You

made the right decision!

Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
Leonardo da Vinci
 Table of Contents
General Symbols and Notations .......................................................................................................................... 4
Axioms ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Algebra ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Arithmetic ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Check Point 1 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Exponents ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Check Point 2 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Radicals .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Check Point 3 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Complex Numbers .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Adding and Subtracting Fractions ................................................................................................................................ 11
Check Point 4 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Logarithmic ....................................................................................................................................................................... 121
*Example 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 143
*Example 2 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Note: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
*Check Point 5 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
*Factoring .............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
*Example 1: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
*Example 2: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Check Point 6 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Complete The Square ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
Example 1: Solving for x (Formula 1) .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Example 2: Solving for x (Formula 2) .......................................................................................................................................... 18
Example 3: (Real Application) ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
Check Point 7 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Other Valuable Information ............................................................................................................................... 19
Composition ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Example 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Example 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
*Example 3 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Check Point 8 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Distance Formula ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Example .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 221
Midpoint Formula ........................................................................................................................................................... 221
Example .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Quadratic Formula ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Proof ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Example 1: Two real solutions ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
Example 2: Repeated solutions ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Example 3: Two complex solutions ............................................................................................................................................ 243
Graphing a Line ................................................................................................................................................................ 243
Example .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 243
Point Slope Form ................................................................................................................................................................................ 254
Slope Intercept Form ........................................................................................................................................................................ 254
*Domain Restrictions ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
Polynomial ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Fraction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Radical, if n is even ............................................................................................................................................................................. 265
Radical, if n is odd ................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Fraction with Radical in denominator ........................................................................................................................................ 26
Natural Log .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Exponential ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 26

2
 *Example .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
*Check Point 9 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Inverse Functions ............................................................................................................................................................... 27
Example .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Asymptotes, Holes and Graphs ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Hole in a Graph ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
General Case for Vertical Asymptotes ......................................................................................................................................... 30
The Oblique or Slant Asymptote .................................................................................................................................................... 31
The Three General Cases for Horizontal Asymptotes ........................................................................................................... 31
Case 1: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Case 2: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Case 3: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Example 1: at y = 0 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Example 2: No HA Asymptote ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Example 3: HA at y = a/b ................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Basic Graphs ......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Inverse of a Function ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Trigonometry .......................................................................................................................................................... 34
*Note: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Radian and Degree Conversion ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
Basic Graphs ......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Using Pythagoreans Theorem ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Reciprocal Identities ........................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Pythagorean Identities ....................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Even and Odd Functions .................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Example .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Double Angle Formulas ...................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Half Angle Formulas ............................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Sum and Difference Formulas ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Product to Sum Formulas ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Sum to Product Formulas ................................................................................................................................................................. 43
*Check Point 10 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
*Solving For an Unknown ............................................................................................................................................. 432
Example 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Example 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 44
*Check Point 11 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Simplifying Trig Operations ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Example .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Hyperbolic Functions ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Notation ................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Graphs .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Identities ............................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Are you ready to start Calculus? ....................................................................................................................... 48
Practice Problems .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Simplify or Rewrite as Cartesian ................................................................................................................................................... 48
Simplify or Expand ............................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Solve for x ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Find the domain .................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Typing Math ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
Quick References ................................................................................................................................................... 51
Basic Graphs ......................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Arithmetic ............................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Exponential ........................................................................................................................................................................... 54

3
 Radicals .................................................................................................................................................................................. 54
Fractions ................................................................................................................................................................................ 54
Logarithmic .......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Other Formulas/Equations ............................................................................................................................................. 54
Areas .................................................................................................................................................................................... 564
Surface Areas ....................................................................................................................................................................... 56
Volumes ................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Domain Restrictions .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Right Triangle ...................................................................................................................................................................... 56
Reciprocal Identities ........................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Double Angle Formulas .................................................................................................................................................... 57
Half Angle Formulas ............................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Sum and Difference Formulas ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
Product to Sum Formulas ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Sum to Product Formulas ................................................................................................................................................................. 58

General Symbols and Notations

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= Equal 0 = 0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

,

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

< < 0 <
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4

> > 0 >
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

23 = 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 3 = 2 3 = 6

It would be wise not to use * for multiplication going forward as it has different meanings in more advanced math courses.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 3 = 6
Best Practice:
Try to use only parentheses when performing multiplication as ,, may be confused with the incorrect symbol or meaning.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 3 = 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 3 = 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 3 !!! 3 2
= 6 ! 1 = 6
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

=
= =
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

. .
= !
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

!

! = ! + ! + !
!!!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



= = 45
4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= ! +
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5

= ! +
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

, & , = ! +
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

,
<
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ( )
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ( )
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

=0 =
=
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= 0, =
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

, ,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

, ,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

, / 0,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

, / , 0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

, 1,3,5,7
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

, 0 0,
= {| < 0, > 0}
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1,2,3 3,4,5 = 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! , !! ! , = ! ,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6

(, )

Axioms

Substitution Principle If = , then can be substituted for

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Commutative Addition + = +

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Commutative Multiplication =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Associativity Addition + + = + +

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Associativity Multiplication =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reflexive =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Symmetric If = then =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Transitive If = and = then =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Distribution Property + = + and + = +

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cancellation Property =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Identity Addition + 0 = and 0 + =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Additive Inverse + = 0 and + = 0

7
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Identity Multiplication 1 = and 1 =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Multiplicative Property Zero 0 = 0 and 0 = 0

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Multiplicative Property for -1 1 = and 1 =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Multiplicative Inverse !! = 1 and !! = 1

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Zero Property If = 0 then = 0 or = 0

Algebra
Arithmetic


= = 10 6 = 2 5 2 3 = 2 5 3 = 5 3 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 1
= 2 = 2 = 1 1 = 1 = 1
3 3 2 3 23 6
1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 3 1423 46
= = =
2 4 24 8
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 2 (1 + 2) 2 1
= = =
3 4 (3 + 4) 4 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

+ 12 16 12 16
= + , 0 = =34
4 4 4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16 4 4 4
= = =4
5 5 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8

2
2 2 4 8
= = = 1 = =
1 3 3 1 3 3
4 4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12 16 12 16
= =
5 5 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1
= = 2 = 1 4 = 4 = 2
3 2 3 6 3
4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= 0 = 2 = 0 = 2

Check Point 1

Prove the following

5
3 4 5 5 41 3 25
+ = 345+ 6 = + 6 =
4 3 4 6 5 6 3 9
5

Exponents


! = 2 = 2!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ! !!!
2! 2
=1 2 =2 = ! = = 1
2 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 1 1
!! = ! 2!! = ! =
2 4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 1
!!
= ! = 2! = 4
2!!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ! = !!! 2! 2! = 2!!! = 2!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9
 ! !!!
2!
= = 2!!! = 2! = 2
! 2!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ! 2 ! 2! 4
= ! = ! =
3 3 9
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

!! !! ! 1 !! 1!! 2!
= !! = ! = !! = = 4
2 2 1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! = ! = ! 2! ! = 2! = 2!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ! = !" = !" = ! ! 2! ! = 2!! = 2 !! = 2! !

Check Point 2

Prove the following

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !
= = =
!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!


Radicals


! ! ! ! !
!
= = ! = ! 4 = 4 = 4! = 4! = 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

!
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! !" !
!
= = !" 64 = 64 = 64 ! = 64! = 64
! !
= 2! ! = 2! = 2! = 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ! ! !
! = , 27 = 3! = 3! = 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ! !
! = , 2 != 2 ! = 2 = 2 = 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! = ! 64 = 8! = 8! = 8! = 2! = 2! = 4

10
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! 8 8 2! ! 2! ! 2! !
= = ! = = = ! = ! =
!
64 !
64 4 2! !
! 4! !
! !
2! ! 1 ! 1
= ! = ! =
2 2 2

Check Point 3

Prove the following

! !" !"
!! ! ! ! ! ! !
! !! = !" !"
!" = = !
! !

! !


Complex Numbers


=

Complex numbers are rarely used in undergraduate Calculus as Calculus generally works with real
numbers. Remember: if you have the following occur that it is probably not of any use.

= , > ! = 4 = 4 = 2


Adding and Subtracting Fractions


1 3 1 3
= + = (1) + (1)
2 4 2 4
1 4 2 3 1 4 + (2)(3) 10 5
= + = =
2 4 2 4 2 4 8 4

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! + 1 ! ! + 1 2 !
= =
2 2
! !
2 + 2
=
2

Check Point 4

Use the previous two formulas to show that the equations are true:

11
 1 4
! ! ! ! + 2 2 1 3 5 89 2 5 4123
+ = + + =
+ ! 1 1 ! 2 + 1 2 2 4 12 6 + 8 564
5 9

Logarithmic

Log Base Notation

Note:
log = log!" log = ln = log !

log x is the general notation for ln x but in some books or calculators log x = log!" x and vice-
versa. Notation is not always universal.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln ln 3
= log ! = log ! 3
ln ln 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= log ! = ! 2 = log ! 25 25 = 5!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 1 1 1
= 2.718281828 = + + + +
0! 1! 2! 3!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln 5
log ! = 1 log ! 5 = = 1
ln 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln 1 0
log ! 1 = 0 log ! 1 = = = 0
ln 5 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln 4
log ! ! = log ! 4! = 5 log ! 4 = 5 = 5
ln 4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln 5 ln 5
log ! = ln log ! 5 = = = ln 5
ln 1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

log ! ! = log ! log ! 27 = log ! 3! = 3 log ! 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

log ! = log ! + log ! log ! 24 = log ! 3 8 = log ! 3 + log ! 8
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12
 8
log ! = log ! log ! log ! = log ! 8 log ! 3
3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Log Natural Notation

*It is unlikely that the notation involving log will be used throughout the course; you may see it in
the beginning of the course, as a review of some sort but that should be about all youll see. The ln
notation will be the standard as it is easier to manipulate.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln ln 3
log ! = log ! 3 =
ln ln 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= ln = ! 5 = ln 3 3 = !
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= ! = ln 3 = ! 5 = ln 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

!
1 1 1 1 1 1
= = + + + +
! 0! 1! 2! 3! !
!!!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln = undefined, 0 ln 5 =
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln 1 = 0 x!"#$ intercept at 1,0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln ! = !" ! = ln ! = ln = 1 =
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln ! = 1 !" ! = 1 ln = ln ! = 1 ln = 1 1 = 1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! 1
ln ! = ln ln = ln ! = ln
2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ln = ln + ln ln 15 = ln 3 5 = ln 3 + ln 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! !"
ln ! = ln ln ln 5 = ln !
= ln 15 ln 3

13

*Example 1

Solve for y


ln() = ln + ln[5( ! )]


Expand

ln + ln = ln ln + ln 5 + ln

Collect like terms

ln + ln ln = ln ln + ln 5

2 ln ln = ln 5

Factor

ln 2 = ln 5

Divide

ln 5
ln =
2

Use exponent and log rules

!" ! ! !
= !!! = !" ! !!! = 5!!!

!
= 5!!!

Note:

The log operations will work the same with functions

i. e.

! !
ln = ln

ln = ln + ln


ln = ln ln



*Example 2

Expand the following
14

e!" tan!
ln
! + 2 !!!!

= ln !! tan! ln ! + 2 (!!!!)

= ln !! + ln (tan! ) (8 + 2) ln( ! + 2)

= 2 + 2 ln (tan ) 8 + 2 ln ! + 2

= 2 + 2 ln tan 8 ln ! + 2 2 ln( ! + 2)

There will be a point in calculus where one is asked to take the derivative of a function of this nature, just remember to rewrite in this fashion.

Note:

In some online homework programs or classes ln ! may be considered to be equal to ln(),
however this is not correct, in general

(because)

ln = ln ln ! = ln ! = ln!
!

e. g.

ln(4) = ln(2! ) = 2 ln 2

and

ln 2 ! = ln ! = ln! (2) = ln ln

If your teacher assigns something of this nature be sure to ask what he or she would prefer, as the universal standard for notation may be
changed on a class-to-class basis per the instructors discretion.


*Check Point 5

Prove the following:

log !"# ! 1 cos ! 4
ln sin + ln sec = ln tan =
log ! ! sin log ! ! cos ln cot


*Factoring


*Factoring will be a huge part of Calculus! Make sure youre a pro before you start the course but
mainly focus on polynomials of degree 4 or less and factoring functions.

Here are some common formulas but they are not very useful unless you memorize them so you
should focus more on applying them.

15

! + ! = ! 1 + !!! = ! !!! + 1

! ! = +

! + 2 + ! = + !

! + + + = + +

! + 3 ! + 3! + ! = + !

! 3 ! + 3! ! = !

! + ! = + ! + !

! ! = ! + + !

! ! = ! !

*Example 1:

*Common mistake students make when solving for x:

!
=0 ! = = 1

The solution of = 0 was lost, thus:

! = 0 1 = 0 = 0 = 1


*Example 2:

*Notice that you should always solve by factoring in order to prevent losing a solution. In other words,
always leave everything on one side of the equation.

1 1
=0 = ! = 1 = 1


Not that the answer is incorrect but something very important was left out and that was to identify
that 0. In calculus there is something called a critical number and this critical number is often
what makes the derivative undefined. From now on, solve an equation like the previous one, in the
following fashion.

16
 1 ! 1
=0 =0 = 1 & 0


!
The reason for this is because the original question would have been asking for = !, find the

values that make = 0 and or = .

Check Point 6


Considering = 0, find the values of x that make this true for the following

! ! +
) ! = 0 ) log ! = log


! ! ! ! !""
) + =0 ) ! ! + ! !"! = 0


For all four problems, the options are No Solution or = 1.
Try to match the correct answers out of the two given. Check your answers using an online program
such as wolframalpha.com.

Complete The Square


= ! + + = ! + +

!
!
!
= + + +
2 2

!
! ! ! !
= + + + = + +
2 2 2 4!

! ! ! !
= + + = + +
2 4 2 4


Example 1: Solving for x (Formula 1)

0
! + = 0 ! + = ! + + 0 = 0


!
! ! !
! !
+ + =0 + + =
2 2 2 2

!
! !
+ = + = =
2 4! 2 4! 2 2

17

=0 or =



Solving for x (numerically)

2 ! + 5 = 0

You wouldnt need to complete the square to solve for x for this equation because you can
simply factor x i.e.

2 + 5 = 0

5
= 0 or 5 2 = 0 =
2

This gives the same result as the previous formula


Example 2: Solving for x (Formula 2)

! !
! !
0 !

+ + = 0 + + = + + +
2 2
= 0

! !
!
! ! 4
+ + = ! ! + =
2 2 2 4!

! 4 ! 4
+ = =
2 2 2 2

! 4
=
2
Solving for x (numerically)

As should be noticeable, this is in fact, the quadratic formula. See section covering the
quadratic formula for numerical examples.


Example 3: (Real Application)

Suppose you are given a problem that looks like

1
=
5 ! 3 + 4

Dont worry about what this will be used for at the moment, just take a second to recognize that
something like this can be put into this form

18
 1
=
! !

This resembles the Pythagorean theorem and it can actually be considered as referencing a right
triangle, which is why this is important for calculus. There will be examples in the calculus portion of
this book.

Let us complete the square under the radical

Extract the function and follow the formula for completing the square but keep it equal to some
function i.e.

= 5 ! 3 + 4

3 3 9 9
= 5 ! + 4 = 5 ! + + 4
5 5 100 100

3 ! 9 3 ! 9
= 5 5 +4 = 5 +4
10 100 10 20

3 ! 4 20 9 3 ! 71
= 5 + = 5 +
10 20 10 20


Now that we have completed the square we can put it back into:

1 1 1 1
= = = =
5 ! 3 + 4 3 ! 71 !
5 10 + 20 3 ! 71
5 10 + 20

Making

3 71
= 5 & =
10 20

Later on this will be put into the classic equation + ! = ! or ! + ! = ! or whatever symbols
!

you so choose.

In mathematics, is generally reserved to be a function. The reason being is it is just easier to write
instead of () multiple times.


Check Point 7


Complete the appropriate square for the following:

= 3 ! ! + 3 = 3 ! + 1

19

= ! ! + 3 + 6 ! = ln !
+ ln(! ) + ln

Hint: ! ! = !"

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answers

!
! !
1 35 1 11
= 3 ! + = + +
6 12 6 12

!
1 ! 37
= = ln + 1 !
2 4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Other Valuable Information

Composition



=


Example 1


= ! + 1 & = + 2

=

= + 2 ! + 1

= ! + 4 + 4 + 1

= ! + 4 + 5

Example 2


= sin , = !, = ln , =
2


= = ln
2 2

20
 !
= !" ! = = sin = 1
2 2
*Example 3

Given:

= ln sin !

Identify each composition i.e. find

, , , , =

From (), we can see that the functions ln , , sin , ! are in the composition, therefore:

= !

= = ! = sin !

= ( = sin ! = sin !

= = sin ! = ln sin !

*Make sure that composition is fully understood as it arises frequently throughout Calculus and dont
forget the following properties.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


The remaining three scenarios for addition, multiplication and division:


= = + 2, = 2
= +2 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= = + 2, = 2
!
= + 2 2 = 4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

!
!
= = , = = =



Check Point 8

Given

= !, = sin , = sin!! , = ln , = !

21
Show that

=


Distance Formula


Given

! , ! & ! , !

Distance Formula

, = ! ! ! + ! ! !

Example


Find the distance between 1,2 and (2,1)

, = 21 ! + 12 ! = 1 ! + 1 ! = 1 + 1 = 2


Midpoint Formula



Given

! , ! & ! , !

Midpoint Formula

! + ! ! + !
, = ,
2 2

Example

Find the midpoint between 1,2 and (2,1)

2+1 1+2 3 3
, = , = ,
2 2 2 2


Quadratic Formula


!
! 4
+ + = 0 =
2

22




! + + = 0

! !
0
! + + = ! + + + = 0
2 2

! !
! ! 4
! + + = ! !
+ =
2 2 2 4!

! 4 ! 4
+ = =
2 2 2 2

! 4
=
2

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Discriminant

i) Two real solutions if ! 4 > 0

ii) Repeated solutions if ! 4 = 0

iii) Two complex solutions ! 4 < 0

Example 1: Two real solutions


! 4 > 0, 3 ! 4 + 1 = 0

4 4 ! 4 3 1 4 16 12 4 4 4 2
= = = =
2 3 6 6 6

4+2 42 2 1
= = 1 = = =
6 6 6 3

Example 2: Repeated solutions


! 4 = 0, ! + 2 + 1 = 0

2 2 ! 4 1 1 1 4 4 1 0
= = =
2 1 2 2

1
=
2

23
Example 3: Two complex solutions


! 4 < 0, Solve: ! + 2 + 5 = 0

1 2 ! 4 1 5 1 4 20 1 16
= = =
2 1 2 2
1 1 16
=
2

1 1 16 1 4 1 4 1
= = = = 2
2 2 2 2 2

1 1
= + 2 = 2
2 2


Graphing a Line

From the form = + you can easily graph a line by identifying two points and then
connecting them.

! !
The equation will more generally appear as = ! + where = !, is the rise and
is the run ( always goes up and goes either left or right.)

The first point is ! 0,

The second point is ! (, + )

Plot these two points and connect a line through them.

Example

Using the previous method

2 2
= +3 = + 3
3 3

1 Point ! 0,3
st

2 Point ! 3, 3 + 2 = ! (3, 5)
nd

Plot these two points and connect them with an infinite line.

24



Note: When something has a zero in the subscript i.e. ! it is called initial when accompanied with an e.g. " and initial
is and ! in physics it is generally called naught i.e. ! is x naught. It is common to see ! and ! or ! and ! there are
reasons for each case but it is mostly personal preference.

Point Slope Form


! = !


= =


! !
= = = ! = !
! !

! = ( ! )

Slope Intercept Form


= +

! !
= = = = =
! !
! = !

! = ! = ! + !
= + ! !

= + ! ! , setting = ! !

= +

Note: When asked to find an equation of the tangent line use the point-slope form and then solve for to put it into the
slope-intercept form, this will be the equation of the tangent line at ! , ! .

*Domain Restrictions

*Understanding the domains of functions is very important when solving Calculus problems.

25
For the following, , , are assumed to be continuous for all real numbers.
Polynomial


= ! ! ! !!! ! !!! ! !!! No restrictions

Fraction


= 0


Radical, if n is even

!
= () 0

Radical, if n is odd

!
= No Restrictions

Fraction with Radical in denominator


=! If n is even

> 0 if n is odd 0

Natural Log

= ln > 0

Exponential


! !
() = No Restrictions

*Example

Find the domain:

! !
2 3
= + ln
! 9

First Factor (if possible.)

+ 1 3
= ! + ln
+3 3

Identify that you can eliminate 3 but also remember that 3 because it would make the
original function undefined.

26
Next, identify that 3 either because that would make the function undefined; in this case a
denominator of 0.

! is defined for all numbers so we can ignore this.

ln is only defined for values not equaling zero, remember that the domain restriction for the
logarithmic function is that the function being operated on must be greater than zero, in this case it is
always positive so only is undefined for = 0

Therefore

Interval Notation

: , 3 3,0 0,3 3,

Set Notation

: {| 3, 0}

*Check Point 9

Show that the domains are


!
+ 2 1
! = ! , : ,
! !! + ! + 1

! + 2 1
! = , : , 3 3, 3 3,
! 1 ! + 1

! = + ln , : , 0 0,


These and any previous checkpoints may seem extravagant but this is fairly basic material that is a bit
challenging. I designed the checkpoints to be similar to universities homework assignments. Calculus
is the time to overcome ones fears in math!

Take challenges head on and never get discouraged! Just keep on working at it until you get it and you
will be greatly rewarded for your efforts.

Inverse Functions

= = !! = !!

If is one-to-one it has an inverse

The domain of is the range of !!

The range of is the domain of !!

27
Example

Find the inverse of

1 1
= = +1 =1 + = 1
+1 +1

1
= 1 1 = 1 =
1

1
!! =
1


1 1
= !! =
+1 1

Notice that the graphs are symmetric about the line =

There is a lot more to inverse functions and certain situations such as bounded graphs but for a
standard calculus course, the previous example is about as difficult as it should get. If your class
requires a more in-depth understanding, visit JJtheTutor.com


Asymptotes, Holes and Graphs

An asymptote occurs where the function is getting infinitely close to a line on the graph but never
touches the line. Horizontal asymptotes may cross the line from time-to-time; it is the end behavior we
are concerned with.

There are three types of asymptotes: Horizontal, Vertical and Oblique.

Oblique asymptotes, will most likely, not be used in your calculus course but vertical and horizontal
will be used frequently in order to graph functions.

28
Hole in a Graph

A hole in a graph occurs when there is a function that can have a portion that has terms that cancel out
and the solution to that term makes the graph undefined e.g.

! 4 2 +2 0
= = =+2 2 2 =
2 2 0

This is called removable discontinuity and at 2,4 there is a hole in the graph.

Case for Calculus

Whenever I ask a student where vertical asymptotes occur, they respond, when the denominator
equals zero. As you can see that is only in certain situations, reference the hole in graph scenario or
look at this example.


= ln 1
We will save the process for calculus but the graph is approaching negative infinity as x goes to zero
i.e.

ln 1

Therefore, there is a vertical asymptote where = 1

29
General Case for Vertical Asymptotes

In general


= , : = = &


Do not rely on determining vertical asymptotes by this case. This is the general situation that you see
in Precalculus courses. A vertical asymptote occurs at the value of that the graph gets as close as
possible to but never touches i.e. where the graph is undefined and . Let us look at the general
case first and then the Calculus case.

2
= !
4


2 2 1 1
= ! = = , : 2, , : = 2
4 2 +2 +2 4

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Example

+2
= !
16


= ! 16 ! 16 = 0 = 2 : = 2 & = 2

= + 2, = ! 16 = ! 4 ! + 4 = 2 + 2 ! + 4

+2 1
= = ,
2 + 2 ! + 4 2 ! + 4
1
: = 2 & : 2,
32

30
The Oblique or Slant Asymptote

An oblique or slant asymptote is an asymptote that is represented by and equation of a line found
from doing long division.

! + ! 4 + 1
=
! 2 1

From


= = + : =


! !
+ 4 + 1 3 + 4
!
= +3 + ! , : = + 3
2 1 2 1

From this graph and the other graphs it can be seen that the graph can cross a horizontal or an
oblique asymptote but never a vertical asymptote.

The Three General Cases for Horizontal Asymptotes

Since there are so many conditions and situations for asymptotes and the methods learned in algebra are
so minimal to what is used in calculus, we will come back to this in the Crash Course section.


Case 1:


! + !!! +
= ! , > : = 0
+ !!! +

Case 2:

31
 ! + !!! +
= , < :
! + !!! +

Case 3:


a ! + !!! +
= , = : =
b ! + !!! +


Example 1: at = 0


! + + 1
= ! , : = 0, : = 2
+ ! + + 1

Example 2: No HA Asymptote


! + ! + + 1
= , , : =
! + + 1

Example 3: HA at = /

32
 3 ! + 3 1
= , : = , : =!
2 ! + 1 2 2

Basic Graphs

Since graphing is a huge part of calculus, we will not focus on techniques until we get to the Calculus
portion. The techniques in Calculus are superior and once learned, most techniques from Algebra will
be disregarded. The following basic graphs are good to memorize but you will use them so often in
Calculus that they will become instinctive.

!
= = !

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
= =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

!
= = ln

33


Inverse of a Function

Trigonometry

In trigonometry, much is learned, but to be effective in Calculus, there is only a small portion of
trigonometry that must be mastered and memorized in order to solve problems. Mainly: how to
evaluate the unit circle, right triangles, perform trigonometric substitutions and a few others. For this
portion of the book we will focus on these topics.

*Note:


1 1
cos !! = arccos , cos !! = = sec cos !!
cos cos


This is a common reason why arccos pronounced arc cosine
is used in place of cos !! (pronounced cosine inverse)


This is true for all functions and operators i.e. !! is the inverse of where !! is the
!
reciprocal of i.e. !! = !
!


Radian and Degree Conversion


180
!"#$"" = !"#$"% !"#$"% = !"#$""
180

i. e.

45 1 !
!"#$"" = 45 !"#$"% = 45 = (1!
) = 1 =
180 180 4 4

Notice that the degree cancels out just like a variable and that the absence of the degree
symbols implies radians.

34

180 180
!"#$"% = !"#$"" = = = 45 1 = 45
4 4 4
Basic Graphs

= sin = cos

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= csc = sec

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= tan = cot

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= arcsin = sin!! = arccos = cos !!

35

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
= arctan = tan!!

Using Pythagoreans Theorem

! + ! = ! = ! + !


Angle From The Horizontal Angle From The Vertical
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


cos = cos =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


tan = tan =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

36

sin = sin =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= cos = cos
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= sin = sin
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


= arctan = tan!! = arctan = tan!!

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Please note that the previous and following evaluation of a right triangle using functions is not a formal definition or a theorem it is simply a technique that
can be used for simplifying a problem and it should be known that when finding angles, the domain must be considered as well.

! ! !
+ =


Angle From The Horizontal Angle From The Vertical
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


cos = cos =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


sin = sin =

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


tan = tan

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


= arctan = arctan

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= cos = cos
37

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= sin = h x sin

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


*IMPORTANT: Make sure everything about evaluating right triangles, the unit circle and trigonometric
identities is fully understood as this will be used in detail throughout Calculus and Physics.

Trigonometric Formulas and Identities

Because there are quite a few trigonometric formulas and identities and it is quite difficult to
memorize all of them, it is extremely important to understand how to derive these formulas and
identities from known formulas and identities.

When working in calculus one will frequently replace a trigonometric statement with another
trigonometric statement. This is one of the most difficult parts of calculus for people to grasp, it is not
because it is hard, it is because students fly through trigonometry and never really understand what
they were doing and do not have enough practice with symbol recognition for replacement.

Reciprocal Identities


1 1 1
sin = csc = tan =
csc sin cot

1 1 1
csc = sec = cot =
sec cos tan

sin cos
tan = cot =
cos sin


Important: This is a good place to start getting acquainted with how to use trig-substitution, as this will appear frequently
throughout calculus.

sin 1 1
tan = = sin sin = sin sec
cos cos cos

1 1 sec
sin sec = sec sec =
csc csc csc

sec !
sec ! !
sec ! tan! + 1
tan = tan = tan = =
csc csc csc ! 1 + cot !

As seen in the previous examples, the possibilities for trig-substitution are endless. Often, in calculus,
one just has to keep trying different forms until a form that works is found.

Pythagorean Identities

38
Often students cannot remember all the identities but with sin! + cos ! = 1 and a few simple
concepts, all the identities can easily be found.

Derivationsin! + cos ! = 1:

= cos , = sin , ! + ! = !

+ = cos + sin ! = ! cos ! + ! sin!
! ! !

= cos + sin = ! 1 = !
! ! !

+ ! = !
!

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Derivation for tan! + 1 = sec ! :

1 ! !
sin cos !
!
1 sin ! 1 !
sin + cos = 1 + = +1=
cos ! cos ! cos ! cos ! cos cos

tan! + 1 = sec !
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Derivation for 1 + cot ! = csc ! :

1 ! !
sin cos !
!
1 cos ! 1 !
sin + cos = 1 + = 1 + =
sin! sin! sin! sin! sin sin

1 + cot = csc !
!

Even and Odd Functions


Even =

Odd =

Odd sin = sin

Even cos = cos

Odd tan = tan

Odd csc = csc

Even sec = sec

Odd cot = cot

39
Example

There may be a time in Calculus i.e. Integral Calculus or towards the end of the first semester of
Calculus or during the second semester, depending You will need to be able to easily identify an odd
function. Here is an example when this may be necessary:

!
sin cos
! !

!! ln || sin

This is called a Definite Integral, try not be scared of it, it is actually quite simple to evaluate in this
!
case because !! = 0 if is an odd function. We must now show is an odd function.

sin cos sin cos
= ! !
= !
ln sin ln sin! !!


sin = sin

cos = cos

ln = ln

! !
sin! !! = sin! !

Plug everything back in

sin cos
= =
ln sin! !

In other words, in order to show a function is odd, simply plug a negative sign in with every x and then
evaluate each individual function and see if you have an even or odd number of negative signs.

Double Angle Formulas

*Important

The half angle and double angle formulas along with the Pythagorean identities are used frequently throughout calculus. It
is a must that you memorize the understanding and derivations is fully comprehended.

For a detailed list of all identities, see the reference sheets in the back of the book.

Derivation for sin 2 = 2 sin cos :

sin 2 = sin + = sin cos + sin cos = 2 sin cos
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Derivation for cos 2 = 1 2 sin! :

cos(2) = cos ! sin! = 2 cos ! 1 = 1 2 sin!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

40
As one can see, these formulas are all derived from the Pythagorean identities and there are many ways to find them. If this can be understood properly
then memorizing them is not entirely necessary.
Other Derivations:

cos 2 = cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin = cos ! sin!

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

cos 2 = cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin = cos ! sin! = cos ! (1 cos ! )

= cos 1 + cos = 2 cos ! 1
! !

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


cos 2 = cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin = cos ! sin!

= 1 sin! sin! = 1 2 sin!

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

tan + tan 2 tan
tan 2 = tan + = =
1 tan tan 1 tan!


Half Angle Formulas


1
sin! = 1 cos 2
2

Derivation:

1
sin! = 1 cos ! = 1 cos cos = 1 cos + cos +
2

1 1 1 1
= 1 cos 0 + cos 2 = 1 1 + cos 2 = 1 cos 2
2 2 2 2

1 1 1
= cos 2 = [1 cos(2)]
2 2 2

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1
cos ! = [1 + 2 ]
2

Derivation:

1
cos ! = 1 sin! = 1 sin sin = 1 cos( cos + ]
2

41
 1 1 1 1
=1 cos 0 cos 2 = 1 1 cos 2 = 1 + cos 2
2 2 2 2

1 1 1
= + cos 2 = 1 + cos 2
2 2 2

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 cos(2)
tan! =
1 + cos(2)

Derivation:

!
1 1 1
tan! = sec ! 1 = 1= 1= 1
cos cos cos 1
2 cos + cos +

2 2 1 + cos 2 2 1 + cos 2
= 1= =
1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2

1 cos 2
=
1 + cos 2

Sum and Difference Formulas

sin = sin cos cos sin
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

cos( ) = cos cos sin cos
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

tan tan
tan =
1 tan
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The derivations of the sum & difference, product to sum and sum to product formulas are a bit more
complicated. Try to show they are true without referencing anything. This will prove to be an
excellent practice. Remember, getting it correct is not always the point of practice. One must
sometimes go in the wrong direction to learn that they are not on the right path.

Product to Sum Formulas

1
sin sin = [cos cos( + )]
2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1
cos cos = [cos + cos( + )]
2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1
sin cos = [sin + + sin ]
2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
42

1
cos sin = sin + sin
2

Sum to Product Formulas

+
sin + sin = 2 sin cos
2 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

+
sin sin = 2 cos sin
2 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

+
cos + cos = 2 cos cos
2 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

+
cos cos = 2 sin sin
2 2

*Check Point 10

Show these equalities are true

1 1
sin(2) cos 2 = sin 4 sin 3 tan 6 = cos 3 cos 9 sec 6
4 2

1
sin sin 2 sin 3 sin 4 = 1 cos 6 cos 8 + cos 10
8

*Solving For an Unknown

If you are a science major, chances are your calculus course will involve a significant amount of
trigonometric operations; make sure to understand the following well.

Example 1

Solve for x


sin cos = 0

sin
sin cos = 0 sin = cos = 1 tan = 1 = tan!! 1
cos

2
2 2
!! !!
= arctan 1 = tan = tan =
2 2 4

2

43
Example 2



Solve for x on ,
2 2


!
!
1 cos 2
3 1 cos = 1
2 2

!
!
1 cos 2
3 1 cos = 1 3 cos ! = 1 sin! !
2 2

3 cos 1 + sin = 0 sin! + 3 sin! 1 = 0
! !

set = sin!

!
. . = sin ! + 3 1 = 0

3 13 3 13
! 4 = 9 4 1 1 = 13 = =
2(1) 2 2

9 13 9 13
sin! = sin! = +
2 2 2 2

which then gives

1 1
sin = 3 + 13 sin = 13 3
2 2

which then gives

1 1
= arcsin 3 + 13 , = arcsin 13 3
2 2 2 2

Lets first recognize that two of the solutions lie in the complex plain, which are not in our interval, so
they are not solutions. This leaves us with

1
= arcsin 13 3 0.58
2

1
= arcsin 13 3 0.58
2

44
Recognize that this graph has infinite solutions for = 0, which is why I bounded it on the interval.
This problem would be best solved with a graphing calculator.

*Check Point 11

Solve for x by any means and use a software program such as wolframalpha.com to verify your results.

sin = cos 1 tan = 0 sec ! + 1 = 0

Simplifying Trig Operations

Commonly used in calculus are simplification techniques in order to rewrite the expression without
any trigonometric operations in it.

Example

Rewrite as Cartesian aka simplify


sin cos !!
5


Draw a right triangle and identify each length and angle corresponding to the original statement

45

Notice

sin = & cos = = arccos


Thus


= arccos cos = = & = 5
5 5

From Pythagoreans Theorem

25 !
! + ! = ! = ! ! = 25 ! sin = =
5

25 !
sin arccos =
5 5

Hyperbolic Functions

I rarely see hyperbolic functions in the average calculus course but every once in awhile the topic
pops up and it seems like the teacher is obsessed with them when it does. It is good to know how to
use them. Not too different from working with trigonometric operations, just a little more involved.

Notation


! !! 2
sinh = csch = !
2 + !!

! + !! 2
cosh = sech = !
2 + !!

! !! ! + !!
tanh = ! coth =
+ !! ! !!

Graphs

! !! 2
sinh = csch = !
2 + !!

46


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

! + !! 2
cosh = sech = !
2 + !!

! !! ! + !!
tanh = coth =
! + !! ! !!

Identities

sinh = sinh cosh = cosh

cosh! sinh! = 1 1 tanh! = sech!

sinh + = sinh cosh + cosh sinh

cosh + = cosh cosh + sinh sinh

47
 sinh!! = ln + ! + 1 ,

cosh!! = ln + ! 1 , 1

1 1+
tanh!! = ln , 1 < < 1
2 1

Are you ready to start Calculus?

If you are able to solve all of the checkpoints without any assistance, you are in a good position but
lets test your knowledge further. Try to solve the following problems without assistance and use a
program or website like wolframalpha.com to verify all results. Answers to problems are in the back
and solutions are available via JJtheTutor.com

The only way to truly master something is brute repetition. Doing the same thing over and over and
over again will ensure accuracy.

Practice Problems

If the following problems seem a little intense, they may or may not be, depending i.e. some calculus
courses are very intense and some are not but they all assume you to be fully capable prior to the
course starting. I based all the problems and examples from this book to be on the same level of
difficulty as the average calculus course. I have tutored hundreds of students from various colleges
and this is the average so make sure to try and get over any humps or fears of devoting yourself to
mathematics and fully understanding it.

Simplify or Rewrite as Cartesian

5 5 1
1 cos arcsin 2 sin arcsin 2 + 3 3 tan
! !
arccot
13

1
4 arccot 5 cot csc !! 6 sin arccos cos arcsin 13
! 2
tan
13
+ ! )

Simplify or Expand

1 ln sin ln 9 ln + 9 2 log ! 36 log 25 + ln 25

sin! 1 cos ! !!
3 4 ln sin ln cos
ln ! 9! ln ! 3! ln 3 + 3
+ ln cot

48
 1 1 !
5 ln 81 + ln + 81 log !!! ! 9 ! 6 ln cos ! + sin!
2 2
ln cos ! sin!

1 1 !
!"#! !
ln ! ! !"
! !
7 ln ! 16 ln ! 64 + ln 2 + ln + 2 8


!
! !
9 ln 4 +4 10 log ! ln ! + ! !!

!
! ! !" ! !!!

Solve for x


1 ! 2 + 1 = 0 2 cos ! + sin! 0 3 sec ! tan! = 0

4 ! ! + = 0 5 16 ! ! + 2 = 0 6 ! ! = 0

7 ! 13 8 ! 13 < 2 9 4 !"

= 2 ! !"


! !
10 !! ! = 0 11 ! ! = 0 12 5! 15! + 12 = 0

! !! ! !!
1
13 ln ! +1 =0 14 ln ! !! + 1 = 0 15 7!" =
2

! 4 ! 27 !" 16!
16 < 17 ! ! !! 18 !" = 5!
! 16 ! 9
!

Find the domain


1 = ! 2 + 1 2 = cos ! + sin! 3
= sec ! tan!

4 = ! ! + 5 = 16 ! ! + 2 6
= ! !

7 = ! 13 8 = ! 13 2 9
= 4 !" 2 ! !"


!
10 = !! ! 11 = ! ! 12
!
= 5! 15! + 12

! !
13 = ln ! !! + 1 14 = ln ! !! + 1 15
! 1
= 7!! !
2

49
 ! 4 ! 27
16 = 17 = ! ! !! 18
! 16 ! 9
!" 16!
= !" 5!
!

I do not provide the solutions or answers in this book, simply because it is so easy to use online
programs such as wolframalpha.com to check your work and so many courses will require that you
are using these programs to solve the problems. I encourage you to start using programs like this to
verify your work is correct.

To learn how to get the answers to these problems using an online program visit
JJtheTutor.com/wolframalpha

It is a good practice, since in your field, you will not have a book to verify your original work so youll
need to know how to make sure what you are doing is correct. If you need the solutions, they are
available via JJtheTutor.com.

Typing Math

This section is designed to show you how to show your work is correct using programs such as
Wolfram Alpha. You should use this information to verify your solutions for any practice problems in
this book.

I recommend using Wolfram Alpha because it is the most powerful program out there but there are
many other sites that offer similar services.

!
Lets say you want to solve for x for a function + ! = 0

Input: solve for x, x+sqrt(x)-x^(2/3)=0

Output: = 0

Be attentive to parenthesis

It is pretty simple to do. You pretty much just have to ask the program in English what to do. Lets look
at a tangent line.

y
xy + ln y = ! , =
x + y!

Input: tangent line, xy+ln(y)=y/(x^2+y^2), x=e

Output: 0.591467 0.0788435

This would be very difficult to perform by hand and most problems in reality are the same so we
depend on computers greatly. Learning when to recognize the difference between a problem done by
hand and a problem that you should use a calculator with is a good skill!


50
Domains

! + 2 + 1
=
! 3 ! + 2

Input: domain, (x^2+2x+1)/(x^3-3x^2+2x)

Output: , 0 0,1 1,2 2,



I have a lot of videos on various problems being inputted into wolfram if you ever need further
assistance. The point here is to understand the symbol relations.

^ used for powers

( ), [ ] used as parenthesis (best practice)

/ used for division

* used for multiplication

If you have a symbol, you can usually just spell it out e.g. is Delta and is delta or is Theta and is
theta.

Some programs require a backslash \ prior to inputting i.e. for instance MyMathLab and Microsoft
Word would require for, say to be written as \Pi and to be written as \pi.

The general concept is pretty intuitive once you enter a few problems.

Quick References
Basic Graphs


= ! = !

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
= =

51

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= ! = ln

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
= sin = cos

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= csc = sec

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

52
 = tan = cot

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

!!
= arcsin = sin = arccos = cos !!

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
= arctan = tan!!

Arithmetic


= = =
=


+
= = + , 0 =



= =
= = =
1

53
Exponential

1 1
! = ! = 1 !! = = ! ! ! = !!!
! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !
= !!! = ! = ! ! ! = ! ! !
= ! !
!

Radicals

! ! ! ! !
!"
= = !" ! = , ! = ,

! !
!
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
= = ! = ! ! = ! = ! = ! =

!

Fractions


= =


Logarithmic


ln
= log ! = log ! = ! 2.72 log ! = 1
ln

log ! 1 = 0 log ! ! = log ! = ln log ! ! = log !

ln
log ! = log ! + log ! log ! = log ! log ! log ! =
ln

!
! !
1
= ln = = = ln =
!
!!!

ln = undefined, 0 ln 1 = 0 ln ! = !" ! =


ln ! = 1 !" ! = 1 ln ! = ln ln = ln + ln ln = ln ln


Other Formulas/Equations

Quadratic Formula

! 4
! + + = 0 =
2

Discriminant

54

Two Real Solutions ! 4 > 0

Repeated Solution ! 4 = 0

Complex Solution = if ! 4 < 0


Complete the Square

!
!
!
= + + = + +
2 4

Other Formulas

Distance Formula
= ! ! + ! !

Midpoint Formula
+ ! + !
= ,
2 2


Equation of a Line = +

! ! ! ! = ! !
= =
! !
+ =

Equation of Parabola = ! + +

Vertex: , = ! +

Equation of Circle + ! = !
!

Center: ,
Radius:
! !
Equation of Ellipse
+ = 1
! !
Right Point: + ,

Left Point: ,
Top Point: , +
Bottom Point: ,

! !
Equation of Hyperbola
= 1
! !
Center: ,
!
Slope: !
55
 !
Asymptotes: = ! +
Vertices: + , , ,


! !
Equation of Hyperbola
= 1
! !
Center: ,
!
Slope: !
!
Asymptotes: = ! +
Vertices: , + , ,


Areas

Square: = ! = ! Rectangle: = Circle: = !

! !
Ellipse: = Triangle: = ! Trapezoid: = ! +

!"
Parallelogram: Rhombus: = ! , and are the diagonals

Surface Areas

Cube: ! = 6! = 6 ! Box: ! = 2( + + ) Sphere: ! = 4 !

Cone: ! = + ! + ! Cylinder: 2 + 2 !

Volumes

!
Cube: = ! = ! Box: = Sphere: = ! !

! !
Cone: = ! ! Ellipsoid: = ! , , , are the radii

Domain Restrictions


= , 0 = , 0 = ln , > 0


!
= ! , none = none if is odd, 0 if is even

Right Triangle

56


! + ! = ! = ! + !


cos = cos =



tan = tan =



sin = sin =


= cos = cos

= sin = sin


= arctan = tan!! = arctan = tan!!


Reciprocal Identities


1 1 1
sin = csc = tan =
csc sin cot

1 1 1
csc = sec = cot =
sec cos tan

sin cos
tan = cot =
cos sin

Double Angle Formulas

sin 2 = 2 sin cos cos 2 = 1 2 sin!

cos 2 = cos ! sin! cos 2 = 2 cos ! 1

! !"# !
cos 2 = 1 2 sin! tan 2 = !!!"#! !Officia

Half Angle Formulas

57

1 1 1 cos(2)
sin! = 1 cos 2 cos ! = 1 + 2 tan! =
2 2 1 + cos(2)


Sum and Difference Formulas

sin = sin cos cos sin

cos( ) = cos cos sin cos

tan tan
tan =
1 tan

Product to Sum Formulas

1
sin sin = [cos cos( + )]
2

1
cos cos = [cos + cos( + )]
2

1
sin cos = [sin + + sin ]
2

1
cos sin = sin + sin
2

Sum to Product Formulas

+
sin + sin = 2 sin cos
2 2

+
sin sin = 2 cos sin
2 2

+
cos + cos = 2 cos cos
2 2

+
cos cos = 2 sin sin
2 2

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