody will talk. Jews
themselves will tell you with tears in their eyes that everything is all right. ... I
went to a hospital for information. I sent in Mr. Lewis's card and finally the head
physician saw me. He refused to answer any questions. However, an interne told me that he
was dismissed for writing descriptions of beaten patients on the hospital charts. There
were 15 serious Jewish cases in his own ward. Jews beaten until injured for life, one
nearly blind, one who had to be sent to an insane asylum, one with many stab wounds in
his arm, another shot through the leg many times."

Time Magazine, "Jews without Jobs," June 5, 1933 [Lists some of the German-Jewish
professors dismissed from their positions in German universities].

Time Magazine, Oct 30, 1933. Klemperer is fired by Hitler but hired by the LA
philharmonic.

Guido Enderis, "Germans in Exile Faced a Hard Fate," The New York Times, July 7, 1933,
E2. [Mr. Enderis, the NYT Berlin Bureau chief, was a Nazi sympathizer, and the Paris
correspondent of the NYT viewed things through the prism of the pro-Nazi Vichy regime.
Throughout the war, Europe was covered by second-string reporters, many of them disdained
by the paper's editors. Eric Fettmann, Hidden Holocaust, New York Post].

This article compares the 1848 German migrs to America with this emigration. Enderis
says that the German migrs of that period few in number but of fiery ardor- migrated
from a Germany that was a democratic idyl compared with that which today is forcing many
of the best brains to seek refuge abroad from the sway of official intolerance, which

6
appears to give no sign of abating [these do not seem to be the opinions of a Nazi
sympathizer]. The United States who received Schurz in 1848 is not the U.S. of today.
Enderis evokes and offers a sympathetic image of the refugees predicament: In tens of
thousands of German homes drawn shutters and dimmed lights today give mute hints of
despairing family councils. There is a twofold emigration, one, the emigres proper, and
two the domestic emigration (professionally displaced internally). Hitler has powers of
confiscation of property, and cancellation of citizenship].

New York Times, "Found 'Best Minds' Driven from Reich," August 27, 1933. [Dr. Donohue
from the Massachusetts Industrial Accident Board came back from Germany and says that
1,800 doctors were outlawed and are without means of pursuing their careers. Difficult
for them to find refuge].

New York Times, "Roosevelt Asked to Aid Refugees," September 11, 1933. [ACLU asked
Roosevelt for the revision of the immigration laws to admit religious and political
refugees from Germany in harmony with the American tradition of asylum for refugees
escaping from foreign tyrannies].

New York Times, "Ludwig is Through with Biographies," Sept. 27, 1933 [Emil Ludwig arrived
yesterday on the steamship Paris from Europe and said that he hated biographies and would
write no more of them. He also said that had received two great honors, one a degree
bestowed on him by an American university, and two the burning of his books by the Nazis
several weeks ago. He is a voluntary exile since 1907, and he has been living in
Switzerland not returning to Germany since the rise to power of the Nazi party. He said
that Hitler and his policies suited the German character. The overwhelming majority of
the nation accepts his principles. This article shows Ludwig's picture standing either on
the boat or on the pier labeled GERMAN EXILE HERE].

Eunice Barnard, "University in Exile, with Prominent German Professors, to Start Sessions
Here Tomorrow," Oct 01,1933.

14 political exiles from Germany, formerly professors at the universities of Berlin,

Frankfurt, Kiel, Hamburg and other higher institutions, organized as a graduate faculty
of political and social science, will give lectures and seminars under the German system.

New York Times, "Einstein, Guarded, Addresses 10,000," Oct 4, 1933. Einstein pleads in
London for German scientists who, like him, have been driven into exile. Einstein hopes
that liberty and honor of Europe will be saved by Western Nations. He affirmed his
faith in freedom as the source of all science, invention, and literature.

1934 (4,241)

New York Times, "McDonald Pleads for Geman Exiles," Jan 10,1934, pg. 34.

Alice Hamilton, M.D., "The Plight of the German Intellectuals", Harper's # 168: 159/69,
Jan 1934. "Alice Hamilton (1869-1970) was a social reformer, resident of Hull House,
scientist, and physician (pioneer of industrial toxicology). (progressive and reformer) She
pertained to the first generation of college educated women who, between 1890 and 1920,
forged careers in social reform and the professions, built a nationwide women's movement,
and sought to embrace the new scientific values of the 20th century while preserving many
of the Victorian values of the 19th century" (Virginia G. Drachman) The article analyzes
the Nazi ideology and the changes it has introduced in Germany, and explains why the
artists and scholars are driven out.

She is the first American observer that analyzes the phenomenon of the persecution and
migration from Germany.

Alice Hamilton and the Development of Occupational Medicine Social activist

Alice Hamiltons move into Hull-House in 1897 marked an intellectual and political

7
milestone in her life for three reasons. First, Hull-House brought her into the orbit
of social activists and reformers like Jane Addams and the hundreds of other residents
and visitors who passed through the settlement in the years Hamilton lived there.
Second, living and working among the poor and the immigrants in Chicago helped turn
Hamilton into a social activist, as did her later professional investigations into
occupational diseases. And, third, while Hull-House may not have been geographically
far from her upbringing in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the two were socially and politically
worlds apart. Her parents politics centered on a commitment to free trade and
individual liberty and a distrust of the lower classes, immigrants, and urban America.
The social solutions and collective action at the core of settlement life were
anathema to the Fort Wayne Hamiltons.
In her early years at Hull-House, Hamilton focused on her well-baby clinic and on her
professional work: first in teaching and later the Illinois and federal investigations
in industrial toxicology. But that changed with the opening shots of the First World
War when Hamilton joined with other activist women to protest the war. In 1915
Hamilton along with about fifty other Americans, led by Jane Addams, attended the
International Congress of Women at The Hague in the Netherlands. More than 1100 women
from warring and neutral nations attended the conference. The participants had little
political clout, since few women possessed the right to vote and those from
belligerent nations risked prosecution as traitors. The meeting backed a call for a
conference of neutral nations that would offer to mediate between the opposing sides,
and it endorsed creation of an international court, a world organization of nations,
freedom of the seas, and national self-determination.
In 1919 Hamilton was back in Europe to attend a second womens congress, this one in
Zurich, Switzerland. This congress condemned the Versailles Treaty, predicting it
would create conflict among European ethnic groups that would lead to future wars. It
criticized the harsh victors peace and the economic burden being imposed on the
defeated countries as well as violations of self-determination in the carving up of
the map of Europe. The delegates also called for immediate distribution of food to the
millions of starving Europeans.
Hamilton toured occupied Belgium in 1915 and some of the famine ravaged regions of
Europe in 1919. She wrote movingly of Belgium "under the heel of the conqueror." In
her autobiography she noted that "since then I have been in Soviet Russia and Hitlers
Germany and have learned to accept without surprise the atmosphere of suspicion and of
underlying fear but then it was all so new as to be unbelievable." In 1919 a tour of
defeated Germany left her with "a succession of pictures of starvation, as seen in
crches and kindergartens and schools, in hospitals and sanatoria for the tuberculous,
and in outdoor day camps for boys and girls." In a letter to her cousin Jessie
Hamilton (quoted in Barbara Sichermans Alice Hamilton: A Life in Letters), she wrote,
"the stories of the starvation of children are bad enough, but, perhaps because I have
never had children but did have Mother, that I feel even more the starvation of the
old."
Hamilton wrote in her autobiography that in the two decades after the First World War
"I never wavered in my attitude toward war." But two visits to Germany in the 1930s,
where Hamilton witnessed Nazi tyranny and anti-Semitism, led to a change in view.
Writing in 1943, "in the third year of this most terrible of all wars, I am among
those who believe we are right in taking up arms on the side of the United Nations. As
has so often happened to me, the change in my views has come slowly and almost
unconsciously." Hamilton found it possible to support U.S. entry into the Second World
War because little of the nationalism and jingoism that marked the earlier war
appeared in the 1940s. Indeed, to her it was the anti-war movement that now seemed
"narrow and nationalistic" and that if America stayed out of the war "it would not be
for generous motives but for selfish ones, and that would be very bad for our national
souls."
During her long life, Hamilton spoke out on many controversial issues, often on the
losing or unpopular side. In the 1920s, when she lived in Boston while teaching at
Harvard University, Hamilton became involved in the Sacco-Vanzetti case, a symbol for
many of the intolerance in post-war America toward immigrants and of defects in the
justice system. Hamilton never met Nicola Sacco or Bartoleomeo Vanzetti, political
anarchists convicted and sentenced to die for two murders in Massachusetts. The case
dragged on for many years, and on August 22, 1927, Hamilton, along with five prominent
men, met with the governor of Massachusetts in a failed last-ditch effort to win a
stay of execution.
After the Second World War, while in her long retirement in Hadlyme, Connecticut,
Hamilton kept up a drumbeat for social justice. Never shy about reconsidering her
views, Hamilton in the 1950s reversed her objection to the Equal Rights Amendment when
she was persuaded it would not undermine protective legislation for women in the
workplace, for which she had long fought. In these years Hamilton worked for the

8
 protection of civil liberties as she became increasingly concerned that the Cold War
conflict with the Soviet Union abroad threatened freedom at home. She signed numerous
petitions and frequently wrote her congressmen or local newspapers, activities that
found their way into a file the FBI kept on her. But she remained undaunted and
continued to protest U.S. support for repressive but anticommunist regimes abroad,
such as Nationalist China and South Korea, while advocating recognition of the
Peoples Republic of China.
A civil libertarian throughout her life, Hamilton worried that congressional
investigations during the Cold War into alleged communist subversion and calls for
loyalty oaths were undermining constitutionally guaranteed liberties. She signed an
appeal to President Truman, urging him to commute the death sentences of Ethel and
Julius Rosenberg, convicted of espionage in aiding the Soviet Union to develop an
atomic bomb. She opposed the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 that empowered the Department
of Justice to deport immigrants and naturalized citizens believed to have engaged in
subversive activities. And she protested the McCarthy anti-communist "witch hunts" of
the 1950s. In the 1960s, when she was in her nineties, Alice Hamilton protested U.S.
involvement in the Vietnam War.

New York Times, "Four German Emigres on Harvard Faculty," Jan 30, 1934, pg. 8.

New York Times, "Reich to List Emigres," Feb 1, 1934, pg. 6.

New York Times, "Einsteins Hailed at Jersey Fetes," March 26, 1934, pg. 8.

Time Magazine, "Books: Great Mann," Jun 11, 1934 (Review of Joseph and His Brothers).

1935 (5,436)

This was the year of the Nazi kidnappings and assassinations, McDonalds work in behalf
of the refugees, and the gathering of aid and support for the migrs.

New York Times, "Refugees from Germany. Nazis Assert that 40,000 Jews Have Left Since
Hitler Came In," March 31, 1935, pg. E5.

New York Times, "Two Groups to Aid German Refugees," Sept 30, 1935, pg. 9.

New York Times, "Text of Resignation of League Commissioner for German Refuges," Dec 30,
1935, pg. 12.

W.M. Kotschnig, Exiled German Intellectuals Get Aid, New York Times, 01/13/1935, pg.
XX15. [Nearly 7,000 of Professional, Academic and Student Groups Are in New Homes] It is
the first time that the NYT refers to the IMs members with the phrase Exiled German
Intellectuals. Forcible migration on a large scale includes contributors to contemporary
civilization. America knows how to take advantage of such windfall. There are about 6,500
refugees belonging to the academic, professional and student groups. The academics are
650 that had tenure in Germany. The international community of learning realize the
losses if these German scholar were not allowed to continue their work. It describes the
efforts to rescue these refugees and it mentions the labor of the different
organizations. It ends saying that nations have to learn to take advantage of the genius
and contributions of the newcomers, as once was done in the U.S. in the cases of Lieber,
Schurz, and Jacobi. [the author of this article himself was a refugee from Austria, and
this article reveals the size and importance of the emigration].

New York Times, Future Still Dark for German Exiles, 02/13/1935, pg. 7.
[McDonald reported to the League that less than half the number of fugitives who have
left Germany are still unsettled, difficulties in placing them, acute distress. People
expelled from Germany. They cannot obtain work permits in Europe because of the
unemployment, but the U.S. is a shining exception as to residence, travel, and work.
9
4,000 destitute refugees in Paris. The saddest cases are those of the unplaceable, the
aged, and the disabled].

New York Times, Latin America Held Haven for Refugees, 06/30/1935, pg. 29.
[Place have been found for 100 professors and scientists. There was an special
opportunity because of the awakening in these lands, for foreign scientific research and
technical men].

New York Times, Jewish Aliens Aided Here, 08/02/1935, pg. 22.
[the H.S.I.S.A.(Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Society of America) interviewed 3,222 who
arrived in 5 months. Since the Hitler regime came in 11,349 refugees have been aided].

New York Times, Sees Refugee Hope in Latin America, 08/22/1935, pg. 11. [It is an
expansion of the 06/30/1935 article above].

New York Times, Child Specialist Here, 12/10/1935, pg. 30. [Dr. Herman Vollmer does
research on the health of children, pediatrics?]

1936 (6,538)

New York Times, "Thomas Mann's Views On Emigre Writers," March 8, 1936, pg. BR8.

New York Times, 115 German Exiles Here, 03/20/1936, pg. 29.

Dorothy Thompson, "Culture and the Nazis," Foreign Affairs, Ap 1936, vol. 14, issue 3,
pg. 407-423.

New York Times, 190 German Exiles Arrive, 01/02/1936, pg. 3.

New York Times, Busch Declines Post in Orchestra Here, 04/03/1936, pg. 26.

New York Times, Toscanini Decides to do Mendelssohn, 04/21/1936, pg. 26.

New York Times, Anti-Hitler Staff Quits Paris Paper, 06/12/1936, pg. 4.

New York Times, Bernhard Says Nazis Now Crush all Jews, 06/20/1936, pg. 8.

New York Times, Cuban Jewish Colony Outlined by Sirovich, 07/19/1936, pg. 22.

New York Times, Drive to Seek Aid for German Exiles, 10/07/1936, pg. 18.

New York Times, Now It is Christian Refugees, 12/22/1936, pg. 26.

1937 (12,012)

Countess Waldeck, "The Great New Migration, Foreign Affairs 15:537/46, April 1937.

May it be that this one is the first article referring specifically to the migration? She
was a German-born American Jew Journalist who wrote a book on Romania in the 1940s at the
time of the fall of France. She was the daughter of a Jewish banker in Mannheim. She has
for some years resided in the U.S. (1944) but she has traveled extensively in Europe. She
had monarchist opinions. She started the article mentioning the 4 million refugees
displaced as a result of WWI. She tells the story of the world refugees between 1918 and
1932. It mentions that in 1933 115,000 refugees flew Germany. The Germfiran refugees are
divided into two groups: the German Jews and the political refugees (liberals, pacifists,
Socialists, and Communists). The German exodus came as a shock to the civilized world. An

10
exceptionally large number belonged to the professional class. In 1937, 10,000 were in
France, 7,000 in the United States, and 4,000 in the Netherlands. 18,000 went to
countries of Eastern and Central Europe, and a few hundred to South Africa. The
comparatively few refugees who had the opportunity of coming to the United States are the
most vital and resourceful and enjoy a great advantage over those who moved to some
European country. More than a refugee he is an immigrant. Immigrant aliens admitted from
Germany during 1934/1935/1936 were 6,753 hebrews (mostly refugees), and 9,181 other races
mainly Germans (partly refugees). Their contribution to a democratic country like the
U.S. can be immense.

She is the second writer who analyzes the intellectual migration from a global point o
view.

New York Times, "Dr. Mann Appeals to German Spirit," Ap 11, 1937, pg. .

Time Magazine, "Mann on Germany," May 3, 1937 (Mann's first public condemnation of the
Nazi regime).

____________, "The Plight of the German Writer," The Living Age, Aug. 1937, 352, 4451,
pg. 488 (Translated from the Neue Schweizer Rundschau).

New York Times, "German Refugees Placed At 125,000," Sept 05, 1937, pg. .

New York Times, America Imports Genius, Sept 12, 1937, pg. E8. One of the consoling
aspects of the persecution has been that it will help as a ferment to the cultural life
of this country. The hospitality that America extends to these men should not be merely
physical, but spiritual. We should not be in too great haste to Americanize them in
the sense of attempting to indoctrinate them with all the beliefs we already hold. To
make the most of their presence here we must think not only of what we have to tell them
but of what they have to tell us.

1938 (44,848)

Harold Fields, The Refugee in the United States, N.Y. (Oxford UP) 1938.

Fields presents himself as the executive director of the National League for American
Citizenship. This is an account of the refugee problem in the U.S. written in the old
style, a sort of primitive and unprofessional description of the history of refugees in
the U.S. from the end of the Great War until 1937. It sounds as a disorganized survey of
the topic. Fields wrote the book at the end of the Envian Conference and emphasizes the
need for the German government to ease the economic restrictions imposed on the migrs.
They were not allowed to export currency. At the beginning, many of the migrs acquired
in Germany machinery, and photographic and scientific instruments which later sold in the
U.S. Germany allowed this practice as a way of introducing her goods abroad and
overcoming the anti-dumping provisions of American tariff law, but, he said that lately
permission to export those instruments have been denied the refugee by Germany and this
means of self-support has waned. In chapter I Fields highlights the inexistence in
American law of the refugee category. Therefore, he finds no distinction between refugees
and immigrants. Everybody come as immigrants, and only an investigation of motives and
background permits to distinguish the refugees from the immigrants. He also concludes
that in America economic interests determine immigration policy. On page 24 there is an
insert depicting a comparative chart between business activity and level of immigration
extending from 1818 to 1937. In the first chapter, Fields describes the immigration laws
enacted since 1920, and also explains other basic immigration concepts as quota and non-
quota immigrants, non-immigrants, the LPC clause, reasons for exclusion, consular
process, and other immigration procedures. In the second and fourth chapter, Fields gives
us a panoramic view of the Russian emigration to the U.S. as a result of the Russian
revolution and indicates that amounted to a total of 16,000 individuals. Ch. 5 is
dedicated to the recent German Refugees, and Fields says the current tendency is to see

11
the German refugees as refugees that have found an opportune land in the U.S. That most
of the stories about them stressed the achievements of the fortunate and privileged few
but even they had to readjust. There is no distinction among (1) the German Jew, (2) the
non-Aryan married to a Jew or a Jewess, and (3) the non-Jewish German. There has been a
conscious and unconscious campaign of education in geographical distribution. The
refugees need to spread out to avoid unnecessary competition y the ports of entry (New
York). The trend of reaction to the admission of German refugees is closely linked to the
question of dispersion. Those coming are not the blue collar workers, but the white
collar, merchant, professional, and intellectuals who don't settle in industrial areas
but in places where their quiet, specialized pursuits can be furthered, the intellectual
centers. The non-Jewish refugees have clung to the East. Fields found in 1936, 250
families settled in Los Angeles and 700 in San Francisco. He said that, because these
people are highly educated there is no problem of assimilation (easier assimilation for
the educated, and more difficult or slower assimilation for the less educated) (120).
Fields lists seven refugee professors appointed by the University of California. (There
is hardly a large city in the United States that does not contain some German refugees.
They are divided into the four following groups: (1) those who want to forget the old
country (they are mostly the younger generation), (2) those who cannot forget Germany
(war veterans, craftsmen, upper middle class, middle aged or elderly persons, (3) strong
Zionists (young German Jews), and (4) the socialists. On the subject of vocational
adjustment, Fields distinguishes a younger generation up to 25 years of age, then those
over 25 and up to 35/40 [which would be equivalent to my Weimar Generation].. Then, he
refers to the farmers, the craftsmen, and the professionals. On the attitude of the
Americans toward the refugees, he says that the refugees has almost been made an
institution in the United States, that in both rural and urban areas the refugee finds
individuals extending themselves to make him feel at home (there is an American
ambivalence, because on the one hand they show goodwill toward the individual refugee,
but on the other the American is against admitting other migrs to the U.S., they are
afraid of too much competition, too many Germans with their capacity for thoroughness. He
says that the average American is provincial and concern about the future. (In contrast
with the Russian migrs who had arrived in this country during a period of recovery and
prosperity, the Germans came at the close of one of its worst periods of depression.
Sometimes the help to the German refugee was seen as a sectarian plea because most of the
refugees were Jews. Between pages 131 and 163 there is a listing of aid organizations.
(May this be the first book on the subject of the intellectual migration after the
articles by Hamilton, and Waldeck?)

Science News Letter,"Intellectual Emigres Join American University Life", XXXIII, No. 6
(2-5-38), 86

New York Times, "The Refugee Problem," March 26, 1938, pg. 14. problem brought about by
the constantly mounting number of refugees from Germany and Austria.

Time Magazine, "Exile in Princeton," April 04, 1938

Time Magazine, "Refugee Committee," April 04, 1938 (State Department reaction after
recognition of Hitler's annexation of Austria).

New York Times, "Austria Impedes Way of Emigrant," May 10, 1938, pg. 12.

New York Times, "Rebirth of Ideals Is Urged By Mann," May 10, 1938, pg. .

Time Magazine, "Our Sorrow," June 27, 1938

New York Times, "German Refugees Fill Entry Quota," Sept 13, 1938, pg. .

New York Times, "Mann To Fight For German Culture," Sept 18, 1938, pg. .

Philip Sterling, Artists in Exile, NYT 09/25/1938, pg. 158. A thorough description of
the dismantling of the German film industry by the exile of the film workers. From Europe
to Hollywood.

12
S.J. Woolf, "Thomas Mann Scores the Pact with Fascism," New York Times, Oct. 23, 1938,
pg. 133. [Noted German Exile Warns Democracies to Stand Fast].

Time Magazine, "We Are Wanderers," Dec 05, 1938

Time Magazine, "Historic A B Cs," Dec 19, 1938(on the Bauhaus school)

New York Times, "Lotte Lehmann Aids Drive For Refugees," Dec 21, 1938, pg. .

Dorothy Thompson, "Refugees: A World Problem," Foreign Affairs, Ap 1938, vol. 16, issue
3, pg. 375-387.

1939 (61,882)

Time Magazine, "Refugee Physicians," Feb 13, 1939

Time Magazine, "Melting-Pot Schools," March 27, 1939

Clara W. Mayer, "Culture Conflicts and Recent Intellectual Immigrants," Journal of

Educational Sociology, vol. 12, # 8 (April 1939): 470-475 [The author was dean of the New
School].

Henry Smith Leiper, "Those German Refugees", Current History, L, No. 3 (May 1939), 19-22,
63

Eduard Heimann, "The Refugee Speaks," Annals of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science, vol. 203, Refugees (May 1939), 106-113.

Francis J. Brown, "An Annotated Bibliography on the Refugee Problem," Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 203, Refugees (May 1939): 202-208.

Marie Ginsberg, "Adjustment of the Professional Refugee," Annals of the American Academy
of Political and Social Sciences, vol. 203, Refugees (May 1939), 155-161.

Malcolm Cowley, "Exiles of the Arts," The New Republic, 5-31-39; at Henry Dan Piper, ed.,
Think Back on Us. A Contemporary Chronicle of the 1930s by Malcolm Cowley, Carbondale:
Southern Illinois UP, 1967.

MC says that the same ships that carried the American expatriates homeward also
carried the first European writers into exile. They too hoped to find a climate congenial
to works of art, but first of all they were coming to New York to escape from the shadow
of the concentration camps. The European (mainly the Germans) reached America en
successive waves (first the political refugees, in 1933, then the racial and religious
refugees (who never stopped coming), then the liberals who had hoped to find an audience
in Vienna, then the more uncompromising anti-fascists driven out of Prague, then a whole
assortment of people who had grown discouraged in Paris or London (with the result that
New York today -1930s- is full of German intellectuals. Even English writers, who used to
come only to lecture and hurry home, now insist on making a grand tour of the States. He
makes many other interesting observations concerning the professionals, the cultural
status of New York, the money troubles for many of the refugees, the market for magazine
photographers, the industrial designers, the scientists, the artistes and musicians, the
factional political disputes of the exiles, and the future of New York.

Erika & Klaus Mann, Escape to Life, Boston, 1939

Hertha Kraus, "Starting Life Anew in a Strange Country," Annals of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science, vol. 203, Refugees, May 1939, 99-105.

13
A very perceptive and detailed analysis of the cultural and linguistic limitations and
difficulties of a refugee professor fleeing from Europe.

Katharine Scherman, "Music: Refugee Music Enriches America Records - Modern Composers",
The North American Review, 247, 1:164/7, March 1939.
She notes the predominance of exiles from Germany and Austria in the American music
world. She said that New York is full of opera singers from Vienna. There are composers
and conductors as well, teaching young American students the thorough scientific German
methods. The U.S. is gaining a monopoly on world-famous performers. They gravitate
naturally to what is practically the center of music in the world New York City.
Americans welcome with nave delight the chance of hearing fine performances regardless
of the fact that the performers grandmother might have been Jewish. She also mentions
the voluntary exiles.

Heilberg, Freda, "Experiences, Attitudes, and Problems of German Jewish Refugees", The
Jewish Social Service Quarterly, March 1939, 322-27.

Frank Mankiewicz, "German Literature 1933-1938," The German Quarterly, vol. 12, No. 4
(Nov. 1939): pp. 179-191.

Albert Jay Nock, Culture Migrates to the U.S.A., The State of the Union, American
Mercury, April 1939, pg. 481-486.
Nock says that it is taking place in the U.S. or in the Americas the most important
movement of our time, the great westward migration of European culture. He said that
"culture's refugees... come from all Europe to our universities, our press, our urban
centers of creative activity. ... Creative European minds are sensing, too, that America
has numerous centers of commercial and industrial activity, each of which may be a
potential focus of culture as well." This idea matched the prevalent understanding of
America as a cultural wasteland. Nock then says that in America there are perhaps as many
as twenty cities susceptible of development into a cultural capital. The philosophical
historian of the future, a future Henry Adams, will find this wholesale migration of
culture the most important thing that has happened in our time, the most impressive
redistribution of culture and it will pronounce his judgment on what came of it, whether
this implantation of culture will take root in our society. We will consider it either a
windfall or resent it as alien and un-American. Nock believes that our traditional views
of life and demands on life which are essentially barbarous and therefore inimical to
culture, is quite unpredictable. "The center of culture is landing on uncommonly arid
soil."

Is this the fourth analyzes treating the IM from a general point of view?

New York Times, "A Refugee From the Nazis," May 28, 1939, pg. .

New York Times, "U.S. Held Enriched By German Exiles," Aug 13, 1939, pg. .[Flight of
Chemists is Called Boon to Science Here by Dr. Charles A. Browne. History Repeats Itself.
Arrivals of Eminent Irishmen in 19th Century Struggle Are Pointed Out. Scientific
development in the United States has been notably advanced by European refugees.

Thomas Mann, "America and the Refugee, The New Republic, 38, 11-8-39.
Our Western civilization has found the last refuge in this continent. Exile psychosis is
represented by the German who believes that everywhere he must reform the world. In 1939
there were 100,000 Europeans exiled by the Hitler regime in the U.S. The economic problem
of immigration is managed in 1939 as it was in 1890. The influx of many thousand of
immigrants can no longer be solved individually but as mass work, as a whole. Right of
self-location may be set aside temporarily and the government direct the masses of
immigrants to work in certain areas. Maintaining the American physiognomic character.
Idea of an over-infiltration of foreign elements. American of the old stock. Our relation
with the New World is a matter of tact and patience. We, the refugees have a Bill of
Duties.

Alvin Johnson, "The Rising Tide of Anti-Semitism", Survey Graphic (February 1939).

14
Johnson says that anti-Semitism in America is on the increase and explains what this
prejudice is made of (anti-alienisms, anti-intellectualism, Catholic hatred, fear of
competition, strong men myth, and love of conspiracies. He explains also who promotes
anti-Semitism and how it appeals to the native bigotry.

Harvard Law Review, Refugees and the Professions, vol. 53 (1939): 112-122.

Edward Alden Jewell, The Creative Life v. Dictatorship, 08/13/1939, pg. X7.[Works
Exiled From Reich Collections and Now Acquired by the Museum of Modern Art Freedom in
Democracy. The five acquired works are by Matisse, Klee, Kirchner, Derain, and Lehmbruck.
The show at the MOMA is called Art in Our Time. The article cites excerpts from Thomas
Manns The Coming Victory of Democracy edited by Knopf in 1938.]

1940 (50,581)

Economic Conditions: "the Depression left a better America - a less strident and self
confident America, a nation with an aroused social conscience and a deeper awareness of
cultural and spiritual values" Kohn, Living, 152.
New government (New Deal) Cold War after Nationalism on which cold war policies depended.
Restrictionist immigration policy
Cultural receptivity

America's melioristically optimistic 1940s. New Deal meliorism and the postwar American
celebration of which C. Wright Mills wrote so eloquently. Main characteristics of the
Literature First studies after WWII were completely within the traditional approach (the
provincialism of the assimilationist theory Americanization tradition: ability to adapt
to every day life). Krohn, 2.

Max Ascoli, "No. 38 Becomes Citizen," Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1940.

(1898-1978) an Italian Jewish intellectual and author, held the chair of Philosophy of
Law at the University of Rome until he left Fascist Italy in 1932 to come to the United
States on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship. He was active in the Mazzini Society, an
anti-fascist organization founded in 1939 by Italian intellectuals who had fled fascist
Italy. The organization was named for Giuseppe Mazzini, a patriot prominent in the move
for unification of Italy after the defeat of Napoleon. The Society was dedicated to
informing Americans about conditions in Italy.

Beulah Amidon, "The Nation and The Republic," Survey Graphic (1-1-40).

Gerhart Saenger, "Recent Strangers within our Gates. A Contribution to the Psychology of
Cultural Conflict," American Scholar, 9 no. 2:180-91, April 1940.

William L. Laurence, "Vast Power Source in Atomic Energy Opened by Science, NYT, May 5,
1940, pag. 1.

New York Times, "Einstein Predicts an Armed League," June 23, 1940, pg. 6.

New York Times, Celebrities Forced to Flee France Arrive Here by Way of Lisbon, July
16, 1940 [Jules Romains, Author, Doubts Fascist Rule Will Last Mme. De Fontnouvelle,
Darius Milhaud and Julian Green on Liner. Exiles from France Who Arrived Yesterday on the
Liner Excambion.]

Gerhart Saenger, "The Refugees Here," Survey Graphic (11-1-40).

William L. Laurence, "The Atom Gives Up," The Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 7, 1940, pgs.
12.

Saturday Review of Literature (Exiles Writers Issue) 10-19-40 [B. Appel, Jules Romain,

15
Andre Maurois, A. Einstein, R. Roeder, H. Broch, E. Kahler, P. Buck P. Sapieha, H.Pol,
and H.S. Canby).

Saturday Review of Literature (Cover: Lion Feuchtwanger) 2 reviews on Erika Mann's Patsy
Ziemer's books, and Dr. Vollbehr's book ( 4-27-40 ).

Jay Allen, "Refugees and American Defense", Survey Graphic (10-1-40).

Time Magazine, "Exiles," Nov 11, 1940

Time Magazine, The Mistery of Jules Romains, Oct. 14, 1940.

Carl Zuckmayer, Second Wind, New York: Doubleday, 1940. It contains and introduction by
Dorothy Thompson who at some point says that The emigration becomes, for this emigrant,
something transcendental. The twentieth-century migration of peoples can no longer be
regarded as a series of personal disaster, for it is too vast. On the move are children
and kings, stammering beginners and the mature, great minds and spirits Romain Rolland
and Maeterlinck- explorers, inventors, nursing mothers and yung lovers One could
imagine Goethe as a professor in Princeton or Beethoven giving music lessons in Boston.
In such a time exile is neither flight nor curse, but destiny. The migration of our
days cannot be envisage as a series of personal disasters. It is truly much more of a new
migration of peoples, and it is especially in the intellectual field that it will lead to
a penetration and smelting of forces and values, which in the long run is bound to be
fertile and creative in results. (pg. 283)

1941 (30,808)

Janet Flanner, "Profiles: Goethe in Hollywood," New Yorker, 12/13/1941, 12/20/1941, pgs.
31-42 & 22-35.

Lawrence Langner, A Happy Invasion. A Theatre Guild Director Writes of the Influx of
Foreign Authors, NYT 05/04/1941, pg. xi. The emigration of our days can no longer be
envisaged as a series of personal disasters. It is truly much more of a new migration of
peoples, and it is especially in the intellectual field that it will lead to a
penetration and smelting of forces and values, which in the long run is bound to be
fertile and creative in results. Carl Zuckmayer in Second Wind his autobiography.
There was some speculation about the general influx of European culture of which its
authors are a part. In the long run no American citizen will be deprived of work by these
migr writers, designers, singers and others. For when they write successful plays or
turn in successful performances they help build a public for all good entertainment.
Every outstanding drama and every outstanding star from abroad will give employment to
literally hundreds of Americans. Assimilation in 1941 will go on automatically as it has
goine on in all other disruptions of history; and if we are intelligent, far-sighted
hosts it will enrich the blood stream of our whole culture, no merely the theatre.
Analysis of the dramatists work in America, ending up with this statement: Under this
terrific impact our culture cannot stand still; it must grow.

Charles I. Glicksberg, The Culture of the Refugees in the United States, South Atlantic
Quarterly, XL (Jan. 1941): 73-83.

Graduate Faculty of the New School, "The City of Man: A Declaration of World Democracy",
manifesto (Spring)

Earl P. Hanson, The Americas and the Refugees, American Mercury, Jan 1941, pg. 45-52.

Isabel Lundberg, Who are these Refugees? Harper's # 182: 164/72 January 1941.

Time Magazine, "Troubled Exiles," March 10, 1941

16
Samuel Lubell, "War by Refugee," Saturday Evening Post, 03/29/1941, vol. 213, issue 39,
pg. 12-17.

Klaus Mann, "What's Wrong with Anti-Nazi Films?, Decision, Aug 1941, pages 27-35.

Martin Gumpert, First Papers, NY: Duell 1941.

MG says that his books try to mirror the fate of the emigration and at the same time give
a picture of America seen through refugees' eyes. The first chapter entitled "Exodus from
Europe" is very important on basic emigration concepts. Chapter two tells the story of
how the emigrant gets to America. He combines his own experience with general emigration
concepts. Chapter three tells MG experiences arriving to America in New York, and talks
about the city, the baggage, etc. Chapter four explains the situation of the alien that
just arrived. Chapter five The Face of America contains general concepts and ideas about
America. Chapter six tells MG experience as a doctor in New York. Because MG is also a
writer, in chapter seven he laments the writer's fate in exile. In chapter eight he tells
the experience of the young immigrants through the eyes of his own daughter. On chapter
nine he expands on the role of the American hostess and also the American social roles of
men and women. Chapter ten focused the Jewish people in America, and in chapter eleven
the blacks. In chapter twelve, MG talks about nostalgia, American freedom, and the
emigrants' final attitude on America. On chapter thirteen MG discuss the economic
situation in 1941. On chapter fourteen the subject is food and the American menue, and on
chapter fifteen books and MG's own library. Chapter sixteen tells us about American
fascism. The law of the land is the subject of chapter seventeen, and Los Angeles
(paradise or the outermost rim of western civilization) is the topic of chapter eighteen.
Chapter nineteen explains the American religious experience, and on chapter twenty his
visit to the White House on January 14, 1941. There is an afterword summarizing MG's
intention to stay in America for the rest of his life.

Alfred Wagg, III, "Washington's Stepchild: The Refugee", The New Republic, 4-28-41.

Viola Paradise, "School for New Citizens", Survey Graphic (9-41).

John Cournos, "The Painful, Blissful Process of Becoming an American. Martin Gumpert's
'First Papers' Is a Fresch and Delightful Personal Record of an Emigre's Adjustment," New
York Times, Nov. 02, 1941, pg. BR3.

Frank Daugherty, Haven for Refugees, New York Times, March 2, 1941, pg. X5.

1942 (12,620)

Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets, N.Y.: Harper, 1942.

Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds, N.Y.: HBJ, 1942

(pg. 488) "this experience in national self-discovery was largely shaped by the sudden
emergence of America as the repository of Western culuture in a world overrun by Fascism.
America may have been cut off from Europe after 1933, but the migration of so many
European intellectuals to America meant, as John Peale Bishop said, that the European
past was now confided to us since we alone could prolong it into the future. This was a
profound influence on the reawakening to America's own tradition, since it meant a study
of the national past conducted in the light of the European example in America, in the
light of a new -if frantically enforced- sense of world responsibility. In an America
which had either received or enrolled among its own so many of Europe's finest spirits
from Thomas Mann to Jacques Maritain, from Albert Einstein to Sigrid Undset, the pride of
helping to breed a new cosmopolitan culture gave a healthy stimulus to the searching of
our own culture. To believe, as one German emigre wrote so wistfully, that in America the
word still has real value; in Europe it is only make-believe, was to give an
unprecedented importance to the consciousness of the word in America and an appropriae
dignity."

17
 1943 (6,629)

Alfred E. Cohn, "Exiled Physicians in the United States", The American Scholar, Summ
1943, 352.

Gerhart Saenger, "The Effect of the War on Our Minority Groups," American Sociological
Review, vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb. 1943): 15-22.

Hans Natonek, In Search of Myself, Putnam, 1943.

Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday, N.Y.: Viking Press, 1943.

In comparing SZ(s own time (the time before WWI) and the time of the book, he realized
that (all the bridges between our today and our yesterday and our yesteryears have been
burnt.( He was born in 1881 and reached maturity at the turn of he century. In 1914, he
was already 33. At the time of the book, he was 52.(xix). SZ describes his father(s and
grandfather(s age as the age of security where time was wind-still, contrasting his own
age as one where like was all tension and profusion, a continuous state of being
surprised, and being lifted up from all sides. However he could no comprehend how they
remained blissfully unaware of all the bitter realities, of the tricks and forces of
fate, those crises and problems that crush the heart. In describing his own generation,
he said, (we, who have been hounded through all the rapids of life, we who have been torn
loose from all roots that held us, we, always beginning anew when we have been driven to
the end, we, victims and yet willing servants of unknown, mystic forces, we, for whom
comfort has become a saga and security a childhood dream, we have felt the tension from
pole to pole and the eternal dread of the eternal new in every fiber of our being.( (27).
SZ was very self-conscious of the reality of the generations because he distinguishes the
(younger comrades of the post-war generation( to whom he tried to convince that his youth
was by no means specially favored in comparison with their own.(89).Zweig is very
explicit about his utter contempt for (Germanic( formal education.(96). SZ made his first
trip to America around 1910. It is interesting his descripcion of New York before
incandescent light and skycrapers.(188) As to describing eras and epochs, he said that
(we know from experience that it is a thousand times easier to reconstruct the facts of
an era than its spiritual atmosphere. Its traces are not to be found in official events,
but rather in the small, personal episodes.((205). SZ refers to his generation as (we of
the prewar era.( (282).

Stephen Duggan (1870-1949), A Professor at Large, N.Y.: MacMillan, 1943.

It tells the story of the more recent world-wide expansion of American cultural
influence. It stress the need of government intervention in the economic and social
worlds, first because of the Depression and then, because of the war. It realizes that a
new order after the war is inevitable. It describes his fellow college students at the
College of the City of New York (1898) as second generation immigrants. He said that he
learned German at his classmates homes describing the German families and specially the
Jews. Description of Columbia university at the beginning of the century. Popularity of
the Russian revolution among the universities. Jews and Reds became synonymous, and this
contributed to a growing anti-Semitism in the two decades following WWI. On page 48 he
tells the story of the wandering students of the Middle Ages and the American going to
Europe to study and do research. By 1930 there were twice as much foreign students
studying in American universities than American students studying in European
universities (49). The Institute of International Education presided by Duggan received
and placed refugee students and professors in universities after the Russian revolution
(75). Foundation of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars (June
1933). Chapter III analyzes the foreign influences on American culture and education.
(The U.S. retained culturally somewhat of a colonial status almost down to the Civil War
(90)( Three main cultural influences on the U.S.: the British during the colonial period;
the French from the Revolution to the Jacksonian era; and the German from the 1830s to
the WWI.

18
New York Times, "Exile Sees Peril in Italy's Plight. Borgese Says the Confusion and
Misery May Result in Third World War," Dec 13, 1943, pg. 10.

1944 (6,348)

Harold von Hofe, German Literature in Exile: Alfred Doblin, The German Quarterly, vol.
17, issue 1 (Jan 1944): 28-31.

Madeline Stinson, The Leaders of French Intellectual Life At Home and in Exile, The
Modern Language Journal, vol 28, issue 3 (Mar. 1944), 246-253. A pretty comprehensive
listing of the French in exile.

R.P. Blackmur, The American Literary Expatriate, in David F. Bowers, ed., Foreign
Influences in American Life, Princeton Univ. Press, 1944 [short reference to the IM on
pgs. 126 to 128, Blackmur uses the reference to the IM as an introduction to the essays
subject which is the American expatriates].

1945

Varian Fry, Surrender on Demand, N.Y. Random House, 1945 (new edition in 1997)

Erna Barschak, My American Adventure, NY: Ives, 1945.

1946

Bruno Walter, Theme and Variations. An Autobiography, NY: Knopf, 1946.

Walter (1876-1962) belongs to the Bismarck generation. He sketches a very vivid and
detailed description of his lower middle-class Berlin childhood world which includes the
German musical world of the end of the century. This is a life totally focused on music
but not totally unaware of the main political, economic and social events of the period.

S. N. Behrman, "Profiles: Ferenc Molnar," The New Yorker, 05/25/1946, 06/01/1946 &
06/08/1946.

1947

Maurice R. Davie, Refugees in America (published) NY: Harper, 1947 (Rept. of the
Committee for the Study of Recent Immigrantion From Europe appointed in 1944).

It is very similar to Kent's The Refugee Intellectual, but more factual, thorough, and
less impersonal. It's a sociological study of the phenomenon. Davie said in the
introduction (xi) that the refugee movement arouse unusual interest because: (1) of its
dramatic character; (2) of the type of people it involved who were primarily of middle
and upper-class persons; (3) it attracted the interest and sometimes the opposition of
professional and business people who saw them as competitors; (4) it was de basis for
anti-semitic agitation; 5) of the international unrest characterizing the period. Davie
also said in page 1 that the uniqueness of this flight is to be found in (1) the
magnitude of the movement; (2) its compulsory character; (3) the many countries involved;
(4) the fact that they were forced to leave in account of their descent or race; (5)
doctrine of nationalism utilized to justify the expulsion measures; (6) the extremely
cruel treatment of the victims; (7) the difficulties the victims encountered in fleeing
and finding refugee; (8) the reluctance of the countries to admit them; and (8) the
breaking up of families in a very large scale. Maurice Rhea Davie (1914-1975),
sociologist, specialist in child welfare, immigration and W.G. Summer. Laqueur in his

19
Generation Exodus, at page 133/134 mentions his study as one made by a nonsectarian
committee as an answer to the xenophobes who had prevented substantial immigration prior
to the Holocaust. He also said that the survey, the most authoritative at the time (1947)
and for years thereafter, painted a picture of a great success story, but it was still a
little misleading because it was made years after the refugee had arrived; it did not
reflected their early experiences; it came after the war had been won against Nazi
barbarism; and it was carried out as the economic situation improved in a general
atmosphere of optimism. It came after the full extent of the wartime horrors became
known.

On pg. 48 Davie analyzed the notions the refugees had about America before arrival. Most
of them had their impressions deriving from motion pictures from what they saw in the
movies. It is ironic that the Jewish refugees and especially the German Jews had their
ideas about America from the movies made by their Eastern brethren in Hollywood. See,
Neal Gabler, An Empire of their Own. How the Jews Invented Hollywood, New York: Crown
1988.

Alfred Apsler, "Writers from Across de Sea," College English, vol.9, No. 1 (Oct. 1947),
pp. 19-24.

Maurice R. Davie, "Recent Refugee Immigration from Europe," The Milbank Memorial Fund
Quarterly, vo. 25, # 2 (April 1947): 189-202.

Lili Foldes, Two on a Continent, New York: Dutton, 1947.

1948

1949

Franz Schoenberner, The Inside Story of an Outsider, N.Y.: MacMillan, 1949.

Good description of France before and after the 1940 collapse. Reference to V. Fry and
his life-saving activities in Marseille. Hiram Bingham, Andre Gide, and the French
internment camps are thoroughly described. His passage to America and reception in Staten
Island by a religious refugee agency and Herman Kesten. His work for the OWI and his
comments on the American Military occupation of Germany. His discovery and enthusiasm for
the works of Thomas Wolfe.

1950s
NATIONAL BACKGROUND

Cultural receptivity: see Coser, 81. Traditional approach. Renaissance of the so-called
intellectual history. Background: crisis of public consciousness brought about by the
Vietnam War. Intensification of prosecutorial efforts agains Nazi Criminals from 1958
onwards in Western Germany was due to a shift in public opinion. Exposure of Nazi
Criminals in influential positions by GDR propaganda kept the wounds open for the Federal
Republic of Germany. Even though these trials brought only a minuscule number of
perpetrators to some sort of justice had an invaluable function in confronting society
with the Holocaust, "euthanasia" and other "atrocities". See, Giovacchini, The Land of
Milk and Honey (critic of mass culture after 1946).

Atoms for Peace Program: it was established to make atomic energy more popular and
palatable to the public (atomic energy in the 1950s was good). (Cold War influences).

Thomas Mann, The Years of My Life, Harper's Magazine, 1950 p. 250.

20
Mann says that he belongs to the generation of 1875, those who lived under Germany(s
continental hegemony under Bismarck and the prime of the British empire under Victoria;
witnessed with growing consciousness how everywhere in Europe the intelligentsia began to
undermine the bourgeois mode of life; seen the disaster of 1914, the fall of the German
empire, and the complete change in moral atmosphere brought about by the bloody years of
WWI, the Russian revolution, the rise of Fascism in Italy , and the National Socialism in
Germany.

Ferenc Molnar, Companion in Exile. Notes for and Autobiography, New York: Gaer Assoc.
1950.

1951

Walter Mehring, The Lost Library, N.Y.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1951.

Rex Crawford, ed., Benjamin Franklin Lectures (Spring 1950) University of Pennsylvania.
Five Lectures by Neumann, Peyre, Panofsky, Kohler & Tillich, 1962.(William Rex Crawford,
American ambassador in Cyprus in 1974 ?).

Walter H. Rubsamen, "Schoenberg in America," The Musical Quarterly, vol. 37, # 4 (October
1951): 469-489.

1952

Stephen Duggan & Betty Drury, The Rescue of Science & Learning, N.Y. (Viking, 1952).

It's the story of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars It's
similar to Kent's analysis, but in a much smaller scale because it deals only with the
Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars. It's also more "institutional"
in that it describes the different organizations and institutiona provideing services to
the refugee intellectual similar to those of the E.C.A.D.F.S. It contains on page 45/50 a
list of the refugee scholars who passed aeay during the life of the Committee. Alleged
"radicalism" of the refugee scholar, pag. 29. Byzantine scholars exiled to Italy in 1453,
pag. 1/5. In 1939, the refugees became a nuisance and a new system is proposed by the
Conant Plan, see chapter 8. 1949: Cold War heated up. Congress approved the NATO treaty
and on 9-22-49 Truman announced the Soviet Union had exploded an atomic bomb.

1953

Donald P. Kent, The Refugee Intellectual: The Americanization of the Immigrants of 1933-
1941, Columbia UP, 1953.

Donald Peterson Kent (Philadelphia 19161972) Sociologist specialized in aging,

Gerontologist. Limited to a sample group of German and Austrians refugees in the
professions (synonym to intellectuals, incluiding artists and writers). Data collected
from the files of the refugee agencies. This study answers the question: What happened to
the refugees in America and not what happened to America because of the refugees? It's a
sociological and psychological study. Wetzel says that Kent made a sociological study of
the success of the refugee professional, not intellectuals alone, in adjusting to
American life. Its emphasis on Americanization is outmoded because the Americanization
movement had its apogee before US entrance in WWI and after that his importance declined
markedly. Kent indicates that the phenomenon was a drama in the act of migration, 9
years between 1933 to 1941, defining it thus as a self-contained thematic unit.Despite
the accepted tradition [of happy endings for the story of immigrations to America], there
is reasonable suspicion that along with the known successes are many unknown failures in
migration. Kent emphasized in the Foreword the question of utilization or wastage of
immigrant abilities. Kent limits the subject to the period 1933-1941 (9 years), and to
the German and Austrian refugee professionals. Kent says that the study seeks to
describe and to analyze from a sociological viewpoint some adjustments made to American
life by a group of professional men and women who came to this country from Germany and

21
Austria after the rise of Hitler. Kent is also conscious that not enough time has
elapsed to judge adequately the migration (only 12 years since 1941). He hopes this may
serve as a base for future studies.

Because each professional group faced specific problems, at times, it make it necessary
to view each group as distinct from the others.

Integration=Americanization=assimilation: process by which a non-member of the society is

incorporated into the social body.

Assimilation parameters: acquiring facility in the use of English, making friends with
native Americans, becoming a citizen, earning a living, utilizing abilities and talents,
participating in community affairs, and contributing to the cultural and social life of
the society.

Two difficulties confronting the student of the migration: (1) maintaining and objective
attitude toward a subject laden with values and charged with emotion; and (2) balance
between the individual and the group. The entire migration is considered as a unit and
those common factors are noted, but, at the same time, we must not overlook the fact that
the group is composed of individuals, each of whom is somewhat different and faces
distinct problems (prosopography and biographies). Exclusive concern with the individual
has very little sociological significance. Balance view: look at the refugee as member of
a class and also as an individual. Kent does not say that he looks at the refugees as
anonymous individuals and thus loose most of the history. He sees individuals as
samples.

The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 still included the national origins formula which took
effect in 1929.

Darius Milhaud, Notes Without Music. An Autobiography, N.Y.: Knopf, 1953.

Halsey Stevens, The Life and Music of Bela Bartok, New York: Oxford UP 1953 (1964).

Erna Barschak, With a Twinkle in my Eyes, The Phi Delta Kappa, Vol. 34, No. 8 (May,
1953), pp. 334-336 (article consists of 3 pages)

Hans Habe, Our Love Affair with Germany, New York: Putnam, 1953.

1954

Laura Fermi, Atoms in the Family, U. of Chicago P., 1954.

Albert Einstein, Ideas and Opinions, NY: Crown 1954.

Laura Fermi, "That was the Manhattan District. A Domestic View-I," The New Yorker,
07/24/1954, pgs. 25-39 and A Domestic View-II, 07/31/1954, pgs. 27-51.

1955

Helge Pross, Die Deutsche Akademische Emigration nach den Vereinigten Staaten, 1933-1941,
Berlin: Dunker & Humblot, 1955.

According to Wetzel, Helge Pross prepared this small book while on a two-year
Commonwealth Fund fellowship, 1952-1954. It is a pioneer attempt to generalize about the
German academic emigration. He also says that she noted that German-Americans in the
1930s did not welcome German exiles to the U.S., as their forefathers had in 1848. The
reason was that most of the German-Americans in the 1930s simpathized with Nazi Germany.

Albert H. Frielander, Cultural Contributions of the German Jew in America, in Jews from

22
Germany in the United States, ed. Eric E. Hirshler, NY: Farrar, 1955, pag. 162-168.

Eric E. Hirshler, ed., Jews from Germany in the United States, NY: Farrar, 1955.

Erwin Panofsky, Meaning in the Visual Arts, Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1955. It
contains an Epilogue entitled Three Decades of Art History in the United States:
Impressions of a Transplanted European, pg. 321.
(Art History)

1956

John Harmon Burma, "Some Cultural Aspects of Immigration: Its impact, especially on our
Arts & Sciences," Law & Contemporary Problems, vol 21 (1956): 284/298 (it cites V. Fry).

Lewis J. Edinger, German Exile Politics. The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the
Nazi Era, Berkeley & Los Angeles: U. of CA Press, 1956.

In the Preface, Edinger distinguishes among the exile (voluntary or involuntary), the
ordinary refugee and the voluntary emigrant. He also said that in accordance with this
definition of political exile, the overwhelming number of refugees from the Third Reich
did not fall into this category. The majority were (non-Aryan( refugees from anti-Semitic
persecution seeking permanent settlement in other countries. No more than about one-sixth
of the so-called anti-Nazi emigration, at most 50,000 persons were (exiles,( in the true
sense of the word. This is an important distinction because actually we are not concerned
here with the anti-Nazi politics but just as an ingredient within the more general
immigration history of central european emigration to America in the 1930s and 1940s.

1957

W.K. Pfeiler, German Literature in Exile. The Concern of the Poets, Lincoln: U. of
Nebraska P., 1957.

1958

Agatha Fassett, Bela Bartok-The American Years, NY: Houghton Miffin (1970), 1958.

Joseph S. Roucek, "Education of the Refugee in the United States," International Review
of Education, vol. 4, No. 3 (1958): 374-380.

Robert Jungk, "Brighter than a Thousand Suns. A Personal History of the Atomic
Scientists," New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1958.

1959

Erik Eriksson, Insight & Responsibility, "Identity and Uprootedness in Our Time", 1959

1960s
NATIONAL BACKGROUND

Economic conditions
Government
Immigration policy: the elimination of the quota system in 1965 may reflect the fact that
Americans again grew confident in the resilience of the dominant Anglo-American culture.
During this decade, it continues the criticism of the assimilationists perspective.

Cultural receptivity

Strife, dissension and social confrontation of the 1960s and 1970s. Tougher climate of

23
these two decades. Arendt became a member of the New School (introduced the idea of a
historically and philosophically informed approach to social research). Traditional
approach is slowly being abandoned. During and after the late 1960s, in the West, the
consensus of the society, not to stir too much in history and "Vergangenes vergangen sein
lassen" (Konrad Adenauer) in order to stabilize democracy, broke up, and the Germans
started bit by bit to question themselves about their role in National Socialism. Less
critical view of totalitarianism in the East. this romantization of the GDR as the better
Germany, where no Nazis existed anymore, turned out to be a difficult topic after the
reunification.

Research on the emigration of writers and intellectuals started in earnest only in the
late nineteen-sixties. Pg. xv Introduction, Spalek ed. Exile: The Writers Experience,
1982

1961

Irene Patai, Encounters. The Life of Jacques Lipchitz, N.Y.: Funk & Wagnalls, 1961.

Thomas Mann, The Story of a Novel. The Genesis of Doctor Faustus. N.Y. Knopf, 1961.

S. William Halperin, ed., Some 20th Century Historians. Essays on Eminent Historians,
Chicago: Univerisity of Chicago Press, 1961.
(includes short biographies of Veit Valentin [1885-1947], and Erich Eyck [1878/Berlin-
1964/London]). (History)

Wladimir S. Woytinsky, Stormy Passage. A Personal History through Two Russian Revolutions
to Democracy and Freedom: 1905-1960, New York: Vanguard Press, 1961.

1962

Radio Bremen, Auszug des Geistes: Bericht uber eine Sendereihe, (Verlag B.C. Heye &
Company, Bremen, Germany 1962) [Exodus of the Mind: Report abour a Radio Broadcast
Series].

This book is a compilation of interviews of refugee scholars and scientists who emigrated
from Germany to the United States during the Nazi period. Irmgard Bach of Radio Bremen
was the interviewer. She toured the United States twice in 1958 and 1959. Ms. Bach
interviewed also scholars who had returned to Germany. According to Wetzel (American
Rescue, 433), these inteviews are particularly useful for the light they shed on the
refugees, impressions of their contributions and those of their fellows to the United
States. These interviews may soon be the only personal record remaining of the exodus
except for the few autobiographical accounts which have been published or for diaries and
papers which may be deposited in archives at various places throughout the world.

Erich Fromm, Beyond the Chains of Illusion: My Encounter with Marx and Freud, New York:
Schuster, 1962.

1963

L. Clark Keating, What the French Think of Us, The Modern Language Journal, vol. 47,
No. 5 (May 1963): 191-194.

1964

Vicki Baum, It was all quite Different. The Memoir of Vicki Baum, NY: Funk & Wagnalls,
1964.

VB (1888-1960). On page 243 she characterizes what she calls the good years from 1921 to
1923 in Berlin. She says (cubism, futurism, expressionism, whatever name you put on the

24
label, this was how we were, our world, so shaken up that the walls wouldn't stand
straight, the colors and lights we saw were born out of fevers, hunger, nightmares,
everything of a clarity more real than reality, including Surrealism, of course. We were
yearning for the sharply pointed angles, the cut-up forms, the dissonances, the fall-
bitter humor of our young poets. Perhaps we were the first generation to tell the truth
about war, every war, whether won or lost. We had the courage to say Bunk! to war's
glories, to hero worship pounded into malleable youth in all the history classes of the
globe. In our total disillusion we threw away insipid beauty and discovered the magic of
ugliness. Having she born in 1888 belongs to the last year of the Wilhelmian generation
(1860 to 1888), however, one might think that the foregoing declaration belongs to a
member of the War generation (1889 to 1903), of course, as a woman she was excluded from
the draft. Perhaps VB's case is chronologically bordeline, her cultural background
(Austrian middle class) might also explain her modernity and realistic view. See Thomas
Mann (13 years her senior) who awarded one her books.

On a different theme, it might be said that she was not really an exile because she came
over in 1931 on a professional invitation unrelated to any political hardship, however,
she was a Jew, her books were banned in Germany, she realized the political situation in
1932 and giving up her job and savings decided to emigrate.

There is a good summary definition of what it meant to belong to her generation (1888),
see pg. 243. Allusion to Thomas Mann and his standing on page 254.

Charles John Wetzel, The American Rescue of Refugee Scholars and Scientists from Europe
1933-1945, Dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1964.

Evaluation of American help to bring the refugees from Europe and assist them to re-
establish their lives here. PIONEER STUDY. His dissertation from 1964 is a pioneer study
of the migration in more than one sense. It is primarily dedicated to his teacher Merle
Curti, the Wisconsin leading professor of intellectual and social history. Wetzel tells
the story of the American rescue of scholars, a private rescue venture carried out by
scholars and philanthropists. He emphasized that the private initiative took the place of
the public abandonment of the refugees. In other words, voluntary organizations took the
lead vacated by government apathy. In the introduction, Wetzel laments having been unable
to assess the refugee scholars( contributions to American science and scholarship). His
first chapter is a description of European university life assaulted by fascists policies
in Germany, Italy, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Poland, the Czech
republic, and France. Even though the description is sketchy, I have found no similar
treatment in the rest of the Intellectual migration literature. The second chapter starts
with an analysis of the rescue role played by the High Commissioner of the League of
Nations. Then, it goes into the rescue situation in France, Switzerland, Turkey, and
Great Britain, ending with the American asylum policy, and an analysis of the American
immigration law and the non-quota visas for academic persons. The LPC clause and the
affidavit requirement are also explained in certain detail, ending with the visa process
and the screening program. Enumeration and comments on the American bias and prejudices
against the refugees. There was an atmosphere of animosity against the refugees and every
effort made to liberalize American immigration policy before 1945 failed. All these
hurdles and problems created an opportunity for some Americans to help rescue the refugee
scholars. Chapter 3 entitled From Emigration to Escape tells succinctly the story of the
American Quakers, the Joint Distribution Committee of the American Jews, HIAS, and the
ERC. It gives an account of Varian Fry's activities in Marseille. An advisory committee
of the ERC (eight named members) drew a final list of those to be saved. Many of the
rescued scholars are listed. Many of the philanthropists are listed also. Review of the
Unitarian Service Committee's contribution and the activities of the War Refugee Board.
Chapter 4 title is American Reception: The Emergency Committees. It describes the
formation of this committee and its activities lead by Duggan and Drury. Then, Wetzel
goes for the second time into the subject of academic freedom and the loyalty oaths of
the 1950s. 80% of the scholars helped by the committee were Jewish and so were the
contributions. Alvin Johnson's criticism of the committee. Discussion of the problems and
limitations of these organizations' activities. Chapter 5 is entitled American Reception:
The New School, University in Exile, and Ecole Libre des Hautes Studes. It describes the

25
formation of these institutions. Chapter 6 is entitled American Reception: The American
Friends Service Committee. It describes the activities of the Quaker committee. Chapter 7
is entitled American Reception: The Faith Agencies and Smaller Secular Organizations
Chapter 8 is entitled American Reception: Men and Money. The Saving Power of
Philanthropy. It describes the Rockefeller Foundation and the other philanthropists.
Chapter 9 discusses the issue of the intellectual migration's influence or contribution
to American science and scholarship. After gathering diverse laudatory opinions, Wetzel
summarizes the contents of his mentor Curti's book American Scholarship in the Twentieth
Century. This is a very long and detailed treatment of the subject. It does not goes into
depth on every discipline and omits many names, however it provides and concentrates
useful information on the refugee scholars' contributions. Bibliography is really a final
chapter on sources. Wetzel makes quick reviews of Pross (1955), Kent (1953), Davie
(1947), and Proudfoot (1957). Duggan's (Rescue, 1948) and (Professor at Large, 1943)
provide a thorough if uncritical history. Beveridge (1959) and Thomson (1939) are
critical of American efforts. Archives of the voluntary agencies were Wetzel's main
sources despite certain restrictions. He also evaluates the interviews and is very
careful in assessing their value as historical sources.

Charles John Wetzel, The American Rescue of Refugee Scholars and Scientists from Europe
1933-1945, Dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1964. LAST CHAPTER ON REFUGEES CONTRIBUTIONS
AND THE THEME OF AMERICA AS A WASTELAND.

Hans Kohn, Living in a World Revolution. My Encounters with History, NY: Trident, 1964.

HK (1891-1971) born in Prague, he was 22 when the Great War broke out ((that conflict
changed, almost beyond recognition, the order and prospects of my personal life, of my
homeland, of the nations of Europe, and of people everywhere). Before WWI life was easy
and pleasant for the upper classes of the surviving semi-feudal order, the happy few. It
was a much deeper break in modern history than the French Revolution and the Napoleonic
wars (1789-1815). HK grew up in the world of the 1910s. Description of Prague before WWI.
Conflict between Germans and Czechs in Bohemia. Good description of the twilight of the
Habsburg Monarchy. Chapter III, The Fascination of History is a very interesting analysis
of Central European history in the first half of the 20th century. On the 'dissapearance
of servants' and the 'need of dowries'. HK makes interesting observations on pag. 34.
Description of Prague Jewish community. Chapter VI describes the intellectual roots of
his generation. Good analysis of WWI, his drafting, and how he became a POW and spent
five years in Russia. Chapter XV explains the egalitarian revolution as a world
revolution. HK rebirth in America on pag. 183. Comparison of New York with Vienna. HK
tenure at Smith College and the City College of New York. HK facing old age and his
generation (192).

Hans Habe, The Wounded Land. Journey Through a Divided America, New York: Coward-McCann,
Inc., 1964.

1965

D.S. Halacy, Jr., Father of Supersonic Flight. Theodor von Karman, N.Y.: Messnar, 1965.

Von Karman's studies in Hungary, Germany, France, and England evidenced the scientific
exchanged existing in Europe before WWI.

Emma S. Woytinsky, Two Lives in One, New York: Praeger, 1965.

1966

Carl Zuckmayer, A Part of Myself, 1966. This is Zuckmayer's autobiography. He does the
four stages: (1) life in Austria and Germany, (2) life as an exile in Europe, (3) life as

26
an refugee/immigrant in American, and, finally (4) return to Europe.
(Playwright)

Richard Berczeller, Time Was, NY: Viking, 1966.

Refers to Marseille and the Fry Committee on page 105.

Hannah Arendt, What is Permitted to Jove, New Yorker, Nov. 5, 1966.

(Political Science)

Saul Touster, Reflections on the migr Scholar: In Memory of Arthur Lenhoff, 16

Buffalo L.R. 1 (1966):4.

1968

Barry D. Karl, The Power of Intellect and the Politics of Ideas, Daedalus (Summer
1968): 1002-1035. This is a sketch history of the intellectual revolution of the 1920s

Laura Fermi, After the Fall of France: The Emergency Rescue Committee, Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists, Feb. 1968, pgs. 9-13. [excerpt from Fermis The Illustrious Immigrants
published in Feb in anticipation of the book that was published in March. The
introduction to this article mentioned the name of the book as The Intellectual
Immigrants instead of The Illustrios Immigrants.]

Matthias Wegner, Exil und Literatur. Deutsche Schriftsteller im Ausland 1933-1945,

Frankfurt am Main: Athenaum Verlag, 1968 (German).

Stephane Groveff, Manhattan Project. The Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb,
Little Brown, 1967.

Kurt H. Wolff, et al, ed.,The Critical Spirit. Essays in Honor of Herbert Marcuse,
Boston: Beacon Press, 1967.

Charles John Wetzel, The American Rescue of Refugee Scholars and Scientists from Europe
1933-1945, Dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1964. LAST CHAPTER ON REFUGEES CONTRIBUTIONS
AND THE THEME OF AMERICA AS A WASTELAND.

New York Times, 04/07/1968, pg. BR8, Peter Gay, Gold for the Melting Pot, [This is the
book review for Laura Fermis Illustrious Immigrants. One of the most remarkable
unintended consequences of 20th century barbarism was the enrichment of American artistic,
scientific, scholarly, and literary life that resulted from the persecution of Jews,
Socialists, democrats and other undesirables by Nazi Germany and other totalitarian
systems. Despite all our pieties, we have not yet adequately chronicled all the waves of
immigration to the United States. Among the immigrants still without their historian is
the crowd of refugees that reaced this country in the 1930s, mainly the victims of
Hitler, but of Mussolini and Horthy and Petain as well. America transformed these
immigrants or most of them, for there were always a few, though only a few, who refused
to acknowledged the vices of their old habitat, and the virtues of their new one. They
imported new ideas, new techniques, new styles, and imposed them on a culture still
plastic enough to absorb them. These immigrants still need their historian, despite Laura
Fermis brave effort. Fermi neither sentimentalizes those immigrants who made themselves
obnoxious with their demands for instant recognition and their incurable nostalgia for
European kultur, no overlooks the strains under which the newcomers labored. There are
today perhaps more Americans than ever who feel guilty for being Americans, shaken as
they are by our foreign interventions and by revelation of American indifference to the
fate of Hitlers victims during the war.

New York Times, 11/11/1968, pg. 45, Eliot Gremont-Smith, A Dance on the Edge of the
Volcano, [This is a book review for Peter Gays Weimar Culture.
27
New York Times, 11/24/1968, pg. BR2, Walter Laqueur, Berlin, Brecht, Bauhaus and a whole
Generation of Isherwoods, [This is a book review for Peter Gays Weimar Culture. Most
Germans emphatically rejected what Peter Gay calls Weimar culture and what, to all
intents and purposes, was the culture of Berlin, shallow, rootless, destructive,
cultural Bolshevism, asphaltliteratur these were the most common epithets used by its
critics. The advocates and the enthusiastic followers of this avant-garde movement came
from a small unrepresentative layer of German society; left-wing or liberal, largely
Jewish, it was concentrated in Berlin and a few other big cities. It had no popular
success at the time; in the list of contemporary best sellers one looks in vain for the
famous names of the twenties. Yet internationally these men were the only ones who
counted, and in Germany, too, there has been in recent years a spectacular revival of the
golden twenties.

Peter Gay, The Social History of Ideas: Ernst Cassirer and After, pg. 106. PG critizes
Cassirer because his intellectual history with all his merits ignore two dimensions
fundamental for a complete understanding of the history of ideas, one is the Freudian
psychological dimension, and, the other is the social dimension of ideas. It may be said
that here the discrepancy reveals the different outlook of a member of the Wilhelminian
generation (Cassirer [1874-1945]) from a member of the Younger Generation (Gay [1923-
]).

Paul Tillich, On the Boundary. An Autobiographical sketch, N.Y.: Scribner's, 1966.

David S. Wyman, Paper Walls. America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938-1941, NY: Pantheon,
1968.

Wyman includes a chapter 2 entitled "The World Scene" which analizes it under the heading
"Germany and the Refugees 193-1938." This book is a critical analysis of American
Immigration and Refugee policy during the 1930s and 1940s.

E. Wilder Spaulding, The Quiet Invaders. The Story of the Austrian Impact upon America,
Vienna: Osterreichischer Bundesverlag, 1968. (Austria)

Spaulding includes a chapter VII entitled "The Thirty-Eighters and before and after"
which indicates that "the high point of all Austrian immigration, a most significant part
of the great twentieth century epic of the unrooted, was the coming of the Thirty-
eighters, the fugitives from Hitler."

Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago P., 1968.

She uses the expression "cultural migration" which may cover a larger range of activities
than just the intellectual ones, however it seems to me that the designation is too
broad. Fermi's book may have been underestimated because she was an "amateur scholar."
Nonetheless, I find it an excellent source of information and well-thought opinions and
analysis.
(work on the book began in 1963) Fermi capitalized on her own experience to describe the
exiles dealings with immigration rules. The exiles European background which she
describes from the Italian viewpoint (According to HSH, the usefulness of Fermi's
statistical analysis of some 1,900 refugees is limited because she also included Poles &
Russians). See, HSH, History as..., pg. 12/13. Now in April 2000, praise of atomic
physics is no longer "politically correct" because the "climate of opinion" unanimously
condemns the use of atomic energy for military purposes. In other words, it is no longer
a popular subject. As to psychoanalisis, it has become somewhat absolete due to the
widespread use of drugs.

Laura Fermi, After the Fall of France: The Emergency Rescue Committee, Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists, Feb 1968, pg. 9.

John Kosa, ed., The Home of the Learned Man. A Symposium on the Immigrant Scholar in
America, New Haven: College and U.P. Services, 1968.

28
(The group of the 1930s arrived at a felicitous moment, they were present at the right
time and place, when and where de chances opened up; and the achieved much in every field
of scholarship((43) (this is part of Kosa(s article (The Company of Seneca() [His is an
original and peculiar opinion concerning the opportunities opened in America for the
group of the 1930s. Kosa also notes that the 1930s send two kinds of refugees, (1)
fugitives from Hitler, and (2) fugitives from Stalin.] Joseph S. Roucek (Czech
sociologist) (Between Radicalism and Respectability. The Fate of the migr and his
Political Ideas,( (94) Suscinct story of the American emigres( political activities in
America from the Alien and Sedition Act to the presente time (1960s). Conclusion: it is
only an item of curiosity and not an essential chapter in American history. The foreign
emigres( political ideas added something to the American flexibility in political
thinking, but they never taught Americans ideas of lasting impact. Julius Rezler
(Hungarian sociologist) (The Scholar as Policy Maker,( (113) In the 1930s the social
composition of the immigrants to America changed radically due to the European political
upheavals sending scholars, teachers, and other professional emigres to America. They
came in three waves: (1) 1933, Hitler(s fugitives; (2) 1945, survivors of concrentration
camps, displaced persons from countries occupied by the Soviet army at the end of WWII,
and German missile experts; & (3) 1956, Hungarian refugees from the Soviet suppression of
the Hungarian revolution. [This is the first time I see the IM classified as part of a
larger European emigration movement. From 1933 to 1956 (23 years during which America was
receiving European refugees). It'd be interesting to get numbers and compare these three
(waves(]

1969

Donald Fleming & Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Intellectual Migration, 1930-1960,
Perspectives in American History, II, Yale, 1969.

Introduction, pg. 8, "creative force of an interstitial situation" (HSH, "the

geographical and emotional displacement has often provided the shock. (This is like many
other waves of immigration. It was not a mass movement. Remarkable level of education
and the quality of professional skills( (3). Twenty-seven years later, Donald Fleming
reexamined his 1969 assumptions on the (intellectual migration( and confessed that most
of the 1969 essays were overwhelmingly impressionistic, systematically skewed in favor of
the most salient individuals and impulses, deficient in adequate quantification, and
almost willfully uncritical.

Peter Gay, "Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider," (11)

Leo Szilard, "Reminiscences," (94)

Donald Fleming, "Emigre Phsicists and the Biological

Revolution" (152) (Biology)

Charles Weiner, "A New Site for the Seminar: The Refugees
and American Physics in the Thirties" (190)
(Physics)

S. Ulam, H.W. Kuhn, A.W. Tucker,

and Claude E. Shannon, "John von Neumann, 1903-1957" (235)

Paul F. Lazarsfeld, "An Episode in the History of Social

Research: A Memoir" (270)
(Social Research)

T.W. Adorno, "Scientific Experiences of a European Scholar

in America, (338)

Jean Matter Mandler

29
 and George Mandler, "The Diaspora of Experimental
Psychology: The Gestaltists and Others" (371)
(Psychology and Gestalt)

Marie Jahoda, "The Migration of Psychoanalysis: Its Impact

on American Psychology" (420) (Psychoanalysis)

H. Stuart Hughes, "Franz Neumann Between Marxism and Liberal

Democracy" (446)

Harry Levin, "Two Romanisten in America: Spitzer and

Auerbach" (463)

William H. Jordy, "The Aftermath of the Bauhaus in America:

Gropius, Mies, and Breuer" (485)
(Architecture)

Colin Eisler, "Kunstgeschichte American Style: A Study in

Migration" (Art History)

Herbert Feigl, "The Wiener Kreis in America" (630)

(Philosophy)

300 Notable emigres

Salka Viertel, The Kindness of Strangers, N.Y.: Holt, 1969.

Charles Alexander, Nationalism in American Thought 1930-1945, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969
[Chapter VII: Defining the American Cause. Subchapter: The Refugee Contribution (one page
with general comments), pgs. 175/176].

Robert Boyers, ed., Salmagundi (reissued by Schocken Books as The Legacy ..., ed. by
Robert Boyers,1969 (Fall)- 1970(Winter).

Kurt R. Grossmann's Emigration: Die Geschichte der Hitler. Fluchtlinge 1933-194

(1969) analysis of the whole phenomenon (only the parts concerned with immigration
to the U.S.

"Since the late 1960s there has been much interest in the complex of themes connected
with exile and emigration under the Third Reich. At the same time, however, the
activities of visual artists in exile have received relatively little attention, as
becomes apparent if we compare the volume of art historical publications in this area
with that of, for example, those concerned with literary or intellectual emigres." The
only two that address the issue are Fermi's Illustrious and Jackman's Muses (see note 1).
Sabine Eckman, "Considering (and reconsidering) art and exile," in Barron's Exile +
Emigres. In this article it may be found also a discussion on "German Exile Studies",
"German scholars" and "American Scholars",

New York Times, 09/07/1969, pg. BR1, Nathan Glazer, Refugee Scholars from Hitlers
Europe have played a crucial role in America, [This is the book review for Donald
Fleming and Bernard Bailyns The Intellectual Migration. These scholars influenced
American intellectual history. The different accounts in this book present a chronicle of
the refugee intellectuals.

New York Times, 10/12/19698, pg. BR25, Peter Gary, America and Weimar, [This is an
editors letter on Glazers review of the Intellectual Migration book. He alludes to the
note of contemporaneity that Glazer found in Gays article on Weimar Germany, in the
sense that the Nazi students of the 1920s and the student rebels of the 1960s resemble

30
one another. To say that America is not Weimar is not to say that we should stop
worrying, but that we should worry, in our own way, about our own problems. A good deal
of the intellectual mischief surrounding our involvement in Vietnam rests on a false
analogy-that of surrender at Munich. It should teach as that analogues, no matter how
tempting, are dangerous things.

1970s

Political conditions: opposition to the war and growing hostility to the Nixon
administration ... a new generation had reach maturity by then, detached from earlier
Cold War emotionalism and far more familiar with Hiss( symbolism than his evidentiary
claims. McCarthy and his advisers recognized that Truman had become a hostage to the
internal security monster.

Immigration policy

Cultural receptivity; Immigration Reconsidered, pag. 4, note 2.

Strife, dissension and social confrontation of the 1970s. In the 1970s, the atmosphere in
West Germany of denial about the Nazi past had given way to the determination of a new
generation to confront the demons of its fathers (atmosphere of confrontation).
A new surge of interest in the subject of immigration -embarkation form the Old World,
the voyage, arrival, and adjustment to America- has been sparked in recent years by the
nation's bicentennial in 1976 and publicity surrounding restoration of both the Statute
of Liberty, unveiled in 1986, and the Ellis Island Immigracion Station that was in
operation from 1892 to 1954. (Virginia S. Wood, Immigrant Arrivals. A
Guide to Published Sources, Library of Congress No. 6, 1988)

Laqueur says that "if in the 1950s ethnicity was not yet fashionable and the search for
identity and roots did not figure prominently, this began to change in the 1970s and
1980s." (Generation Exodus, 154). The higher value placed on identity and ethnicity may
have created a cultural atmosphere more receptive to the refugees' outpouring of
autobiographies. Laqueur also points out that many of the "non-Jewish Jews"(social
scientists that regarded themselves in this way because they said they were not Zionists
nor they practice their religion), after two or three decades of work in other fields,
became interested in the Holocaust or some other aspect of recent Jewish history. And,
that this was probably a reflection of the zeitgeist because it applied to other
professions as well. It was certainly not a return to roots, which in most cases barely
existed, but a reawakening of interest that had been suppressed before. (Generation
Exodus, 157). And, he adds further down that "it was certainly not by accident that most
of the memoirs were written only in the 1970s and 1980s, not in the first years after
1945 when other concerns prevailed (Generation Exodus, 284).

Elitism and intellectual history became unpopular in the 1970s.

In 1977-78 there was a veritable flood of exhibitions, essays and books about the
twenties in Germany Michael Hays review, Germanic Review, Winter 1980, vol. 55, issue
1, pg. 34.

Historian David Hackett Fischer said in his Historians Fallacies (pg. xviii) that a
good many historians, particularly of the present permissive generation, which has made a
cult of flexibility in its procedures, seem to have formed the same idea of their own
discipline(absence of rules). The book was published in 1970, so that he referred to the
generation acting in the 60s.

German Federal Republics response to terrorism.

The focus on the self became trendy in the 1970s. The world put self before duty.

By the 1970s and 1980s the Holocaust had become a shocking, massive, and istinctive
thing: clearly marked off, qualitatively and quantitatively, from other Nazi atrocities
and from previous Jewish presecutions, singular in its scope, its symbolism, and its

31
world-historical significance. (Peter Novick, 1999).

Paul Tillich, My Travel Diary: 1936. Between Two Worlds, NY: Harper & Row, 1970.

For a short and straight forward explanation of Tillich's theology, see Page Smith, The
Historian and History, New York: Knopf, 1964, 69-80. (Theology)

Arthur R. Evans, Jr., ed., On Four Modern Humanists. Hofmannsthal, Gundolf, Curtius,
Kantorowicz, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1970.

Robert E. Cazden, German Exile Literature in America 1933-1950. A History of the Free
German Press and Book Trade, Chicago: American Library Association, 1970.

Joseph Wechsberg, The First Time Around. Some Irreverent Recollections, Boston: Little
Brown, 1970.

La Vern Rippley, Of German Ways, N.Y.: Barnes & Noble, 1970 (pgs. 49-61)

Herbert A. Strauss initiated an international project to document the lives and

achievements of 10,000 Central European Jews in emigration, 1970.

Richard & Clara Winston, ed. and translators, Letters of Thomas Mann 1889-1955, NY:
Knopf, 1970.

I find this point of view [The New Yorker gossip, Flanner] hard to understand, but
apparently the thing looks entirely different to American eyes, and so I have calmed down
about it. Thomas Mann to Caroline Newton, 1-10-41, 297.

Hertha Pauli, Break of Time, (1970, German)(1972, English).

[writer]

Darius Milhaud, Notes Without Music. An Autobiography, N.Y.: Da Capo, 1970. [composer]

Andre Maurois, Memoirs, 1885-1967, New York: Harper & Row, 1970. [Chapter 26, pg.272,
Amica America

Martin Jay, Cultural Transplants, Commentary (March 1970): 49 (3).

1971

Fritz Redlich, Steeped in Two Cultures. A Selection of Essays, N.Y.: Harper, 1971.
[business historian]

Willy Brandt, In Exile. Essays, Reflections and Letters 1933-1947, London: Wolff (1966 in
German) 1971.

1972

Martin Jay, "The Frankfurt School in Exile", Perspectives in American History, vol. 6,
1972.

Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Historian as Participant, in Felix Gilbert & Stephen R.
Graubard, ed., Historical Studies Today, N.Y.: Norton, 1972 (1971), pg. 393-412.

[For the proposition that eyewitness history suplies a satisfying and enduring version of
events.]

32
D.A. Prater, European of Yesterday. A Biography of Stefan Zweig, Oxford U.P., 1972
[writer]

Martin B. Duberman, Black Mountain: An Exploration in Community, N.Y.: Dutton, 1972.

[artists, painters and architects]

Judith Fortney, Immigrant Professionals. A Brief Historical Survey, International

Immigration Review, vol. 6, issue 1, Spring 1972, 50-62.

This is an overview of the professional-immigrants' contribution theme from 1900 to the

1960s. General statements supported by statistical charts. Fortney's zeitgeist is that
one from the 1960s. It is interesting her allusion to the American intellectual wasteland
of the pre-1930s period and also emphasizes that in the 1930s the U.S. was coming out of
its cultural wasteland by developing centers of learning that might have attracted many
of the german exiles. A different opinion is given by Howard Mumford Jones in The Age of
Energy, 280 in referring to the St. Louis congress of 1904, he said that American
scholars were prepared to associate in equal terms with scholars and scientists from the
rest of the world.

1973

P.R. Halmos, "The Legend of John von Neumann," The American Mathematical Monthly, vol.
80, No. 4 (Ap. 1973): 382-394. [physicist]

Hannah Tillich, From Time to Time, N.Y.: Stein, 1973.

For a short and straight forward explanation of Tillichs theology, see Page Smith, The
Historian and History, New York: Knopf, 1964, 69-80.

Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination. A History of the Frankfurt School and the
Institute of Social Research 1923-1950, Boston: Little, Brown, 1973.

Martin Jay, "Die deutsche Emigration in den USA: Ihr Einfluss auf die amerikanische
Europapolitik 1933-1945," Reviews of Radkau and Boyers' articles, Journal of Modern
History, vol. 45, No. 2 (Jun 1973), 358-360. (see Historiography of the IM).

Laurence Veysey, "From Germany to America," History of Education Quarterly, vol. 13, No.
4 (Winter, 1973), 401-407.

1974

Wolfgang Kort, Alfred Doblin, NY: Twayne, 1974.

Richard Berczeller, "Sodom and Gomorrah," The New Yorker, 10/14/1974, pg. 48-54.

Carol Louise Paul, The Relationship Between the American Liberal Press and the German
Writers in Exile, 1933-1945, DAI 1974, 34 (10): 6653-A

This dissertation was coached by J. Spalek. Paul was getting a Ph degree in German.
Interestingly enough is one of the first attempts to evaluate the American reception of
the migration, but in this case limited to the German writers and the American Liberal
Press. Pauls dissertation is a mixture of sociology and history with and extreme concern
for methods, sources, subjectivity, selection, etc. Written in 1972 brings an up-to-that-
date bibliography.

Gordon Thomas & Max Morgan-Witts, Voyage of the Damned, Stillwater: Motorbooks, 1974

33
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, "The Village Crier", 4-11-74, 5-2-74, 5-9-74, and 5-16-74.

David Earl Sutherland, On the Migration of Sociological Structures, 1933-1941: A

Forgotten Episode in the History of American Sociology and a case study in the Sociology
of Sociology, Current Sociology, March 1974, vol. 22, No. 1-3, pgs. 87-121.
[Abstract: An unexamined problem in the history of American sociology is how to
understand cross-societal transference of theoretical structures. The case study
considered here is that of the cultural migration of refugee scholars from Nazi Germany
to the United States. This paper treats this event as a problem in the sociology of
theory structures. Habermas' work on the social character of scientific knowledge aids in
conceptualizing our frame work.]

1975

H. Stuart Hughes, The Sea Change, Harper, 1975.

The exiles' performance seen by "a friend of the exiles": Hughes himself approached them
at the OSS. Hughes' vital experience was WWII which "rescued" him from the "wasted life"
(?). His analysis of Neumann and Arendt are very clear. Influence of the cold war. He is
undoubtdly a "sympathetic viewer". Additionally, Martin Jay (a student of the migration)
and Lewis Coser (a refugee himself and also a student of the migration) were two of his
Ph.D students. His relation to H. Marcuse, and his evaluation of Adorno and the Frankfurt
School are sort of sympathetic. HSH says that under the perspective of the 1970s", it was
"the most important cultural event - or series of events- of the second quarter of the
twentieth century". He wonders why it took so long to recognize the phenomenon (of the
migration) and concludes that it is something of a mystery.

I wonder instead how widespread is the recognition? It seems it is not so large, and that
is because the migration lay subsumed within the general current of immigration and as
such it is not recognized as distinctive or even important. Perhaps, as many other things
it is a question of numbers, even though the refugees were spread all over the different
disciplines and artistic activities, they represented a very small percentage of the
American members of those groups. These two judgments are obviously different, one is the
whole of the migration within the entire population and the other is the group within one
occupation compare with the members of that occupation. Also, they were seen as off the
boat immigrants with all the diminishment that that status carry in American society.

HSH remembers that "the refugees were so much part of our [the Americans] daily lives"
that, for that reason, they were not seen as history.

This may be a factor in the cities where they were overrepresented, but, otherwise, it
seems that H.S.H. may be referring to the intellectual circles where he himself
frequented.

HSH adds that after 30 years and the restoration of European culture the emigration
experience was over because, then, in the 70s, (1) older generation of migrs has died,
(2) those who returned have been re-Europeanized, and (3) the majority who remained has
been absorbed in American society. THE EMIGRATION EXPERIENCE WAS OVER (in the 70s).

The "range of talent and achievement" makes the cultural event unique. HSH also mentions
the failures: (1) older men to weary or disillusioned, (2) those so wedded to their
native language that they were unable to recast their work in English, and (3) the proud
and the inflexible who refused positions they thought unworthy of them. Yet, the
predominant impression, in the 70s, and according to HSH was that they accomplished a
TRIUMPHANT ACHIEVEMENT IN A NEW LAND. Living suspended between two cultures fosters the
flowering of talent geographical and emotional displacement provides the shock) How to
account for that success? combination of explanations:

(1) American society of 30s and 40s was receptive of foreign talent, the society was
34
open,

(2) society was pluralist (or was becoming at that time),

(3) the institutions of higher education more varied and less rigid than the European;

(4) even the government was willing to put them as "enemy aliens" in positions of trust
(OSS, OWI, etc.), and

(5) the anti-intellectualism of so many Americans challenged the migrs to put their
thoughts in a form that the wider public could understand. American culture
deprovincialized the refugees (Tillich and Adorno).

HSH indicates that with respect to two disciplines, one atomic physics and two
psychoanalysis the migrs came at the right moment (L. Fermi also highlights these two
disciplines; in the 70s they were still important and respected).

The theme of HSH book is: "how did the experience in America altered the character of
social thought itself? The book is a psychosocial analysis of the migrs' American
experience (it was a major intellectual drama). Ch. 6: The Emigration and the Cold War.
HSH highlights the emigres' urgency of coming to terms with their native land (pg. 245).

H.S.H.s comments on language

HSH says that the difference between German writers who prosper and those who barely held
their own in the American market is the extent to which the German idiom in each case
could be carried over into English relatively intact.

He compares then the creative writers with the social thinkers, the former continue to
use their own language and depend on translators for their American public. The latter
instead write in English. HSH cites Pachter to explain the connection between language
and culture (lost in translation kind of argument, see Eva Hoffman). The migr use
English which Pachter calls translates and it was the equivalent of the koine for the
ancient Greeks. The English was becoming a lingua franca. According to some (Tillich &
Panofsky) the English helped the migr to think more clearly (German profundities
vanishes when put into plain English. Because the logicians from Central Europe
(Wittgenstein) casted their teaching in the language of unambiguous symbols, the problems
of translation that vexed the other migrs were reduced to a minimum. English replaced
German as the lingua franca of logical analysis. The matter of language in connection
with Wittgensteins use of the German & English, those two universes of discourse, in his
analytic philosophy was problematic. In the speculative type of thinking, the fusion
between German & English remained incomplete or aborted. German & English, two
incompatible styles of thought.

Chapter 2: Philosophy (Wittgenstein)

Chapter 3: Political Science (Borgese, Mannheim, Fromm, Salvemini, Neumann, Arendt)

Chapter 4: Critical Theory (Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse)

Chapter 5: Psychology (Freud, Hartmann, Erikson)

Chapter 6: The Sea Change (Cold War, Eichmann, Centennial, Tillich)

David A. Hollinger, "Ethnic Diversity, Cosmopolitanism and the Emergence of the American
Liberal Intelligentsia," American Quarterly, vol. 27, Issue 2 (May 1975): 133-151.

DH makes reference to the intellectual migration in the context of his analysis of the
rise of an American intelligentsia in the 1940s and the transfer of the Wests cultural
capital from Paris to New York. Alfred Kazin in his On Native Grounds saw this as the

35
creation of a new cosmopolitan culture (146-147).

1976

Martin Jay, The Extraterritorial Life of Siegfried Kracauer, Salmagundi, Fall 75-Winter
76, vol. 3132.

Hans Meyer, Jack Zipes, (Thomas Mann and Bertolt Brecht: Anatomy of an Antagonism,( New
German Critique, vol. 0, issue 6 (Autumm 1975): 101-115.

University at Albany, New York, German Intellectual Emigre Collection (established), 1976

In recognition of the serious scholarly interest in the mass migration of German-speaking

exiles from the Nazi regime, a German Intellectual migr Collection was established in
1976 at the University at Albany, State University of New York. This growing collection
has been developed since the 1970s through the efforts of the University Libraries and
Prof. John M. Spalek of the University's German Department. It is housed in the New
Library's M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, at the Marcia
Brown Research Room. Over the last decade this collection has been used by scholars from
many European and American universities, colleges, and other research institutions. The
German Intellectual Emigr Collection is comprised of over 90 groups (approximately 750
cubic feet) of personal papers, organizational records, tape recordings, photographs, and
related research materials documenting the German intellectual exodus of the 1930s and
1940s. To complement the successful collecting efforts of other libraries and archival
repositories in the United States and the German Federal Republic, the German
Intellectual Emigr Collection has focused on the careers and accomplishments of social
scientists (economists, sociologists, anthropologists, and political scientists),
humanists (historians, philosophers, sinologists, art historians, and musicologists),
writers (novelists, poets, journalists, critics, political writers, and publishers),
creative artists (composers, musical performers, and artists), and others. One of the
principal focal points of the German Intellectual Emigr Collection is papers of former
faculty members at the "University in Exile", later the Graduate Faculty of Political and
Social Science of the New School for Social Research (New York City), which is now the
New School University in New York City.

Erich Frey, Thomas Manns Exile Years in America, Modern Language Studies, vol. 6, No.
1 (Spring 1976): 83-92.

John Baxter, The Hollywood Exiles, New York: Taplinger, 1976.

This book is a history of Hollywood and its exiles from the beginning in 1894 when Mrs.
Wilcox gave her husbands Los Angeles ranch the name of Hollywood up to the death of
Lubitsch in 1947.
On pg. 1 the author the Coast, the phrase with which Hollywood glamorized itself to
Easterners in the 1920s and 1930s, before air travel stripped away the mystery conferred
by distance, and that now seems mocking [I guess something similar and equivalent can be
said about New York and the Europeans reaching it by boat before air travel times]. He
adds that forever looking inward, Hollywood refused to acknowledge its true nature as a
colonial port, preferring to interpret isolation in an ambassadorial light. From chapter
1 to chapter 9 and the beginning of sound films in 1927/1928, this excellent book tells
the story of Hollywood during the silent film era. Chapters 10, 11, and 12 tells the
story of the Hollywood that received the intellectual migration. A very pioneering study
for 1976.
(Actors and Actresses)(Directors & Producers)

S.M. Ulam, Adventures of a Mathematician, New York: Scribners, 1976.

1977

36
Otto Preminger, Preminger An Autobiography, New York: Doubleday, 1977.

1978

Peter F. Drucker, Adventures of a Bystander, N.Y.: Harper 1978

Klaus Volker, Brecht: A Biography, NY: Seaburg Press,1978

Agnes Heller, (The Positivism Dispute as a Turning Point in German Post-War Theory,( New
German Critique, Fall 78, No. 15, pg. 49

Discusses Adorno, Frankfurt School, German social thought, and German philosophical
trends after the 1960s.

Martin Jay, "The Political Existentialism of Hanna Arendt", Partisan Review, 45 (3),
1978.

Egbert Krispyn, Anti-Nazi Writers in Exile, Athens: U. of Georgia P., 1978. Analysis and
history of the writers' activities, quarreals and endeavors in exile. Distinguishes
between two goals that the writers should pursue in their writings, either art for
itself, or political amunition against the Nazi regime.

Herbert A. Strauss, ed., Jewish Immigrants of the Nazi Period in the USA, Volume 1,
Archival Resources, N.Y.: K.G. Saur, 1978

This volume contains a general account of the entire general process of migration in
Germany since January 1933 as a sort of introduction to the different archival resources
located in America. First there is a linting of national organizations, then, a listing
of the regional and municipal organizations, and, finally, a listing of the individuals
involved in one way or another in the immigration of Jewish immigrants.

1979

Kurt S. Maier, (A Fellowship in German Literature. Thomas Mann, Agnes Meyer, and
Archibald MacLeish,( Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress, 1979, 36 (4): 385-400.

Barbara Barclay; Malcolm S. Cole, "The Toch and Zeisl Archives at UCLA: Samples of
Southern California Activity to Preserve The Heritage of Its Emigre Composers," Notes, 2d
Ser., vol. 35, No. 3 (Mar 1979) pp. 556-577.

Nigel Hamilton, The Brothers Mann, New Haven: Yale Univ. P. (1978 British ed.), 1979.

Jeremy Bernstein, Profiles. Master of the Trade. Hans A. Bethe, The New Yorker,
12/03/1979 (Part I). The next two issues of The New Yorker published parts II and III.

James L. Rolleston, The Usable Future: Franz Werfels Star of the Unborn as Exile
Literature, Joseph P. Strelka, et al., Protest, Form, Tradition. Essays on German Exile
Literature, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1979, pgs. 57-80

Gottfried Reinhardt, The Genius. A Memoir of Max Reinhardt by his son Gottfried
Reinhardt, NY: Knopf, 1979.

Fred V. Grunfeld, Prophets without Honor, Kodansha (1996), 1979.

Donal Henahan, How American Culture has been Shaped by the Artist in Exile, New York

37
Times, 09/02/1979, pg. D1. (Every area of American culture touched or changed by the
migrs, exiles, and in general the immigrants) We are a nation of runaways.

Richard Weiss, Ethnicity and Reform: Minorities and the Ambience of the Depression
Years, The Journal of American History, vol. 66, No. 3 (Dec., 1979): 566-585.

Joseph P. Strelka, et al., Protest, Form, Tradition Essays on German Exile Literature,
Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1979.

Hilton Kramer, Beyond the Avant-Garde, New York Times, 11/04/1979, pg. SM10.

1980s

NATIONAL BACKGROUND

Economic conditions
Reagan's government. Collapse of communism in 1989. (Ending of the Cold War led to a
resurgence of interest in America(s migr intellectuals and the publication of numerous
books about them (Vidich(s Foreword to Krohn(s Intellectuals in Exile, note 3, pag. 213).
Immigration policy

The powerful, ambivalent, and conflicted preoccupation with the Holocaust during the
1980s, occasioned by the various anniversaries and controversies, is sustained after
unification, although it shifts away from literature to the public arena. Ernestine
Schlant, ed., The Language of Silence: West German Literature and the Holocaust,

Cultural receptivity

The Smithsonian Institution, as part of its observance of the one hundredth birthday of
Albert Einstein, convened two colloquia on the mass exodus of intellectuals from Europe
during the Nazi period. Most of the papers delivered at the symposia appear in the volume
published in 1983 entitled The Muses Flee Hitler and edited by Jarrell C. Jackman and
Carla M. Borden from the Joseph Henry Papers and the Hirshhorn Museum, respectively. The
Rockefeller Foundation, the Joseph H. Hanzen Foundation, the Smithsonian Institution, and
the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany provided financial support for the
colloquia.

The 1980s was the age of post-modern theory in the American Academy and deconstruction
was the paradigmatic theory of that time (Franois Cusset, French Theory: How Foucault,
Derrida, Deleuze, & Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States, trans.
Jeff Fort (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), pp. 107-128.

In the course of the 1980s, however, the picture changed. As Marxist analysis gave way
to more Foucauldian approaches and the idea of capitalist exploitation was replaced by a
broader and deeper critique of the pathology of he modern, an intellectual framework
emerged that allowed for more active engagement with the perpetrators. Mark Roseman,
Conflict, Catastrophe and Continuity: essays on Modern German History, ed. By Frank
Biess, et al., pg. 90.

Mary Jayne Gold, Crossroads Marseilles 1940, private edition, 1980.

Mary Rhiel, Andreas Lixl, Toni Oelsner, (Dreams of a Better Life: Interview with Toni
Oelsner,( New German Critique, No. 20, Special Issue 2 (Spring-Summer, 1980) 31-56.

Toni Oelsner was a very bitter refugee historian who gave this interview in 1980.

Ronald Sanders, The Days Grow Short. The Life and Music of Kurt Weill, N.Y.: Limelight,
1980.

38
Martin Jay, Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo Lowenthal on his Eightieth Birthay,
Telos (Fall 1980), vol. 45.

James K. Lyon, Bertolt Brecht in America, Princeton: Princeton U.P., 1980.

Hans W. Gatzke, Germany and the United States. A (Special Relationship?(, Cambridge:
Harvard Univ.Press, 1980.

Michael Kammen, ed., The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United
States, Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1980.
[William H. McNeill, Modern European History, pg. 104/105 (commentary on the
interpenetration of the American and German historical scholarship)]

1981

Isaac B. Singer, Love & Exile, Doubleday (1984) 1981

Herbert A. Strauss, ed., Jewish Immigrants of the Nazi Period in the USA, Volume 2,
Classified and Annotated Bibliography, N.Y.: K.G. Saur, 1981

It lists a very extensive bibliography that includes German sources and a variety of
collateral themes.

Beverly R. Placzek, ed., Record of a Friedship. The Correspondence Between Wilhelm Reich
and A.S. Neill, 1936-1957, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1981

Nathan Reingold, (Refugee Mathematicians in the United States of America, 1933-1941:

Reception and Reaction,( Annals of Science, 38 (1981): 313-338.

Tom Wolfe, From Bauhaus to our House, N.Y.: Farrar, 1981.

Hans Speier, From the Ashes of Disgrace: A Journal from Germany, 1945-1955, Boston:
University of Massachusetts Press, 1981.

Robert S. Cohen, ed., Herbert Feigl, Inquiries and Provocations: selected writings, 1929-
1974, Holland, Kluwer, 1981 [Ch. 4, pg. 57, The Wiener Kreis in America,].

The Vienna Circle (in German: der Wiener Kreis) was a group of philosophers who gathered
around Moritz Schlick when he was called to the Vienna University in 1922, organized in a
philosophical association, of which Schlick was chairman, named the Ernst Mach Society
(Verein Ernst Mach) in honour of Ernst Mach. Among its members were Gustav Bergmann,
Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Philipp Frank, Kurt Gdel, Hans Hahn, Tscha Hung, Victor
Kraft, Karl Menger, Richard von Mises, Marcel Natkin, Otto Neurath, Olga Hahn-Neurath,
Theodor Radakovic, Rose Rand and Friedrich Waismann. With the exception of Gdel, members
of the Vienna Circle had a common attitude towards philosophy, characterized by two main
beliefs: first, experience is the only source of knowledge; second, logical analysis
performed with the help of symbolic logic is the preferred method for solving
philosophical problems.

1982

Leon Botstein, "Stefan Zweig and the Illusion of the Jewish European," Jewish Social
Studies, Winter 1982, v. 44, i. 1, pg. 63-84.

Henry Pachter, Weimar Etudes, New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.

Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt. For Love of the World, New Haven: Yale U. P., 1982

This is Arendt(s standard biography in English. Arendt comes out as relevant figure in

39
political theory academic circles of the sixties.

Herbert A. Strauss, ed., Jewish Immigrants of the Nazi Period in the USA, Volume 3/1,
Guide to the Oral History Collection of the Research Foundation for Jewish Immigration,
New York, N.Y.: K.G. Saur, 1982

(This program was inspired by the belief that the complexity of this Jewish migration
movemente from Central Europe, as well as its significance for twentieth-century culture
and society, required that both research and writing be based on a thorough foundation. (
Although the Foundation originated with the community whose history it was exploring, its
sponsors are united in the belief that only a critical history, unfettered by any
commitments but the constraints of critical methods of historical research and writing,
is worth the effort and offers results that endure . Nativism or (contributionism( would
have detracted from this critical commitment.( (x/Preface)

(The goal of the interview program was to collect information on the social and communal
history of the (average( immigrant from Central Europe of the Nazi period, which had not
found proper treatment in international research and writing. Until the Research
Foundation and I had begun to do research on this history, contemporary scholarly
attention had been focused primarily on the (elites( of political, literary, academic, or
intellectual refugees or (exiles(. (xiii)

( ( were believe able to articulate their personal experiences as (average( immigrants. (

In 1971, when the program began, 30 years had elapsed since immigrants from Axis-occupied
Europe had ceased to be admitted to this country in large numbers. The program thus did
not aim at constructing a (representative sample( of immigrants. Instead, its focus was
narroved in several ways. In line with the goal of the project, primary attention was
paid to immigrants who had been linked with the original immigrant organizations and
their history.( (xiv)

Immigrant culture was seen not as an intermediate stage between (roots( and (second
generation(, but as a culture sui generis. In this view, far from being the neither-nor
identity reputed to it by traditional nationalist theory and propaganda, immigrant
culture is understood here as combining the ethnic cultures of origin and of elected
country in a new unity. This understanding was articulated in a review by H.A.S. dealing
with the historiographic place of the concept in the context of American immigration
history, and with its methodical elaborations in several social sciences, especially
cultural anthropology.( (xv)

Herbert A. Strauss, ed., Jewish Immigrants of the Nazi Period in the USA, Volume 3/2,
Classified List of Articles Concerning Emigration in Germany. German-Jewish Periodicals
Jan. 30, 1933 to Nov. 9, 1938, New York, N.Y.: K.G. Saur, 1982., the year before this
review was written.

C. Zoe Smith, "migr Contributions to 'Life': The German Influence in the Development of
America's First Picture Magazine," Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Association for Education in Journalism (65th, Athens, OH, July 25-28, 1982, Eric #
ED218612.

John M. Spalek & Robert F. Bell, ed., Exile: The Writers' Experience, Chapel Hill: U. of
N. C. Press, 1982.

Introduction

Adrienne Ash, Lyric Poetry in Exile,

Joseph P. Strelka, The Novel in Exile: Types and Patterns,

James Rolleston, Short Fiction in Exile: Exposure and Reclamation of a

Tradition,

40
 Ernst Schurer, German Drama in Exile: A Survey,

Hanno Hardt, Journalism in Exile: an Introduction,

Henri R. Paucker, Exile and Existentialism,

Carol Paul-Merritt, The Reception of the German Writers in Exile by de

American Liberal Press 1933-1945: Changes and Trends,

John B. Fuegi, The Exiles Choice: Brecht and the Soviet Union,

Guy Stern, The Plight of the Exile: A Hidden Theme in Brechts Galileo
Galilei,

Michael Winkler, Hermann Broch in America: His Later Social and Political Thought,

Lothar Kahn, Lion Feuchtwanger: The Hazards of Exile,

Helmut Pfanner, Oskar Maria Graf: Exile in Permanence,

Herbert Lehnert, Thomas Mann, Bertolt Brecht, and the Free Germany Movement,

Erich A. Frey, Thomas Mann and his friends before the Tolan Committee (1942),

Wolfgang Freese, Robert Musil in Switzerland: Aphorism and Pragmatic Tradition,

Dieter Sevin, Theodor Plieviers Double Exile,

Hans Wagener, Erich Maria Remarque: Shadows in Paradise,

Curt Sanger, The Experience of Exile in Joseph Roths Novels,

Ehrhard Bahr, Flight and Metamorphosis: Nelly Sachs as a poet of Exile,

Susan E. Cernyak, Anna Seghers: Between Judaism and Communism,

Robert Kauf, Ernst Waldinger: Between the Danube and the Hudson,

Lore B. Foltin, Franz Werfels Image of America,

Donald Prater, Stefan Zweig,

Sidney Rosenfeld, German Exile Literature after 1945: The Younger Generation,

U.S. Department of Energy, 40th Anniversary. The First Reactor, Washington D.C., 1982.

1983

Fiftieth anniversary of the Nazi seizure of power in 1933.

Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, "Goodbye to Berlin," a book review of "Exiled in Paradise," by

Anthony Heilbut, New York: Viking, 1983; vol. 236, (June 25, 1983) The Nation, pg. 805-
807.

As it is well known, Elisabeth Young-Bruehl is Hannah Arendt's biographer, and his work
was published in 1982, the year before this review was written.

She highlights Heilbut's method of organicing his presentation of the intellectual exiles

41
from Europe and designs a scale which on one end it has what she calls the Omnium-
gatherum [a miscellaneous collection of things or persons] sort of classifying histories,
and on the other it has what she calls the unfolding-of-the-Universal-Something approach.
In between she placed many and diverse forms of classifying histories. Within them she
locates Heilbut's multilayered classifying history. Thus, she said that Heilbut
classifies the emigres by their professions, their politics, their responses to exile and
assimilation, their successes and failure, their adorations and criticisms of American
life, the shapes of their individual biographies. Then she indicates that the book has a
general trajectory that brings the emigres to America, settles them in relative
appreaciation of their new home and then presents their disenchantment with it, but the
best chapters focus on a single figure.

Young-Bruehl is unhappy with Heilbut's classifying decisions, specially his treatment of

the emigres as though they were all Berliners without consideration for regional, or
national differences. He also notes the "Berlinish Emigre Hollywood" without constrasting
to "the more varied community in New York City". She also dislikes the decisions to omit
the theologian Tillich and the philosophical questions that besetted Husserl, Heidegger
and Jaspers or the extended shadow of Hegel. She specifically cites the lack of analysis
and treatment of "cultural relativism" which was de work of Boas and some of his emigres
colleagues at Columbia. She also finds that the historical context of Weimar and WWI is
insufficiently sketched, it specially ignores the weighty contribution of Paul Fussell
which, it seems, taught Young-Bruehl a lot. She adds that the lack of social analysis is
particularly frustrating and that he does not discuss emigre women. In summary, because
of Heilbut's study's lack of a framework, it will not much advance theoretical
considerations of the lives and workds of the emigres. The emigration brought to America
a group of unsurpassed memory-keepers, and Heilbut did good with their memories, "he has
done well by the generation too young to have been their students. This is a scrapbook of
Kulturkritik largely from the political left, written with American-German ... passion
for reform; it is a veritable cornucopia of antidotes to complacency and to
neoconservatism."

Donald Carroll, "Escape from Vichy", American Heritage, 1983, pg. 82.

Helmut Pfanner, Exile in New York, Wayne State UP, 1983 (reviewed by Guy Stern, Exile on
the Hudson, Simon Wisenthal Center, 1997)

Helmut R. Wagner, Alfred Schutz, An Intellectual Biography, Chicago: Univ of Chicago

Press, 1983.

Ruth Gruber, Haven. The Dramatic Story of 1000 WWII Refugees and How they Came to
America, NY: Coward-McCann, 1983 (2000 ed. By Crown).

Yale University, Weill Conference, 1983.

Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise, Beacon Press, 1983 (See comment by Giovachini, The
Land of Milk and Honey)

George L. Mosse, (Henry Pachter and Weimar:, Salmagundi, 60 (Spring-Summer 1983): 170-
175.

Ronald Hayman, Brecht. A Biography, NY: Oxford U.P., 1983

John Russell Taylor, Strangers in Paradise, N.Y.: Holt, 1983

Robert Hughes, What Alfred Barr saw in Modernism, Esquire, Dec. 83, pg. 402.

Elizabeth Hardwick, "The Emigre", Esquire, Dec. 83, pag. 607.

This article by an American writer is celebratory, inclusive, and in the best great-man
theory style. The refugee world was a battlefield. This elite was unlike any other. She

42
includes within the elite the Russians Nabokov, Stravinsky, and Balanchine; and also the
Polish Isaac B. Singer.

Tom Buckley, Philip Johnson: The Man in the Glass House, Esquire, Dec. 1983, pg. 270.

Paul K. Hoch, The Reception of Central European Refugee Physicists of the 1930s:
U.S.S.R., U.K., U.S.A., Annals of Science, 40 (1983), 217-246.

Russell Jacoby, The Repression of Psychoanalysis. Otto Fenichel and the Political
Freudians, Chicago: U. of Chicago, 1983.

Jarrell C. Jackman & Carla M. Borden, ed., The Muses Flee Hitler. Cultural Transfer and
Adaptation, 1930-1945, Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983

Reviewed by Uwe K. Faulhaber, Intellectual Migration, Simon Wisenthal Center, 1997.

Jarrell C. Jackman, Introduction, 15

Alan Beyerchen, Anti-Intellectualism and the Cultural Decapitation of Germany under

the Nazis, 29

Herbert A. Strauss, The Movement of People in a Time of Crisis, 45

Roger Daniels, American Refugee Policy in Historical Perspective, 61

Cynthia Jafee McCabe, Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America. Varian Fry and the
Emergency Rescue Committee, 79

Jarrell C. Jackman, German Emigres in Southern California, 95

H. Stuart Hughes, Social Theory in a New Context, 111

Alfred Kazin, The European Writers in Exile, 12

Christian F. Otto, American Skyscrapers and Weimar Modern: Transactions between

Fact and Idea, 151

Gerald Holton, The Migration of Physicists to the United States, 169

P. Thomas Carroll, Immigrants in American Chemistry, 189

Nathan Reingold, Refugee Mathematicians in the United States, 1933-1941: Reception

and Reaction, 205

Helmut F. Pfanner, The Role of Switzerland for the Refugees, 235

Bernard Wasserstein, Intellectual Emigres in Britain, 1933-1939, 249

Irving Abella and Harold Troper, Canada and the Refugee Intellectual, 1933-1939,
257

Paula Jean Draper, Muses behind Barbed Wire: Canada and the Interned Refugees, 271

Renata Berg-Pan, Shanghai Chronicle: Nazi Refugees in China, 283

Judith Laikin Elkin, The Reception of the Muses in the Circum-Caribbean, 291

Ronald C. Newton, Das andere Deutschland: The Anti-Fascist Exile Network in South
America, 303

43
David A. Hollinger, An Intellectual Migration, [Book Review of Jarrell C. Jackman and
Carla M. Borden, eds., The Muses Flee Hitler, Washington D.C. 1983] Science, vol. 220,
06/24/1983, pgs. 1370-71.

Hollinger emphasizes that 15 years after Bailyns 1968 book there is no overall analysis
of the migr intellectuals which is a major subject in intellectual and cultural
history. Instead, there are studies of specific subjects of this migration. Interesting
observations on Kazins obiter dicta about Mann and Arendt. Did the American
intellectuals and the migr intellectuals shared a system of values? According to the
reviewer, Strauss perceived a new internationalism as yet inadequately conceptualized
and explored which Hollinger traduced in a cosmopolitanism of the intelligentsia of the
1930s, 1940s, and 1950s that we must turn to if we are to consolidate and deepen
scholarship on the intellectual migration. Cosmopolitanism against provincialism (see,
Hollingers In the American Province).

C. Zoe Smith, "Emigre Photography in America: Contributions of German Photojournalism

from Black Star Picture Agency to 'Life' Magazine, 1933-1938." Diss. at the Univ. of
Iowa, 1983, DAI-A 45/01.

Society of Exile Studies (founded) Directed by John Spalek, with its own journal
Exilforschung: Ein Internationales Jahrbuch.

Serge Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism.
Freedom and the Cold War, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1983.

1984

The Gesellschaft fur Exilforschung e.V. (GFE) was founded in April 1984. Its objectives
are to carry out research from an interdisciplinary point of view as well as from the
perspective of gender studies- on the complex issues arising from the forced emigration
from the German-speaking countries of Central Europe after January 1933. The GFE aims to
convey the achievements of the exiles in the fields of the sciences and humanities, in
culture, the arts, and politics, and to promote the dialogue between the people directly
affected, succeeding generations, those with an interest in exile studies, and academic
researchers. More recently, the GFE has turned its focus of attention to the exile of
inhabitants of countries occupied by the Nazis and to the issue of the present-day
movements of migrants and asylum seekers. Means of communication are the annual meetings,
held in the spring and the autumn respectively, of the GfE and its special study group
Frauen im Exil (Women in Exile), its publications Exilforschung Ein internationales
Jahrbuch and Frauen und Exil, as well as its Neuer Nachrichtenbrief, which appears twice
yearly and which from its issue no. 33 (June/July 2009) onwards will only be available
for downloading at www.exilforschung.de. Sr. Ursula Langkau-Alex

Lewis Coser, Refugee Scholars in America, New Haven, 1984

It analyzes the contributions to American scholarship and culture made by the European
refugees. During the New Deal the Americans were more receptive listeners that during
other periods. Vastness of the enterprise (writing about this enormous subject). Excluded
young refugees who pursued their higher education in America: Peter Gay, Peter Blau,
Reinhard Bendix. Success and acculturation. Deprovincialization of the American mind.
Salutory disturbers of American intellectual peace. Two categories of exiles: (1)
temporary refugees, and (2) immigrants. The Neumann's types (3 types). Those who wished
to make America their home became acculturated; their sons and daughters become fully
assimilated (1st and 2nd generation).

Martin Jay, "Adorno in America," New German Critique (Winter 84) vol. 31.

Bessie Zaban Jones, "To the Rescue of the Learned: The Asylum Fellowship Plan at Harvard,
44
1938-1940, Harvard Library Bulletin, 1984, 32 (3): 204-238.

Marion Berghahn, German-Jewish Refugees in England. The Ambiguities of Assimilation, New

York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.

Gerald Holton, The Migration of Physicists to the United States, Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists, April 1984, pgs. 18-24.

C. Zoe Smith, "The History of Black Star Picture Agency: 'Life's' European Connection,"
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and
Mass Communication (65th, Gainesville, FL, Aug 5-8, 1984, Eric # ED244286.

Michael Groth, The Road to New York: The Emigration of Berlin Journalists, 1933-1945
(Germany, Unites States, University of Iowa, 1983, AAT8407746, DAI-A 44/12, Jun 1984.

Michael M. Sokal, The Gestalt Psychologists in Behaviorist America, 89 A.H.R. (Dec.

1984): 1240-1263.

Malcolm S. Cole and Barbara M. Barclay, Armseelchen: the life and music of Eric Zeisl,
Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1984.

Laurence Veysey, Exiled in Paradise: Refugees Dilemmas in Encountering the America of

the 1940s, Change, March 1984, pgs. 51-53 [This is a review of Heilbuts Exiled in
Paradise].

1985

Since de mid 1980s Europe and America have witnessed an unprecedented memory
boom.(Bartov, Grossmann, Nolan, 2002).

Jamie Sayen, Einstein in America. The Scientist's Conscience in the Age of Hitler and
Hiroshima, New York: Crown, 1985.

Hans-Bernhard Moeller, "German Hollywood Presence and Parnassus: Central European Exiles
and American Filmmaking," Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, vol. 39, No.
2 (1985): 123-136.

Roger H. Stuewer, "Bringing the News of Fission to America," Physics Today, October 1985,
pg. 49-56.

Guy Stern, Writers in Extremis. Common Patters of Thwarted Exile, lecture delivered on 4-
28-85 at the Jewish Museum, N.Y. as part of the Symposium "Artists and Intellectuals in
Nazi-Occupied Europe," organized in conjunction with the exhibition "Art and Exile" Feliz
Nussbaum 1904-1944."

Helmut F. Pfanner, "Trapped in France: A Case Study of Five German Jewish Intellectuals"
(lecture at the Jewish Museum, NY: 4-28-85) Simon Wisenthal Center, Annual 3 (Internet).

Paul K. Hoch, "No Utopia Refugee Scholars in Britain (Immigration into Britain), History
Today, Noviembre 1985, pgs. 53-56.

Frank Trommler & Joseph McVeigh, editors, America and the Germans. An Assessment of a
Three-Hundred-Year History, vol. 2: The Relationship in the Twentieth Century,
Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.

Part V: Immigration after 1933

Herbert A. Strauss, "Transplanted and Transformed: German-Jewish Immigrants Since

1933," pg. 245.

45
 Strauss distinguishes among the intellectual migration university professors and
lecturers; the political migration exiles, left-oriented intelligentsia; the
Exilliteratur german writers; Kunstexil artists; and a younger group of students (who
eventually will become professionals or artists).

Anthony Heilbut, 'Cassandras with a German Accent," pg. 265.

Paul Breines, "Neither State nor Synagogue: The Left-Wing German-Jewish migr
Intellectual as Representative Jew," pg. 273.

Andrew Arato, "Critical Theory in the United States: Reflections on Four Decades of
Reception," pg. 279.

John M. Spalek, "Research on the Intellectual Migration to the United States after
1933: Still in need of an Assessment," pg. 287.

Part VI: A Special View

Peter Gay, "Freud's America," pg. 303.

C. Zoe Smith, "Fritz Goro on Tape: An Emigre Photojournalist's Professional Biography,"

Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and
Mass Communication (68th, Memphis, TN, Aug 3-6, 1985, Eric # ED258230.

Gerald D. Nash, The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War,
Bloomington: Indiana Univ. P., 1985.
Chapter 10, pages 186-198.

Lionel B. Steiman, Franz Werfel The Faith of an Exile From Prague to Beverly Hills,
Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1985.

Theodor W. Adorno, On the Question: What is German?, New German Critique, No. 36,
Special Issue on Heimat (Autumn, 1985): 121-131.

1986

Wilfred M. McClay, "Weimar in America," The American Scholar, 55 (Winter 1985-1986): 119-
128.

John Houseman, Entertainers and the Entertained. Essays on theater, film and television,
NY: Simon & Schuster, 1986.

Mary Gluck, "Toward a Historical Definition of Modernism: Georg Lukacs and the Avant-
Garde," The Journal of Modern History, vol. 58, No. 4 (Dec. 1986): 845-882

Peter M. Rutkoff, New School, A History, Free Press, 1986.

Herbert A. Strauss, ed., Jewish Immigrants of the Nazi Period in the USA, Volume 5,
Interviews. The Individual and Collective Experience of German-Jewish Immigrants 1933-
1984. An Oral History Record. Compiled by Dennis Rohrbaugh, New York, N.Y.: K.G. Saur,
1986

Reinhard Bendix, From Berlin to Berkeley. German-Jewish Identities, New Brunswick, N.J.:
Transaction Publishers, 1986.

Problem of Jewish assimilation to German identity; and also assimilation to the American
environment.

46
Bruce M. Broerman, The German Historical Novel in Exile after 1933. Calliope contra Clio,
University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1986.

Martin Jay, Permanent Exiles. Essays on the Intellectual Migration from Germany to
America, New York: Columbia UP, 1986.

Symposium on The University in Exile, (New School: A History of The New School for Social
Research,( review authors: Arthur J. Vidich, Robert Jackall, Hans Speier, and Reinhard
Bendix; Contemporary Sociology, vol.16, No. 3 (May 1987): 274-280.

Bendix (1916-1991) says that there was a clear distinction between the older and
the younger generations of German-Jewish exiles from Nazi Germany; that the older
generation who found in the New School institutional support for carrying out their
previous professional identities in exile, emigrated without fully immigrating (no
assimilation). He includes Adolph Lowe and Hannah Arendt within the older generation.

Roger L. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: the growth of American Research

Universities, N.Y.:
Oxford University Press, 1986. (The Intellectual Migration, pg. 240).

Bernard M. Rosenthal, The Gentle Invasion: Continental migr Booksellers of the Thirties
and Forties and their Impact on the Antiquarian Book Trade in the United States,
Conference given by Bernard M. Rosenthal at the Columbia University, School of Library
Science, Rate Book School, 1986.

1987

Daniel Joseph Singal, "Towards a Definition of American Modernism," American Quarterly,

39, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 7-26

German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C. is established, 1987

Grace Farrell Lee, From Exile to Redemption. The Fiction of Isaac Bashevis Singer,
Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois UP, 1987

Herbert A. Strauss, ed., Jewish Immigrants of the Nazi Period in the USA, Volume 6,
Essays on the History, Persecution, and Emigration of German Jews von Herbert A. Strauss,
New York, N.Y.: K.G. Saur, 1987

The titles for the different sections are: (I) Jewish Roots in German History; (II)
Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution; (III) The City on the Hill: New Deal America; (IV)
The Intellectual Migration; and (V) The Immigrant Looks Back.

Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 1987

It contains a sort of American intellectual history covering the twentieth century. Part
Two of the book is entitled (The German Connection) and it refers to the popularization
of German philosophy in the United States from the 1940s on making reference to the
reception of the German refugees contributions.

Ruth K. Westheimer with Ben Yagoda, All in a Lifetime. An Autobiography by Dr. Ruth K.
Westheimer, N.Y.: Warner Books, 1987.

Daniel Bell, "Modernism Mummified," American Quarterly, 39, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 122-132

"A modernist culture began to appear in the United States after World War II with the
47
collapse of the small-town Protestant hold on American life, the distinctive imprint of
urbanism as the focus of economic activities, and the flood of French-European
surrealists (Breton, Masson, Ernst) who influenced the new art of a Gorky or Pollock; the
Russian migrs such as Stravinsky or Balanchine, who shaped developments in music and
dance; the large number from Central Europe such as Erwin Panofsky and Roman Jakobson,
who influenced art history and linguistics, and the many German refugees who brought in
continental sociology and philosophy (as well as physics and other sciences). The
complete story of all those myriad influences remains to be told." (125)

Wilfred Mark McClay, A Haunted Legacy: The German Refugee Intellectuals and American
Social Thought, 1932-1969,( DAI 1987, 47 (12): 4495-A, DA8707282.

(24) "[it is needed] a dispassionate appraisal of the intellectual migration, written

from an explicitly American vantage point (a book that would stride to offer and even-
handed examination of the German refugee influence, not a celebration of it. But such a
book has not been written." (28) Taken collectively, the many studies of the refugee
intellectuals all have one major failing "they are written primarily from the point of
view of the refugees themselves, and more broadly, from the vantage point of European
intellectual history " every serious treatment of the subject has been written by the
refugee themselves, or by their friends, relations, or students "very people leas able or
likely to provide a disinterested assessment"(perspective of the participants). (30) The
earlier studies tend to focus upon the personal vicissitudes of the refugee themselves.
Post WWII immigration historiography was dominated by Handlin's outlook ("The Uprooted").
The earliest writers fell into the same pattern as Handlin and Hansen. First Wave: Davie
and Kent studies were concern with the personal and sociological dimensions fo the
migration "contribution to the field of sociology, psychology, or immigration history,
but not of American Intellectual or Cultural History). From the 1950s to the late 1960s
no major synoptic work (Interlude). When they began to disappear from the scene there was
a resurgence of interest. Second Wave: during the 1970s they were treated less as
refugees and more as intellectuals. The studies of Fermi, Fleming, Boyers, Jay, and
Hughes represented a considerable advance over Kent and Davies. Third Wave: during the
1980s and up to 1986, the studies of Heilbut, Jackman, Coser, and Young-Bruehl
highlighted the great cultural transfer brough up by the refugees, however the portrait
is celebratory and not critical.

Peter S. Jungk, Franz Werfel. A Life in Prague, Vienna, and Hollywood, NY: Weidnfeld,
1987.

Suzannah Lessard, "Profiles (Eva Zeisel, 1906-_____) The Present Moment," The New Yorker,
04/13/1987, pg. 36

Fritz Stern, Dreams & Delusions, New Haven (1999), 1987

Irving Louis Horowitz, "Between the Charybdis of Capitalism and he Scylla of Communism:
The Emigration of German Social Scientists, 1933-1945," 11 Social Science History No. 2
(Summer 1987), 113-138.

Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile, U. of Mass. P. (1993), 1987

Krohn focused his study in the economists of the New School. Arthur J. Vidich in the
Foreword at page xi says that the work on totalitarianism and democracy made by the
German (reform( economists before the war entered the mainstream of american academic
thought through the publications of Hannah Arendt, not a member of the faculty until the
1960s but a collator and synthesizer of the work of the original generation. It is
through her work that the German idea of a historically and philosophically informed
approach to social research has reappeared in American academe, offering an alternative
to quantitatively systematized American sociology. He emphasized that Alvin Johnson was
the key figure in recruiting the entire intellectual community of 184 migr scholars.
Vidich says that, now, in the aftermath of the collapse of European communism, the time
may be ripe to reread the Graduate Faculty(s reform economists. Vidich also indicates in

48
note 2 that the occupation of Germany by the Allied forces under the leadership of the
U.S. provided the Americans with an opportunity to reshape the German social scientific
tradition along American lines. Survey research as developed by Paul Lazarsfeld, another
migr scholar, structural functionalism as elaborated by Talcott Parsons, and American
pragmatism as represented by the carriers of the work of James Dewey, and Mead were
thought by many of the next generation of German social scientists to be a part of their
own legacy. The youthful generation of migrs such as Lewis Coser (1913) and Herbert
Gans (1927) tended with few exceptions to cut themselves off from their German origins
and sought to Americanize themselves. Apart from a few young migrs such as Werner Marx,
Peter Berger, Brigitte Berger, Beate Salz, and Thomas Luckmann who, by studying at the
Graduate Faculty immediately after the war, were exposed to the older tradition of
thought, the new generation of German students confronted a fractured intellectual
culture. For them, studying American sources was difficult to resist. Vidich remarks
strongly once and again the difference between the older and the younger generations.
This book was published in 1987 in Germany and in 1993 in America. Krohn says in the
introduction that knowledge about the IM is still relatively limited not only in America
but also in Germany. In America, he characterized historiographic research as limited by
the old-melting pot theory which focus exclusively on the immigrant(s assimilation to the
standards of American society. This paradigm does not fit the IM composed of educated
upper-middle class with defined world views [basically Krohn implies that assimilation
works for the poor lower class masses but not for the IM]. The discipline was prepared in
its quantitative and behaviorist forum to assess amorphous millions rather than
individuals. In the early 1950s were voiced the first isolated criticisms. The first
studies after WWII were in that tradition (Davie and Kent). It was the traditional
approach. In the 1960s, during the renaissance of intellectual history the approach began
to change. Background of a crisis in public consciousness brought about by the Vietnam
War (analyze ideas, values, and politics of American society). This shift in perspective
changed the theoretical premises of immigration history. The American Civil rights
movement played a part. Old concepts of assimilation, adaptation and adjustment gave way
to the new acculturation (dynamic process of mutual enrichment and transformation).
Reassessment of immigration history for the period 1933-1945. Increased interest in the
details of the intellectual transfer. Wetzel(s early study confessed tha the lacked the
knowledge of the European background [Wetzel study came up in 1964, it was a pioneer and
important study. Wetzel does not confess what Krohn syas he does.] Krohn says that then
came publications by the exiles themselves or by members of their families. They were the
ones who (unveiled the secret( (Stuart Hughes). Thus, the collections of autobiographical
writings became the typical form of publication about the immigration history of the
intellectual migration. Then, he mentions Laura Fermi(s study and says the it was a
rather general survey because one individual can hardly command knowledge of the entire
spectrum fo scholarship [this is exactly what Wetzel said about his own study weakness].
Then came Cose and Heilbut (refugee and a refugee(s son) which were excellent books. The
conventional American scholarship was inadequate and rigid. In the Federal Republic of
Germany, the situation was different, because there was a collective loss of memory
(forgetting about the atrocities and the migrs). Anti-communism of the Adenauer era.
The migrs were mainly leftists and traitors to the fatherland because they had cowardly
escaped. In the GDR, the exile was regarded as another aspect of antifascism. New
generations at the universities and and desire to revitalized cultural tradition, for
instance, (the other Germany(. At first focused on exile literature and political groups.
Interest for scholars came later. Early writings of the Frankfurt Institute made only a
partial contribution. In 1980 begun the publication fo the International Biographical
Dictionary of Central European Emigres, 1933-1945.

Joseph Horowitz, Understanding Toscanini. A Social History of American Concert Life,

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

1988

Paul Hofmann, The Viennese. Splendor, Twilight and Exile, NY: Doubleday, 1988

49
Felix Gilbert, A European Past. Memoirs 1905-1945, NY: Norton, 1988.

Karen J. Greenberg, The Mentor Within: The German Refugee Scholars of the Nazi period and
their American Context, Yale University, 1987 Dissertation.

John Patrick Diggins, The Proud Decades. America in War & in Peace. 1941-1960, NY:
Norton, 1988 [Ch. 7: High Culture: the life of the mind in a Placid Age. The Refugee
Intellectual and the Issue of Modernism, pag. 220/231.

Edward Timms & Naomi Segal, ed., Freud in Exile, New Haven: Yale UP, 1988

Uwe Henrik Peters, (The Psychoanalytic Exodus. Romantic Antecedents, and the Loss
to German Intellectual Life,( pg. 54

Ernest Federn, (Psychoanalysis ( The Fare of a Science in Exile,( pg. 156

Frederick Wyatt, (The Severance of Psychoanalysis from Its Cultural Matrix,( pag.
145

Martin Stanton, (Whilhelm Stekel: A Refugee Analyst and His English Reception,( pg.
163.

C. Zoe Smith, "Germany's Kurt Korff: An Emigre's Influence on Early Life," Journalism
Quarterly, 1988, 65 (2): 412-419.

Lynda J. King, Best-Sellers by Design. Vicki Baum and the House of Ullstein, Detroit:
Wayne State UP, 1988.

John G. Gunnell, American Political Science, Liberalism, and the Invention of Political
Theory, American Political Science Review, 82 (1988): 71-87. [see also, James Farr and
Raymond Seidelman, ed., Discipline and History: Political Science in the United States,
University of Michigan Press, 1993.

Joachim von Elbe, Witness to History. A Refugee from Third Reich Remembers, Madison,
Wisconsin: The Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 1988.

[This is the autobiography of a German refugee born in 1902 who was a lawyer and
had a younger brother living in the U.S. (Pittsburgh) since 1930. Von Elbe sailed to the
U.S. in November 1934 (Hamburg-Amerika line) from Bremenhaven to New York. He had as
fellow traveler on board Arnold Brecht (Brecht says in his autobiography that he traveled
to New York in 1933 not in 1934). Von Elbe studied law at Yale from 1936 to 1938 and
graduated. He served in the American Armed Forces during the war.

50