I.

DEFINITION AND FUNCTION OF SPACE

REQUIREMENTS

1.ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT:

1.1 Office of the Chief of Hospitals is the

position of the most senior corporate officer,
executive, leader or administrator in charge of
managing an organization. CEOs lead a range of
organizations, including public and private
corporations, non-profit organizations and even
some government organizations (e.g., Crown
corporations). The CEO of a corporationor
company typically reports to the board of
directors and is charged with maximizing the
value of the entity, which may include
maximizing the share price, market share,
revenues, or another element. In the non-profit
and government sector, CEOs typically aim at
achieving outcomes related to the
organization's mission, such as reducing
poverty, increasing literacy, etc. Titles also often
given to the holder of CEO position include
president, chief executive (CE), and managing
director (MD), as well as representative director
(RD) in Japan.

1.2 Business/Finance Office is a corporate

officer primarily responsible for managing the
financial risks of the corporation. This officer is
also responsible for financial planning and
record-keeping, as well as financial reporting to
higher management. In some sectors the CFO is
also responsible for analysis of data. The title is
equivalent to finance director (FD), a common
title in the United Kingdom. The CFO typically
reports to the chief executive officer and to the
board of directors, and may additionally sit on
the board. The CFO supervises the finance unit
and is the chief financial spokesperson for the
organization
1.3 Conference Room is a room provided for
singular events such as business conferences
and meetings. It is commonly found at large
hotels and convention centers though many
other establishments, including even
hospitals,[1] have one. Sometimes other rooms
are modified for large conferences such as
arenas or concert halls. Aircraft have been fitted
out with conference rooms.[2] Conference
rooms can be windowless for security purposes.
An example of one such room is in the
Pentagon, known as the Tank.[3]
Typically, the facility provides furniture,
overhead projectors, stage lighting, and a sound
system.[4]
Smoking is normally prohibited in conference
halls even when other parts of buildings permit
smoking.[5]
Sometimes the term 'conference hall' is used
synonymously with 'conference center' as, for
example, in 'Bandaranaike Memorial
International Conference Hall'.
Some meeting rooms come equipped with
booking management software, depending on
the needs of the company that owns them.
-An examination of a taxpayer's records by the
Internal Revenue Service to ensure the
taxpayer's compliance with tax laws. In an office
audit, the IRS interviews the taxpayer and
inspects the taxpayer's records at an IRS office.
The purpose of an office audit is to make sure
the taxpayer is accurately reporting income and
paying the lawful amount of tax.

1.4 Toilet Room in this sense, is a small room

used for privately accessing the sanitation
fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation.
Toilet rooms usually include a sink (basin) with
soap for handwashing, as this is important for
personal hygiene.
This room is commonly known as a "bathroom"
in American English, a "loo" in British English, a
"washroom" in Canadian English, and by many
other names across the English-speaking world.
1.5 Administrative Office has the responsibility
of ensuring that the administrative activities
within an organization run efficiently, by
providing structure to other employees
throughout the organization. These activities
can range from being responsible for the
management of human resources, budgets and
records, to undertaking the role of supervising
other employees. These responsibilities can
vary depending on the employer and level of
education.

1.6 Medical Records are used somewhat

interchangeably to describe the systematic
documentation of a single patient's medical
historyand care across time within one
particular health care provider's jurisdiction.[1]
The medical record includes a variety of types of
"notes" entered over time by health care
professionals, recording observations and
administration of drugs and therapies, orders
for the administration of drugs and therapies,
test results, x-rays, reports, etc. The
maintenance of complete and accurate medical
records is a requirement of health care
providers and is generally enforced as a
licensing or certification prerequisite.
The terms are used for both the physical folder
that exists for each individual patient and for
the body of information found therein.

1.7 Social Service are a range of public services

provided by government, private, and non-
profit organizations. These public services aim
to create more effective organizations, build
stronger communities, and promote equality
and opportunity.
Social services include the benefits and facilities
such as education, food subsidies, health care,
police, fire service, job training and subsidized
housing, adoption, community management,
policy research, and lobbying.
2.EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT:

2.1 Nurse station counter is an area of a health

care facility (such as a hospital or nursing
home), which nurses and other health care staff
sit behind when not working directly with
patients and where they can perform some of
their duties. The station has a counter that can
be approached by visitors and patients who
wish to receive attention from the nurses.
Stored behind the table are materials for which
access is limited to health care staff, such as
patient files, medicines, and certain types of
equipment.[1]
The nurses stations not only carry out
administrative tasks, but also clinically
associated functions that have impact on the
delivery of care to the patients. The key
functions performed are:-
1. Secretarial work
2. Chart processing and Management
3. Monitoring of patients
4. Medication preparation.

2.2 Treatment Area

a room in a patient care unit, usually in a hospit
al, in which various treatments or procedures re
quiring special equipmentare performed, such a
s removing sutures, draining a hematoma, packi
ng a wound, or performing an examination.

2.3 Observation Area Hospitals nationwide face

significant capacity constraints in emergency
departments. High hospitalization rates can
have a ripple effect, leading to long wait times,
frequent diversion of patients to other
hospitals, and higher patient-care expenses.
However, a sizable number of inpatient
admissions can be prevented through dedicated
clinical observation units, or COUs.
2.4 Waiting Area is a building, or more
commonly a part of a building or a room, where
people sit or stand until the event or
appointment which they are waiting for begins.
There are two types of waiting room. One is
where individuals leave for appointments one
at a time, or in small groups, for instance at a
doctor's office, a hospital triage area or outside
a school headmaster's office. The other is where
people leave en masse such as those at railway
stations, bus stations, and airports. These two
examples also highlight the difference between
waiting rooms where one is asked to wait
(private waiting rooms) and waiting rooms one
can enter at will (public waiting rooms).

2.5 Patient Toilet , in this sense, is a small room

used for privately accessing the sanitation
fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation.
Toilet rooms usually include a sink (basin) with
soap for handwashing, as this is important for
personal hygiene.
This room is commonly known as a "bathroom"
in American English, a "loo" in British English, a
"washroom" in Canadian English, and by many
other names across the English-speaking world.

2.6 Storage is a room within a house where

equipment not used in day-to-day activities is
kept. "Utility" refers to an item which is
designed for usefulness or practical use, so in
turn most of the items kept in this room have
functional attributes. A utility room is generally
the area where laundry is done, and is the
descendant of the scullery.[1][2][3] Utility
roomis more commonly used in British English,
while North American English generally refer to
this room as a laundry room, except in the
American Southeast.[citation needed] In
Australian English laundry is the usual term.
3.OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT

3.1 Waiting Area is a building, or more

commonly a part of a building or a room, where
people sit or stand until the event or
appointment which they are waiting for begins.
There are two types of waiting room. One is
where individuals leave for appointments one
at a time, or in small groups, for instance at a
doctor's office, a hospital triage area or outside
a school headmaster's office. The other is where
people leave en masse such as those at railway
stations, bus stations, and airports. These two
examples also highlight the difference between
waiting rooms where one is asked to wait
(private waiting rooms) and waiting rooms one
can enter at will (public waiting rooms).

3.2 Nurse/Information Counter desks staffed

with Guest Relations Specialists are located in
the lobby near the main entrance and the
escalator. Information desk staff is here to assist
you in finding your way around the hospital and
to locate patients for family and visitors. The
Information Desk offers a variety of services to
help make your stay or visit more comfortable.

3.3 OPD Record Room The terms medical

record, health record, and medical chart are
used somewhat interchangeably to describe the
systematic documentation of a single patient's
medical historyand care across time within one
particular health care provider's jurisdiction.[1]
The medical record includes a variety of types of
"notes" entered over time by health care
professionals, recording observations and
administration of drugs and therapies, orders
for the administration of drugs and therapies,
test results, x-rays, reports, etc. The
maintenance of complete and accurate medical
records is a requirement of health care
providers and is generally enforced as a
licensing or certification prerequisite.
3.4 Exam/Consultation Clinic a room where a
doctor examines a patient and discusses their
medicalproblems with them

3.5 Toilet Room in this sense, is a small room

used for privately accessing the sanitation
fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation.
Toilet rooms usually include a sink (basin) with
soap for handwashing, as this is important for
personal hygiene.
This room is commonly known as a "bathroom"
in American English, a "loo" in British English, a
"washroom" in Canadian English, and by many
other names across the English-speaking world.

3.6 OPD Office is generally a room or other area

where administrative work is done, but may
also denote a position within an organization
with specific duties attached to it (see officer,
office-holder, official); the latter is in fact an
earlier usage, office as place originally referring
to the location of one's duty. When used as an
adjective, the term "office" may refer to
business-related tasks. In legal writing, a
company or organization has offices in any
place that it has an official presence, even if
that presence consists of, for example, a
storage silo rather than an office. An office is an
architectural and design phenomenon; whether
it is a small office such as a bench in the corner
of a small businessof extremely small size (see
small office/home office), through entire floors
of buildings, up to and including massive
buildings dedicated entirely to one company. In
modern terms an office usually refers to the
location where white-collar workers are
employed.
4. RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

4.1 Xray Room is used for taking standard x-rays

such as back, neck, chest, limb, hand or foot.
The patient may be lying down or standing
during the procedure.

Shielding for a general x-ray room is typically

2mm lead. The Radiation Protection Advisor for
the hospital is responsible for advising the
actual shielding required and this will depend
on a multitude of factors.

4.2 Control Booth are manufactured with

standard lead shielding of 1/16 (1.6mm) or
1/8 (3.2mm), however custom lead shielding is
always available. Standard control booth
heights are 84 or greater and as with all our
products, we would be happy to design and
manufacture custom to your exact specification.

4.3 Dark Room The latent image produced

when a radiographic film is exposed to a beam
of X-ray can be visualized and examined only
after the film has been suitably processed in the
dark room. However, the most detailed and
careful radiographic technique in the X-ray
room can be wasted unless it is matched by
similar high standard in the dark room.
4.4 Office w/ reading room is generally a room
or other area where administrative work is
done, but may also denote a position within an
organization with specific duties attached to it
(see officer, office-holder, official); the latter is
in fact an earlier usage, office as place originally
referring to the location of one's duty. When
used as an adjective, the term "office" may
refer to business-related tasks. In legal writing,
a company or organization has offices in any
place that it has an official presence, even if
that presence consists of, for example, a
storage silo rather than an office.

4.5 Film Files Storage Refrigerating camera

films reduces the photographic effects of long-
term storage, but refrigeration cannot reduce
the effects of ambient gamma radiation.
Naturally occurring gamma radiation increases
the D-min and toe densities and also increases
grain. Higher speed films are affected more by
gamma radiation than lower speed films. A
camera film with an EI (Exposure Index) of 800
has a much greater change than an EI 200 film.
Exposed and unprocessed film that has been
properly refrigerated retains the speed and
contrast of the exposure conditions, but the
overall D-min, toe and grain will continue to
increase.

4.6 Info Counter and Waiting is a building, or

more commonly a part of a building or a room,
where people sit or stand until the event or
appointment which they are waiting for begins.

There are two types of waiting room. One is

where individuals leave for appointments one
at a time, or in small groups, for instance at a
doctor's office, a hospital triage area or outside
a school headmaster's office. The other is where
people leave en masse such as those at railway
stations, bus stations, and airports.
5.PHARMACY

Pharmacy is the science and technique of

preparing and dispensing drugs. It is a health
profession that links health sciences with
chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe
and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs.
The scope of pharmacy practice includes more
traditional roles such as compounding and
dispensing medications, and it also includes
more modern services related to health care,
including clinical services, reviewing
medications for safety and efficacy, and
providing drug information. Pharmacists,
therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and
are the primary health professionals who
optimize use of medication for the benefit of
the patients.
An establishment in which pharmacy (in the
first sense) is practiced is called a pharmacy
(this term is more common in the United States)
or a chemist's (which is more common in Great
Britain). In the United States and Canada,
drugstores commonly sell medicines, as well as
miscellaneous items such as confectionery,
cosmetics, office supplies, toys, hair care
products and magazinesand occasionally
refreshments and groceries.
In its investigation of herbal and chemical
ingredients, the work of the pharma may be
regarded as a precursor of the modern sciences
of chemistry and pharmacology, prior to the
formulation of the scientific method.

6.LABORATORY

used for scientific research take many forms

because of the differing requirements of
specialists in the various fields of science and
engineering. A physics laboratory might contain
a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while
a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus
for casting or refining metals or for testing their
strength. A chemist or biologist might use a wet
laboratory, while a psychologist'slaboratory
might be a room with one-way mirrors and
hidden cameras in which to observe behavior.
In some laboratories, such as those commonly
used by computer scientists, computers
(sometimes supercomputers) are used for
either simulations or the analysis of
datacollected elsewhere. Scientists in other
fields will use still other types of laboratories.
Engineers use laboratories as well to design,
build, and test technological devices.
Scientific laboratories can be found as research
and learning spaces in schools and universities,
industry, government, or military facilities, and
even aboard ships and spacecraft.

7.SURGERY/MATERNITY DEPARTMENT

7.1 Surgical Supervision Counter

7.2 Male Doctors Toilet and Lockers A

changing room, locker room, dressing room
(usually in a sports, theater or staff context) or
changeroom (regional use) is a room or area
designated for changing one's clothes. Changing
rooms are provided in a semi-public situation to
enable people to change clothes in privacy,
either individually or on a gender basis.
Separate changing rooms may be provided for
men and women, or there may be a non-gender
specific open space with individual cubicles or
stalls.Sometimes a person may change his or
her clothes in a toilet cubicle of a washroom.
Many changing rooms include washrooms and
showers. Sometimes a changing room exists as
a small portion of a washroom. For example,
the men's and women's washrooms in
Toronto's Dundas Square (which includes a
waterplay area) each include a change area
which is a blank counter space at the end of a
row of sinks. In this case, the facility is primarily
a washroom, and its use as a changing room is
minimal, since only a small percentage of users
change into bathing suits.
7.3 Female Doctors Toilet and Lockers A
changing room, locker room, dressing room
(usually in a sports, theater or staff context) or
changeroom (regional use) is a room or area
designated for changing one's clothes. Changing
rooms are provided in a semi-public situation to
enable people to change clothes in privacy,
either individually or on a gender basis.
Separate changing rooms may be provided for
men and women, or there may be a non-gender
specific open space with individual cubicles or
stalls.Sometimes a person may change his or
her clothes in a toilet cubicle of a washroom.
Many changing rooms include washrooms and
showers. Sometimes a changing room exists as
a small portion of a washroom. For example,
the men's and women's washrooms in
Toronto's Dundas Square (which includes a
waterplay area) each include a change area
which is a blank counter space at the end of a
row of sinks. In this case, the facility is primarily
a washroom, and its use as a changing room is
minimal, since only a small percentage of users
change into bathing suits.

7.4 Recovery Room also called a post-

anesthesia care unit (PACU), is a space a patient
is taken to after surgery to safely regain
consciousness from anesthesia and receive
appropriate post-operative care.
7.5 Janitors/Slop sink We supply from stock a
range of stainless steel cleaners sinks and
bucket sinks in wall mounted or floor standing
models, as well as a stainless-steel janitor
sink unit combined mop sink and hand wash
basin.

7.6 Nurses Toilet and Lockers A changing room,

locker room, dressing room (usually in a sports,
theater or staff context) or changeroom
(regional use) is a room or area designated for
changing one's clothes. Changing rooms are
provided in a semi-public situation to enable
people to change clothes in privacy, either
individually or on a gender basis.

7.7 Labor Room with toilet Childbirth, also

known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a
pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a
woman's uterusby vaginal passage or C-
section.[4] In 2015 there were about 135 million
births globally.[5] About 15 million were born
before 37 weeks of gestation,[6] while between
3 and 12% were born after 42 weeks.[7] In the
developed world most deliveries occur in
hospital,[8][9] while in the developing world
most births take place at home with the support
of a traditional birth attendant.

7.8 Delivery Room An operating theatre or

similar room in a hospital or other medical
facility, furnished with suitable equipment and
staffed by physicians, surgeons, or other
medical workers, for the purpose of assisting
mothers with the births of their babies.
7.9 Scrub- up

7.10 Operating Room an operative area where

surgeons and surgical teams use disposable
sterile brushes and bactericidal soaps to wash
andscrub their fingernails, hands, and forearms
before performing or assisting in surgical
operations. Scrub rooms andmeticulous
washing techniques improve the sterile
environment of the operating room and reduce
the risk of bacterialinfection.

7.11 Sub-sterilizing An operating theater (also

known as an operating room, operating suite,
operation theatre or operation suite) is a facility
within a hospital where surgical operations are
carried out in a sterile environment.
Historically, the term "operating theatre"
referred to a non-sterile, tiered theater or
amphitheater in which students and other
spectators could watch surgeons perform
surgery. Contemporary operating rooms are
devoid of a theater setting (though some in
teaching hospitals may have small galleries),
making the term "operating theater" a
misnomer for the modern facility.

7.12 Soiled Utility Room A soiled utility room

(or sluice room) is a necessity for every licensed
elderly care facility and hospital. Reducing the
risk of infection can mean major cost savings for
any healthcare facility or hospital.
7.13 Nursery Work Area/ Ante Room

A nursery is usually, in American connotations,

a bedroom within a house or other dwelling set
aside for an infant or toddler. A typical nursery
would contain a crib (or similar type of bed), a
table or platform for the purpose of changing
diapers (also known as a changing table), as well
as various items required for the care of the
child (such as baby powder and medicine). A
nursery is generally designated for the smallest
bedroom in the house, as a baby requires very
little space until at least walking age; the
premise being that the room is used almost
exclusively for sleep. However, the room in
many cases could remain the bedroom of the
child well into his or her teenage years, or until
a younger sibling is born, and the parents
decide to move the older child into another
larger bedroom, if one should be available.

7.14 Observation Nursery with Work Counter

Our Special Care Nursery includes a family sleep

room complete with a couch that converts to
a bed, a television, and a bathroom with a
shower so you can stay close to your baby and
eliminate the burden of commuting to and from
the hospital.
Our patients' parents also have full computer
access, which provides the opportunity to look
up medical information, access email, and keep
in touch with other concerned relatives and
friends.

7.15 Pathologic Nursery with Work Counter

1. Indicative of or caused by disease, as in

a pathologic fracture,pathologic tissue,
or pathologic process. 2. Pertaining to
pathology, the branch of medicine that studies
disease and especially the essential nature of
disease.
7.16 Breast Feeding Room
Lactation room (or Lactorium) is an American
term for a private space where a breastfeeding
woman can use a breast pump in private.
Lactation rooms provide breastfeeding mothers
with a private space to pump or nurse. While
lactation spaces existed prior to the 2010
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the
amended Section 4207 of the Fair Labor
Standards Act requires employers with 50
employees or more to provide a private space
for nursing mothers that's not a bathroom.

8. CENTRAL STERILIZING SUPPLY UNIT

9. NURSING WARDS
10. DIETARY DEPARTMENT
11. CENTRAL SUPPLY STORAGE AND OFFICE

12. LAUNDRY LINEN DEPARTMENT

Hospitals provide clean linen for patients and
staff. This article describes the laundering
process, laundry equipment, how used hospital
linen differs from that of other large
organizations and the Department of Health
guidance on handling and laundering hospital
linen. It reviews how hospital linen contracts
are awarded and the responsibilities of the
team which evaluates them. Methods of
microbiological testing of laundered linen and
the interpretation of the results are considered.
The properties of different fabrics available for
use in operating theatres are summarized.
Measures to prevent infection and injury to
staff handling used linen are given.

13. MORGUE
A morgue or mortuary (in a hospital or
elsewhere) is used for the storage of human
corpses awaiting identification or removal for
autopsy or disposal by burial, cremation or
other method. In modern times corpses have
customarily been refrigerated to delay
decomposition.
14. ELECTRICAL WITH GENERATOR ROOM
An electrical room is a room or space in a
building dedicated to electrical equipment. The
size of the electrical room is usually
proportional to the size of the building.

15. MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

15.1 Office An office is generally a room or

other area where administrative work is done,
but may also denote a position within an
organization with specific duties attached to it
(see officer, office-holder, official); the latter is
in fact an earlier usage, office as place originally
referring to the location of one's duty. When
used as an adjective, the term "office" may
refer to business-related tasks. In legal writing,
a company or organization has offices in any
place that it has an official presence, even if
that presence consists of, for example, a
storage silo rather than an office. An office is an
architectural and design phenomenon; whether
it is a small office such as a bench in the corner
of a small businessof extremely small size (see
buildings dedicated entirely to one company. In
modern terms an office usually refers to the
small office/home office), through entire floors
of buildings, up to and including massive
location where white-collar workers are
employed. As per James Stephenson,"Office is
that part of business enterprise which is
devoted to the direction and co-ordination of its
various activities."

15.2 Carpentry Workshop Carpentry is a skilled

trade in which the primary work performed is
the cutting, shaping and installation of building
materials during the construction of buildings,
ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc.
Carpenters traditionally worked with natural
wood and did the rougher work such as
framing, but today many other materials are
also used[1] and sometimes the finer trades of
cabinetmaking and furniture building are
considered carpentry. Carpentry in the United
States is almost always done by men. With
98.5% of carpenters being male, it was the
fourth most male-dominated occupation in the
country in 1999,[2] and there were about 1.5
million positions in 2006.[3] Carpenters are
usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last
to leave.[4] Carpenters normally framed post-
and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th
century; now this old fashioned carpentry is
called timber framing. Carpenters learn this
trade by being employed through an
apprenticeship trainingnormally 4 yearsand
qualify by successfully completing that country's
competence test in places such as the United
Kingdom, the United States, Australia and South
Africa. It is also common that the skill can be
learned by gaining work experience other than
a formal training program, which may be the
case in many places.

15.3 Mechanical Workshop A mechanical room

or a boiler room is a room or space in a building
dedicated to the mechanical equipment and its
associated electrical equipment, as opposed to
rooms intended for human occupancy or
storage.
15.4 Storage A utility room is a room within a
house where equipment not used in day-to-day
activities is kept. "Utility" refers to an item
which is designed for usefulness or practical
use, so in turn most of the items kept in this
room have functional attributes. A utility room
is generally the area where laundry is done, and
is the descendant of the scullery.[1][2][3] Utility
roomis more commonly used in British English,
while North American English generally refer to
this room as a laundry room, except in the
American Southeast.[citation needed] In
Australian English laundry is the usual term.

15.5 Motor Pool Garage (4 Vehicles) Motor

Pool Garage is a full service maintenance shop
that performs a variety of services for state
controlled motor vehicles. The services that are
provided range from engine replacement to
preventative maintenance activities.

15.6 Staff Toilet with Locker A toilet, in this

sense, is a small room used for privately
accessing the sanitation fixture (toilet) for
urination and defecation. Toilet rooms usually
include a sink (basin) with soap for
handwashing, as this is important for personal
hygiene.

This room is commonly known as a "bathroom"

in American English, a "loo" in British English, a
"washroom" in Canadian English, and by many
other names across the English-speaking world.
15.7 Housekeeping Office Housekeeping refers
to the management of duties and chores
involved in the running of a household, such as
cleaning, cooking, home maintenance,
shopping, laundry and bill pay. These tasks may
be performed by any of the household
members, or by other persons hired to perform
these tasks.

15.8 Male Quarters A place for people to live,

especially if they're in the military, can be
called quarters. If you join the Army,
your quarters might be a dorm-like space that
you share with many other people.

16. CENTRAL WASTE STORAGE

Solid waste storage means the interim

containment of solid waste, in an approved
manner, after generating and prior to collection
and disposal. Storage container means a
garbage can, dumpster or other container used
or designed for the deposit orstorage of solid
waste before transport to the landfill.
17. WASTE TREATMENT

A waste autoclave is a form of solid waste

treatment that uses heat, steam and pressure
of an industrial autoclave in the processing of
waste. Waste autoclaves process waste either
in batches or in continuous-flow processes. In
batch processes, saturated steam is pumped
into the autoclave at temperatures around 160
C.[1] The steam pressure in the vessel is
maintained up to 6 bar (gauge) for a period of
up to 45 minutes to allow the process to fully
'cook' the waste. The autoclave process gives a
very high pathogen and virus kill rate, although
the fibrous products which come from the
process are susceptible to bacteria and fungus
as they are high in starch, cellulose and amino
acids.

18. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Sewage treatment is the process of removing

contaminants from wastewater, primarily from
household sewage. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove
these contaminants and produce
environmentally safer treated wastewater (or
treated effluent). A by-product of sewage
treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry,
called sewage sludge, that has to undergo
further treatment before being suitable for
disposal or land application.