Rajhisco Vol 30

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2 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
presence of seasonal water courses such as the Ghaggar, the Sahibi,

Dohan, Krishnawati, Sota and so on. Contrary to this, there are seasonal
as well as perennial water courses in the southern half. Among the
Presidential Address perennial rivers mention may be made of the Chambal and Banas. On
the other hand there are a number of seasonal water courses such as
Khari, Berachm Khothari, Gambiri, Luni and others.
Early Culture Identity Formations in
Rajasthan: Emerging Perspectives
Professor Ram Chander Thakran
Respected Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen,

I am grateful to the executive committee of The Rajasthan
History Congress for electing me as the General President of the 30th
session being organized by the colleagues at the Department of History
under the auspices of Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur. I am
humbled by this decision of the executed committee and I hope I may
be able to meet the aspirations of all the members through this
presentation. The topic Early Culture Identity Formations in Rajasthan:
Emerging Perspectives of this address may appear somewhat unfamiliar
to the delicates because it is primarily on Early Archaeological Cultures
of the state. Before coming to the main theme A Brief Survey of the
natural features of Rajasthan is attempted in the following lines.
The state of Rajasthan is bounded by the state of Haryana in
the north by the state of Gujarat in the west, by the state of Madhya
Pradesh in the south and southeast and by the state of Uttar Pradesh
in the east. The state of Rajasthan is geographically divided into two Map 1, After V. N. Misra
broad units the Marwar is west of the Aravallis and the Mewar is in The contrast between the two sub-regions is further attested
its east. The former is partly forms part of the Haryana plains and to in the prevailing rainfall patterns. In the western sub-region the
partly, especially in the western area, comprising of the Thar Desert. average rainfall is low. While the eastern sub-region receives higher
Whereas the eastern sub-region is consisting of the extension of the annual precipitation. Almost seventy to eighty percent of the annual
Malwa plateau mainly in its southern parts, and its northern part is an precipitation is received only during the monsoon season while rest of
intermediary zone between the Thar in the west and the Yamuna plains the rains are distributed over the non-monsoonal months. Light to
in the east. (Map-1) moderate winter showers are integral to the precipitation pattern and
The quality of ground water in the western and northern section such showers prove very useful for the growth and maturity of the
is broadly brackish to saline while it is fresh in the southeastern parts. rabi crops in both the sub-zones.
In the western sub-region surface water bodies are usually saline The soils of this state present an equally interesting landscape.
whereas in the eastern sub-region we notice presence of fresh water In the Marwar region these are largely aeolian sandy soils, though in
bodies. Besides there are water courses of varied nature, forms and the extreme northwestern parts of this region, especially along the
denominations in the sub-regions. In the western sub-region we notice Ghaggar bed, there is a presence of the clayey soils. The aeolian sandy
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ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 3 4 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
soils are consisting of plain surface usually known as tals, interspersed these natural forces assume any dominant position at any stage of
with stable as well as mobile sand dunes of varied denominations and human history for shaping the destiny of the people? This would be
shapes. The combine of the two presents an undulating surface which one of endeavours in this presentation.
is a normal feature and also very crucial to offer a range of opportunities Like the aforesaid natural features of the state of Rajasthan the
to the people of this area for their sustenance contrary to what generally floral scenario is very interesting. The natural vegetation cover is broadly
appears from to a layman. Likewise the clayey soils of the Ghaggar in tune with the prevailing conditions. The normal vegetation is broadly
bed are usually flanked by sandy soils dotted with some sand dunes in uniform in all the sub-regions of this area. It is primarily deciduous
between. These clayey soils are composed of very fine clayey silt and sparse. Vast stretches of land are devoid of any reasonable cover
brought down along the river water from the areas of its origin,
of plants and trees. Among the trees one normally encounters, Khejri,
dispersed and deposited along its course by river water action. These
Pilu, Babul, Pipal, Neem and so on. Likewise we have evidence of
are considered to be the most fertile soils which offer a host of
small, squat and thorny bushes without or with tiny leaves. Season-
subsistence opportunities in all seasons. These, in fact, are comparable
wise different grasses and other small plants are also encountered in
to the other best soils of Haryana and Punjab. With the result perhaps
varied frequencies. Some of these plants offer a very good green as
the highest population density in the state is marked in these very
well as dry fodder to the animals. Consequently, animal husbandry
areas, though both the quantity and quality of ground water is not
enjoy a very high position among subsistence practices until now. Its
always good in and along the course of the river even in the shallow
aquifers 1. viability needs to be assessed in regard to the remote ancient times as
well.
The soils in the Mewar region are also a mix of sandy and
clayey soils. However in the northern and northeastern parts of this The fauna of this area is consist of wild as well as domesticated
zone we experience low frequency of sand dunes and also low animals. Among the wild animals there is a presence of nilgai, deer,
percentage of sand in comparison to its western counterpart. Primarily hare, jackals, pig, woolf whereas the domesticated animals include
surface undulation is also less. On an average the fertility quotient is sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, horse, donkey, camel among others. Some
higher than the aeolian sandy soils of the Marwar region in the west. of these domesticated animals have been a constant source of energy
Accordingly the polulation density in these areas is also relatively higher and traction power to the people. While both wild and domesticated
than its western counterpart and it would be very interesting to find animals constituted fairly reliable source of food through historical
out if this bears any resonances in the context of the ancient societies period. This food base was enriched by the addition of aquatic fauna.
as well. It would be very interesting to investigate if these natural resources
In the southern and southwestern parts of the Mewar region contributed in any measure in the culinary tastes of the people in the
the soils are largely different for this being part of the Malwa plateau. Prehistoric and Protohistoric past also. It is in this backdrop desired
Hence the soils predominantly form part of the black cotton soil of to trace the beginning of human life in these areas in order to make
the Malwa. These are dotted with rocky formations and dissected by out the cultural antecedents of this area and also identify the problems
a number of water courses, both perennial and seasonal. The landscape and issues that confronted these early settlers.
is largely plain but uneven also as after regular intervals it is Beginning of Human Life: The Palaeolithic Evidence
interspersed with contrasting natural formations. The black cotton In order to trace the Prehistoric cultural antecedents of
soils of this region are very fertile, especially when combined with its Rajasthan archaeological activities to this affect were, especially
surface water bodies, higher rains and harnessing capabilities of the undertaken by archaeologists in the early fifties of the last century2.
people. In the following discussion it is intended to explore if this Since then over ninety locations have been found bearing Acheulian
combine of the natural resources experienced any shift in settlement tool types of the lower Palaeolithic period produced by the Homo
concentrations/population densities over the ancient past. Further, did erectus. These tool bearing locales are dispersed over the districts of
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Jhalawar 3 and Jodhpur 4 with one each, Bharatpur with only presence of choppers (olduwan tools) from a stratified independent
two5,Jaisalmer 6, Kota 7 and Pali8 with three each, Jaipur with five9, context. This suggests, as of now, that the people of the second stage
Ajmer with six10 Bhilwara 11, Nagpur12 and Udaipur with seven each13 of the lower Palaeolithic did not evolve locally from the early stage of
and Chittaurgarh with thirty seven14 (Map-2). Almost fifty percent of human evolution, i.e. the period of the Homo-habilis. On the contrary
the known sites are produced by the Chittaurgarh district alone of the the Acheulian people seem to have arrived here from some other areas.
twelve site bearing districts. More than fifty percent of the total It is, therefore, significant to identify the area they migrated from.
districts are devoid of any presence of human activities during this Besides, the density of human activities was low and sparse, and was
phase of human history. Further the locational analysis of these also circumscribed by a host of forces.
settlements makes it amply clear that these tools are obtained only The period of the lower Palaeolithic was succeeded by the middle
from the hills and their margins primarily because of the availability of Palaeolithic. About seventy locales have produced tools (points, borers,
raw material for the tools and the minimum basic life sustaining essential etc) of this sub-period. These tool bearing locales are shared by the
resources. Perhaps these were the only areas conducive to human districts of Jodhpur with only one16, Jhalawar with two17, Ajmer with
presence in this early stage of human life. Further the evidence of four18, Badmer with five 19, Pali with six20, Chittaurgarh 21 and Nagaur 22
stone tools belongs only to the second stage of the lower Palaeolithic with nine each and Jaisalmer with four23 (Map-3). These fool bearing
which is indicative of the fact that human life only began in the later locales are from only eight districts in comparison to the twelve
half of the lower Palaeolithic, i.e. during the phase of the Homo-erectus districts of the lower Palaeolithic phase. These locales are strictly
rather than in the sub phase of the Homo-habilis. Of the five excavated restricted to the similar kind of hilly landscape despite the fact that
sites (Jayal, Chhajoli, Indola-Ki-Dani, Singhi Talav and 16-R15, there the tools are different in their shape, size, technique and functions
is no evidence of the than the previous ones. These tools also enhanced the functional
capacity of the people, albeit in a limited manner, in carrying out the
same hunting and gathering subsistence activities, which was but
natural with the presence of Homo-sapiece (the wise or intelligent
man with still higher brain capacity) yet the geographical sphere of
the human activities did not experience any change. However the
advancement in tools is surely indicative of the growing experience
and the crannial capacity of the people, the both are signs of human
evolution. Nevertheless the pace of social, biological and technological
development signals a very slow and gradual process in tune with the
general growth pattern during this phase.
In the successive phase of the upper Palaeolithic the general
pattern of development appears to be a somewhat different than what
has been witnessed hitherto in the preceding phases since the number
of the tool-bearing locations is only eight here in comparison to the
over ninety of the lower Palaeolithic and over seventy of the middle
Palaeolithic phases. It is not known whether this drastic reduction in
the number of sites in this phase is the result of lack of fieldwork or
otherwise. The location of the tool-bearing locations is restricted to
only three districts rather than the tweleve of the lower Palaeolithic
Map 2 and the eight of the middle Palaeolithic phases. As per the settlement
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share of the districts, the district of Nagaur contains only one site 24, odds with the help of their greater experience and improved tools in
Jodhpur two 25 and Ajmer five26 (Map-3). These evidences are coming order to safeguard their mere existence. Perhaps prospective researches
from non-contiguous areas. Here the interesting point is the familiar may help explain the reduction in the number of their settlements
geographical plane for their existence. satisfactorily. As of now the limited evidence surely points to the
continued human life in the area.
The Mesolithic Evidence
This phase was followed by the Mesolithic period both in terms
of chronological order and cultural evolutionary pattern. One hundred
sixty sites have produced remains of this cultural period. The district-
wise spatial distribution of these sites is as follows. The Jhalawar27
and Sirohi districts 28 are with one site each, Jodhpur with two 29,
Dhaulpur30 and Kota with three each31, Barmer32, Jalor33, Pali34 and
Tonk 35 with five each, Sikar with six36, Jaisalmer with seven37, Nagaur
with eight38, Ajmer with twelve39, Jaipur with fourteen40, Chittaurgarh
with sixteen41, Bhilwara with nineteen42 and Udaipur with twenty six43
(Map-4).
Map 3, After V. N. Misra

Evidences of the earlier phases have been gathered from the
similar hilly landscape. However the mere presence of the eight sites
makes it amply clear that the region was at least not completely blank
as human presence is concerned. Further the people of this phase
used the blade and burin tools which are the products the improved
tool-technology as it being a general phenomenon of this phase with
the arrival of the Homo-sapience sapience, the most intelligent man.
These tools are smaller in size, better in their look, efficacy and
functions for being product of a higher expertise. This is also the
stage when a new type of raw material in the form of bones has not
only allowed them more flexibility in regard to the geographical
mobility but also in the field of their functional range. Surprisingly the Map 4
constriction of their settlements and the area of their activity both are In comparison to the three phases of the Palaeolithic period not
not in agreement in this case with the general advancement of this only the number of tool bearing locales has gone up but also the
phase. The only consolation is that these people could, withstand the geographical activity area is expanded many fold during this period.
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These tools are not only coming from seventeen districts but from geographical regions of Marwar and Mewar. These cultural groups
more and more fresh areas within the districts. Besides, these people are the early Harappan/Sothi cultural complex in the northwestern
produced a new type of tools which are usually tiny in size and cannot parts, the Ganeshwar-Jodpura cultural complex in the northeastern
be used independently as a tool until or unless these are fixed in either parts and Black and Red Ware Cultural Complex (hereafter BRW) in
a bone or wood handle with the help of some fixing material. Thus on the southern parts of Rajasthan. These cultural groups bear their
the basis of their size these are popularly known as microliths and distinct identity though they also display some cultural, spatial and
composite tools for their functional nature. These tools are made of a temporal overlap. These three cultural groups deserve independent
variety of stones and also of bones. With the availability of these tools analysis in the following lines.
the working capacity of the people increased considerably in In the northwestern parts of Rajasthan human activities appear
comparison to the people of the three phases of the preceding period. to have begun in the early third millennium B.C. with the occurrence
This enhanced further the confidence of the people to harness better of seventeen early Harappan village settlements from this area. These
the natural resources of the diverse locales they were placed in and settlements broadly seem to be located in the Ghaggar basin through a
thereby also introduced a sense of security as well as stability in their map (Map-5) but on minute scrutiny of the location of these settlements
lives which is so well reflected by the cultural deposits exposed from the emergent picture is altogether different. These settlements are
the excavated sites of Bagor, Tilwaida, and Ganeshwar in Rajasthan 44. located as far away as seventy kilometre from the river bed as is in
This is further corroborated by the cultural deposits exposed from a the case of Dabari 52 and Karanpura53 in Ganganagar/Hanumangarh
number of sites in the middle Ganga plain45. In addition, the rock art district of Rajasthan and Siswal54 in Haryana. Likewise there are a
from the middle Ganga plain46, Madhya Pradesh47 and Rajasthan further number of other such settlements also.
supports this point. Sites like Harsona and Kali Pahari in Alwar district48,
Bijak-Ke-Pahare, Bhimji-Ki-Doogri, Ganesh-Doongre49, Bhainswal50,
Brahma-Kund-ki-Doongri, Budhi Gangaur and Bainari Bandh51 in Jaipur
district have produced Mesolithic rock-art evidence. This demonstrates
that the people of this period occupied more and more prestine areas
and thus human presence expanded geographically than ever before.
This, however, brings us to the next chronological stage of human
progression, i.e. the Neolithic period. Interestingly we do not have so
far any evidence of this period from Rajasthan. This cultural vacuum
is presenting an interesting problem in the evolutionary cultural process
and the gap demands a fresh look by scholars. However, in the
meanwhile, one observation in this context is that the Mesolithic period
appears to be late in terms of time period, it continued in a staggered
manner and finally before reaching to the stage of the Neolithic period
it was overtaken by the Contemporary diverse cultural people from
the adjoining areas. This cultural phenomenon is unfolding in different
pockets during this period in Rajasthan and the emerging cultural
scenario is presented below.
Protohistoric Evidence: The Chalcolithic Complex Map 5, After V. N. Misra
During the post Mesolithic period three different independent Thus the locational analysis of the known sites presents a
cultural zones emerged distinctly cutting across the frontiers of dispersed settlement pattern rather than a linear one 55 along the river.
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More over all the settlements are small in size and rural in character. the mature Harappan remains are succeeded by the settlements of
There is no sign of urbanization. The early settlers appear to have Painted Grey Ware (hereafter PGW), albeit with a distinct cultural
arrived in these areas from outside of these areas because there is no gap in a stratified form between the two. The settlements of this
evidence of human presence in the preceding period to correlate it to cultural group will be discussed in its appropriate chronological order
that and also trace the evolutionary stages. Therefore the people in alongwith the other settlements of this cultural period subsequently.
the early Harappan levels seem to have come from the Trans-Indus In the meanwhile the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura cultural complex is
areas where there is a continous sequence of human habitations from discussed.
the preceding levels of the far more antiquity. Broadly the people of
The settlement remains of the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura cultural
this cultural group subsisted on animal husbandry, small scale
group are primarily located to the east and northeast of the Harappan
agricultural activities supplemented by gathering, hunting and fishing.
zone. There are about ninety sites of this group which are dispersed
Later in due course of time the process of development was in the areas of Jaipur and Sikar districts69. Ganeshwar and Jodhpur
accelerated considerably to reach to the mature Harappan phase. In have been excavated in a limited manner. There are about a dozen
the process the early village settlements of Kalibanga56 along the left sites in Jaipur districts70 and over seventy sites in Sikar district. Its
bank of the seasonal Ghaggar in Rajasthan and Banawali57 in Haryana, main area of concentration is Sikar district and chronologically it is
also on the left bank of the Ghaggar, attained an urban stage in the said to have been contemporary to the early Harappan of the
mature Harappan period along with several other settlements of northwestern parts of the state71. Its further chronology has not been
Rakhigarhi58, Farmana59 and Balu60 in Haryana only. There are also
worked out yet clearly and therefore there is no evidence to suggest
changes in the field of production (agricultural as well as non-
the presence or absence of its succeeding phase comparable to the
agricultural), Construction, building plan and material, trade among
mature Harappan phase of the northwestern parts. There is, however,
others. This has been proved through the excavations at Baroor61 and
other sites belonging to this cultural group which have been formed
Chak-8662 in the Ganganagar district of Rajasthan. During this phase
as the Ochre Coloured Pottery (hereafter OCP) sites 72 . These are
there is commonality in context of cultural assemblage to a great extent
temporarily comparable to the late Harappan period encountered in
at the rural as well as at the urban settlements. This has been
Haryana at a number of sites73. The number of these sites is about one
corroborated by the recent excavations at Dabari 63, Karanpura64 and
hundred fifty. These are spread over the districts of Swai Madhopur
Binjor65 in the area (Map-5). The semblance of uniformity in cultural
with one74, Jaipur with five75, Bharatpur76 and Jhunjhunu77 with seven
material from the rural hinterland to the urban centers appears to be
each and Sikar 78 with over eighty sites (Map-5). A very heavy
outcome of an intence two way interaction. There is, however, a
concentration of the sites is seen in Jaipur and Sikar districts. None
cultural gap in the succeeding period of late Harappa because so far
of these explored late sites has been excavated so far and therefore no
no settlement belonging to this phase has been either explored or
identified in the excavations in these parts. Interestingly in the Cholistan evidence is retrieved from the stratified contexts. Nevertheless on the
region, the southwestern part of the west Punjab of Pakistan and the basis of the surface findings these appear to be small-sized rural
erstwhile Bahawalpur state, has been explored about forty Cemetery settlements with limited and simple cultural equipments.
H sites by Mughal66 from here which are considered chronologically Besides, there are twenty sites with the evidence of Copper
as well as culturally equivalent to the late Harappan sites67. Although Hoards. These are discovered in the districts of Ajmer79, Bharatpur 80,
evidence of their eastward expansion is generally absent in the form Bundi81, Chittaurgarh82, Jalore83, Pali 84, Sirohi85 and Udaipur 86 with
of independent settlements, yet a sprinkle of ceramic ware is noticed one site each while districts of Alwar87, Bikaner88, Nagaur89 and Tonk90
at a number of contemporary OCP sites from the areas under debate. contain two sites each. In contrast Jaipur is the only district which
Further its presence is also attested as far east as Sanauli in the western has produced four sites91. The cultural and chronological association
parts of the upper Ganga doab68. However in the area of discussion of the Copper Hoard sites has always been debatable since these have
7
not been discovered from stratified archaeological contexts so far.

On the basis of their look, shape, size, technique, raw material and
probable functions these are usually associated with a very broad
time period ranging from Protohistoric period to early historical period.
In this case also the lack of information about their archaeological
context precludes us to make any observation. However it can safely
be suggested that some of the Copper Hoard sites were contemporary
to the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura cultural complex if the commonality of
copper tools from here and the Copper Hoard sites is any pointer in
this case. In addition some others can also be associated with the
Later OCP sites. This contention is supported by the continued
presence of the Copper Hoards and use of these tools during these
levels as has been marked at Atranjikhera among other92 in western
Uttar Pradesh among other sites and Mitathal II B93 in Bhiwani district
of Haryana. This can further be corroborated by the other axuliary
evidences in the form of the knowledge of copper deposits in the
Aravallis of this area and the likely presence of itinerant copper artisans
on the pattern of the ethnographic itinerant iron artisans operating in
the areas94. While the possibility of some other Copper hoard sites
being associated with the later periods is not ruled out, especially in
the light of the relevance of their functional value afterwards as well.
Let us now move on to the succeeding cultural period which is
represented by the PGW sites that are either found superimposed on
the OCP deposits or on a natural soil. But the fact remains that this
cultural group succeeds the OCP in these areas as well as in the western Map 6, After V. N. Misra
Uttar Pradesh. This, however, deserves a discussion along with other
sites of this group from the southern parts of the Mewar region. In It is clear from the above distribution of sites that the core area
the meanwhile we need to take into account the beginning and of this culture is comprising of Chittaurgarh, Udaipur and Bhilwara
districts that share the large majority of settlements whereas a sprinkle
development of human life in the areas of the Mewar before emergence
of sites is noticed in rest of the districts mentioned above. Thus the
of the PGW settlements, which is as follows.
Ahar culture is the culture of Mewar. Majority of the sites are located
The third cultural zone is in the southern part of Mewar and the along small or big water courses. However still others, especially
cultural complex of the zone is popularly known as Ahar after the important among them being Gilund, Balathal and Ojiyana, are located
type site95, also known as Banas Culture after the river. Over one along local natural depressions. Furtherthese sites are also located
hundred sites belonging to this culture have been discovered from near or under modern village habitations which is very significant in
this area96. Primarily these sites are located in the Mewar region. These more ways than one. This locational analysis underlines the fact that
are distributed over the districts of Dhaulpur with one97, Ajmer98 and the choice of site selection is consistent through the historical process
Jaipur 99 with four each, Tonk with five 100, Dungarpur with six 101 , of cultural development. The continuity is also a reflection on the
Bhilwara with twenty four 102 , Udaipur with twenty five 103 and uniformly of natural landscape at least, if not completely, in respect to
Chittaurgarh with forty one104 (Map-6). the cultural and functional planes.
8
Information on the composition of the Ahar culture primarily better ground water and rain water facility, natural conditions but the
comes from Ahar105 and Balathal106 in the district of Udaipur, Gilund in pace of development could not be pushed beyond a point. This points
Rajsamand107 and Ojiyana108 and Lachhura109 in Bhilwara. Almost all towards the absence of optimum working capacity of people to realize
these settlements are made for the first time only during the Chalcolithic the full potential of the extant natural resources.
period or Ahar culture. The cultural composition is very interesting. It is very interesting to note that after the Chalcolithic period
The dominant ceramic industry is popularly known as Black and Red there is absence of human habitations at the Chalcolithic settlements
Ware (here after BRW). This cultural group presents three stages of in particular and in its geographical area in general. This absence of
development. The earliest phase contains handmade as well as wheel human activities, it is said, continued for more than a thousand years.
thrown, plain, thick and rough BRW alongwith a number of other The long span of this desertion is based on the premise that the
ceramic wares as at Balathal A. this phase is placed around 3000 BC beginning of the Chalcolithic period placed in the early part of the
by Shinde110. In the second phase the ceramic ware is well fired with third millennium BC. Later the Chalcolithic habitations continued in
lusterous surface and white paintings. This is called the mature phase this area for more than one thousand years. And thus its termination
for the alround development and is assigned a period between 2500- is suggested to have been around the middle of the second millennium
2000 BC. In the third phase paintings and the fine finish are absent BC. Around this time a general desertion of all the Chalcolithic sites is
while incision forms the normal decoration pattern. This phase is suggested and these sites seem to have remained deserted until these
placed between 2000-1800 BC. The principal shapes are dishes, bowls, were reoccupied only in or around the middle of the first millennium
jars, vases and other pots. BC. by the people using the Northern Black Polished Ware (hence
Gilund appears to be the largest site with ten hectare size among forth NBPW) and iron objects. The habitational deposits of this cultural
the Chalcolithic sites followed by Balathal with six hectares. The period are found in excavations in these areas. Thus there is a period
cultural deposit at Ahar is thirteen metre, eight metre at Gilund and of interregnum, as suggested, between the end of the Chalcolithic
seven metre at Balathal. period and the beginning of the NBPW habitations.
House building activities at these sites are moticed which are The aforesaid gap, however, is not beyond any doubt because
made of stone, mud, mud bricks. Even use of kiln burnt bricks is of the following considerations. One, there is a presence of Harappan
noticed at the site of Gilund alone. More over the sites of Gilund and influence on the Chalcolithic pottery. Two, Harappan seals are present
Balathal experienced construction of public, private and defence in the Chalcolithic material in the Balathal B levels among other
structures. The last contains a wall which is encircling the two mounds aspects. This makes, at least, the two contemporary to each other,
of Gilund. These are small high mound on the east and the low big especially during the mature levels of the two, which are placed
mound on the west unlike the Harappan pattern111. This is further between C. 2500 to 2000 BC. while on the other hand a ghat-shaped
significant to note that the largest Chalcolithic site is also located along bead and iron are discovered from the BRW levels at the site of Noh112
a local natural depression and not on any seasonal perennial river. in Bharatpur. Both the things are characteristics of the PGW cultural
Likewise the other important site of Balathal is also located beside a assemblage and these findings make the Chalcolithic BRW and the
similar water body. Further no settlement of this Chalcolithic period PGW contemporary to each other, atleast, in some measure. This is
irrespective of its location either being on a river, seasonal or perennial, borne out during the excavations at Donder Khera, a BRW and PGW
or along a local water body could reach to the stage of urbanization. site in Dhaulpur district where in the early layers eight, seven and six
This drives home the point that access to constant abundant water from bottom upward there is an overlap between BRW and PGW113.
alone was not the main driving force. The people of Chalcolithic culture Further it is still more important to note that no gap or sterile layer is
were having the benefit of copper deposits in their close vicinity, discovered between the Chalcolithic of the Period-I and the iron age
knowledge of copper technology and a number of copper objects deposits of Period-II at the site of Ahar in Udaipur district of
including tools in combination with relatively fertile black cotton soil, Rajasthan114. More over the geographical extent of the PGW is extended
9
upto the central parts of Madhya Pradesh, which includes the areas of the total pottery is brought from other contemporary sites. A number
of Mewar for being situated between the site of Noh and Madhya of other ceramic wares from here points to in this direction only. The
Pradesh. This sounds both geographical as well as cultural overlap local handmade rough and simple ceramic technique was transformed
between the two. In this situation the PGW automatically becomes a under the inputs from the advanced pot making technique of the
valid candidate for being the logical cultural successor of the Harappans. During the Balathal B phase the level of interaction is
Chalcolithic period, atleast, in the Mewar region of Rajasthan instead further enhanced as shown by the greater presence of the mature
of the NBPW of the early historical period. With the result the so- Harappan objects. Thus the developed nature of the Chalcolithic cultural
called long cultural interregnum between the Chalcolithic and the early assemblage appears to be an outcome with impetus from the advanced
historical period is completely elimated or reduced drastically. cultures around. This is what is emerging from the available
There appears to be some problem in regard to the beginning of archaeological evidence. The absence of evidence on the evolutionary
the Chalcolithic period locally, especially in the given situation of the process from Ahar-Ia strengthens this viewpoint further.
available archaeological evidences. It is a fact that there are large The Beginning of Iron: The Emerging Cultural Complex
numbers of Mesolithic settlements in this area and some of these All the three culture zones of the Harappan in the northwest
settlements have also been excavated but there is no distinct overlap region, the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura in the north and northeastern areas
between the Mesolithic and the Chalcolithic deposits. And the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic of the eastern and southern parts of Mewar are
is absent completely from these areas which compounds the problem under human occupation in one form or the other during the succeeding
further. Thus the gap (cultural and temporal) between the preceding period of the PGW. More than one hundred twenty settlements of this
Mesolithic and the succeeding Chalcolithic widens considerably. The cultural group are reported from the three cultural regions. The diverse
latter appears to be a fairly large cultural group spread over a huge cultural regions came under the influence of one cultural group for
geographical expanse and also a reasonably developed village culture. the first time during this period-This type of unification is not seen
The substantially thick cultural deposit, ranging in several metres, earlier, at least, in these areas. The District-wise distribution of the
speaks of their stability over a considerable time period. The cultural explored settlements is as follows.
objects right from the beginning of the habitation are fairly rich and The districts of Ajmer and Tonk are represented by only one
advanced which is enigmatic and not in tune with the proposed scheme site each115, Alwar by two116, Jhunjhunu by four, Dhaulpur by nine,
of things. The evolutionary stages or processes are not seen in the Jaipur by seventeen117, Ganganagar (jointly with Hanumangarh) by
early levels of the habitations at the excavated sites. There is no twenty one118 and Bharatpur by sixty four119. Although no site is yet
evidence of cultural transition from the preceding to the succeeding reported from the southern parts of Mewar region yet the geographical
cultural deposits except those at Bagor which are not distinctly clear. extent of the PGW is well known from sites of Madhya Pradesh120
The kind of evolved cultural evidence witnessed is possible only in (Map-7). There is a possibility of its discovery from these areas through
specific situations, especially when less developed cultures come in future explorations as well as excavations. Thus both type of soil
contact with more advanced cultural groups in their vicinity. The zones (the aeolian sandy of the northeastern areas and black clayey
chance or deliberate interactions between this type of contemporary soils of the southern parts of Mewar are occupied for the first time
groups accelerate the pace of development, especially in context of by one cultural group, though the intensity of the settlements is greater
the less developed one, to reach to the advanced stage by jumping the in the northeastern parts. Was it because of the better and relatively
normal sequential growth pattern because this type of external impetus open soil types combined with rains and ground water in pockets? Or
stimulates the growth in exponential manner which is contrary to the was it impacted by the higher working capacity for the application of
gradual development at local level in a natural fashion. This interaction iron tool-technology that shaped the pattern of settlements? It appears
is supported by the presence of the Reserved Slipped Ware in the that the last combine played an important role in this context. When
Balathal A levels it has further been pointed out that sixty one percent this format is applied to the southern parts of the Mewar to understand
10
the sparse presence of PGW settlements in these areas, it is found not offer good dry surface for both movements as well as for living
that effective to increase the number of settlements here. The simple purposes. On the contrary the black clayey soils become very muddy
explanation for this diverse frequency of settlements is that the use of and sticky during the monsoon season. Further these soils do not
iron was limited because the technical expertise was rudimentary. absorb water as quickly as is done by the aeolian sandy soils.
With the result limited and simple tools were produced. Obviously the Consequently it becomes inimical to all types of movements during
limited application of the simple iron tools was put against the hard this period. More over these soils loose moisture very quickly after
clayey soils of this part which did not allow the people to harness the the monsoons, experience wide cracks and become difficult to break
potential of the natural resources in any appreciable manner. As a with simple tools. The semi-arid soils are, of course, very hot and
result the appeal of this landscape to the people was not as lucrative hostile during the day in summer season but these cool down in the
as was in the case of the other half. Therefore fewer evenings to make them pleasant at nights in the open. In contrast the
situation is not conductive in case of the black clayey soils for the sun
heat absorbed by these soils is not released that quickly and as a result
these do not cool down that fast. Perhaps people in the past could
take due cognizance of these contrasting features and accordingly
seem to have responded in corresponding degrees.
The choice of the selection of residential sites is an interesting
part of analysis. Out of the one hundred twenty sites over thirty sites
are preceded by the Chalcolithic sites of BRW. Of these thirty sites
eight possess still anterior remains of the OCP. Besides four of the
thirty sites do possess remains of the OCP only prior to the PGW.
This shows the continuous commonality in regard to the exercise of
their choice of site selection from the OCP to BRW and to PGW. This
points towards consistency in the properties of the landscapes through
these periods. On the contrary the capacity of the people to harness
the natural resources to their advantage is constantly being transformed
which is demonstrated by the increasing site frequency from one stage
of development to the other. Although the change in the working
capacity demands a micro study of the operative variables, yet as of
now the increased number of the total settlements suggests increase
in the working capacity, subsistence base and demographic levels as
well. This trend appears to have been further strengthened in the
succeeding levels of the early historical period where the number of
Map 7, After V. N. Misra such sites is increased many fold which is being discussed below.
pockets were found convenient for making their settlements and eking The next cultural period is represented by the early historical
out their subsistence. Besides, the semi-arid areas from the settlements. The number of these settlements is one hundred fifty
northwestern parts to the eastern limits of the state are more convenient two and there is a possibility of its going beyond it. These sites are
for terrestrial movement of men, material and animals alike during all consisting of the NBPW and the Rangmahal sites. The district wise as
the months of the year, especially in the monsoon season also. Because well as geographical zone-wise distribution of the sites is very important
the aeolian sandy soils of these areas absorb rain water instantly and and therefore it is as follows.
11
The share of the district of Dausa121, Dungarpur122, Jhalawar123, coins facilitated the trading activities during this period.
Kota , Nagaur125, Pali 126 and Swai Madhopur127 is one each, Nagaur
124
two 128, Ajmer three 129, Bundi 130 Udaipur 131, Tonk six 132, Bhilwara
seven 133, Dhaulpur nine134, Sikar ten 135, Jaipur twenty three136, Alwar
thirty 137 , Jhunjhunu thirty two 138 , Bharatpur thirty three 139 and
Ganganagar/Hanumangarh seventy three140. This distribution shows
that more districts (twenty) of the state came under human occupation
for the first time in this period (Map-8 and 9). Two, many new sites
have been made by breaking new grounds while old sites also remained
inhabited from the previous to this period. Third, some districts such
as Alwar, Bharatpur, Ganganagar/Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu,
Sikar and Dhaulpur appear to be more attractive in the light of the
available data on settlements from these areas. No matter in
comparison to the respective total area of the districts their settlements
share is not inclined to present any intense density of population.
Nevertheless this demonstrates surely a relatively very high increase
in the number of settlements in comparison to the one hundred twenty
sites of the preceding period. Fourth, on an average the size of the
settlements is bigger than the average size of the sites of the previous Map 8, After V. N. Misra
period. These overtly points towards a substantial upward swing in
the population size at the individual settlement level as well as at the The cultural assemblage during this period is very rich in
regional level. Fifth, the benefit of this upward swing is largely comparison to the preceding period. The pottery (NBPW) is superfine,
restricted to the northwestern and southeastern areas as was the case red ware is also found in a large number. Dishes, basins, bowls, cups,
in context of the preceding PGW levels. The areas of the Mewar small pots, carinated pots, lamps etc constitute the dominant shapes.
region did not perhaps appeal to the people in the same measure for Rangmahal red ware is very superior in its shapes, surface treatment
making their settlements in that part despite these areas being traversed and decorations. A number of terracotta objects are gathered during
by the perennial rivers, having fertile black cotton soil and fresh ground excavations as well as explorations. Terracotta drainage pipe, ring
water in pockets. This skewed settlement distribution could also be wells from Balathal are significant to suggest development of drainage
an outcome of less intense field survey and this picture may change and sanitary facilities. A terracotta seal with bullock cart design and
with more comprehensive survey in the future. However this needs to another seal with Brahmi inscription are important specimens from
be explained by situating all the operative variables in their proper the same site. A large number of iron arrow-heads, sickles, adzes and
contexts and will be touched upon a little later. Sixth, in the meanwhile an iron working furnace among other objects from different sites
there has been further a marked continuity stratigraphically between speak of superior technical expertise, greater frequency of iron objects
the habitations of the PGW and NBPW at a number of excavated and local production of these objects142. Copper remained in constant
settlements (Sumari in Jhunjhunu district, Bairat in Dausa district use and few objects of gold, Semi precious stone objects are also
among others). Seventh, a number of settlements have also produced available.
Punch-marked (Rairh, district Tonk)141 and kushana coins during field This advancement is attested to in house building activities as
surveys. The introduction of coinage was, of course, a very well. The raw material for the houses is in the form of stone, especially
revolutionary development as a product of growing technological for foundations, mud bricks as well as kilm burnt bricks. The houses
expertise and being requirement of the growing economy. The use of are well structured and based on a plan. There are small as well as big
12
houses. All these developments speak of economic development and Authorship of Harappan Civilization
it was caused by better realization of the natural resources with the There are some important arguments about the name, authors
help of superior technology and intense human efforts. Once again and determinants of the Harappa civilization. It is said that majority of
urban character is achieved by the people through their conscious the known settlements of this civilization are located in the areas of
hard efforts. Evidence of fortification is also coming from the site of the Ghaggar/Saraswati river, that rises from the Sub-Himalayas near
Nagari eighteen kilometre north of Chittaurgarh in the same district143. Kalkaji in Haryana and traverses through parts of Haryana, Punjab,
It is a well known fact that the first urbanization in the Indian Rajasthan (northwestern) and Cholistan region in Pakistan, and
Subcontinent occurred during the Harappan civilization in the third therefore the civilization needs to be called Saraswati civilization144.
millennium BC and the second urbanization was developed in the This surely sounds well and appeals to our patriotic feelings also.
Gangetic plain in the second half of the first millennium BC. Likewise This, however, does not go well with the logical analysis of the available
the impact of these urbanizations is seen in parts of Rajasthan also in settlement data. It is true that the majority of these settlements of the
the respective time periods. There are urban centres of the first phase civilization are located in Punjab and Haryana. It is on the contrary
in the northwestern parts of Marwar (Kalibanga, Baroor and Karnpura) equally true that the majority of these settlements are located away
and urban centres of the second phase are witnessed in the second from the Ghaggar watercourse in upland areas where no river water
phase in eastern and southeastern parts (Bairat, Nagar, Nagari, Rairh is accessible in any form whatsoever145. Ground water quality in these
and Sambhar) of Mewar. In between the two urban periods a very areas is salty and saline, completely unfit for consumption and
long time period of one and a half million years supported subsistence agriculture purposes. Rain water is also not available all the time
based settled rural and mobile pastoral groups only. With regard to because the rains are highly erratic, unpredictable and undependable
these urbanizations diverse conflicting factors are credited with for in these areas. Like the Harappan settlements modern village settlements
their happening in the manner they were shaped. A synoptic view of are also present in a very high density and perhaps this was the case
them is as follows. in historical period also. There is no network of rivers or streams to
offer surface water to the modern residents of these villages in the
upland areas. Rains and ground water are no different. There was no
official arrangement of drinking water supply till yesterday in most of
the villages. However irrespective of the fresh water inaccessibility
there are large number of villages teeming with life. It is a fact that at
least availability of potable water, if not fresh water always, is a dire
necessity. The question is how did these very villagers make
arrangement of potable water for their survival in these water deficient
areas. Ethnographic information from these villages suggests that each
and every village possesses a number of village ponds (locally known
as Johads). These are cleared and deepened religiously during summers
so that more of rain water is harvested and stored in them to serve the
people in the coming months of the year. These formed the life line
for the survival of the people in these areas in the recent past. In
addition almost all the village wells in these areas are located on or
along the banks of these ponds. These wells offer some quality of
fresh water for the people. Fresh water in a limited quantity and depth
depending upon the low rate of fresh water leaching from the ponds
Map 9, After V. N. misra to the soil profile. Thus the two manmade sources formed the main
13
life line for the modern villagers. A fresh survey of the Harappan sites of very high rain in its zones, it may assume very powerful proportions
in the light of this ethnographic information revealed presence of a and vice-versa. It being a non-Himalayan, especially non-snow-capped
number of depressions of varied denominations around the Harappan Himalayan, river it remained a seasonal river only. With the result the
settlements. These depressions receive and retain rain water for several kind of river sand generated by river water through its friction with
months of the year. Hence there is a strong possibility of their being the Himalayan stones is non-existent here 149. In the light of this
active repository of water during the civilization period which perhaps irrefutable evidence the argument of its being mighty and perennial in
formed the major source of water supply. Therefore partly man made the ancient past is not valid.
and party non-riverine natural sources served the people for their water As regards the question of its being called a par-excellence river
requirements. It is not logical to give any undue importance to the in the Rigveda, the epithet always does not signify only its physical
river/s for sustaining a large number of Harappan settlements in these strength. It, in fact, covers physical attributes as well as nourishing
areas, especially in the ancient past. Rivers have not been significant value which underline its relevance in the life of the people. More
for the majority of the people before the introduction of the modern over the Saraswati of the Rigveda is also being equated with the
canal system146. Harakhawati of Avesta and the refence of the river in the Rigveda
The other argument is that the seasonal Ghaggar River was a points to its importance for the Aryans in their life in those areas 150.
mighty perennial river in the ancient past, especially during the life The river here being seasonal and primarily dependent on rain water
time of the civilization. This line of argument emanates from the fact assumes very dangerous proportions only in seasons/periods of
that the present nature and character of the river are not good enough exceptionally high rains. This upward swing is sustained so long as
to evoke a confidence for its prime role in the development as well as the intensity of rains continues. This, however, cannot normally
in sustaining the civilization147. Secondly, the river has been called continue for months because the rains are not persistent for a longer
par-excellence (Nadiottam) in the Rigveda. In order to assess the time period in this landscape. By all means the river upward swing is
viability of these arguments a survey of the modern mighty perennial reverted in due course of time which presents a very interesting natural
rivers such as the Sutlej, Yamuna and Ganga was undertaken. Two scenario where vast open geographic expanses are available with
signatures of these water courses have been identified a very thick enriched soil fertility for agro-pastoral activities151.Since the river is
sheet of river sand deposit and a huge ground water reserve, on the also known as the river of lakes and pools in the Rigveda, this fact of
basis of presence of these signature the argument of the presence of the river is ignored consciously in this type of academic discourse,
a river of this nature can easily be accepted and vice-versa. Here in these lakes retained river water during the months after monsoons to
case of the Ghaggar river these signatures are completely absent all serve the requirements of men and grazing animals for almost all
along its course from Kalkaji in Haryana to the Indo-Pakistan border months of the year. More over this type of seasonal rivers do not
in Rajasthan, near Anupgarh, and beyond in Cholistan, Pakistan. To a preclude movement of men, material and animals across the water
depth of about four hundred feet water bearing stratum as well as any course for long unlike the mighty perennial rivers. The facility of
sign of river sand are totally absent. What is gathered is a fine clayey movement across the water course is enabling people to harness the
silt of the origin and character of the clayey silt present in the hillocks resources and making use of the facilities on its both sides. Keeping
of the Sub-Himalayas near Kalkaji in Haryana. Only this type of clayey in view the aforesaid opportunities offered by this seasonal water
silt deposit is noticed in its entire bed148. Therefore the river has been course it would appeal more to the people than a precluding mighty
only a seasonal river from ancient period onwards. river. Therefore, this river seems to have enjoyed a high respect
The question of its might is subject to the volume of water it referred to in the Rigveda.
receives. Since its origin lies in the Sub-Himalayas it is always fed by In regard to the authorship of the Harappan civilization there
rain water only. The volume of water it receives strictly depends upon has always been a scope for speculation, especially in the absence of
the nature of precipitation in a season in its catchment areas. In seasons written records, non-decipherment of the script of the short
14
inscriptions and when shallow emotions of nationalism overshadow well-developed rural as well as urban pattern of settlements, developed
rationality. It is believed that the Aryans are the original inhabitants of agriculture and food surplus, a fairly high degree of non-agricultural
this area. More so when the Ghaggar is equated with the ancient production, regional and trans-regional trade by land as well as water,
Saraswati and it is traversing through these very areas. This river is use of standard weights and measures, a structured defence and
perceived as the epicenter of activities of the Aryans. There is however sanitary system, tools and technological expertise, a very advanced
no other evidence of Human habitations here except that of the early knowledge of constructing private and public structures, use of
Harappan and mature Harappans. And these very settlements are thus standard mud brick and burnt bricks, application of interlocking system
perceived and projected as those of the Aryans. Hence the Harappan and diverse mortars for making walls, use of a very rich ceramic
civilization is named as the Aryan civilization152. This is the general ware across a vast geographical spectrum in upland zones, among a
line of argument in favour of this view. This argument is, however, host of other features in contrast to the Aryan culture. The Aryan
not free from inherent weaknesses. It is a fact that the early Harappan society on the other hand is primarily rural in nature, subsisted largely
settlements are the first habitations of the area and thereby the on pastoralism, fairly mobile in the areas of the upper Indo-Gangetic
occupants of these settlements were the first settlers in the light of divide. The knowledge of horse is common with them while its nominal
the available archaeological evidences. Now the question is whether presence is marked in late phase of Harappa civilization154. Aryans use
the residents of these settlements were the original inhabitants of these chariots with spoked wheels whereas the Harappans used bullock carts
areas or they came here from some other place/s. If they are accepted fitted with solid and hubbed (centre) wheels. The spoked chariots are
as the original inhabitants, then the question is where is the evidence faster than the solid wheeled bullock carts. The use of spoked wheels
of their evolutionary stages from these areas? facilitates their fast movement, especially on smooth surface. The
As of now there is no evidence of anterior habitations to trace use of solid wheels in bullock carts can help absorb Shocks on rugged
the trajectory of human evolution at the local level. Not to talk of uneven natural tracks. The two types of wheels are products of
these areas alone there is no evidence of Neolithic activities from the different technologies155. Of late it is claimed on the basis of discovery
state of Rajasthan itself153. Likewise there is no evidence of any early of solid wheels with spokes decorated on them156 that the Harappan
village settlements prior to the early Harappans. In this given situation knew use of the spoked wheels. The difference between a wheel with
of the available evidence on the development of human history in these decorated spokes like lines and an actual spoked wheel is universally
areas how the settlers of the early Harappan settlements can be taken known, the former cannot be taken as an actual spoked wheel. The
as the original inhabitants of this area? They can, at best, be accepted Harappan people practiced burial in contrast to the cremation practice
as the first settlers, which implies that they came here from somewhere being followed by the Aryans. More over it is very curious that the
and settled in the area. If this is so, the next question is where did rich and advanced Vedic texts failed to record names, at least, of the
they come from? To trace their antiquity, ancestory, movement from important urban settlements with their allied details. Hence the Aryan
and orientation of the presence of antecedent settlements is to be authorship of the Harappan civilization is not based on facts and their
located among the presently known preceding settlements from the rational analysis. The two are independent cultural groups separated
areas around. There is only one area, as of now, where the qualifying culturally, temporally and spatially.
settlement data on preceding human history is known from. This area The foregoing discussion brings out clearly some important
is situated in the Trans-Indus region of Baluchistan and around. These points. Human life began sometime in the second stage of the lower
have produced evidence on the history of human activities from the Palaeolithic and it continued during the middle Palaeolithic and the
early Harappan rearwards to the Neolithic and beyond in antiquity. upper Palaeolithic, especially in the last phase a reversal in the number
Thus the orientation of human expansion is from west to east. of sites as well as population size is very prominent. During the
The cultural composition of the Harappan and the Aryans is succeeding Mesolithic period the growth in the number of sites, spatial
also not similar, a well known fact. The Harappans are known for expansion and cultural assemblage is more than visible. However during
15
the succeeding Neolithic period total absence of human activities is 14. IAR, 1954-55, p. 58; 1955-56, p. 10; 1956-57, pp. 5 and 8
beyond comprehension and underlines a regressive process. It needs 15. Misra, V. N. Rajasthan: Prehistoric And Early Historic Foundations, New Delhi,
2007, pp. 73-75
to be examined if this was a local phenomenon. The succeeding period
16. IAR, 1958-59, pp. 40-42, 74; 1963-64, p. 91; 1976-77, p. 46; 1979-80, p. 67
is phase of the emergence of the three regional cultures (the early 17. IAR, 1958-59, 74; 1963-64, p. 91; 1976-77, p. 46; 1977-78, p. 46
Harappan/Sothi in the northwestern parts of the state, the Ganeshwar- 18. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42
Jodhpur in the northern and northeastern parts, i.e. Mewar), which 19. IAR, 1958-59, p. 74
are known as the chalcolithic cultures. Only the first of them could 20. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42; 1960-61, p. 31
attain urban status for an interesting combine of social and natural 21. IAR, 1956-57, pp. 5-8; 1963-64, p. 29; 1982-83, p. 67
22. IAR, 1980-81, p. 59
forces. An intractable regressive trend once again was set in respect 23. IAR, 1979-80, p. 67; 1984-85, p. 73; 1989-90, p. 94
of all the three cultural groups. Trends of constriction as well as 24. IAR, 1980-81, pp. 59-61; 1981-82, pp. 56-58
spatial expansion are noticed in this period. It seems stability is reduced 25. Allchin, et al, The Prehistory and Palaeogeography of the great Indian Desert,
and seasonal mobility is increased considerably. Later during the PGW 1978, pp. 181-82; 212-14
levels all the three cultural zones are embraced by this cultural group 26. Ibid. pp. 123, 130-31, 155.
27. IAR, 1956-57, p. 69; 1958-59, p. 74; 1976-77, p. 46; 1977-78, p. 46
as a result of the introduction of iron technology, though even now
28. IAR, 1977-78, p. 49
balance of power favoured the northern and the northeastern parts. 29. IAR, 1958-59, p. 74; 1976-77, p. 46; 1977-78, p. 46.
This trend resulted into the development of second urbanization in 30. IAR, 1991-92, p. 96.
due course of time with the growing use of better iron tools. Thus the 31. IAR, 1957-58, p. 69; 1984-85, p. 152
trajectory of cultural growth presents a series of swing on either side 32. IAR, 1967-68, pp. 39-42; 1968-69, pp. 26-28; 1977-78, p. 46
33. IAR, 1967-68, p. 68; 1977-78, p. 46
depending upon turns in the working capacity of the people through
34. IAR, 1959-60, p. 40
time and space. 35. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45
Notes And References: 36. IAR, 1978-79, p. 20; 1979-80, p. 64; 1987-88, p. 101
1. A village to village Archaeo-Hydrological survey was carried by the author along 37. IAR, 1976-77, p. 45; 1979-80, p. 67; Allchin et al, op.cit. pp. 201-08
the Ghaggar in Rajasthan during 2001-05 and it was observed that potable water 38. IAR, 1964-65, p. 76; 1965-66, p. 83; 1979-80, pp. 67-68
was available only in shallow depth. 39. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45; 1965-66, pp. 82-83; 1977-78, p. 46
2. Ghosh, A. The Rajputana Desert-Its Archaeological Aspects Bull. National 40. IAR, 1962-63, p. 70; 1978-88, p. 100; 1990-91, p. 60
Institute of Science of India, No. 1, 1952, pp. 37-42; Rao, S. R. IAR, 1954-55, p. 41. IAR, 1956-67, p. 8; 1957-58, pp. 44-45; 1982-83, pp. 66-67.
58; Deshpande, M. N. IAR, 1953-54, p. 37. 42. IAR, 1957-58, pp. 44-45; 1967-68, pp. 41-42; 1970-71, p. 31; 1979-80, p. 62
3. IAR, 197071, p. 31. 43. IAR, 1956-57, pp. 6, 8; 1962-63, pp. 18-19
4. Misra, V. N. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42 44. Lukacs, J. R. et al, Bagor And Tilwara: Late Mesolithic Culture of Northwest
5. Dimri, D. N. IAR, 1985-86, p. 69 India, Deccan College, Pune, 1982; Agrawala, R. C. Ganeshwar Culture - A
6. Vijay Kumar, IAR, 1983-84, p. 71 review Jr. of the Oriental Institute, XXXIV, 1-2, 1984, pp. 89-95
7. Misra, V. N. and M. Nagar The Stone Age Sites on the River Chambal, Rajasthan, 45. Pal, J. N. Mesolithic Settlements in Ganga plain, ME, XIX, 1-2, 1994, pp. 91-
Bull. of the Deccan College Research Institute, XXII, pp. 156-69 102; Misra, B. B. The Mesolithic Culture of the Belan Valley, Misra, V. D. and
8. Misra, et al, IAR, 1958-59, p. 42; 1977-78, p. 46 J. N. Pal eds. Mesolithic India, Allahabad, 2002, pp. 216-36; Misra, V. D. Origin,
9. IAR, 1961-62, p. 38, 1962-63, p. 70; 1983-84, p. 71; 1978-88, p. 100 Chronology and Transformation of the Mesolithic Culture in India, Misra, V. D.
10. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42; 1984-85, pp. 72-73 and pal, Ibid. pp. 447-64
11. Misra, V. N. IAR, 1958-59, p. 42 46. Pal, 1994
12. IAR, 1980-81, p. 59; 1981-82, pp. 58-69; 1982-83, p. 69; 1983-84, p. 72; 1984- 47. Thakran, R. C. Central Mesolithic Rock Art: Engendering Subsistence Activities,
85, pp. 73-74 paper Presented at the Joint Indo-French Seminar on Rock Art in India and
13. Sankalia, H. D. Nathwara: a Palaeolithic Site in Rajputana; Jr. of the France, organized by ICHR, Bhopal, 2006
Palaeontological Society of India, No. 1, pp. 99-100; Misra, V. N. IAR, 1953-60, 48. IAR, 1990-91, p. 59
pp. 39-40; 1962-63, p. 19 49. IAR, 1962-63, p. 70
16
50. IAR, 1990-91, p. 59 79. Misra, V. N., Op.cit., 2007, p. 379
51. Ibid, p. 60 80. Ibid
52. This site was excavated by the author and Amar Singh in 2007. Early Harappan 81. Ibid
and mature Harappan remains were discovered. 82. Ibid
53. This site was explored by the author in 2003 and later excavated by the V. N. 83. Ibid
Prabhakar Excavation of a Harappan Settlement at Karanpura, Rajasthan, 84. Ibid
Puratattva, 43, 2013, pp. 90-99 85. Ibid
54. Suraj Bhan Mitathal Excavations and Other Explorations, Kurukshetra University, 86. Ibid
kurukshetra, 1975 87. Ibid
55. Thakran, R.C. Protohistoric Settlement pattern in Haryana Shrimali K. M. ed. 88. Ibid
Reason & Archaeology, New Delhi, 1999, pp. 43-67. 89. Ibid
56. Lal, B. B. A New Indus Valley Provincial Capital Discovered: Excavations at 90. Ibid
Kalibangan in Northern Rajasthan Illustrated London News, March 24, 1962; 91. Ibid
Idem The Saraswati Flows On: The Continuity of Indian Culture, New Delhi, 92. Gaur, R. C. Excavations at Atranjikhera, New Delhi
2001 93. Suraj Bhan, Op.cit., 1975
57. Thakran, R. C. Protohistoric Settlements and Subsistence patterns in the Bhangar,
94. Such artisans move on from one place to the other by providing their services to
Haryana, PIHC, Delhi, 1991-92
the people even today.
58. Amarendra Nath and Tejas Garge Site Catchement Analysis of the Harappan
95. Possehl, G. L. et al The Ahar-Banas Complex and the BMAC, ME, XXIX, 2,
site of Rakhigarhi, District Hissar, Haryana, ME, XXXIX, 1, 2014, pp. 33-45;
2004, pp. 18-29.
Idem Rakhigarhi: 1999-2000, Puratattva, 31, 2000-01, pp. 43-66
96. Misra, Op.cit., 2007, p. p. 363-367
59. Shinde, V. Personal Communication with Vasant Shinde
97. IAR, 1991-92, p. 94
60. Arun Kesarwani, Balu: A Fortifield rural Settlement in Haryana, Puratattva,
31, 2000-01, pp. 140-152 98. IAR, 1984-85, p. 67; 1958-59, p. 45
61. Personal Communication with the excavators. 99. IAR, 1954-55, p. p. 14-15; 1958-59, p. 45; 1961-62, p.p. 45-50
62. Trivedi, P. K. and J. K. Patnaik Tarkhanwala Dera and Chak 86 (2003-04), 100. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45
Puratattva, 34, 2003-04, pp. 30-34 101. IAR, 1979-80, p. 62; 1991-92, p. 94
63. Thakran R. C. and Amar Singh, Op.cit. 2007 102. IAR, 1957-58, p. p. 44-45; 1979-80, p. 62; 1983-84, p. 71; 1998-99, p. p. 138-
64. Prabhakaran, op.cit., 2013, pp. 90-99 141
65. Personal Communication with Syed Jamal Hasan, Director ASI, New Delhi 103. IAR, 1957-58, p. p. 44-45; 1979-80, p. 65;
66. Mughal, M. R. The Geographical Extent of the Indus Civilization During the 104. IAR, 1957-58, p. p. 44-45; 1962-63, p. 18; 1979-80, p. 62
Early, Mature and Late Harappan Times, South Asian Archaeology Studies, 105. Possehl, G. L. et al, Op.cit., 2004
New Delhi, 1992, pp. 123-140; Idem, The Early Harappan Period in The Greater 106. Misra, V. N. A New Prehistoric Ceramic from Rajasthan, East and West, 23,
Indus valley and Northern Balluchistan (C. 3000-2400 B.C.) Ph.D. Thesis, 1970 324, 1973, p.p. 295-305; Idem Balathal: A Chalcolithic Settlement in Mewar,
67. Sharma, et al Sanauli: A Late Harappan Burial Site in the Yamuna-Hindon Doab Rajasthan, India: Results of First Three Seasons Excavations , South Asian
Puratattva, 34, 2003-04, pp. 35-44 Studies, 13, 1997, p.p. 251-273
68. Ibid 107. Das Gupta, Debasri A study of Site Catchment Analysis of Gilund: a Chalcolithic
69. IAR, 1979-80, p.p. 63-65; 1978-79, p.p. 20 Settlement in the Banas Basin, Rajasthan ME, XXXXI, No. 2, 2006, pp. 70-74
70. IAR, 1962-63, p. 70; 1990-91, p.p. 59-60 108. Mani, B. R and Alok Tripathi Further Excavations at Ojiyana, Puratattva, 31,
71. Mughal, Op.cit., 1970 2000-01, pp. 73-78; Idem Excavations at Ojiyana Puratattva, 30, 1999-2000,
72. IAR, 1972-73, p.p. 28-29; 1973-74, p.p. 23-29; 1979-80, p 62 pp. 67-73
73. Suraj Bhan, Op.cit., 1975 109. IAR, 1983-84, p. 71
74. Misra, V. N. 2007, p. p. 371-379 110. Shinde , V. The Origin and Development of the Chalcolithic in Central India,
75. IAR, 1973-73, pp. 28-29; 1973-74, p. 23; 1975-76, p. 77; 1979-80, p. 62 Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Melaka Papers, 3, Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific
76. IAR, 1963-64, [[. 28-29; 1965-66, p. 38; 1966-67, pp. 30-31 Prehistory Association, 19, 2000, pp. 125-136
77. IAR, 1979-80, pp. 20, 63; 1980-81, p. 56 111. In Harappan context the high mound is located on the west and the low mound
78. IAR, 1978-79, pp. 20, 79-80; 1980-81, p. 62; 1981-82, pp. 61-62 (residential) is located on the east
17
112. IAR, 1963-64, pp. 28-29; 1964-65, pp. 34-35; 1965-66, p. 38; 1966-67, pp. 30- 145. Thakran, R. C. Was the Saraswati a Mighty Perennial River? An Archaeo-geo-
31; 1970-71, pp. 31-32; 1971-72, pp. 41-42 hydrological; Social Science Probings, New Delhi, December 2009, pp. 1-18.
113. Misra, Op.cit., 2007, p. 266 146. Thakran, R. C. The Myth of Saraswati Civilization-A Locational Analysis of
114. IAR, Op.cit., 1971-72, pp. 41-42 Harappan Sites;, PIHC 2003, pp. 44-64
115. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45; 1971-72, p. 41 147. Lal, Op.cit., 2001
116. IAR, 1954-55, p. 61; 1976-77, p. 79 148. Thakran, Op.cit., 2003 and 2009
117. IAR, 1964-65, p. 35; 1991-92, pp. 93-96; 1992-93, p.87; 1958-59, p. 74; 1962- 149. Ibid
63, p. 31; 1972-73, pp. 28-29; 1973-74, p. 24, 1987-88, p. 100; 1977-78, p. 47; 150. Sharma, R. S. The Aryan Problem and the Horse, Social Scientist, 1993, pp. 3-
1978-79, p. 20 16; Idem. Looking for Aryans, Madras, 1995
118. Dalal, K. F. A Short History of Archaeological Explorations in Bikaner and 151. Thakran, Op.cit., 2003 and 2009
Bahawalpur along the Lost Saraswati River, Indica, 17, 1, 1980, pp. 1-40; Idem 152. Gupta, S. P. River Saraswati in History, Archaeology and Geology, Puratattva,
RD 89: A New Hakra Ware Site?, ME, V, 1981, pp. 77-86; Binjor 1 - A Pre- 31, 2000-01, pp. 30-38; Idem Longer Chronology of the Indus-Saraswati
Harappan Site on the Indo-Pak Border, Pande, B. M. and B.D. Chattopadhyay Civilization, Puratattva, 23, 1992-93, pp. 21-29; Lal, Op.cit., 2001
eds. Archaeology and History: Essays in Memory of Sh. A. Ghosh, 1987, pp. 75- 153. Misra, V. N., op.cit., 2007
111.; Idem Early Historical Settlements of Southern Rajasthan, Mewar with Special 154. Very limited remains of horse have been recorded only from the late Harappan
Reference to Balathal: An Artefactual Approach, Ph.D. Thesis, Pune University, levels. Its figurines (clay) also come from these levels.
Pune, 2001 155. Ratnagar, S. Does Archaeology hold the Answers, Bronkhorst, J. and M. M.
119. IAR, 1962-63, p. 18; 1971-72, p. 41; 1980-81, p. 55; 1984-85, p. 71 Deshpande eds. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, Cambridge, 1999, pp.
120. Lal, B. B. Did the Painted Grey ware Continue up to Mauryan Times, Puratattva, 207-38; Idem Agro-Pastoralism and the Migrations of the Indo-Iranians, Romila
9, 1977-78, pp. 64-80 Thapar et al eds. India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan,
121. Misra, Op.cit., 2007, P. 387 NBT, New Delhi, 2006, pp. 157-92; Idem. The Revisionist at Work
122. IAR, 1956-57, p. 83 156. Rao, L. S. The Harappan Spoked Wheels Rattled Down the Streets of Bhirrana,
123. IAR, 1958-59, p. 74; 1960-61, p. 66; 1972-73, pp. 28-29 District Fatehabad, Haryana, Puratattva, 36, 2005-06, pp. 59-67
124. IAR, 1953-54, p. 38
125. IAR, 1981-82, p. 100
126. IAR, 1980-81, p. 93
127. IAR, 1971-72, p. 41
128. IAR, 1981-82, p. 100
129. IAR, 1958-59, pp. 45, 73; 1962-63, p. 19
130. IAR, 1973-74, p. 23
131. IAR, 1954-55, pp. 14-15; 1956-57, p. 8; 1993-94, pp. 93-97
132. IAR, 1971-72, p. 41; 1973-74, p. 23
133. IAR, 1958-59, p. 45; 1980-81, p. 55; 1984-85, pp. 67-68
134. IAR, 1991-92, p. 94; 1992-93, pp. 85-87
135. IAR, 1987-88, p. 101; 1988-89, p. 76
136. IAR, 1972-73, pp. 28-29; 1973-74, p. 24; 1987-88, p. 100; 1988-89, p. 76
137. IAR, 1976-77, p. 79; 1981-82, p. 55; 1984-85, p. 79
138. IAR, 1977-78, p. 47; 1978-79, p. 20; 1980-81, pp. 55-56
139. IAR, 1962-63, p. 18; 1965-66, p. 38; 1966-67, p. 68; 1970-71, p. 31; 1971-72, p.
41; 1979-80, p. 68
140. IAR, 1972-73, pp. 61-62
141. Misra, Op.cit., 2007, p.79
142. Ibid, pp. 273-275 (Pl 11.6)
143. Ibid, p. 311
144. Lal, B. B. The Saraswati Flows On: The Continuity of Indian Culture, New
Delhi, 2001
18
(a) to support British rule with all their forces; (b) to submit their
mutual differences to their arbitration.1 Charles Metcalfe, the then
Resident of Delhi, had already expressed his view that the States of
Professor G.N. Sharma Memorial Lecture Rajputana should be taken under British protection and in case
protection was not afforded when it was solicited, it might not be
British Relations with Jaipur State accepted when offered.2 Subjected to pay a handsome amount of tribute
under the Company and the Crown : in lieu of British protection for peace in Jaipur, it was hoped that the
State would not be a liability to the Company. On 2 April 1818, a
A Critical Appraisal treaty was concluded between the Company and the State amidst an
Dr. Anju Suri opposition from a faction of the Thakurs seething with anti-British
feelings, incapacity of the State to pay the proposed amount of tribute
It is, indeed, a matter of great honour for me to deliver Professor and pressure from the Holkar, the Sindhia and Amir Khan.
Gopinath Sharma Memorial Lecture as a part of 30 th Session of Article 1 of the said treaty provided for perpetual friendship
Rajasthan History Conference at MLS University Campus, Udaipur. between East India Company and Maharaja Jagat Singh of Jaipur, his
Professor Gopinath Sharma was an eminent and erudite scholar whose heirs and successors. The friends and enemies of one party would be
works on history of Rajasthan speak volumes of his acumen and ability friends and enemies of both. By Article 2, the British protection would
of being a great academician. The Conference offers us all an be extended to Jaipur against its enemies. Article 3 made it obligatory
opportunity and occasion to pay a befitting tribute to Professor for the ruler and successors of Jaipur to act in subordinate cooperation
Sharmas laudable contribution to the discipline of History as a with the British Company while acknowledging the latters supremacy.
dedicated researcher and a devoted teacher. I am very grateful to the By Article 4, the Maharaja and his successors would not enter into
organizers for extending me the invitation and making me a part of negotiations with any Chief without the knowledge and sanction of
this academic event. The topic of my lecture is, British Relations the British Government. Article 5 demanded a commitment from Jaipur
with Jaipur State under the Company and the Crown : A Critical to submit disputes between Jaipur and other States to the arbitration
Appraisal. of the British Government. Article 6 provided for payment of high
Situated in the north-east and east of Rajputana with an area of amount of annual tribute by the Jaipur Darbar. The tribute was to be
15,579 square miles and surrounded by States of Rajputana and Punjab, gradually enhanced and fixed at rupees eight lakhs. If the Darbars
Jaipur was the fourth largest State of Rajputana. A number of Thakurs income exceeded forty lakhs of rupees, the Darbar would deposit 5/
or feudatory chiefs of autonomous and semi-autonomous estates such 16th of excess as an additional amount of tribute besides eight lakh
as Samod, Uniara, Diggi, Shekhawati etc. around Jaipur either paid rupees in the treasury. By article 7, the Maharaja was bound to furnish
regular tribute to the Maharaja of Jaipur or prepared soldiers for him troops, whenever required, to the British Government. Article 8 gave
as a mark of their allegiance to him. assurance on behalf of the British that the Maharaja and his successors
At the advent of Earl of Moira (later, Marquess of Hastings) in would remain absolute rulers and British civil and criminal jurisdiction
1813, the situation for East India Company was precarious on account would not be introduced into their territory. Article 9 stated that the
of a great danger posed to the Companys supremacy by the Maratha prosperity of the State would be favourably considered and attended
Chiefs the Peshwa, the Bhonsla, the Gaekwar, the Sindhia and the to, so long as the Maharaja remained faithful to the British Government.3
Holkar as well as the Pathans and the Pindaris. To secure the Similar treaties were concluded between the British Company
Companys position and assert British paramountcy on Native States and 18 other Rajputana States including Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner,
of India, Hastings held a strong opinion that the States might be made Kota, Bundi, with all the Articles in common except one pertaining to
to perform atleast two great feudatory duties to the British authorities, the tribute to be levied on Jaipur State. The ardent desire of the British
19
Resident, David Ochterlony to improve upon the state of political between him and the Regent Rani. Raper quit the city once in order to
anarchy that had emerged out of conflict between the Jaipur Maharaja pressurize the Rani to submit to his decision. Captain Low, the next
and the Thakur, led him to intervene in the State in violation of the Political Agent also stood in opposition to the Regent Rani and reserved
treaty of 1818. In the special meeting of the Thakurs held in the the right of conducting British relations with her to himself especially
presence of the Maharaja, the former were made to put their signatures in matters of ascertaining revenue collections of the State and securing
on a paper laying down the fundamental rules regarding their relations the due share of the British Government. His activities, however, were
with the Maharaja. restricted by Charles Metcalfe, the then Resident. Dueto the evil
The British relations under the Company with Jaipur State were influence of Jhota Ram and others on the Regent Rani, the
marked by perpetual British intervention which was explicitly observed administrative efficiency of Jaipur had been seriously affected. This
in the matter of succession that came to the fore at the death of led Captain Low to call an assembly of the Thakurs at his residence in
Maharaja Jagat Singh on 21 December 1818. Of the various claims to the presence of the minor Maharaja which decided to remove the Rani
the succession, the British recognized the claim of a minor of nine from the regency.6 But Charles Metcalfes authoritative intervention
years named, Mohan Singh which was rejected by the queens and the at this time set Captain Lows efforts at naught.
nobles and which drifted the State to a situation where a civil war The death of the young Maharaja Jai Singh III in February 1835
looked imminent. However, this was averted at the discovery of the was followed by accession of two years old, Ram Singh to the throne.
news that the Bhattiani queen of Sawai Jagat Singh was pregnant. Maharaja Ram Singhs rule extended from 1835-51. During his minority
After she gave birth to a son on 25 April 1819, he was installed on Rani (Maji/Maharani) Chandrawat, his mother acted as his Regent. At
gaddias a legitimate ruler with the name of Jai Singh III. His claim on British intervention, Jhota Ram was replaced by Bairisal as Mukhtiar
throne was recognized at once by the British Government and the (P.M.) of Jaipur against the wishes of the Maharani. This measure
nobles; his mother was recognized as his Regent.4 marked the beginning of the process of depriving the Regent Rani of
Since there was corruption and misgovernment during the her ascendancy in the State.7 In a sudden attack by Jaipur crowd on
regency rule of the Rani from 1819-1838, a need was felt in 1821 to Major Alves (the AGG at Ajmer), Martin Blake and others, Major Alves
appoint a British Political Agent at Jaipur. As such Captain J. Stewart was seriously injured and Martin Blake was got killed. The court on
was appointed as the first Political Agent to stay at Jaipur, intervene in behalf of the British authorities awarded punishments on the culprits
its internal administration for the purpose of guarding British interests ranging from death sentence to life imprisonment. Rawal Shiva Singh
and ensuring the regular payment of the tribute. On Stewarts succeeded his father Bairisal at his death in July 1838, as the next
insistence, the Resident refused to appoint Ranis men Jhota Ram and Minister. The new Minister was given full support and cooperation by
Amar Singh to handle revenue matters. Instead, Ganesh Narain was Major Ross who became Political Agent in 1838. The authority of
appointed for the assistance of Prime Minister Rawal Bairisal and Regent Maharani was undermined and in 1839 she was excluded from
Captain Stewart to improve finances of the State. The agitated Rani administrative affairs. To carry the administration during the minority
succeeded in getting Ganesh Narains appointment cancelled from the of the Maharaja, a Council of Regency of Five Sirdars with British
Governor-General. She then removed Rawal Bairisal from the office Political Agent as its President was constituted. Virtually the rule of
and replaced him by Megh Singh of Diggi as Prime Minister. The Political Agent had now been established in Jaipur and the Regency
British Agent, Stewart and the Resident, David Ochterlony got the Council played a second fiddle to him in all administrative matters.
necessary orders from the Governor-General to reinstate Rawal The Political Agent had the right either to remove any member from
Bairisal. They compelled Jhota Ram to leave Jaipur in April 1823 and the Council on the ground of his misconduct and incompetence or
warned him that he might be arrested if he was seen again in Jaipur. 5 associate additional members in the Council. The period of two
On 23 April 1824, Major Raper succeeded Captain Stewart as successive Political Agents, Major Thoresby (1839-44) and Captain
the next Political Agent. Mutual hatred and hostility marked the relations Ludlow (1844-47) was the period of peaceful progression in the
20
administration of Jaipur. Thoresby was instrumental in his efforts to Maharaja, however, was required to conduct the State Administration
get annual tribute of the State reduced from rupees eight lakhs to during his minority with the consultation and assistance of a Council
rupees four lakhs. It should be keenly observed that the British of six influential nobles as well as the British Political Agent at Jaipur.
Government before this time had been rigid in realizing full amount of The Maharaja continued to rule as per arrangements made by the
annual tribute even at times of financial stringency of the State. In British. It is surprising to observe that the Majaraja even after attaining
1851, Maharaja Ram Singh became a major of eighteen years. The the age of twenty-one years in September 1882 and assuming full
Regency Council was now abolished and the Maharaja was invested ruling powers was bound to seek the advice of the Political Agent till
with full ruling powers. The dominance of Political Agents, Rickards 1886 in all important administrative matters and obtain his concurrence
and Burton, however, continued unabated in the administration of the before altering decisions of the Council taken previously during his
State. minority. The British Government under the Crown expressed the hope
During the revolt of 1857, Maharaja Ram Singh rendered the that the Maharaja would always rely on the goodwill of the Resident
most loyal and meritorious services to the British authorities which and give due weightage to his advice in future too. Doubtless to say
were rewarded by the grant of the pargana, Kot Kasim to the Maharaja. that the British Agent or the Resident had been playing a dominant role
Also the right of adoption was conferred upon him. After the revolt, in the affairs of the State. The Government of India generally accepted
there was a marked change in the British policy in India. The the recommendations of the Resident or the Agent to the Governor-
government and revenues of India were assumed by the British Crown General (AGG), Rajputana unless they were too unfair or unreasonable.
under the Government of India Act, 1858. As far as British policy The tributes levied on the Princely States served as a mark of
towards Princely States was concerned, the policy of annexation of recognition of British paramountcy and also formed a significant source
States was abandoned once for all. It was further laid down that the of revenue to the British exchequer. The Article 6 of the treaty of
existing treaties between the British and the States would be 1818 between the British and the Jaipur State had laid down that in
scrupulously maintained and the Princely Rights, Dignity and Honour lieu of British protection, the State would be exempted from tribute in
would be duly respected.8 In actual practice, however, the Paramount the first year whereas in 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th year rupees two lakhs,
Power, in response to its growing requirements, intervened perpetually four lakhs, five lakhs, six lakhs, seven lakhs, eight lakhs respectively
in matters concerning succession, fiscal, economic matters and others would be charged. Rupees eight lakhs would continue as amount of
of the States in violation of existing treaties, engagements and sanads tribute annually until the States revenue exceeded rupees forty lakhs
and Jaipur State was no exception. in which case, the State would deposit 5/16th of the excess as the
The British intervention in succession matters of Jaipur State additional amount of tribute.9 The term was quite unfair as the high
continued to be a marked feature of British relations with the State amount of tribute had been fixed on the wrong estimate of the States
under the Crown as was the case hitherto under the Company. Maharaja income and the tribute had to be raised by the State not without
Ram Singh at his death on 18 September 1880 did not leave behind a difficulty. The mismanagement of the State led to its impoverishment
natural or an adopted son to succeed him. Dr. Hendley, the incharge and hence the accumulation of arrears. It was impossible for the State
of Eastern Rajputana State Agency, who was present at the death-bed to come out of the situation of debt. The Maharani, the Regent Rani
of the Maharaja very tactfully procured the Maharajas statement in of minor Jai Singh III, in these circumstances proposed to seize money
favour of nomination of nineteen year old, Kaim Singh as his successor from all those subjects who possessed it irrespective of the fact they
in presence of notable nobles and officials. It is noteworthy to point owned the debt to the State or not. The British Political Agent, Captain
out here that the British Government charged nazranaor the succession Low, however, refused to sanction her proposal. In 1828, the request
fee before they recognized the succession of a Princely Chief. The from the royal Darbar of Jaipur to reduce the exorbitant amount of
assumption of gaddi by Kaim Singh in name of Maharaja Madho Singh tribute from eight lakhs to four lakhs of rupees was rejected by the
in September 1880 was recognized by the British Government. The Political Agent. It was Major Thoresby, the Political Agent at Jaipur
21
and the President of Council of Regency who realized the colossal and royalty at rate of 20 percent on the price per maund if the salt
financial burden under which Jaipur was groaning and the fact that sold exceeded 8,25,000 British maunds.11 The establishment of Sambhar
the State had been deprived of a large part of annual income on account Lake Court and abolition of the Inland Customs Line for removal of
of taking over of the Sambhar Lake by the British in 1835. On his impediments to internal trade followed soon.
recommendations, the Government of India in 1842 reduced the amount By yet another Salt Agreement concluded on 31 January, 1879,
of tribute from rupees eight lakhs to rupees four lakhs with the Maharaja of Jaipur agreed to suppress and absolutely prohibit and
retrospective effect from 1 November 1840 and remitted previous prevent the manufacture of salt within any part of Jaipur State whether
arrears of the tribute amounting to rupees forty-six lakhs of rupees. overtly or in form of salt petre or other saline products, except at
But the obnoxious clause in Article 6 of the treaty of 1818 having Sambhar Lake and Kuchor-Rewasa Surr and destroy all other existing
provision of enhancement of tribute of rupees eight lakhs, if the State salt works.
revenues exceeded forty lakh rupees, by 5/16 th of excess amount, The two aforementioned salt agreements of 1869 and 1879
continued to exist until supplementary treaty was concluded between respectively were detrimental to the interest of the State. The salt
the British Government and the State during the Viceroyalty of Lord business of the State was seriously affected and the process of
Mayo on 31 August 1871, and the said clause was removed. Maharaja improverishment of the State set in following the objective of British
Ram Singh on his behalf promised to spend a considerable sum annually monopoly of salt. To fulfil their objective, the British either successfully
upon works of irrigation and improvement with a view to enhance took control of principal salt works or suppressed manufacture of
prosperity of his State.10 salt. The imperial government did pay compensation to the Jaipur
With an aim to equalize salt duties throughout India and acquire State but the compensation paid was too inadequate. Certainly, the
monopoly of salt, the British Government under the Crown in post- salt policy of British Government had augmented its fiscal resources
1858 period considered it necessary to establish complete control over and proved detrimental to the economic interests of the Jaipur State.
principal salt sources in Rajputana State, suppress manufacture of In defence of British salt policy, it may be argued that as a result of
salt elsewhere for the purpose of elimination of competition, and abolish uniform salt policy, salt duty in 1882 could be equalized at rupees two
transit duties on salt in Princely States. To this effect, the British per maund throughout the country and salt began to be supplied at
Government signed a treaty with Jaipur Darbar on 7 August, 1869 by cheap rates to all the people.
which the Darbar agreed to lease to the British Government its right To introduce uniform coinage in India in post-1858 period, the
of manufacturing and selling salt within limits of territory bordering Government of Crown began negotiations with the rulers of the Native
on the Sambhar Lake. The lease would continue until such time as the States for abolition of mints. Captain Eden, the Political Agent at Jaipur
British Government desired to relinquish it with an advance notice of intimated to the Supreme Government that Maharaja Ram Singh (1835-
two years. The British Government had the right to enter, search, 88) had expressed a desire to discontinue his current coin bearing the
arrest or punish the persons acting in violation of rules and regulations name of Bahadur Shah and issue a new currency bearing some
laid down by British Government regarding manufacture, sale, removal reference to Her Majesty, the Queen. His proposal was accepted and
or smuggling of salt etc. The British Government reserved the right to his graceful offer was appreciated by the Government.12
fix the price to be offered for sale of salt . In lieu, the Jaipur A decade later in 1868, the queston of short weight counterfeit
Government would receive salt for its consumption (not exceeding copper coins was reported from Khetri, a dependency of Jaipur State.
172000 maunds) at rate of 9 annas per maund. Of the stocks held It was learnt that 13 mints in Chirawa and 19 mints in Surajgarh, both
jointly by Governments of Jaipur and Jodhpur, Jaipur would transfer in Khetri, were in active service where copper pice was manufactured
its half share to the British Government for which British Government by Sahukars. These Sahukars had their agents at Agra, Mathura, Ajmer,
would pay to Jaipur two half-yearly instalments, an annual rent of Gwalior etc. who were involved in counterfeiting of the coins. After
rupees 1,25,000 for share of Jaipur in the salt sold within its limits investigation it was found by Colonel Keatinge, the then Political Agent
22
at Jaipur, that counterfeit pice in Khetri was carried on without the Jaipur did not compete with opium of British India, the export of illicit
knowledge of the Raja. It was pointed out that Jaipur ruler had no opium from Jaipur into British territories could be effectively checked
sovereign rights in Khetri, the Raja exercising complete civil and and a considerable amount of income could be drawn by the British
criminal jurisdiction within his own territory. Therepon instructions Government from revenue of opium.
were sent by the Government of India to Agent to Governor-General, Goaded by the desire to have full and exclusive control over
Rajputana that mints must be established and worked only at capitals the means of transport and communications throughout India, the
of the rulers having right to exercise soverign power and that mints in British Government under the Crown had to come to an understanding
territories of subordinate and feudatory chiefs and nobles should with the Princes of Native States for necessary arrangements for
henceforth be abolished. After the said orders of the Supreme constructon of railways, roads, postal and telegraph communications.
Government, the Khetri mints were closed down. The railways had a great commercial value for the British as they
The Native Coinage Act IX of 1876 empowered the Governor were useful in collection and export of raw materials for British
General-in-Council to declare coins of Native States of same fineness industries as well as exploring untapped markets for English
and weight, a legal tender in British India13 and authorized Native States manufacturing goods. Apart from these, railways were useful in
to send their metal to the Mints of Government of India for coinage. strengthening defences of the British Empire and catering to the moral
The states of Alwar and Bikaner availed themselves of this opportunity and material progress of the nation.16 Since the territories of the British
in 1877 and 1893 respectively. Jaipur, however, continued to have its India were interconnected with the Princely States, the cooperation
ownJhar Shahi coins. Besides gold Mohurs, the Maharaja issued a of the latter was essential for successful completion of railway lines.
large number of silver and copper coins. The rate of exchange between As a matter of rule, all railway projects in the Natives States were to
Jaipur and British currency varied from time to time. In 1899, Jaipur be reported to the Government of India. The native Princes were
rupee was worth about 12 annas of British rupee, but towards end of required to cooperate with imperial government by providing lands
1904, 102 Jhar Shahi rupees exchanged for 100 British rupees.14 free of cost in their respective States for the constructon of railway
The opium policy of the British Government under the Crown lines and by ceding full jurisdiction on these lands to the Supreme
aimed at preventing Native States from adopting measures which might Government.
harm the interests of the Paramount Power.15 For making the opium In 1865 direct communication with North-Western Provinces
arrangements with the States of Rajputana and Central India, the pass and Punjab was sought for undertaking a railway project. Since the
system had been introduced since 1830. Though the cultivation of line was to pass through many Rajputana States including Jaipur, the
poppy or manufacture of opium within these States was not interfered Jaipur Darbar was asked (a) to cede land measuring 200 feet in breadth
with, but import of opium, into or transport through British territories for the purpose free of cost, (b) to surrender to the British Government
was prohibited, except under passes granted by the British officers full jurisdiction short of sovereignty rights in such land, (c) to surrender
on payment of heavy duty. right of levying all transit and other duties on goods passing through
As far as opium arrangements with Jaipur are concerned, a railway land. Maharaja Ram Singh expressed some early doubts
Memorandum No. 5 had been appended with the Salt Treaty of 1879 regarding the cession of rights for the proposed railway project but
which in a response to an enquiry from Maharaja clearly stated that he promised to render all possible assistance as soon as the operations
the import of intoxicating drugs including bhang, ganja, opium etc. were commenced in his territory.17 On 13 July, 1867, he submitted a
into British India had been strictly forbidden. The Jaipur Darbar was memorandum of atleast twenty conditions to the Agent to Governor-
requested to assist the British Government in prohibiting the export of General for Rajputana. While a majority of the conditions were
such articles from the State by issue of notifications and by arrest concurred including final approval of the Jaipur Darbar of the line
and punishment of the offenders. The objective of the opium policy fixed by survey and avoidance of private property and city of Jaipur,
of the Paramount Power in Jaipur was fulfilled because opium of the condtion such as careful avoidance of religious edifices during
23
the course of construction of line was considered to be absurd by the States. 20 In justification of a uniform British railway policy, it may be
Paramount Power as the line could not be diverted for one and every argued that the extension of railways intended to bring benefits to the
temple that fell its way.18 subjects of both British India as well as Princely States. Also railways
It goes to the credit of Maharaja Ram Singh that he was the proved useful for military defence and economic development of the
only chief in the whole of Rajputana to have prepared and presented country. The assumption of full and exclusive jurisdiction of railway
to the British Government, the memorandum with the sole objective land by the British Government ensured the safety and justice to the
of safeguarding the interests of the State. The Supreme Government travellers. The British railway policy, however, was meant to serve
on its part accepted most of his conditions and declined those which economic interests of the imperial government. The fat salaries and
were found to be incompatible with general railway policy of the British the privileges of the European employees on railway put a constant
Government. On 5 February, 1868, the Maharaja agreed to withdraw strain on Indian finances and contributed to Indias drain of wealth to
his conditions. Thereupon, he ceded the required land free of cost Great Britain. Moreover, the instances of racial discrimination towards
and defrayed all necessary compensation for loss caused to the owners native passengers travelling by trains were no less pronounced as had
of land, houses etc. Further he made over full jurisdiction in the land been pointed out in Rajputana Gazette time and again.21
ceded short of soverign rights, absolutely to the British Government Apart from railways, a network of roads was laid down
and surrendered all transit and other goods passing through at prevailing connecting Jaipur with other cities of the State and cities of British
rates or at tarrif to be fixed later.19 India and neighbouring States. All roads had been placed under the
For the constructon of proposed Rajputana State Railway in charge of Public Works Department and were maintained by the State.
1869 from Sambhar to Delhi and Agra, which essentially had to pass All roads except one from Agra to Ajmer were constructed entirely at
through Jaipur, the Maharaja granted to the British Government the cost of the State. Of the important roads constructed, mention may
portions of land forming Rajputana State Railway alongwith full be made of 127 miles long Agra to Ajmer road, road to Sambhar via
jurisdiction on them to the British Government. In 1904, the land was Bajru, road from Agra district to Bandikui, Jaipur-Tonk road, Kurali-
acquired from the Jaipur Darbar for the Rewari-Phulera Chord Railway Mandawar road etc. Also a large number of old roads were repaired.
and the Darbar was asked to cede jurisdiction over the section of the In December 1882, Jaipur Darbar abolished all transit duties on feeder
said railway which traversed the Jaipur State. The Form with regard roads leading to Rajputana-Malwa railway within Jaipur territory with
to cession of jurisdiction short of soverign rights was also revised at the exception of duty on opium. These efforts of the Darbar paved
this time. The Agreement of 1906 between Jaipur Darbar and the the way for development of trade and commerce throughout the
Bombay, Baroda and Central Indian Railway Company for working of country without any hindrance.
Jaipur State Railway between Sanganer and Sawai Madhopur was to For the purpose of ensuring efficient working of Imperial postal
be guided by Indian Railway Act of 1890 under which all necessary system, cooperation was sought by the British Government from the
appliances for working of Jaipur Railway Line were to be provided by Princes of the Native States. In July 1866, the Government of India
the Darbar. Also the alterations and additions which might be required issued Resolution asserting the absolute responsibility of the States
in future would be carried out at the cost of the Darbar. The Darbar for mail robberies occurring within their territories and Jaipur was no
further agreed to maintain a force of police for protection of the said exception. In 1897, a circular 22 was issued by Deputy Post Master
line and of property in the trains and at each station thereof. General, Rajputana to all postal officials in Rajputana circles to escort
The British Government under the Crown certainly had no legal the mail in territories of Rajputana States. In response to this circular,
right to acquire land free of cost from any Native State and assume the Jaipur State Council made arrangements for providing adequate
full police, civil and criminal jurisdiction on railway lines traversing escort to secure safe passage of parcel mails on the mail lines. Jaipur
the territory of a State. As such the assumption of such jurisdiction Darbar had been cooperating with British authorities in constructing
manifestly marked an inroad on the judicial independence of Indian or giving on rent the buildings for British post and telegraph offices
24
and permitting placing of letter boxes in various towns of the State. 1932, pp. 74-77.
In 1890s, with permission of Jaipur Darbar, the combined Post and 12. Govt. of India to AGG, No. 170, dated 26 Feb. 1858 cited in C.L. Tupper
(Comp.), Indian Political Practice, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1895, p. 126.
Telegraph Offices began to be opened in towns of Jaipur. By 1906,
13. C.L. Tupper, op.cit., para 108, pp. 128-29.
there were 32 Imperial Post Offices and no less than 112 Raj or State 14. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XIII, Oxford, 1908, p. 395.
Post Offices in Jaipur State. The Darbar after having introduced various 15. A.C. Arora, British Policy towards the Punjab States, 1858-1905, Jalandhar,
reforms in its own Postal Department in 1904 thereby raising the 1982, p. 184.
standard of efficiency of its postal system, made repeated requests 16. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. III, London,1909, p. 66.
17. Political Agent, Jaipur to AGG, No. 139-71G, dated 9 Oct., 1865, Foreign
for a convention between Imperial and Raj Postal Departments for
Department, General A, Jan. 1866, No. 30.
exchange of correspondence. 23 At last in July 1908, the Imperial 18. Kharita from AGG to the Maharaja of Jaipur, dated 11 Sept. 1867, Foreign
Government accepted the principle that a postal convention might be Department, General A, Oct. 1867, No. 21 and its Encl.
negotiated with the State. The significance of the postal convention 19. Foreign Department, General A, March 1868, Nos. 24-27.
with Jaipur State enhances in view of the fact that such conventions 20. K.M. Panikkar, Indian States and the Government of India, London,1932, pp.
had been concluded with six other States Gwalior (1885), Patiala 75-76.
(1884), Nabha (1885), Jind (1886), Faridkot (1886) and Chamba 21. The Rajputana Gazette of 1 Dec. 1895, Selections from the Vernacular
(1886). Besides many telegraph offices and telephone systems were Newspapers, p. 57, and of 8 Feb. 1896, p.37.
extended in Jaipur with a twin aim to promote the imperial interests 22. Circular No. 23/23, dated 1 July 1897.
and serve the people. 23. Senior Member of Jaipur State Council to Resident, Jaipur, No. 99, dated 17/19
May 1906, Jaipur Agency Records, Part I, Post and Telegraph, File No. 74/1906,
In fine, it may be said that British relations with Jaipur State
pp. 168-69.
under the Company and the Crown were marked by perpetual British
intervention in the State, so that the British paramountcy could be
well asserted and imperial interests could be well served. On most of
the occasions the paramountcy was asserted in violation of existing
treaties, engagements and sanads with Jaipur State and at the cost of
sacrifice of native interests.
References:
1. The Private Journal of Marquess of Hastings, Vol. I, London, 1858, pp. 54-55.
2. John William Kaye, The Life and Correspondence of Charles Lord Metcalfe, Vol.
I, London, 1858, p. 320.
3. C.U. Aitchison (Comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Vol.
III, Calcutta, 1939, pp. 66-67.
4. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, edited by W. Crooke, Vol. III,
London 1920, Reprint Delhi, 1994, pp. 1375-78.
5. Foreign Department, Political Consultations, 21 March 1823, Nos. 32-37.
6. Foreign Department, Political Consultations, 24 Nov. 1826, No. 11.
7. Vijay Kumar Vashishtha, Rajputana Agency, 1832-1858, Jaipur, 1978, p. 154.
8. Queens Proclamation, A.C. Banerjee (ed.). Indian Constitutional Documents,
Vol. II, Calcutta, 1961, pp. 27-28.
9. C.U. Aitchison, op.cit., Vol. III, Calcutta, 1932, p.68.
10. Kharita from Maharaja Ram Singh of Jaipur to Viceroy and Governor-General of
India, dated 29 Aug. 1871, Foreign Department, Political A, Oct. 1871, No. 121.
11. See Artices 1-13 of the Treaty of 1869, C.U. Aitchison, op.cit., Vol. III, Calcutta,
25
Hkkxksa esa foHkDr dj viuh ckr dks vki rd igqpkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA izFke Hkkx
tgk Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl ds thou pfj= ,oa O;fDrRo ij dsfUnzr gS ogha f}rh;
Hkkx esa muds d`frRo] bfrgkl txr dks jgs muds vonku rFkk muds 'kks/k vuqla/kku
izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku
deZ ,oa ys[ku ;k=k dh 'kks/kijd ehekalk dh x;h gSA r`rh; Hkkx esa muds l`tu]
muds bfrgkl ys[ku dh leh{kk rFkk muds bfrgkl n'kZu ds oSf'k"V~;ksa dh foospuk
bfrgkldkj izks- vkj-ih- O;kl ,oa ,oa fo'ys"k.k djus dk ,d oLrqijd iz;kl fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;g rF; eq[kfjr
mudk bfrgkl&ys[ku gksdj lkeus vkrk gS fd izks- vkj-ih- O;kl] 'kks/kijd ekSfyd lksp vkSj fopkj j[kus
izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr okys ,d iwokZxzg eqDr xEHkhj fo'ys"kd] fu"i{k rF; xos"kd] fn'kk izorZd vkSj
vizfre bfrgkldkj Fks rFkk jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr fo"k;d ys[ku esa mudk
bfrgkl foHkkx] eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj ds rRoko/kku loZFkk ekSfyd ,oa vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku jgkA
esa vk;ksT; jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds 30osa vf/kos'ku esa ns'k Hkj ls i/kkjs bfrgkldkjksa] I
'kks/kosRrkvksa rFkk 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa_ eapklhu lEekuuh; yC/k izfr"Btu_ jktLFkku fgLVh 12 vxLr] lu~ 1922 dks tks/kiqj uxj ds ,d lqlaLdkfjr] lEHkzkUr fdUrq
dkaxzsl ds leLr vkWfQl&fc;jlZ ,oa ,DthD;wfVo ds lEekfur lnL;x.k rFkk lnu ikjEifjd iq"dj.kk czk.k ifjokj esa Lo- vkbnkl ,oa Jherh bUnj dkSj O;kl ds
esa leqifLFkr fo}ku lkfFk;ksa ,oa ftKklq lq/kh JksrkvksaA eSa] loZizFke jktLFkku fgLVh rstLoh vkSj Louke/kU; iq= ds :i esa tUes Lo- jke izlkn th dh izkjfEHkd
dkaxzsl vkWfQl fc;jlZ ,oa ,DthD;wfVo rFkk fo'ks"kr% blds rstLoh ,oa tkZoku f'k{kk&nh{kk lqtkux<+] jrux<+ esa rFkk mPp f'k{kk tks/kiqj uxj esa lEiUu gqbZ FkhA
lSsVjh izksQslj ,esfjV~l izks- ,l-ih- O;kl dks vius n; ds xgu ry ls lk/kwokn tloUr dkWyst] tks/kiqj ls viuh mPp f'k{kk izkfIr dh ;k=k 'kq:vkr dj os 'kSf{kd
nsuk pkgwaxk] mudk dksfV'k% vfHkuUnu djuk pkgwaxk ftUgksaus ns'k ds pksVh ds bfrgklK {ks= esa ,d ds mijkUr ,d miyfC/k;ka vftZr djrs pys x, vkSj bfrgkl fo"k; esa
rFkk jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ds izk.k iq#"k ,oa jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds vf/kLukrd dj mUgksaus dkuwu esa ,y-,y-ch- dh mikf/k vftZr dhA v/;;u iw.kZ
vxz.kh lw=/kkjksa esa ls ,d jgs Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl dh Le`fr dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus djus ds mijkUr vkius jktiwr gkbZ Ldwy] pkSikluh esa ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa vius
ds fy, mudh iquhr Le`fr esa jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl vf/kos'kuksa esa izks- vkj-ih- O;kl dSfj;j dh 'kq:vkr dhA rnuUrj] ,d dkWyst f'k{kd ds :i esa vkius e'k% ,l-
Le`fr O;k[;ku&ekyk dh 'kq:vkr dhA eSa] jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl dh leLr ,e-ds- dkWyst] tks/kiqj_ jktdh; egkfo|ky; MhMokuk ,oa ljnkj'kgj esa v/;kiu
,DthD;wfVo rFkk izks- ,l-ih- O;kl dk vR;Ur vkHkkjh gw fd vkius eq>s bl vR;Ur fd;k vkSj lu~ 1962 esa tks/kiqj esa fo'ofo|ky; dh laLFkkiuk ds lkFk gh fo'ofo|ky;
izfrf"Br ,oa xfjeke; O;k[;ku&ekyk ds izFke ,oa laLFkkiu O;k[;ku ds fy, ds bfrgkl foHkkx esa ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa izfo"V gq, vkSj ogha dk;Zjr jgrs gq,
vkeaf=r fd;k vkSj vki egkuqHkkoksa ls #c: gksus dk lqvolj iznku fd;kA esjk n`<+ ,lksf'k,V izksQslj ,oa foHkkxk/;{k (bfrgkl) ds :i esa 31 vxLr] lu~ 1982 dks
fo'okl gS fd bl O;k[;ku&ekyk ds varxZr gksus okys fo}rkiw.kZ O;k[;kuksa ls Lo- lsokfuo`k gq,A
izks- O;kl ds pfj=] O;fDrRo] d`frRo ds ewY;kadu o bfrgkl txr dks muds vius 32 o"kks ds Lukrd ,oa Lukrdkskj Lrj ds v/;kiu vuqHko rFkk
vizfre ;ksxnku ij Vhdk&fVIi.kh ,oa ehekalk ds lekukarj jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa yxHkx nks n'kd ls vf/kd le;kof/k ds 'kks/k dk;kZuqHko ls ;qDr izks- vkj-ih- O;kl
laLd`fr fo"k;d 'kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku ds u;s vk;ke iz'kLr gksaxs rFkk ,sfrgkfld 'kks/k vius lexz dSfj;j ds nkSjku ,d /khj&xEHkhj rFkk ifjJeh bfrgkl f'k{kd ds
txr dks ,d uohu fn'kk feysxhA pwafd vkt dk ;g O;k[;ku bl kà[kyk dk izFke lekukUrj ,d mRd`"V 'kks/koskk Hkh jgsA fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx dks ,d
vkSj laLFkkiu O;k[;ku gS blfy, ;g fopkj cuk fd bls Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl vkSj l'kDr ,oa xfjeke; Lo:i iznku djus esa vkius vR;Ur egoiw.kZ rFkk ldkjkRed
muds bfrgkl ys[ku ij gh dsfUnzr fd;k tk, rkfd bldh lehphurk vkSj izklafxdrk Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj yxHkx ikp o"kksZa rd foHkkxk/;{k in ij jgrs gq, fo'ofo|ky;
bl O;k[;ku&ekyk ds 'kqHkkjEHk ls LFkkfir gks lds vkSj ;g O;k[;ku bl kà[kyk ds bfrgkl foHkkx dks ;Fkksfpr pkbZ rd igqpk;kA ns'k ds [;kruke bfrgkldkjksa ;Fkk
Hkkoh O;k[;kuksa dks ,d fn'kk iznku dj ldsA vLrq] eSaus vius O;k[;ku dks rhu izks- ch-ih- lDlsuk] izks- n'kjFk 'kekZ] MkW- ds-,l- yky ds lkfUu/; esa v/;kiu vkSj
26
vuqla/kku deZjr jgs izks- vkj-ih- O;kl us u dsoy muds lkFk viuh fo}rk vkSj lsehuklZ rFkk dkWUsUl vkfn esa Hkkx ysdj ogk vius 'kks/k&i= izLrqr dj pqds10 rFkk
vdknfed mRd`"Vrk dks gh lk>k fd;k oju~ ,d l?ku vkSj fpjUru 'kks/k ;k=k ds ntZuksa lsehuklZ] laxksf"B;ksa] dkWUsUl rFkk vdknfed dk;Zeksa ds vk;kstd jg pqds
ekxZ ij Hkh bl dnj vxzlj gq, fd mUgksaus fQj dHkh ihNs eqM+ dj ugha ns[kkA izks- O;kl bf.M;u fgLVh dkaxzsl_ vesfjdu fgLVh dkaxzsl_ bf.M;u fgLVksfjdy
fo'ofo|ky; esa v/;kiu ds nkSjku phQ izksDVj] Nk=la?k ijke'kZnkrk] phQ okMZu] fjdkMZ deh'ku_ lsUVj QkWj jktLFkku LVMht] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj_
,u-lh-lh- vkWQhlj] LiksV~lZ bapktZ tSls O;Lrrk;qDr egoiw.kZ nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k] tks/kiqj_ izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj_ esgjkux<+
iw.kZ dkZO;fu"Brk ls djus ds lekukarj bfrgkl fo"k; ds v/;;u] v/;kiu ,oa E;wft;e ,.M VLV tks/kiqj_ baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydkk_ 'kks/k
vuqla/kku deZ ls Hkh vki lnSo iw.kZ euks;ksx ls xEHkhjrkiwoZd tqM+s jgsA izks- O;kl] laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj_ xtsfV;j fMikVZesaV] xouZesaV vkWQ jktLFkku] t;iqj_
tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx ds izFke ih&,p-Mh- Fks vkSj mUgksaus izks- ch- jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj vkfn laLFkkvksa vkSj muds }kjk le;≤ ij
ih-lDlsuk ds ekxZn'kZu esa ^jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 ,- lek;ksftr vdknfed ,oa 'kks/k lEcU/kh dk;Zeksa@izdk'ku ;kstukvksa ls vusd
Mh-)* fo"k; ij viuk ;g 'kks/k dk;Z lEiUu fd;k Fkk tks vius vki esa loZFkk vuwBk nkf;Roksa lfgr layXu vkSj lEc jgsA
vkSj ,d ekud 'kks/k&dk;Z FkkA lu~ 1969 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gq, bl 'kks/k&xzaFk ds bfrgkl fo"k;d vius mRd`"V vuqla/kku@'kks/k dk;ksZa rFkk ys[ku ,oa fofo/k
izdk'kukFkZ fo'ofo|ky; ds }kjk izdk'ku vuqnku Hkh iznku fd;k x;k FkkA 'kks/k dk;Z vonku ds pyrs izks- vkj-ih- O;kl dks thoui;ZUr yxHkx 12 lEeku@iqjLdkj vkfn
rFkk 'kks/k dk;Z ekxZn'kZu ds izfr jgs buds #>ku vkSj leiZ.k Hkko dk vuqeku ek= bl izkIr gq,11 tks buds vizfre ;ksxnku ,oa vonku ds lk{kkr izek.k FksA lsokfuo`fr ds
rF; ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd buds ekxZn'kZu esa yxHkx vk/kk ntZu mRd`"V mijkUr Hkh izks- O;kl dh lrr~ lf;rk esa dksbZ deh ugha vkbZ rFkk mUgksaus vkbZ-lh-
ih&,p-Mh- 'kks/k dk;Z lEiUu gq, FksA1 ,sfrgkfld 'kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku deZ ds ^VkWpZ ,p-vkj-] ubZ fnYyh rFkk ;w-th-lh- ds egoiw.kZ fjlpZ izkstsDV~l ij dk;Z fd;k]
fc;jj* jgs izks- O;kl tgk lu~ 1967 esa laLFkkfir jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds laLFkkid dfri; 'kks/kiw.kZ d`fr;ksa dk iz.k;u fd;k vkSj ys[ku o 'kks/k dk;Z ds vykok
lnL; jgs ogha ckfydk f'k{kk ,oa lkekftd ljksdkj ds l'kDr iSjksdkj ds :i esa lkekftd ljksdkj ds dk;ksaZ esa Hkh viuk Hkjiwj ;ksxnku nsrs jgs rFkk foe fo'ofo|ky;]
vki Jh t;ukjk;.k O;kl f'k{k.k laLFkku] tks/kiqj rFkk efgyk ih-th- egkfo|ky;] mTtSu esa QSyks izksQslj ds :i esa tqM+s jgsA fo'ks"kr% jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr
tks/kiqj ds laLFkkid lnL; jgs rFkk bu Hkwfedkvksa dk fuoZgu djrs gq, o"kksZa iwoZ ij dsfUnzr mudh ;g 'kks/k deZ ,oa bfrgkl ys[ku ;k=k fcuk Fkds fujUrj vkSj
vkius tks ikS/k yxkbZ Fkh vkSj mUgsa fujUrj lhapk Fkk] vkt os oVo`{k dk :i /kkj.k dj fpjUru rc rd pyrh jgh tc rd fd vius thou ds 91 clUr ns[kus ds mijkUr
pqds gSaA 25 tqykbZ] 2013 dks bl egku bfrgkldkj dh vkRek ije ro esa foyhu ugha gks
yxHkx nl 'kks/kiw.kZ d`fr;ksa@xzaFkksa ds iz.k;udrkZ2_ pkj ikB~;iqLrdksa ds ys[kd3_ xbZ vkSj dky ds xky ij vius vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku dh ,d vfeV Nki NksM+ xbZA
i=&if=dkvksa o tuZYl vkfn esa izdkf'kr 'krkf/kd 'kks/k&i=ksa@'kks/k& ys[kksa ds 'kks/ II
kdrkZ&ys[kd4_ jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl dh N% izkslhfMaXl ,oa dfri; vU; izkslhfMaXl jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr fo"k;d muds ekSfyd 'kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku
ds lEiknudrkZ_ xtsfV;lZ] fMD'kujh vkWQ us'kuy ck;ksxzkQh fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku deZ] bfrgkl ys[ku ds {ks= esa muds d`frRo] ;ksxnku rFkk vonku dh leh{kk]
drkZ5_ vusd iqLrdksa ds fjO;wt ys[kd rFkk leh{kd6_ izkDdFku ys[kd_ pSIVlZ foospuk ,oa fo'ys"k.k vius vki esa ,d lexz rFkk lkaxksikax fo"k; gS tks vius vki
jkbVj7_ vusd v/;{kh;@cht Hkk"k.k@foLrkj O;k[;kunkrk8 jg pqds izks- vkj-ih- esa ftruk fo'kn~ o o`gr gS mruk gh xgu rFkk xos"k.kk iz/kku ,oa 'kks/kijd HkhA bl
O;kl us bf.M;u dkSafly vkWQ fgLVksfjdy fjlpZ] ubZ fnYyh rFkk fo'ofo|ky; n`f"V ls foospuk dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gksrs gh gesa muds izFke vkSj loZFkk fojy ,oa
vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh }kjk vf/kLohd`r dfri; izfrf"Br fjlpZ izkstsDV~l ij Hkh ekSfyd 'kks/k dk;Z ^jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 bZ-)*12 dks
dk;Z fd;k FkkA9 jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl (chdkusj lS'ku] lu~ 1984) rFkk mlds m`r djuk gksxkA bl 'kks/k dk;Z dh leh{kk ,oa foospuk ge blh O;k[;ku ds r`rh;
25osa flYoj tqcyh ls'ku (tks/kiqj ls'ku] lu~ 2009) ds v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku ns pqds Hkkx esa djsaxs fdUrq ;gk ij ;g mYys[k lehphu gksxk fd 1969 bZ- esa izdkf'kr ;g
izks- O;kl us ntZu Hkj izfrf"Br O;k[;ku ekykvksa ds varxZr ns'kHkj esa LFkku&LFkku ij 'kks/k&xzaFk laLFkkRed v/;;u dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku ds bfrgkl fo"k;d vuqla/kku ds
vius fo}rkiw.kZ Hkk"k.k fn,A ipkl ls vf/kd jk"Vh; ,oa varjkZ"Vh; laxksf"B;ksa] {ks= esa ,d uokpkj Fkk] ftldk 'kks/k txr esa loZ= tksjnkj Lokxr fd;k x;k vkSj
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'kh?kz gh esgjkux<+ E;wft;e VLV] egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz] tks/kiqj fla?koh14] jktLFkku ds yksd uk;d t;ukjk;.k O;kl15] egkjk.kk izrki16]
dks bls iqueqZfnzr djuk iM+k FkkA mYys[kuh; gS fd bl d`fr ds izdk'ku ds mijkUr gh eFkqjknkl ekFkqj] }kjdknkl iqjksfgr17 vkfnA ;g dguk u rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr
vxys o"kZ lu~ 1970 esa izks- O;kl dk p;u tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky; esa jhMj ds in ij gksxh vkSj u gh vfrjatuk fd bu bfrgkl iq#"kksa ds O;fDrRo] pfj= rFkk d`frRo dk
gqvk FkkA izks- O;kl }kjk iz.khr nwljs ekSfyd 'kks/k xzaFk ds :i esa êgkjk.kk jktflag ewY;kadu rFkk fo'ys"k.k djrs le; izks- O;kl us ,d fu"i{k] iwokZxzg jfgr lkis{k
vkWQ esokM+* dks m`r fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks lu~ 1984 esa izdkf'kr gksdj 'kks/k bfrgkldkj dh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;kA mUgksaus vius f'k"; ekaxhyky e;ad dk
txr ds le{k vk;kA jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj }kjk vius Lukrdkskj flyscl vlkef;d fu/ku gks tkus ij muds }kjk iz.khr fdUrq v/kwjs jg x;s xzaFk ^fgLVh vkWQ
esa vuq'kaflr fd, x, bl xzaFk dk jhfizaV miyC/k gS vkSj bls vius fo"k; dk ,d tSlyesj* ds rhu v/;k; fy[k dj ml d`fr dks ftl :i esa iw.kZrk iznku dh og
izkekf.kd xzaFk ekuk tkrk gSA miyC/k ewy iqjkys[kh; lzksr&lkexzh vk/kkfjr 'kks/k dk;Z mls bfrgkl ys[ku dh dlkSVh ij [kjk izekf.kr dj ikbZA18 jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl
gksus ds dkj.k ;g d`fr viuk ,d fof'k"V ego j[krh gSA esokM+ ds izkjfEHkd dh N% izkslhfMaXl dk ftl ifjJe vkSj bfrgkl&cks/k;qDr n`f"V ls mUgksaus lEiknu
bfrgkl ds izkekf.kd v/;;u rFkk jktflag&vkSjaxtsc lEcU/kksa ds xgu v/;;u dh fd;k og mudh mRd`"V lEikndh; {kerk dk vglkl djkrk ,d Toyar mnkgj.k
n`f"V ls bl d`fr dh egkk vius vki esa vlekukarj gSA bl d`fr esa egkjk.kk&eqxy FkkA mUgksaus] ^fczfV'k ikWfylh VwoM~lZ fizalyh LVsV~l vkWQ bf.M;k* 'kh"kZd ls ,d
lEcU/kksa dh leh{kk ftruh xgurk ls dh xbZ gS mruh gh xEHkhjrk ls egkjk.kk vkSj vU; iqLrd dk Hkh lEiknu fd;k FkkA19 ;g ,d lsehukj izkslhfMax Fkh ftldh
muds mejko oxZ ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dks Hkh foosfpr ,oa fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k gSA lEikndh; mRd`"Vrk ,oa xq.kokk blds m`r fd, tkus ;ksX; oSf'k"V~; gSaA vk/kqfud
mUgksaus bl d`fr esa esokM+ dh dyk] laLd`fr rFkk iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ij tks dqN jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds fofo/k i{kksa ij mUgksaus vusd 'kks/k i= fy[ks tks ;=&r=
fy[kk gS og cgqr gh izkekf.kd ,oa mi;ksxh cu iM+k gSA izdkf'kr gq, vkSj bfrgkl txr esa O;kid ppkZ ds dsUnz fcUnq cusA mUgksaus xtsfV;j
jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj ds }kjk izdkf'kr ,oa izks- vkj-ih- O;kl vkWQ bf.M;k&tks/kiqj fMfLVDV esa vius rF;ijd ,oa xos"k.kkiz/kku v/;k; ys[ku_
iz.khr ^vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gr~ bfrgkl (1707 ls 1950 bZ-)* nks [k.Mksa esa] fMD'kujh vkWQ us'kuy ckW;xzkQh dks rS;kj djus esa vius ys[kdh; ;kssxnku_ fofo/k
izks- O;kl }kjk jktLFkku bfrgkl ys[ku dks ,d ,slk vonku gS] ftlus mUgsa bl {ks= iqLrdksa ds fjO;w ys[ku_ vusd d`fr;ksa ds izkDdFku ys[ku_ jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds
esa ys[ku dk ,d vrqyuh; eqdke iznku fd;kA bldk izFke [k.M] ^vk/kqfud v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku ys[ku rFkk bfrgkl iznhi] Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd o lkaLd`frd
jktLFkku dk o`gr~ bfrgkl (1707&1818 ,-Mh-)* 'kh"kZd ls lu~ 1986 esa izdkf'kr bfrgkl] fo'o dk bfrgkl rFkk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh :ijs[kk 'kh"kZdksa ls fy[kh
gqvkA bldk f}rh; [k.M] ^vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gr bfrgkl (1818&1950 ,- ikB~;iqLrdksa ds ek/;e ls u dsoy izknsf'kd oju~ jk"Vh; bfrgkl txr dks ckjEckj
Mh-)* lu~ 1995 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gqvkA jktLFkku ds vk/kqfud dky ds bfrgkl ij xkSjokfUor gksus ds volj iznku fd, FksA
;|fi dkQh 'kks/k&dk;Z gq, fdUrq mudk Qyd bruk fo'kn~ Fkk vkSj os bruk lu~ 1967 esa laLFkkfir jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds laLFkkid lnL;_ baLVhV~;wV
fc[kjko fy, gq, Fkh fd bl dky ds ,d ,sls xqaFks gq, izkekf.kd bfrgkl ys[ku dh vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk ds tks/kiqj esa lu~ 1970 esa lEiUu vkBosa
egrh vko';drk cM+h f'kr ls eglwl dh tkrh jgh Fkh ftlesa bu leLr 'kks/k vf/kos'ku ds vk;kstu lfpo_ lu~ 1967 ls 1970 rd jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds
dk;ksZa dk lekos'k izkIr ewy lzksr&lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij ;Fkksfpr leh{kk ,oa fo'ys"k.k lg lfpo ,oa rnuUrj lu~ 1970 ls 1976 rd lfpo_ lu~ 1969 ls 1980 rd
ds lkFk djrs gq, mls oLrqijd ,oa lexz <ax ls ,d LFkku ij izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lnL;_ lu~ 1984 esa chdkusj esa lEiUu gq,
izks- O;kl ds bl dk;Z us bl vko';drk dks okLrfod vFkZ esa iw.kZrk gh iznku ugha jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds pkSngosa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k_ lu~ 2009 esa efgyk ih-th-
fd oju~ bl ;qx ds jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dh cM+h gh xEHkhjrk ls eglwl dh tk jgh egkfo|ky;] tks/kiqj esa lEiUu gq, jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds 25osa vf/kos'ku ds
,d deh dks Hkh iwjk fd;kA v/;{k_ lu~ 1966 ls 1980 rd bf.M;u fgLVh dkaxzsl ds lnL;_ lu~ 1970 ls
bu d`fr;ksa ds iz.k;u ds vfrfjDr izks- vkj-ih- O;kl us jktLFkku bfrgkl ds 1984 rd baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk ds lnL; ,oa lu~ 1979
dfri; pfpZr uk;dksa ,oa egoiw.kZ O;fDrR;ksa ds thou ,oa miyfC/k;ksa ij Hkh ls 1985 rd jgs blds dk;Zdkfj.kh lnL;_ 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh] tks/kiqj }kjk
viuh bfrgkl cks/k;qDr dye pykbZ tSls & lekt jRu gjfoykl lkjnk13] bUnzjkt izdkf'kr jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr fo"k;d fjlpZ tuZy îjEijk* ds ijke'kZnkrk
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e.My ds lnL;_ jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds bfrgkl bfrgkldkj ds :i esa viuh ,d fof'k"V Nfo dk;e dj ikus esa lQyrk izkIr dhA
ys[ku gsrq xfBr gqbZ ijke'kZnk=h lfefr ds lnL;_ bfrgkl foHkkx] tks/kiqj ,rn~fo"k;d foospuk ,oa fo'ys"k.k dh n`f"V ls tc ge muds ,sfrgkfld vonku
fo'ofo|ky;] tks/kiqj }kjk lu~ 1976&79 esa rS;kj djkbZ xbZ iqLrd ^jhfMax bu ij xkSj djrs gSa rks gekjh n`f"V loZizFke muds }kjk fyf[kr mudh lokZf/kd egoiw.kZ
bf.M;u fgLVh* ds lEiknd e.My lnL;_ egkjktk xaxkflag 'krkCnh xzaFk ds d`fr ^jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 bZ-)* ij dsfUnzr gksrh gSA
laiknd e.My lnL;_ yxHkx nl o"kksZa rd jktLFkku ljdkj ds xtsfV;j foHkkx oLrqr% ;g mudk ih&,p-Mh- 'kks/k&izcU/k Fkk ftls ;Fkksfpr ifj"dkj ,oa ifjektZu
ds ijke'kZnkrk e.My lnL;_ rhu o"kZ rd jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh lnL;_ ds mijkUr tqykbZ] lu~ 1969 bZ- esa izFker% fnYyh ls izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA vkB
tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] tks/kiqj] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj] mn;iqj fo'ofo|ky;] v/;k;ksa esa foHkDr viuh bl 'kks/k&d`fr esa izks- O;kl us mDr le;kof/k ds nkSjku
mn;iqj rFkk Mwaxj Lok;k'kklh egkfo|ky;] chdkusj ds ikB~;e e.Myksa ds ekjokM+ esa mejko&oxZ dks ,d vR;Ur egoiw.kZ vkSj dbZ vFkksZa esa fu.kkZ;d jgh ,d
lnL;_ tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] tks/kiqj rFkk jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj ds ladk; izHkkoh laLFkk ds :i esa foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr djrs gq, mldk lexz ,oa 'kks/kijd
lnL;_ jktLFkku ljdkj dh jktLFkku xtsfV;lZ izdk'ku 'kk[kk ds xzqi desVh lnL;_ fp=.k izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k FkkA muds bl izcU/k dks /;kuiwoZd ns[kk tk, rks
egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k fjlpZ lsaVj] esgjkux<+ ds ijke'kZnkrk e.My lnL; ;g rF; eq[kfjr gksdj lkeus vkrk gS fd ekjokM+ esa mejko&oxZ dks ,d laLFkk ds
rFkk tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky; ikB~;e e.My lnL;] la;kstd] vdknfed ifj"kn :i esa v/;;u djus dh n`f"V ls mudk ;g dk;Z ,d ,slk izkjfEHkd vkSj cqfu;knh
lnL;] lhusV lnL;] ykbZczsjh cksMZ lnL;] LiksV~lZ cksMZ lnL; vkfn vusdkusd dk;Z Fkk20 ftlesa mejko&oxZ ds vH;qn;] fodkl rFkk mlds lEizHkq lkk ls jgs
'kSf{kd] vdknfed lEcrkvksa ls lrr~ :i ls vkc vkSj layXu jgs izks- O;kl us lEcU/kksa ds fofo/k vk;keksa dks ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa ,d loZFkk uwru n`f"V ls
rRlEcU/kh izR;sd nkf;Ro dks vR;Ur xEHkhjrk ,oa dkZO;fu"Brk ls lEikfnr fd;k foosfpr ,oa fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dguk u rks dksbZ vfr';ksfDr gksxk vkSj u
rFkk ,d iz[kj bfrgkldkj ds lksp vkSj dk;Z'kSyh dh vfeV Nki mUgksaus vius }kjk gh vfrjatuk dh ekjokM+ ds lelkef;d thou rFkk jktuhfr dks ftruk bl laLFkk us
lEikfnr rRlEcU/kh izR;sd dk;Z ij NksMh+ A muds iz'kklfud dk;kZuqHko vkSj lkekftd izHkkfor fd;k mruk mls vkSj dksbZ laLFkk izHkkfor ugha dj ikbZ FkhA
ljksdkj ls tqMs+ dk;ksZa] d`frRo vkSj vonku dk Qyd Hkh vius vki esa cM+k O;kid êkjokM+ dk bfrgkl blds mejko&oxZ dk bfrgkl gS*] mfDr ;k vo/kkj.kk
jgk Fkk fdUrq ;gk ij ,rn~fo"k;d ppkZ dks lekfo"V ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA ds laLFkkiudrkZ ,oa izcy i`"Biks"kd jgs izks- O;kl us izkjfEHkd nkSj esa mejko&oxZ dks
izks- O;kl] fMaxy rFkk jktLFkkuh ds Hkh eeZK fo}ku FksA vius fMaxy Kku dk ekjokM+ dk okLrfod fuekZrk lkfcr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] vkSj bl iz;kl esa os
mi;ksx mUgkasus jktLFkku ds bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr fo"k;d 'kks/kiw.kZ ys[ku ds le; dkQh gn rd lQy Hkh jgs gSaA rc 'kkld rks ukeek= ds fy, iz/kku Fks tcfd
,rn~fo"k;d fMaxy esa fy[kh ,sfrgkfld ik.Mqfyfi;ksa] lkfgR; ds v/;;u ,oa ewy okLro esa vge~ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu ;g mejko oxZ gh djrk FkkA jkT; ds vkarfjd
iqjkys[kh; lzksr&lkexzh dk mi;ksx djrs le; cM+s gh eqDr gLr ls fd;kA ;gh ugha vkSj ck lHkh ekeyksa dks ijks{k rFkk vijks{k :i ls izHkkfor djus esa l{ke bl oxZ
mUgksaus ^fxjjh xkSjo* rFkk ^tSrk&dwaik lrlbZ* tSlh fMaxy dkO; d`fr;ksa rFkk dh Hkwfedk cM+h gh O;kid] xgu vkSj fu.kkZ;d Fkh vkSj og Lo;a dks lkk esa
ekjokM+ ds vfHkys[k (nks Hkkxksa esa) dk iz.k;u dj vius fMaxy Kku dks Hkh Hkkxhnkj le>rk FkkA ;|fi] ekjokM+ ij eqxy vkf/kiR; dk;e gksus ls ifjn`'; esa
HkyhHkkafr izekf.kr djrs gq, bl n`f"V ls Hkh viuh ,d igpku dk;e dhA cnyko vk;k rFkk 'kkld&mejko oxZ ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k] Lokeh&lsod laca/kksa esa
III rCnhy gksrs gq, fn[kkbZ fn,A ;|fi] eqxy loksZPp lkk ds iru ls bl mejko oxZ
bfrgkldkj Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl ds ,sfrgkfld 'kks/k deZ rFkk dk gkSlyk fQj ls c<+rk gqvk n`f"Vxr gqvk vkSj blus iqu% viuk flj mBkuk 'kq: dj
bfrgkl&ys[ku dk Qyd fuf'prr% dkQh fo'kn~ vkSj cgqvk;keh jgk ijUrq mUgksaus fn;k vkSj vius gh 'kkld ds fo# 'k=qrkiw.kZ #[k n'kkZuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA mudh
bls eq[;r% jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ij gh dsfUnzr j[kkA bl Qyd ij egokdka{kk,a c<+h vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks os vfu;af=r gksrs gq, n`f"Vxr gq,A izks- O;kl
dk;Z djrs le; mUgksaus dbZ izcU/k fy[ks] 'kks/kiw.kZ d`fr;ksa dk iz.k;u fd;k ,oa ppkZ us vius bl izcU/k esa ekjokM+ jkT; esa ?kfVr gks jgs bl uohu fodkl e dks iksdju
dk fo"k; cus muds vusd 'kks/k&i= izdkf'kr gq,A vius bl l`tu esa mUgksaus ,d Bkdqj lokbZ flag o dfri; vU; mejkotuksa ds mnkgj.k nsrs gq, cgqr gh vPNs <ax ls
Lora= rFkk i`FkDd bfrgkl ys[ku 'kSyh dk iz.k;u dj fojy ,oa ekxZ iz'kLrd fo'ysf"kr fd;k gSA vius v/;;u esa izks- O;kl bl fu"d"kZ ij igqps fd mejkoksa dh
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ikjLifjd izfr}fU}rk] bZ";kZ ,oa oSeuL; us ekjokM+ esa v'kkafr ,oa fo{kksHk dh fLFkfr ekeyksa dk fuLrkj.k fd;k x;kA bl e esa vklksi] vkyfu;kokl] xwyj rFkk
mRiUu dj nhA v'kkafr ds bl nkSj esa jktuhfrd n`f"V ls vyx&Fkyx iM+ x,] chtkokl ds Bkdqjksa vkSj egkjktk ds e/; pys vk jgs fooknksa dks lqy>k;k x;kA izks-
vkfFkZd n`f"V ls foiUu rFkk ekufld :i ls vLrO;Lr bu mejkoksa us ;k rks vius O;kl us viuh bl d`fr esa vehjksa ds lkFk gqbZ yM+kb;ksa] mUgsa iznk lqfo/kkvksa ,oa
vki dks cgq/kk viuh tkxhjksa rd gh lhfer dj fy;k ;k fuokZlu thou thrs gq, fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa] eku&lEeku vkfn ds lkFk gh lkFk muds fofo/k nkf;Roksa ,oa dkZO;ksa
;nk&dnk iksfyVhdy ,tsUV dks vius 'kkld ds fo# f'kdk;rsa djus vkSj ogk ls ds fo"k; esa Hkh foLrkj ls fy[kk gSA mUgksaus mejkoksa dh fofo/k Jsf.k;ksa dk mYys[k
dksbZ visf{kr ;k vuqdwy izfrf;k ugha feyus ij LoPNUn yqVsjksa] MdSrksa dk thou fd;k gS tSls&jktoh] oa'kkuqxr mejko vkSj eqRlh ;k vf/kdkjh oxZA jktfo;ksa dks
thrs gq, vius gh jkT; dks rckg djus ds ekxZ ij pyus dh jkg idM+ yhA yEcs mUgksaus fQj ls fljk;rksa] fxuk;rksa esa foHkDr fd;k gSA mUgksaus mejkoksa dk ojh;rk e
le; rd pys Vdjko ds bl fodkl e dh lEiqf"V egkjktk ekuflag rFkk muds ;k vxzrk&e crkus ds lkFk gh lkFk njckj esa la/kkfjr ;k vuqikfyr dh tkus okyh
mejkoksa ds e/; pys yEcs la?k"kZ ls gksrh gSA egkjktk ekuflag ds le; esa ukFkksa us dfri; jhfr;ksa&ijEijkvksa vkfn dh Hkh foospuk dh gSA izks- O;kl us ekjokM+ ds
leL;k dks vkSj vf/kd tfVy cuk fn;kA ukFkksa ds e/; py jgh vkarfjd izfrLikZ mejkoksa dh viuh Lo;a dh tkxhjksa esa jgh iz'kklfud] lSU; vkSj dk;Zdkjh fLFkfr_
us leL;k dks vkSj xgu dj fn;k ftlus varrksxRok fczfV'k xouZesaV dks ekjokM+ dh muds }kjk ogk ij iz;qDr fd, tkus okys rRlEcU/kh vf/kdkj] 'kfDr;ka ,oa
jktuhfr esa n[ky djus dk ekSdk iznku dj fn;kA blh e esa izks- O;kl us ekjokM+ fo'ks"kkf/kdkj rFkk viuh jS;r ls olwyh tkus okyh ykx&ckxksa dk [kqyklk fp=.k Hkh
ds iz'kklu] fof/k ,oa O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr ij iM+s fczfV'k e;kZfnr o ldkjkRed viuh bl d`fr esa fd;k gSA ,slk djrs le; mUgksaus ekjokM+ ds mejkoksa ds ;ksxnku ij
izHkko dks Hkh HkyhHkkafr foosfpr fd;k gSA Hkh fy[kk gS vkSj mlds izfr mis{kk dk #[k dnkfi ugha n'kkZ;k gSA d`fr ds var esa fn,
izks- O;kl us vius bl izcU/k esa egkjktk ekuflag ds mijkUr ekjokM+ ds x, pkj ifjf'k"V ,oa muesa lekfgr C;kSjk Hkh cgqr gh mi;ksxh tkudkjh iznku djrk
'kkld cus egkjktk r[kr flag ds ;qx dks Hkh bl ifjizs{; esa foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr gSA
fd;k gSA izks- O;kl us fy[kk gS fd egkjktk r[kr flag us ekjokM+ ds mejkoksa dh ;gk ;g rF; fo'ks"kr% m`r fd, tkus ;ksX; gS fd ekjokM+ ds iwoZorhZ
tkxhjksa ds xkoksa dks tCr fd;k_ mu ij js[k] gqDeukek] U;kSrk vkfn ykxksa dk cks> c<+k bfrgkl ys[kdksa ;Fkk oh-,u- jsm] ts-lh-xsgyksr] th-,p- vks>k rFkk vkj-ds- vklksik
fn;k rFkk mUgsa jkT; 'kklu&izcU/k esa misf{kr j[kk ,oa jkT; ds egoiw.kZ inksa ij vkfn21 us ekjokM+ ds bfrgkl dks tgk ek= 'kkld dh n`f"V ls gh fy[kus dk iz;kl
xqtjkfr;ksa dh fu;qfDr;ka dhA blls ekjokM+ ds mejkoksa esa vlarks"k ,oa fo{kksHk iSnk fd;k rFkk mejko oxZ tSls egoiw.kZ oxZ ds izfr mis{kk dk Hkko n'kkZ;k ogha izks- O;kl
gqvkA blls iwoZ dh fczfV'k gqdwer ogk dqN gLr{ksi djrh ogk ij lu~ 1857 ds us viuh bl d`fr esa iw.kZr% fu"i{k jgrs gq, 'kkld] 'kkflr vkSj e/;LFk rhuksa gh
fonzksg dh fpuxkjh lqyx mBhA vkmok] vklksi] xwyj] vkyfu;kokl vkfn fBdkuksa oxksZa dks vius bfrgkl ys[ku ds dsUnz esa j[krs gq, lE;d vkSj lexz n`f"V ls rF;ksa ij
ds mejko vaxzstksa ds leFkZu esa [kM+s njckj VqIl dk fojks/k djus ds fy, vaxzstksa ds vk/kkfjr ekjokM+ ds mejko oxZ ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ekjokM+ dk ,d oLrqijd ,oa
fo# mB [kM+s gq,A os tks/kiqj&yhft;u ls fey x, tks fczfV'k lkk ds f[kykQ ;FkkFkZ bfrgkl fy[kus dk ljkguh; dk;Z fd;kA muds bl dk;Z ls jktLFkku ds
yM+ jgh FkhA egkjktk us fonzksg dks nckus ds fy, vaxzstksa dh cM+h gh bZekunkjh ls fofo/k jkts&jtokM+kas ds mejko&oxZ lEcU/kh 'kks/kijd v/;;uksa dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvk]
enn dhA blh dh vkM+ esa egkjktk us fLFkfr dk ykHk mBkrs gq, dfri; vlarq"V ftls muds ,d vU; ;ksxnku ds :i esa m`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ewy ,oa izkFkfed
ljnkjksa ls vius cnys Hkh ys fy,A rnuUrj] dqN le; rd 'kkafr vo'; cuh jgh lzksr&lkexzh vk/kkfjr le` lanHkksZa ls ;qDr izks- O;kl dh ;g d`fr u dsoy ekjokM+
ijUrq] nksuksa i{kksa ds e/; ikjLifjd dM+okgV vfo'okl vkSj lansg cus jgsA vius bl oju~ lewps jktLFkku esa mejko&oxZ dks ,d laLFkk ds :i esa le>us vkSj fu"d"kksZa rd
izcU/k esa izks- O;kl us 1857 ds fonzksg ds mijkUr ds ekjokM+&;qx dks Hkh bl ifjizs{; igqp ikus esa lgk;rk djus okyh ,d ekxZ iz'kLrd 'kks/k&d`fr izekf.kr gqbZ gSA ;g
esa foosfpr ,oa fo'ysf"kr fd;k gS tcfd ekjokM+ dh iz'kklfud t:jrksa vkSj dguk fuf'prr% lansg ls ijs gksxk fd rF;ksa] lwpukvksa vkSj tkudkfj;ksa ds taxy esa ls
mejkoksa ls tqMh+ leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, fczfV'k gLr{ksi t:jh lk gks x;k FkkA lgh rF;ksa dk pquko dj] muds eaFku] Vhdk&fVIi.kh vkSj ehekalk mijkUr l`ftr
egkjktk r[kr flag dh e`R;q ds mijkar egkjktk tloUr flag&II ekjokM+ ds 'kkld mudh ;g d`fr vius fo"k; esa ,d êhy dk iRFkj* lkfcr gqbZA mudh bl 'kks/k
cusA ;g og nkSj Fkk tcfd egkjktk rFkk mejkoksa ds e/; yfEcr pys vk jgs dbZ d`fr dk ,d oSf'k"V~; ;g Hkh gS fd mUgksaus vius bl d`fr iz.k;u esa us'kuy
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vkdkZbZOt] ubZ fnYyh_ jktLFkku LVsV vkdkZbZOt] chdkusj rFkk vU;= miyC/k O;kid gS vkSj bl vof/k ds jktLFkku ij fy[kus okys bfrgkldkj ds fy, jktLFkku
lelkef;d cfg;ksa] i=kofy;ksa] i=ksa] nLrkostksa ,oa ik.Mqfyfi;ksa vkfn ewy iqjkys[kh; ds dbZ jkT;ksa rFkk muls tqM+s cgqvk;keh fo"k;ksa dks vius ys[ku esa lekfgr djuk ,d
lzksrksa dks gh eq[;r% vk/kkj lzksr&lkexzh ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k gSA mUgksaus ;FkklEHko izkFkfed vfuok;Zrk gS vr% rRlEcU/kh bfrgkl ys[ku dk dk;Z ,d tcnZLr pqukSrh
fdlh Hkh f}rh;d lzksr dks izkFkfed ;k lelkef;d lzksr dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ls de ugha FkkA ijUrq izks- O;kl us u dsoy bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj gh fd;k oju~ bu
ego ugha fn;kA mUgksaus [;krksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; dk iz;ksx djrs le; Hkh nks oksY;wEl ds ek/;e ls okLrfod vFkksZa esa vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk ,d o`gk] lexz
csgn lrdZrk vkSj lko/kkuh cjrh gSA muds }kjk mejkoksa rFkk fBdkuksa vkfn ls rFkk 'kks/kijd bfrgkl fy[k dj Lo;a dks bl dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjk izekf.kr Hkh
lEcfU/kr ewy i=ksa rFkk [kkl&#Ddksa vkfn dks ryk'k dj mUgsa vius bl 'kks/k& d`fr fd;kA ;g og le;kof/k Fkh ftl nkSjku jktLFkku dks dbZ egoiw.kZ lksikuksa ls gksdj
ds iz.k;u dk;Z esa iz;qDr djus ls bl dk;Z dh egkk vkSj vf/kd c<+ xbZ gS rFkk buls xqtjuk iM+k FkkA bl nkSjku jktLFkku dks eqxyksa] ejgBksa ,oa fi.Mkfj;ksa vkSj vUrr%
mejko oxZ dh dfri; ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa dks izdk'k esa ykus esa lgk;rk feyh gS tks fczfV'klZ ds lEidZ esa vkuk iM+k FkkA izks- O;kl us bl nkSj dk izkekf.kd bfrgkl cgqr
vU;Fkk Kkr ugha gksrh gSaA izks- O;kl dh bl d`fr ds voyksdu ,oa v/;;u ls duZy gh rF;kRed] 'kks/kijd] jkspd ,oa iBuh; 'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k gSA blds vfrfjDr
VkWM dh ^,uYl* esa fy[kh ekjokM+ fo"k;d dbZ ckrsa iz'ufpg~u ds ?ksjs esa vk tkrh gSa mUgksaus lelkef;d jktLFkku vkSj mldh iwoZorhZ fj;klrksa esa gq, d`"kd vkanksyuksa]
;k xyr lkfcr gks tkrh gSa tks fd Lo;a ,d ledkyhu ys[kd Fkk vkSj tks O;fDr'k% vkfnoklh vkanksyuksa vkSj iztke.My vkanksyuksa ij Hkh [kwc foLrkj ls fy[kk gS rFkk
ekuflag ds le; esa ekjokM+ vk;k FkkA mUgksaus tks dqN fy[kk mldk vk/kkj ,dkaxh dfri; uohu rF;ksa dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k gSA bl ;qx ds bfrgkl ys[ku dh lcls cM+h
lzksr ugha gSaA mUgksaus viuh gj ckr dks vU; lzksrksa esa izkIr C;kSjs ;k tkudkjh ls lEiq"V pqukSrh ;g jgh gS fd bl le; dh lzksr&lkexzh izpqjrk esa leqiyC/k gS rFkk bl
fd;k gS ftlls muds dFku dh izkekf.kdrk c<+h gSA ewy lzksr&lkexzh ds ladyu ds le; ds bfrgkl iz.k;u e esa fofo/k vk;keksa ij i`FkDd&i`FkDd dbZ 'kks/kiw.kZ dk;Z
fy, mUgksaus ekjokM+ ds fofo/k fBdkuksa tSls [kstM+yk] iksdj.k] Hkknzkt.k] uhekt] Hkh gq,] ftuesa ls dbZ okLrfod vFkksZa esa izdk'k esa Hkh ugha vk ik, FksA ,sls 'kks/k dk;ksZa
ekykuh vkfn dh fut ;k=k, dh vkSj cM+s gh ifjJe vkSj iz;RuiwoZd ogk ls dks ;Fkksfpr leh{kk mijkUr vius ys[ku esa lekfgr djuk_ rF;ksa] tkudkfj;ksa ls ;qDr
ewY;oku lzksr&lkexzh ,df=r dj mls vius xzaFk iz.k;u esa eqDr gLr ls iz;ksx foiqy lzksr&lkexzh ds taxy esa ls vf/kd mi;qDr] lgh o izkekf.kd lanHkksZa dk p;u
fd;kA ekjokM+ ds mejko oxZ ij fy[krs le; izks- O;kl us viuh mDr d`fr esa tgk djuk ,oa mUgsa viuh fu"i{k bfrgkldkj n`f"V ls foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr djuk rFkk
cs'kqekj loZFkk uwru rF;] lwpuk,a vkSj tkudkfj;ka lekfgr dh gSa ogha iwoZ ys[kdksa ds mls ,d xqFks gq, Lo:i esa izLrqr djuk dksbZ lkekU; dk;Z ugha Fkk fdUrq] izks- O;kl
}kjk fy[kh xbZ ,rn~fo"k;d dbZ ckrksa] vo/kkj.kkvksa vkSj fu"d"kksZa dh iqufoZospuk bl dlkSVh ij Hkh [kjs mrjsA mUgksaus cM+s gh ifjJe iwoZd bl lkexzh dk eaFku vkSj
djrs gq, mUgsa loZFkk u, vFkksZa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA fo'ys"k.k dj mls bl {ks= esa gq, uohu 'kks/k dk;ksZa dh foospuk rFkk iqufoZospuk ls
lu~ 1984 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gksdj lkeus vkbZ izks- vkj-ih- O;kl d`r êgkjk.kk tksMr+ s gq, cgqr gh lVhd <ax ls vk/kqfud jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dks bu oksY;wEl ds
jkt flag vkWQ esokM+* mudh ,d ,slh d`fr Fkh ftlesa mUgksaus ewy lzksr lkexzh dks ek/;e ls gekjs le{k j[kk gSA
vk/kkj cuk dj esokM+ ds izkjfEHkd bfrgkl] egkjk.kk&eqxy lEcU/k rFkk egkjk.kk&mejko mi;qZDr d`fr;ksa ds iz.k;u ds vfrfjDr izks- O;kl us jktLFkku ds dfri;
oxZ lEcU/kksa dks lekykspukRed n`f"V ls foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr fd;k Fkk rFkk pfpZr ,oa egoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa ds thou vkSj ;ksxnku ij Hkh viuh ys[kuh dks dsfUnzr
lelkef;d esokM+ dh dyk] laLd`fr ,oa iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dks Hkh mtkxj fd;kA fd;kA bl n`f"V ls ge muds }kjk iz.khr d`fr;ksa & jktLFkkujk bfrgkl jru&bUnzjkt
Lo- izks- vkj-ih- O;kl iz.khr vR;Ur egoiw.kZ bfrgkl&ys[ku e esa jktLFkku ds fla?koh_ jktLFkku ds yksduk;d t;ukjk;.k O;kl_ egkjk.kk izrki rFkk lekt
vk/kqfud dky ij dsfUnzr mudh nks oksY;wEl dk mYys[k ;gk ij vifjgk;Z gksxk tks jRu gjfoykl lkjnk dks fo'ks"k :i ls m`r dj ldrs gSa ftuds ek/;e ls mUgksaus
^vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gk bfrgkl (1707 ls 1818 ,-Mh-)* rFkk ^vk/kqfud bu 'kf[l;rksa ds O;fDrRo] d`frRo] pfj= rFkk ;ksxnku dk ,d ,sfrgkfld n`f"V;qDr
jktLFkku dk o`gk bfrgkl (1818 ls 1950 ,-Mh-)* 'kh"kZd ls gSa rFkk ftUgsa 'kks/kijd ewY;kadu izLrqr fd;k gSA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa Hkh bfrgkl ys[ku dh izks-
jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj }kjk e'k% lu~ 1986 rFkk lu~ 1995 esa O;kl dh vn~Hkqr {kerk vkSj ;ksX;rk dks izekf.kr djrh mudh d`fr ^jktLFkku jk
izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA pwafd ;g dkykof/k vkSj bldk Qyd vius vki esa csgn bfrgkl jru&bUnzjkt fla?koh*] egkjktk ekuflag ds egoiw.kZ nhoku jgs bUnzkt
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fla?koh ds iz'kklfud rFkk ohjrkiw.kZ dk;ksZa dk ,d fo'kn~ rFkk lgh ys[kk tks[kk gS] lzksr esa dgh xbZ ckr dh lEiqf"V fdlh vU; lzksr ls djuk vko';d gSA viuh
ftls mUgksaus ,sfrgkfld 'kks/kijd 'kSyh ls fy[kk gSA mudh d`fr ^jktLFkku ds d`fr;ksa dk iz.k;u djrs le; mUgksua s bl ckr dks ewy eU= dh rjg vius bfrgkl&ys[ku
yksduk;d t;ukjk;.k O;kl* esa izks- O;kl us t;ukjk;.k O;kl ls lEcfU/kr esa vkRelkr fd;kA mudh ;g Li"V /kkj.kk Fkh fd f}rh;d lzksrksa esa lekfgr ckr dks
,sfrgkfld rF;ksa] ?kVukvksa ,oa fodkl e dks la;ksftr ,oa fo'ysf"kr djrs gq, mUgsa lnSo izkFkfed ;k lelkef;d lzksrksa dh rqyuk esa nks;e ntsZ ij gh j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
ijLij bl izdkj xwaFkk gS fd mudh ;g d`fr ,d jkspd rF;kRed miU;kl dh rjg mudk ekuuk Fkk fd jk"Vh; vfHkys[kkxkj] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj vkSj LFkkfir vfHkys[k
iBuh; cu iM+h gS vkSj ,d lQy jktuhfrK vkSj lekt lq/kkjd ds :i esa laxzgky;ksa ;k 'kks/k dsUnzksa esa laxzghr ,oa lqjf{kr ewy iqjkys[kh; lzksr&lkexzh ,oa
t;ukjk;.k O;kl dh Nfo dks HkyhHkkafr LFkkfir dj ikus esa lQy fl gqbZ gSA vk/kkj&lkexzh ls brj Hkh ewY;oku tkudkfj;ksa ls ;qDr ,slh cgqr lh lzksr&lkexzh gS
êgkjk.kk izrki* 'kh"kZd ls fy[kh xbZ izks- O;kl dh vU; d`fr jktiwr xkSjo dks tks ;=&r= fc[kjh iM+h gS vkSj vHkh rd izdk'k esa ugh ykbZ tk ldh gSA ,slh
js[kkafdr djrh mudh ,d ,slh d`fr gS] ftlesa mUgksaus iwoZorhZ rFkk ckn ds bfrgkldkjksa lkexzh dks <wa< dj [kkst fudkyuk vkSj mls vius bfrgkl ys[ku esa iz;qDr djuk
}kjk mRiUu ,slh dbZ Hkzkafr;ksa dk [k.Mu rFkk fujkdj.k fd;k gS tks gYnh?kkVh ds ;q fo"k; dh le`f ds fy, cgqr gh vko';d gSA mUgksaus tc ûksfcfyVh bu
ds iwoZ ds rFkk ckn ds izrki&vdcj lEcU/kksa dks ysdj x<+h xbZ FkhaA ^lekt jRu gj ekjokM+* ij dk;Z fd;k rks blh n`f"V dks dsUnz esa j[krs gq, LFkku&LFkku ij tkdj
foykl lkjnk* 'kh"kZd ls fy[kh izks- O;kl dh ,d vU; d`fr bl nhoku cgknqj ds fofo/k ?kjkuksa vkSj fBdkuksa dh ;k=k, dha rFkk ogk ij iM+h vuNqbZ lzksr&lkexzh dks
}kjk ,d mRd`"V ys[kd] i=dkj rFkk lekt lq/kkjkRed ys[kd ds :i esa iznk vius bfrgkl&ys[ku esa eqDrgLr ls iz;ksx fd;kA izks- O;kl us vius bfrgkl ys[ku esa
ewY;oku ;ksxnku dks js[kkafdr djrh gSA izks- O;kl us ^fczfV'k ikWfylh VwoM~lZ [;krksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld&lkfgR; dk Hkh [kqy dj iz;ksx fd;k ijUrq ,slk djrs le;
fizUlyh LVsV~l vkWQ bf.M;k* 'kh"kZd ls ,d d`fr dk lQy lEiknu Hkh fd;k] tks vkSj fo'ks"k dj ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; dks lzksrksa ds :i esa iz;ksx djrs le; mUgksaus cgqr
fd ,d lsehukj izkslhfMaXl Fkh vkSj tks mudh lEikndh; ;ksX;rk ds ,d fof'k"V gh lrdZrk vkSj lko/kkuh cjrus dk ijke'kZ fn;k rFkk vfr'k;ksfDr ,oa vfrjatuk ls
mnkgj.k ds :i esa m`r dh tk ldrh gSA blds vfrfjDr izks- O;kl us 'krkf/kd cpus dh iqjtksj odkyr dhA
'kks/k&i= fy[ks tks ,d bfrgkldkj ds :i esa mudh mlh rF;ijd] xos"k.kkRed iwoZorhZ bfrgkldkjksa }kjk O;Dr ekU;rkvksa vkSj /kkj.kkvksa dks llanHkZ m`r
,oa fu"i{k bfrgkl ys[ku 'kSyh dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa ftldh >yd gesa mudh fd, tkus esa ladksp ugha djus okys izks- O;kl ds ys[ku dk ,d oSf'k"V~; ;g jgk fd
mu d`fr;ksa esa Li"Vr% ns[kus dks feyrh gS] ftudh ppkZ ge iwoZ esa dj pqds gSaA mUgksaus dHkh Hkh iwoZorhZ bfrgklKksa dh fy[kh ckrksa ij vka[k ewan dj fo'okl ugha
tgk rd izksQslj O;kl dh bfrgkl n`f"V ,oa muds bfrgkl&n'kZu dk iz'u gS fd;k oju~ mUgsa rF;ksa dh dlkSVh ij dl dj vkSj ml dlkSVh ij iw.kZr% [kjk mrjus
mUgksaus vius bfrgkl ys[ku esa lnSo rF;ksa ds fu:i.k vkSj rVLFk jgrs gq, muds ij gh Lohdkj fd;kA tgk dgha mUgsa iwoZorhZ ys[kdksa dh ckrsa Hkzkafriw.kZ ;k xyr yxha
fu"i{k foospu vkSj fo'ys"k.k ij cy fn;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd rF;ksa vkSj bfrgkl ogha mUgksaus cs[kkSQ gksdj mudk [k.Mu fd;k] Hkzkafr;ksa dk fujkdj.k fd;k vkSj vius
lzksrksa dks [kkstuk] mUgsa izdk'k esa ykuk rFkk mUgsa muds LokHkkfod vFkksZa esa cqyokuk gh er ds leFkZu esa rdZ Hkh izLrqr fd,A pkgs VkWM dk ,uYl esa of.kZr ekjokM+ fo"k;d
okLrfod bfrgkl iz.k;u gSA bl :i esa mUgksaus iz[;kr bfrgkldkj bZ-,p- dkj dh o`rkUr gks ;k vU; bfrgkldkjksa }kjk of.kZr brj ckrsa] izks- O;kl dh ys[kuh us ,slh
bl ckr dk iqjtksj leFkZu djrs gq, mls vkSj vkxs c<+kus dk dk;Z fd;k fd] fdlh Hkh =qfV] fod`fr ;k folaxfr ds fy, mUgsa {kek ugha fd;k rFkk mudk ifj"dkj
^^bfrgkl rF;ksa ls curk gS vkSj rF; xwaxs gksrs gSa] ftUgsa cqyokus dk dke ,d fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z ekukA tc bfrgkl txr esa bfrgkl ys[ku ds u, vk;ke rFkk
bfrgkldkj djrk gSA mUgksaus rF;ksa ds p;u dks cgqr gh egoiw.kZ vkSj fu.kkZ;d ,rn~fo"k;d u;s n`f"Vdks.k eq[kfjr gksdj lkeus vkus yxs rks izks- O;kl us ckdk;nk
?kVd ekuk pwafd lgh bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k rHkh lEHko gS tcfd rF;ksa] tkudkfj;ksa muls viuk lkeatL; cuk;k vkSj muls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jgsA bfrgkl ys[ku
vkSj lwpukvksa ds taxy esa ls izkekf.kd] lgh vkSj mi;qDr rF;ksa dk p;u dj mUgsa fo"k;d uohu #>kuksa ds lanHkZ esa fVIi.kh djrs gq, izks- O;kl us lu~ 1984 esa
bfrgkl l`tu ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tk,A mUgkasus bfrgkl&ys[ku esa ewy lzksr&lkexzh jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds chdkusj esa lEiUu gq, pkSngosa vf/kos'ku ds vius
ds :i esa lelkef;d lzkrs ksa dks lokZf/kd ego iznku fd;k vkSj mudh fo'oluh;rk v/;{kh; Hkk"k.k esa tks dqN dgk mlls gesa mudh bfrgkl n`f"V dh ,d >yd ns[kus
dks lokZf/kd izkekf.kd ekukA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd fdlh izkFkfed ;k lelkef;d dks feyrh gSA bl mn~cks/ku esa mUgksaus jktLFkku ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd bfrgkl ds
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v/;;u dh vko';drk dh tksjnkj odkyr dh FkhA mUgksaus bfrgkl dh rqyuk lR; Hkh vius ys[ku dk fo"k; cuk;kA izks- O;kl us O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; ds fodkl dh
dh [kkst ls dhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd bfrgkl ,d ,slk vuq'kklu gS] ftls dHkh iw.kZ egkk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;kA mUgksaus bl {ks= esa egoiw.kZ ys[ku ;ksxnku djus ds
ugha dgk tk ldrk pwafd u;s lk{;ksa ds izdk'k esa vkus dk flyflyk ges'kk pyrk fy, izks- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] th-Mh- 'kekZ] ,p-lh- fVDdhoky] ch-,y-Hkknk.kh rFkk
jgrk gS vkSj vkus okyh ihf<+;ka vius le; ds iz'uksa ds tokc bfrgkl esa <wa<u+ s ds fy, Lo;a ds }kjk iw.kZ fd, x, fjlpZ izkstsDV ^VsM] VsM :V~l ,.M dkWelZ vkWQ oSLVuZ
mu lk{;ksa dks vius&vius <ax ls foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr djus dk e tkjh j[krh jktLFkku M~;wfjax fn ,VhUFk ,.M ukbUVhUFk lSUpqjht* dks m`r fd;kA ;gk ge
gSaA vius mDr v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku esa izks- O;kl us ;g ckr cM+s gh iqjtksj <ax ls mBkbZ bl fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr muds dfri; vU; egoiw.kZ 'kks/k&i=ksa dks Hkh m`r dj
Fkh fd jktk&egkjktkvksa] fefuLVlZ rFkk tujYl ij dsfUnzr jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ldrs gSa tks fuEukafdr 'kh"kZdksa ls Fks & ^VsM lsUVlZ vkWQ ekjokM+ ,.M fyaDM VsM
ys[ku dh iqjkuh ,izksp dk ifjR;kx dj {ks=h;] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd ,oa :V~l M~;wfjax ,VhUFk lSUpqjh ,-Mh-*_ ^dkWelZ bu fljksgh (1820&1920 ,-Mh-)*
lkaLd`frd i{kksa ds bfrgkl ys[ku ij tksj nsuk gksxkA lkekftd rkus&ckus ds v/;;u rFkk îkyh&,u ,Eiksfj;e vkWQ jktiwrkuk*A22 bu 'kks/k i=ksa esa ls vafre 'kh"kZd ds
esa ;g lHkh i{k var%lEcfU/kr gSa vkSj ijks{k&vijks{k :i ls ijLij tqMs+ gq, gSaA viuh 'kks/k i= esa izks- O;kl us ikyh dks ekjokM+ dk ,d izeq[k okf.kT;&dsUnz izekf.kr djrs
mDr ckr dks foLrkj iznku djrs gq, mUgksaus ;g dgk Fkk fd bl izdkj ds v/;;u gq, ;g fy[kk Fkk fd Fky ekxksZa ls ;g xqtjkr] mkj izns'k ds cM+s O;kikfjd uxjksa ls
orZeku esa t:jh gks x, gSaA mUgksaus th-,u-'kekZ] dkywjke 'kekZ rFkk isekjke vkfn tqMk+ gqvk FkkA ikyh ml ekxZ ij fLFkr Fkk ftlls gksdj ekyok dh vQhe dk fu;kZr
bfrgkldkjksa ds uke m`r djrs gq, dgk fd bu bfrgkldkjksa us vius ys[ku dks phu rFkk if'peh ,f'k;k dks gqvk djrk FkkA ;g ,d izdkj ls rRdkyhu lEiw.kZ
jktoa'kh; bfrgkl ys[ku ds LFkku ij fofo/k dky[k.Mksa ds jktLFkku ds lkekftd] jktiwrkuk dk laxzg.k vkSj forj.k dsUnz FkkA ikyh ds vfrfjDr mUgksaus ukxkSj] tks/kiqj]
vkfFkZd rFkk /kkfeZd thou ij dsfUnzr fd;kA mUgksaus izks- ,l-ih-xqIrk rFkk fnyckx esM+rk vkfn dks Hkh ekjokM+ ds vU; O;kikj dsUnzksa ds :i esa m`r fd;kA izks- O;kl
flag ljh[ks bfrgklKksa dks e/; rFkk mkj e/;dkyhu iwohZ jktLFkku dh xzkE; us fy[kk Fkk fd ekjokM+ ds 'kkldksa us O;kikfj;ksa dks lnSo izksRlkgu o laj{k.k iznku
vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk xzkeh.k lekt fo"k;d muds lkaf[;dh; v/;;uksa ds fy, m`r fd;k rFkk mUgsa dbZ izdkj dh fj;klrsa Hkh iznku dhA izks- O;kl bl rF; ls Hkh
fd;kA bu v/;;uksa ls dk'r_ d`f"k mRiknu_ HkwjktLo nj_ ewY;ksa ds mrkj&p<+ko_ HkyhHkkafr ifjfpr Fks fd jktLFkku ds bfrgkldkjksa }kjk vkfnokfl;ksa ls lEcfU/kr
d`"kd oxZ dh lajpuk ,oa laxBu_ xzkE; leqnk; dk Lrjhdj.k ,oa oSfo/;_ d`f"k bfrgkl ys[ku ij i;kZIr /;ku ugha fn;k x;k FkkA mUgksaus jktLFkku ds uxjh; bfrgkl
leqnk; ds fofo/k oxksZa ls HkwjktLo ekx_ d`"kd&tkxhjnkj oxZ ds ikjEifjd laca/k_ ds v/;;u dh vko';drk ij Hkh tksj fn;k tks vHkh rd bfrgkldkjksa }kjk misf{kr
d`"kd&'kkld lEcU/k_ d`"kd .kxzLrrk vkfn fo"k;ksa ij izdk'k iM+kA d`"kd jgk FkkA rRlEcU/kh fofo/k vk;keksa dks ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa fo'ysf"kr fd;k tkuk]
lekt dh ,d ,slh fefJr rLohj ds bfrgkl ds fp=.k dks mUgksaus vkt ds le; ds mUgksaus le; dh ,d egrh vko';drk ekukA mUgksaus jktLFkku ds ,sfrgkfld iqjkrRo
bfrgkl dh ,d egrh vko';drk crk;kA ij Hkh leqfpr dke fd, tkus dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k FkkA mUgksaus ladsr fd;k
^nh ihtsUV~l vkWQ ekjokM+ ,.M fn;j fjys'kUl fon fn :yj vksj fn Fkk fd jktLFkku esa eafnj iqjkrRo ls tqM+s v/;;uksa dh foiqy lEHkkouk,a gSaA mudk
tkxhjnkj M~;wfjax ukbUVhUFk lSUpqjh* 'kh"kZd ls fy[ks vius ,d 'kks/k i= esa izks- ekuuk Fkk fd] iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa dks lkfgfR;d lzksrksa esa izkI; fooj.k ls tksM+ dj
O;kl us 'kks"kd ,oa 'kksf"kr oxZ ds lEcU/kksa ds lanHkZ esa d`"kd oxZ }kjk ns; nsunkfj;ksa_ ns[kus ij dbZ iwoZ LFkkfir HkzkUr /kkj.kkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dk fujkdj.k ;k ifjektZu
ekjokM+ ds d`"kd lekt ds ,d oxZ ds :i esa fp=.k_ tehu ds izdkjksa_ o"kkZuqikr_ lEHko gSA izks- O;kl dk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ij dke djrs le;
eq[; Qlyksa_ dk'r ifr;ksa_ eq[; d`"kd tkfr;ksa tSls tkV] dqEHkkj] ekyh] fc'uksbZ] jktLFkku ds bfrgkldkjksa vkSj 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks ;g /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd muds fu"d"kZ
dkYoh] xwtj vkfn ij izdk'k Mkyk gSA blds vfrfjDr dk'rdkjksa dh Jsf.k;ksa & rFkk ekU;rk,a vU; {ks=ksa esa dk;Z djus okys 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dh ekU;rkvksa o fu"d"kksZa ls
ckihnkj rFkk xSj ckihnkj_ muds vf/kdkjksa&fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa_ yxku fu/kkZj.k izdkj_ lkeatL; o leUo; LFkkfir dj ldsa rHkh ge jk"Vh; Lrj ij ,d lexz vkSj o`gk
oLrq ;k uxn :i esa vnk fd, x, HkwjktLo_ ykx&ckx_ d`"kd .kxzLrrk_ egktuksa jk"Vh; bfrgkl ys[ku dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gks ldsaxsA mUgksaus {ks=h; bfrgkl dks
rFkk cksgjksa dh Hkwfedk rFkk jkT; }kjk fd, x, lq/kkjksa vkfn ij Hkh izdk'k MkykA bl jk"Vh; ifjizs{; ls tksMu+ s dks le; dh lcls cM+h vko';drk crk;k vkSj ;gh muds
'kks/k&i= esa izks- O;kl us dk'rdkjksa dh os'kHkw"kk] [kku&iku] ?kj] jgu&lgu vkfn dks bfrgkl n'kZu dk dsUnz fcUnq Hkh FkkA jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr dh ys[ku
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;k=k esa izks- vkj-ih- O;kl dk vonku ,oa ;ksxnku viuk ,d vlekukarj ego fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk_ ,.Vh&fczfV'k Qhfyax veax fn ihiqy vkWQ jktLFkku
j[krk gSA muds }kjk iz.khr lHkh 'kks/kiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld d`fr;ka jktLFkku bfrgkl txr 1818&1857 ,-Mh- ,u vizt S y vkWQ dUVsEijsjh ckfMZd fyVjspj] fn DokVZjyh fjO;w vkWQ
ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLrd ,oa 'kks/k dh uohu lEHkkoukvksa dk ekxZ iz'kLr djus okyh jgh fgLVksfjdy LVMht 1974&75] oksY;we XIV ua- 4] i`- 203] dydRrk_ fn okYVjd`r
gSa ijUrq mudh 'kks/k d`fr] ^jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 ,- jktiwrkuk fgrdkfj.kh lHkk ,.M bV~l bEiSDV] ih-vkj-,p-lh- lS'ku 8] i`- 103] vtesj]
1975_ fn okYVjd`r jktiwrkuk fgrdkfj.kh lHkk ,.M bV~l bEiSDV] vkWy bf.M;k fgLVh
Mh-)* dks muds ,d îk;ksfu;j&odZ* ds :i esa fo'ks"k :i ls js[kkafdr fd;k tk, rks
dkaxzsl] 38 lS'ku] vyhx<+] 1975_ vxzsfj;u ewoesaV bu jktLFkku ck; MkW- jke ik.Ms &
jap ek= Hkh vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhA ,d iwokZxzg jfgr] Lora= ,oa fu"i{k fpard] fjO;wM bu fn DokVZjyh fjO;w vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk] oks- ua- XV, 1975&76]
xos"kd n`f"V;qDr fo'ys"kd bfrgklK ds :i esa jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dks jgs muds ua- 2] i`- 129_ ckfMZd fyVjspj ,t , lkslZ vkWQ fgLVh & , isij izstsUVsM ,V fn bySoUFk
vrqyuh; ;ksxnku ds fy, bl egku foHkwfr dks dksfV'k% ueu gSA lS'ku dksYgkiqj baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] 1975&76] ifCy'M_ vejdksV & ,
lanHkZ % ikVZ vkWQ fn jkBkSM+ LVsV vkWQ tks/kiqj & , dsl QkWj fn xouZesaV] ih-vkj-,p-lh- dksVk
lS'ku 9] i`- 113] 1976_ iksfyVhdy d.Mh'ku vkWu fn bZo vkWQ fn vlS'ku vkWQ egkjk.kk
1- izk-s vkj-ih- O;kl ds funsZ'kuk/khu lEiUu ih&,p-Mh- 'kks/k dk;ksZa gsrq nz"VO; & MkW- galjkt
izrki] i`- 87] cSVy vkWQ gYnh?kkVh lsUVsujh lSfycz's ku] 1976_ tks/kiqj bu , fgLVksfjdy
csuhoky & fgLVh vkWQ jkBkSM~l_ MkW- ekaxhyky e;ad & fgLVh vkWQ ekjokM+ kWe jko lhgk
ilZisfDVo (ifCy'M bu lsojy lksosuhlZ ,.M tuZYl)_ lks'ky ykbZQ vkWQ fn pkj.k
Vw jko ekynso_ MkW- izdk'k O;kl & uksfcfyVh vkWQ esokM+_ MkW- f'konk nku & egkjktk
dE;wfuVh fot&,&fot fn jktiwRl bu fn esfMoy ihfj;M & isij ,DlsIVsM QkWj fn 39th
fot;flag ,.M fgt VkbEl_ MkW- fo|k 'kekZ & ,MfefuLVs'ku vkWQ fn LVsV vkWQ vyoj_
lS'ku vkWQ fn bf.M;u fgLVh dkaxzl s gsYM ,V vksLekfu;k ;wfuoflZVh] gSnjkckn] 1978_ fn
MkW- rkjk eaxy & egkjk.kk dqEHkk ,.M fgt VkbEl (tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky; }kjk ih&,p-
Mh- iznk mi;qZDr leLr xzaFk izdkf'kr gks pqds gSaA) iksth'ku vkWQ pkjUl bu fn lks'ky ykbZQ vkWQ fn jktiwRl ,.M vnj ihiqy] ih-vkj-,p-
2- jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 ,-Mh-)] fnYyh] 1969_ egkjk.kk jkt flag lh- lS'ku 11] i`- 84] t;iqj] 1978_ lks'ky ,.M fjyhft;l fjQkseZ ewoesaV~l bu fn
vkWQ esokM+] 1984_ vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gr bfrgkl (1707&1818 ,-Mh-)] [k.M&I] ukbUVhUFk ,.M V~osUVh,Fk lSUpqjht bu oSLVuZ jktLFkku ifCy'M bu , cqd ^lks'ky ,.M
t;iqj] 1986_ jktLFkku jk bfrgkl jru & bUnjjkt fla?koh] tks/kiqj] 1994_ vk/kqfud fjyhft;l fjQkseZ ewoesaV bu fn 19 ,.M 20 lSUpqjht* ,MhVsM ck; MkW- ,l-ih- lsu
jktLFkku dk o`gr bfrgkl (1818&1950 ,-Mh-)] [k.M&II] t;iqj] 1995_ jktLFkku ds baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk] 1979] i`- 177_ fgLVksfjdy ck;ksxzkQh bu
yksd uk;d t;ukjk;.k O;kl] tks/kiqj] 1998_ egkjk.kk izrki] t;iqj] 2000_ lekt jRu bf.M;u fyVjspj] ,fMVsM ck; MkW- ,l-ih- lsu baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht]
gjfoykl lkjnk] ijEijk fo'ks"kkad] tks/kiqj_ ekjokM+ ds vfHkys[k & nks [k.MA 1979] ck;ksxzkfQdy Ldspt s bu jktLFkkuh fyVjspj] i`- 179_ lkslZst vkWQ fn fgLVh vkWQ
3- bfrgkl iznhi] t;iqj_ Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd o lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] t;iqj_ fo'o dk bfrgkl] ,uf'k,.V jktLFkku] i`- 3] ifCy'M bu lkslsZt vkWQ fn fgLVh vkWQ bf.M;k] oksY;we II]
t;iqj_ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh :ijs[kk] t;iqjA ,fMVsM ck; MkW- ,l-ih- lsu] baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] 1979_ ihiqYl ewoesaV
4- jk"Vh;@varjkZ"Vh; tuZYl] izkslhfMaXl ,oa eSXthUl esa izdkf'kr muds pqfuUnk pfpZr ,oa bu jktLFkku] ifCy'M bu jktLFkku fo/kku lHkk jtr t;arh xzaFk] 1952&77] i`- 185]
egoiw.kZ 'kks/k&i=@vkVhZdYl vkfn & vksfjftu ,.M xzt s ,q 'ku vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ 1979_ ikyh & ,u ,Eiksfj;e vkWQ jktiwrkuk] fn DokVZjyh fjO;w vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht]
(ih-vkj-,p-lh- lS'ku&I)] ist 36] tks/kiqj] 1967_ egkjktk eku flag ,.M fgt ,.Vh dydRrk] oksY;we ua- XVIII] 1978&79] ua- 3] i`- 184_ ckadhnkl ,t , fgLVksfj;u & isij
fczfV'k QhfyaXl] izkls hfMaXl vkWQ bf.M;u fgLVh dkaxzls ] 30oka lS'ku] Hkkxyiqj] 1968_ fn izt
s Us VsM ,V fn lsehukj ,uVkbZVYM fgLVh ,.M fgLVksfj;Ul vkWQ jktLFkku gsYM ,V t;iqj
jksy vkWQ Bkdqj lokbZ flag vkWQ iksdj.k bu fn iksfyfVDl vkWQ ekjokM+] tuZy vkWQ (18 ,.M 19 Qjojh] 1978) ifCy'M_ jktLFkkuh ,.M bV~l daVhC;w'ku bu fn jkbZt vkWQ
jktLFkku baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy fjlpZ] t;iqj] ikVZ&6] ekpZ] 1969_ vesfjdk ,.M fn us'kufyTe M~;wfjax 19 lSUpqjh & isij izstsUVsM ,V fn dkWUsUl gsYM ,V enqjbZ] 1978
dksyksx czh;kaM iSDV & ifCy'M bu vesfjdu xouZeasV ,.M iksfyfVDl] 1970] i`- 256] fn (baLVhV~;Vw vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk)_ lkslt Zs vkWQ ;wMfyTe bu jktLFkku bu
isij okt izstsUVsM bu , lsehukj ,V ekm.V vkcw_ ekjokM+ bu 1857 & tks/kiqj ;wfuoflZVh fn 19 lSUpqjh & , isij isztsUVsM ,V fn lsehukj gsYM ,V t;iqj v.Mj fn vkfLisll vkWQ
eSXthu] 1970_ fn kbfll bu ekjokM+ bu 1828] izkl s hfMaXl vkWQ jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzl s ] fn lsUVj QkWj jktLFkku LVMht] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ jktLFkku] t;iqj] 1978&79_ ;wMy
ih-vkj-,p-lh-] vtesj lS'ku] 1972] i`- 103_ fn izksiksTM ekjokM+ ihiqYl dkWUsUl] LVDpj vkWQ ekjokM+ & fgLVksfjdy LVMht & ifCy'M ck; 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh]
vDVwcj] 1929] ih-vkj-,p-lh- lS'ku&6] i`- 111] C;koj] 1973_ fMfLVDV xtsfV;lZ & 1979_ LVMht bu esfMoy jktLFkku fgLVh ck; MkW- eathr flag vgywokfy;k & , fjO;w
tks/kiqj fMfLVDV] 1973] pSIVj&II vkWu fgLVh vkWQ vckmV 100 VkbIM istl s _ cusMk+ isilZ ifCy'M bu fn DokVZjyh fjO;w vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] oksY;we XIX] 1979&80] ua-
ck; MkW- ds-,l- xqIrk & fjokbZTM bu fn DokVZjyh tuZy vkWQ fn baLVhV~;w'ku vkWQ fn 1&2_ jktLFkkuh fyVjspj ,t , lkslZ vkWQ fgLVh] 1979 ifCy'M bu ijEijk_ jktLFkkuh
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,.M bV~l dUVhC;w'ku bu fn jkbZt vkWQ us'kufyTe M~;wfjax fn 19 lSUpqjh] i`- 25] 'kks/k lk/ îjEijk* ds 125 i`"Bh; fo'ks"kkad esa izdkf'kr Hkh fd;k x;k_ êgkjk.kk laxzke flag* ij
kuk] lhrke_ fn jksy vkWQ egkjktk xaxk flag bu fn QkseZs'ku ,.M LVschykbZt's ku vkWQ fn Xokfy;j esa fn;k ^thokth jko flfU/k;k eseksfj;y ySDpj*_ tks/kiqj esa lek;ksftr jktLFkku
pSEcj vkWQ fizalt s ] i`- 8] egkjktk xaxkflag lSUVsujh oksY;we] chdkusj] 1980_ , LVMh vkWQ fgLVh dkaxzsl esa fn;k x;k ^txnh'k flag eseksfj;y ySDpj*_ jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds
fn lks'ky bfoYl bu jktLFkku bu fn 19th lSUpqjh ,.M fn fczfV'k bEiSDV & isij izstsUVsM fpkkSM+ vf/kos'ku esa ^hMe LVxy bu jktLFkku* ij fn;k x;k foLrkj&O;k[;ku_ izks-
,V fn lsehukj gsYM v.Mj fn vkfLilst vkWQ mn;iqj ;wfuoflZVh] 1980_ psfUtx iksfyVhdy ukFkwjke [kM+xkor eseksfj;y ySDpj] chdkusj] 1984 esa izks- lrh'k pUnz] iwoZ ;w-th-lh-
lhUl bu ekjokM+ M~;wfjax 19 lSUpqjh] isij izstsUVsM ,V fn lsehukj gsYM bu cM+kSnk v.Mj ps;jeSu ds lEHkk"k.k ds volj ij fn;k v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku_ izks- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor
fn vkfLilst vkWQ ,e-,l- ;wfuoflZVh] cM+knS k] 1980_ ifCyd oDlZ vkWQ egkjk.kk jktflag eseksfj;y ySDpj] chdkusj] 1985 esa izk-s f}tsUnz f=ikBh ds O;k[;ku ds volj ij fn;k x;k
& Fkzh g.MsM~Fk MSFk ,uholZjh vkWQ egkjk.kk jkt flag oksY;we] 1980_ jktLFkku xtsfV;j] v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku_ bfrgkl foHkkx] foe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu esa foftfVax izksQslj ds
pSIVj&II, lSD'ku ,] lkslsZt vkWQ fgLVh vkWQ jktLFkku kWe vfyZ,LV VkbZEl Vw 700 ,- :i esa fn, x, nl O;k[;ku_ iwoZorhZ tks/kiqj fo-fo- esa fn, x, foLrkj O;k[;ku rFkk
Mh-] 1981] ifCy'M bu xtsfV;lZ_ ,MfefuLVsfVo ,.M iksfyVhdy MoyiesaV~l bu fn jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds 25osa flYoj tqcyh ls'ku (tks/kiqj] 2009) esa fn;k x;k v/
fizl
a yh LVsV vkWQ jktLFkku] isij izt s Us VsM ,V fn dkWUsUl vkWQ fn baLVhV~;Vw vkWQ fgLVksfjdy ;{kh; mncks/ku fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[k ;ksX; gSaA
LVMht] dydRrk] ifCy'M bu 1981_ fczfV'k fMIykseslh VwoM~lZ ekjokM+ M~;wfjax fn jsu 9- lsokfuo`r gksus ds mijkUr izk-s O;kl us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vuqla/kku ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh ds ,d
vkWQ egkjktk eku flag & , isij izstsUVsM bu fn lsehukj vkWxsZukbZTM ck; fn fMikVZesaV fjlpZ izkt
s Ds V ^VM
s :V~l ,.M dkWef'kZ;y lsUVlZ bu jktLFkku* ij ,oa rnuUrj fo'ofo|ky;
vkWQ fgLVh] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ tks/kiqj v.Mj fn ;w-th-lh- Lis'ky vflLVsUl izkxs zke (fnl- vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh }kjk iznk ,d f=o"khZ; o`gr 'kks/k ifj;kstuk ij dk;Z fd;kA
] 5&7] 1981)_ VsM ,.M dkWelZ bu fljksgh (1820&1920)] , isij izstsUVsM bu , 10- dfri; izeq[k ,oa m`r fd, tkus ;ksX; lsehukj@dkaxzsl fuEukafdr Fkha & vkWy bf.M;u
flEiksft;e gsYM ,V fljksgh ,V fn VkbZe vkWQ fn 13 lS'ku vkWQ fn vkj-,p-lh-_ dkaxzsl ds oYyHkuxj] ifV;kyk] Hkkxyiqj ,oa vyhx<+ l=_ vesfjdu fgLVh dkaxzsl ds
deZ;ksxh MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj] isij izt s Us VsM bu fn lsehukj vkWxZukbZTM ck; t; ukjk;.k vykgkckn ,oa Hkkxyiqj l=_ jhtuy lsehukj vkWu estj b';wt bu vesfjdu xouZesaV
O;kl ;wfuoflZVh] tks/kiqj_ ifCy'M bu fn cqd fizaVsM ck; fn ;wfuoflZVh_ egkjktk vthr ,.M iksfyfVDl bu fn V~oUVh;Fk lSUpqjh] ekm.V vkcw_ jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl ds leLr
flag ds ikyudrkZ & t;nso] ifCy'M bu ih-vkj-,p-lh-_ hMe LVxy bu ekjokM+ & ,u vf/kos'ku (chdkusj esa gq, 23osa rFkk lqtkux<+ esa gq, 24osa vf/kos'ku dks NksM+ dj)_
vyhZ Qst (1921&1931 ,-Mh-) ifCy'M bu fn tuZyA bf.M;u fgLVksfjdy fjdkMZ deh'ku dk i.kth (xksvk) vf/kos'ku (1973)] fnYyh
5- xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] jktLFkku] tks/kiqj fMfLVDV] pSIVj&II] fgLVh & vyhZ fgLVh] vf/kos'ku (1981) ,oa vgenkckn vf/kos'ku (1983)_ baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy
feMhoy ihfj;M] jkBkSM~l] eksMuZ ihfj;M & iksfyVhdy vujSLV (i`- 13&66)_ pSIVj&II LVMht] dydRrk ds tks/kiqj] dq:{ks=] dksYgkiqj] enqjbZ rFkk ukxiqj vf/kos'ku_ lsUVj QkWj
lSD'ku (,) ,.M (ch) QkWj jktLFkku xtsfV;j fMikVZesaV] xouZesaV vkWQ jktLFkku] jktLFkku LVMht] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj }kjk vLlh ds n'kd esa lek;ksftr
t;iqj_ baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk }kjk lEikfnr izkstsDV ^fMD'kujh leLr lsehuklZ_ lsehukj vkWu lks';ks&bdksuksfed fgLVh vkWQ jktLFkku ,.M e/; izns'k
vkWQ us'kuy ck;ksxzkQh* dk izdk'ku dbZ [k.Mksa esa gqvk ftuesa izks- O;kl us fuEukafdr M~;wfjax feMhoy ,.M ekWMuZ ihfj;M ,V ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ mn;iqj] vkWxsZukbZTM ckbZ vkbZ-
O;fDrRoksa ij ys[ku fd;k & th-Mh- fcjyk] nkeksnj lsBh] eFkqjknkl ekFkqj] jke fuokl] MkW- lh-,p-vkj-] U;w fnYyh (1979)_ lsehukj vkWu xqtjkr jktLFkku ,.M ekyok bu fn
ih-ds- lsBh] MkW- dklyhoky] MkW- lhrkjke ykyl] Jh vpys'oj izlkn] MkW- y{ehey lsoUVhUFk] ,sVhUFk ,.M ukbUVhUFk lSUpqjht îzkWCyEl ,.M izkLs isfDVo bu lks'ky] bdksuksfed
fla?kohA ,.M iksfyVhdy fgLVh*] ,e-,l- ;wfuoflZVh] cM+kSnk (1979)_ lsehukj vkWu îzkWCyEl
6- tuZy vkWQ fn baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] dydRrk rFkk dbZ vU; tuZYl esa izk-s vkWQ ;wFk ,.M ;wFk osyQs;j*] Jhuxj ;wfuoflZVh] dk'ehj] 1978_ t;ukjk;.k O;kl
O;kl ds dbZ cqd&fjO;wt izdkf'kr gq,A nz"VO; & MkW- egsUnz flag uxj d`r ekjokM+ ds fo'ofo|ky;] tks/kiqj] efgyk ih-th- egkfo|ky;] tks/kiqj rFkk esgjkux<+ E;wft;e VLV]
jktifjokj dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk (nks [k.Mksa esa)] fo"k;d fjO;wA tks/kiqj }kjk lek;ksftr fofo/k jk"Vh; ,oa varjkZ"Vh; lsehuklZ_ buds vfrfjDr izks- O;kl
7- izk-s O;kl us dbZ iqLrdksa@xzaFkksa ds QkWjoMZ rFkk izkDdFku fy[ks vkSj v/;k; ys[ku esa ;ksxnku us dfri; lsehuklZ dks vkWxZsukbZt Hkh fd;k ftuesa ls izeq[k Fks & ;w-th-lh- LikWUlMZ lsehukj
fn;kA nz"VO; & jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;Urh lfefr] t;iqj }kjk izdkf'kr xzaFk jktLFkku esa vkWu fczfV'k ikWfylht VwoM~lZ nh fizUlyh LVsVl ~ vkWQ jktLFkku ,.M bV~l usclZ] bfrgkl
Lora=rk laxzke ds vej iqjks/kk esa fy[ks v/;k; & eFkqjk nkl ekFkqj] }kjdk nkl iqjksfgr_ foHkkx] tks/kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] tks/kiqj (1981)_ vkbZ-lh-,p-vkj- LikWUlMZ lsehukj vkWu
Lo- MkW- ekaxhyky e;ad d`r ^tSlyesj dk bfrgkl*] ds vafre rhu v/;k;A ^fgLVh vkWQ jktLFkku (700&1200 ,-Mh-)*] bfrgkl foHkkx] ts-,u-O;kl fo'ofo|ky;]
8- jktLFkku fgLVh dkaxzsl (14oka vf/kos'ku)] chdkusj] 1984 esa fn;k v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku_ tks/kiqjA
'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj esa ^gj foykl lkjnk* ij fn;k foLrkj O;k[;ku ftls 11- nz"VO; & nqxkZnkl xksYM eSMy QkWj esjhVksfj;l lfoZl jsUMMZ bu fn QhYM vkWQ fgLVh
35
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 69
,.M dYpj vkWQ jktLFkku ,.M ,T;wds'ku] 1983_ egkjk.kk dqEHkk vokMZ ckbZ egkjk.kk
esokM+ Qkm.Ms'ku QkWj csLV lfoZl jsUMMZ bu fn QhYM vkWQ fgLVh] fyVjSpj ,.M dYpj
vkWQ jktLFkku] 1985_ vkWuMZ ckbZ txnh'k flag xgyksr fjlpZ lsaVj QkWj oSY;q,cy
lfoZlst jsUMMZ bu fn LQh;j vkWQ ,T;wds'ku ,.M fgLVh] 1994_ jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk Prof. Pemaram Prize Paper in Udaipur Session 2015
,dsMseh vkWuMZ QkWj jkbfVax cqDl vkWu fgLVh ,.M dYpj vkWQ jktLFkku_ vkWuMZ ckbZ
e:Hkwfe 'kks/k laLFkku] JhMwaxjx<+] pw: QkWj fjlpZ odZ ,.M vkWuMZ ckbZ fn VkbZVy Peasant Unrest and its Repression in Nagaur,
^bfrgkl Jh*_ tks/kiqj jkW;y gkml (iwoZ egkjktk xtflag th) dUQMZ îkydh fljksiko*
bu fn bZ;j 2000_ baVjus'kuy ck;ksxzkfQdy lsaVj dSfEczt] baXyS.M uksehusVsM fge ^,u
Dabra Tragedy, 13 March 1947
baVjus'kuy eSu vkWQ fn bZ;j QkWj 1997&98*_ fMfLVDV dysDVj] tks/kiqj vkWuMZ QkWj Mwbax Rajesh Kumar
oSY;q,cy lfoZlst Vw fn lkslkbVh_ lUr lR;fe=kuan th fxfj vkWuMZ fge QkWj oSY;q,cy
While defining the peasants historiography A.K. Gupta in his
lfoZlst jsUMMZ Vw fn lkslkbVh_ ukxfjd vfHkuanu ckbZ fn flVhtUl vkWQ tks/kiqj vkWu 12-
book Agrarian Drama, has aptly stated, The nationalist struggle in
8-98_ vfHkuanu xzaFk ifCy'M vkWu 12 vxLr] 1998 ,.M vkWuMZ ckbZ dS'k vokMZ vkWQ #-
India; the entry of our peasants communities into history as its
51000@&_ êkjokM+ jRu* QkWj ykbQ VkbZe vphoesaV ckbZ esgjkux<+ E;wft;e VLV] t subjects rather than objects and the growth of peasants movement
ks/kiqj] 2011_ Hkkjr T;ksfr vokMZ] bf.M;u SUMf'ki lkslkbVh] U;w fnYyh] 2013A are themes on which there exists a substantial corpus of scholarly
12- vkj-ih- O;kl % jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 ,-Mh-)] tSu cznlZ] ubZ writing. During the first half of 20th century there was agrarian unrest
fnYyh] 1969A through out the Rajputana States, against the Feudo-Colonial Policies
13- vkj-ih- O;kl % lekt jRu gjfoykl lkjnk] ijEijk fo'ks"kkad (125 i`"B)] 'kks/k laLFkku] of excessive hike in the land tax, lag-bags (cess), beggar (forced
pkSikluh] tks/kiqjA labour), etc. It began from Bijolia Jagir of Mewar in 1913, when the
14- vkj-ih- O;kl % jktLFkku jk bfrgkl jru & bUnj jkt fla?koh] esgjkux<+ E;wft;e VLV] cultivators decided to unlike themselves to keep their lands uncultivated
egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k] tks/kiqj] 1994A and desert because of the failure of the Thikana in granting them
15- vkj-ih- O;kl % jktLFkku ds yksd uk;d t;ukjk;.k O;kl] jktLFkku lkfgR; laLFkku] tks/ concessions in land revenue and lag-bags. The agitation gained
kiqj] 1998A momentum in 1918 under the leadership Bijai Singh Pathik. Later,
16- vkj-ih- O;kl % egkjk.kk izrki] fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2000 ,-Mh-A Peasants Struggle and the Prajamandal Movement joined hands and
17- jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;arh lfefr t;iqj }kjk izdkf'kr xzaFk jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds started the movement for Responsible Government in the States.
vej iqjks/kk ds varxZr izdkf'krA However, the Peasants Struggle faced a lot of hardship e.g. the State
18- ekaxhyky O;kl ê;ad* % fgLVh vkWQ tSlyesjA Administration and the Jagirdars & their men tried to suppress the
19- vkj-ih- O;kl (laikfnr) % fczfV'k ikWfylh VwoM~lZ fizUlyh LVsV~l vkWQ bf.M;k (lsehukj agitation, sometimes even opened fire upon them.
izkslhfMaXl)] tks/kiqj] 1981A Dabra tragedy is another terrifying example of ruthlessness and
20- jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr fo"k;d laLFkkRed v/;;u dh n`f"V ls nz"VO; & izks- inhumanity of the Jagirdars under the Marwar State. The humble
f'ko dqekj Hkuksr % jktLFkku esa iapk;r O;oLFkk] ;wfuoflZVh cqd gkml] t;iqj] 2000A objective hereunder is to know that what had happened at Dabra on
21- nz"VO; & oh-,u-jsm % Xyksjht vkWQ ekjokM+ ,.M nh Xyksfj;l jkBkSM~l] fgLVh vkWQ nh 13 March 1947, and why, and thus to bring a heroic peasant struggle
jk"VdwV~l (oksY;we&I)] ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl (nks Hkkxksa esa)_ ts-lh- xgyksr % jktiwrkuk dk from obscurity to some light. The clue to the Dabra tragedy lies in the
peasant agitation against Jagirdars of Marwar. The kisans even did
bfrgkl (oksY;we I ,oa II)_ th-,p-vks>k % tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl_ vkj-ds-vklksik %
not participate in the meetings of the New Jagir Land-rent and Lag-
ekjokM+ dk ewy bfrgklA
Bag Enquiry Committee. A meeting was held at Degana on 12
22- ikyh & ,u ,Eiksfj;e vkWQ jktiwrkuk] nh DokVZjyh fjO;w vkWQ fgLVksfjdy LVMht] December 1943, in which a Working Committee was formed by the
dydRrk] oksY;we ua- XVIII] 1978&79] ua- 3] i`- 184 Jagirdars of Merta, Nagaur and Parbatsar, under the presidentship of
Thakur Borawar to oppose the settlement work in Jagir areas1. The
36
Marwar Rajput Association and its District branches protested against body was thrown away in the forest. The Jagirdar of Beru burnt the
the settlement work in Jagir areas in their several meetings2. The Jaton-ki Dhani entirely after looting it. The Jagirdar and Bhomias of
Jagirdars of various Parganas also opposed this settlement in their the villages Khamyad and Bhandari assaulted the Dhai of Jat Lachha
meetings under the leadership of the Thakur of Khinvsar and Borawar Ram. Lachha Ram and his son Magha Ram were killed and the wife
during January 1944 and July 19443. The Jagirdars sent telegrams, of Magha Ram was seriously injured11.
submitted several petitions, and sent deputations to the Revenue The situation forced the peasants to become united to face the
Minster, Chief Minster, and the Maharaja of Jodhpur appealing for the atrocities of the Jagirdars. They jointly decided not to pay lag-bags
revoking of the settlement in Jagir villages. They also decided not to and the excessive hasil to the Jagirdars. They now demanded the
co-operate with the settlement officials 4. The survey flags for abolition of the Jagirdari system12. The kisans of Phalodi Pargana also
measuring land were removed in several villages. The settlement work organised a Dal (a corps of volunteers) for the protection of their
was forcibly stopped in many villages by the Jagirdar5. corn from being taken away forcibly by the Jagirdars. They stopped
The anti-settlement agitation of the Jagirdars was not considered to supply food and cots to the Kanwarias. The cultivators of various
justified by the Jodhpur Government and a warning was issued to Parganas took away the grains to their homes without getting the lata
them in September 1944. The Government declined to recede from and Kunta performed 13. The Marwar Kisan Sabha also joined hands
its decision and resorted to stringent measures for its successful with the Marwar Lok Parishad for the abolition of the Jagirdari system.
implementation. It arrested Anand Singh (brother of Thakur Borawar), Thereupon, the Jagirdars reacted sharply by adopting extreme measures
on 8 October 19446. Thakur Keshri Singh of Khinvsar was deprived to counteract the influence of the Marwar Lok Parishad and Marwar
of his judicial and Police Powers and his Thikana was placed under Kisan Sabha. To what an extent the Jagirdars could go could be learnt
Court of Wards on 12 January 1945 7. Prohibitary orders were issued from the inhuman Dabra tragedy.
on the assemblage of five or more persons in the Thikana villages The Marwar Lok Parishad and the Kisan Sabha leaders after
under Defence of India Rules 8. Disciplinary action was also taken addressing a meeting at Didwana where they highlighted the atrocities
against Takht Singh of Sanderao and the Thakur of Khimada, when of the Jagirdars, arrived at Dabra on 13 March 1947, at 9 a.m. to
they tried to stop survey operations in their villages9. address a joint meeting of the peasant and Lok Parishad. Besides five
These strict measures produced a salutary effect and the to six hundred peasants, the popular leaders of Lok Parishad,
settlement work in Jagir areas was carried on without obstruction. Mathuradas Mathur, Dwarka Das Purohit, C.R. Chopasaniwala,
But the Jagirdars started harassing the peasants by collecting new Radhakisan Bohra, Kishanlal Shah, Narsingh Kachawah, Bansidhar,
and old lag-bags and performing latai with severity during the period and Chaudhary Harindra Kumar were also there two address and attend
the settlement was not finally completed and the land revenue fixed. the meeting. The procession to the meeting started from the
There was great unrest among the peasants. On 20 December 1944, Dharmashala raising the slogans Kisanon Ki Jai Ho, Jagirdaron
the Thikana of Khunkhuna (Pargana Didwana) and on 12 March 1945, Ka Kshya Ho; Jagirdari Paratha Ka Nash Ho, Aa Dharti Kinri
the Thikana of Danta (Pargana Nagaur) requested the Revenue Minster, Karshanri, Ye Khet Kinra Karsha ra, Gad Kile Kinre Jaton
Jodhpur, to help them in the realization of the hasil and lag-bags10. ke, Raj Kin ro Karshan ro, Dhan Kin ro Karshan ro, and Begar
The atrocities of the Jagirdars on the peasants increased day Band Karo. When this procession reached near the Kotit was
by day. They got the peasants attacked. Their houses were looted and encircled from four sides and attacked by the Jagirdars and their
burnt. Such were everyday occurrences e.g. The Jagirdar of Beri hirelings numbering about 500 to 600. Disturbances began and
assaulted the Dhani of Bugalian and burnt the whole of village to ashes. continued for about half an hour/45 minutes. Guns, swords, and spears
The Jagirdar of Khinksar encountered the house of Damodar Ram in were used freely from both the sides. Among the processionists Jaggu
village Tedas who was the Assistant Secretary of the Marwar Kisan Jat and Chunnilal were killed and several were wounded seriously.
Sabha. He was betaen seriously and hwen he was uncouncious his Panna Ram Chaudhary, a village kisan leader, was attacked by the
37
Jagirdars men as he had given shelter in his house to the Lok Parishad Nandram:
leaders. Panna Ram and his son Moti Ram were attacked by the Jab lag theer ambar dhara, ugato rahasi ugta rehsi bhan.
Jagirdars, received severe bullets wounds. Due to this, Panna Ram Lali-lal nandram ri, rehasi pratak
died on the spot and Moti Ram was seriously wounded. The feet of (He will be remembered on the planet earth till the planet earth
Panna Rams wife were cut off and the face of Moti Rams wife, remains which is the fact of nandrams bravery like sun).
Tulchi, was defaced. The Dhanis of Panna Ram and Bhinva Ram
A brief account of those who attained martyrdom in Dabra
and Ladu Ram Chaudhary were looted and burnt. All the leaders were
traged, 13 March 1947 is given below:
mercilessly beaten up and they were released only on the intervention
S. Name Parents Village/Place Participated in Attained
of Seth Dugarji of Molasar 14. When Chaudhary Ramu Ram of Ladnu No. of Residence Martyrdom
was coming to participate in the meeting Jagirdars men attacked him 1. Chunnilal Umaram Vil. Sikrali, Marwar Lok Parishad 13 March
near the field of Jeemana Nai and shot him dead. His son Kishana Teh. Ladnu. Satyagraha,1942; 1947
Kisan Agitations in
Ram was wounded seriously. Marwar State including
Mathuradas Mathur (A leader of the Lok Parishad) had reported Dabra tragedy
that peasants and the Marwar Lok Parishad volunteers gave a tuff 2. Ramuram Hukmaram Vil.Rashidpura, Involved in various 13 March
Teh. Didwana political activities, 1947
fight to the Jagirdars bullies. He correctly mentioned how bravely fought against the
they fought and attained martyrdom15. tyranny of the Jagirdars,
attended third annual
Chunnilal: session of Marwar Lok
Marjada jug dharma ri, anbi rakhi aan, Parishad 1940-41,
chamke chunni lal ri, vijaydhwaja asman led Kisan agitations in
Kasumbi, Bundi &
(He sacrificed for the betterment of others and which is the Dabra villages.
reason we all will remember him for long). 3. Rudharam Hukmaram Vil.Rashidpura, Alongwith his elder 13 March
(younger Ladnu/Didwana brother (Ramuram) 1947
Ramuram: brother of he was involved in
Datiyo pin hatiyo nahi, til-til katiyo sareer Ramuram) organising the peasants
Janmanta juglagsi ramuram sa veer in Ladnu and Didwana
tehsils also attended
(He stayed and fought in the battle field till his body was cut the Dabra Kisan
into pieces with the sword. It will take hundreds of years to see a conference.
brave personality like Ramuram). 4. Pannaram Not known Vil. Dabra, Political activist in 13 March
Teh. Didwana Marwar, organised 1947
Rudharam: peasants in Dabra
Jug-jug munde bolsi, prabhatan uth log. village and agitated
against the Jagirdars
Gatha rudharamri simran karba jog. for Batai.
(The story that how bravely Rudharam fort will be remembered 5. Nandram Not known Vil. Adaksar, Attended almost all 13 March
by the generations; every morning people will pray him). Teh. Nawa the Kisan conferences 1947
in Nagaur district of
Pannaram: Marwar state including
Pannaram jin thoud par, ayo desh hit kaam. Dabra Kisan procession.
6. Jaggu Jat Not known Vil. Dabra, Political activist, 13 March
Ganga sam pawan dhara, bangi teerath dham Teh. Didwana cultivator, participated 1947
(A person like pannaram who always eager to help there people; in Kisan agitations
by attaining martyrdom he got what he desired). in Nagaur.
38
The news of Dabra tragedy spread like wild fire throughout the
country. Jai Narain Vyas demanded immediate and strong action in a
public meeting at Jodhpur. Several newspapers like Vande Matram, of
Bombay, Lokvani, of Jaipur, Praja-Sevak, Jodhpur, the Hindustan Gajanand Chaudhary Prize Paper in Udaipur session 2015
Times, Delhi, etc., condemned the dire tragedy enacted before the
Government. The Hindustan times dated 16 March 1947 reported that Dynamics of Camel Management in Desert:
Rajputs attacked Parishad meeting and 11 peasants and Lok Parishad
volunteers were killed. Naveen Rajasthan described the incident A Study Based on Archival Sources
Jagirdaron Ki Nadirshahi. The Regional Committee of the All India of Bikaner State
States Peoples Conference for Rajasthan also condemned the tragic
Nitin Goyal
incident and blamed the State administration which had done nothing
to check the incident in spite of several warnings.16
It is not surprising to note that after the Sudan and Somalia,
Public protests and indignation, however, had no effect on the India houses third highest population of camel in the world and among
Jodhpur Government run as it was by those who had vested interests them 70 percent of camel live in the arid region of Rajasthan. The
in the lot of Jagirdars. No attempt was made to punish the guilty. On reason for such high concentration of camel in this region is not far
the other hand, the Jagirdars implicated the leaders and charged them to seek. It is the physical viability of camel as an animal of arid
with murder and registered cases under Section 302 I.P.C. against conditions that helps it to withstand in a water-scarce region. Their
them. These cases were withdrawn only after the installation of ability to survive evenly in high temperature in summer as well as
popular ministry in Marwar. The Dabra tragedy continued to remind low chilling nights of winter, toil in frequent sand-storms and meager
the posterity of the martyrdom of the peasant resisters against a cruel thorny vegetation makes it a most pliable animal of desert. It is often
tyrannical state within a feudal set up and under the colonial protection. stated, and rightly so, that its impossible to imagine life in the interiors
References of the desert without the services of a camel.1 Despite such crucial
1. Jodhpur Confidential Records, letter from I.G. Police, Jodhpur to Chief Minister, importance of camels for human settlements in the arid parts of
Jodhpur, 14 December 1943, Rajasthan Sate Archives Bikaner (hereafter-RSAB). Rajasthan there is near total absence of historical investigations
2. Ibid, letter from Superintendant Railway Police, Jodhpur to the I.G. Police, pertaining to camel management in general and for the princely state
Jodhpur (letter no.S.B.1/54), 23 December 193. of Bikaner 2 in particular. What is more surprising is the fact that
3. Jodhpur Jagir Settlement Records, F.No.C10/1, Vol.I, RSAB.
4. Ibid F.No.c16/1, vol.I, RSAB.
although documents available at various archival repositories, have
5. Ibid. been relied upon by historians to explore the relationship between
6. Ibid. humans and wildlife,3 especially among the ruling elite, camels has
7. The Jodhpur Government Gazette, 13 January, 1945. received only cursory mention. My studies of the administrative
8. Jodhpur Jagir Settlement Records, op-cit. documents available at Rajasthan State Archives suggest that Bikaner
9. Ibid. state during late medieval times evolved a very elaborate system for
10. Ibid.
11. Thakur Deshraj, History of the Jats.
better and efficient management of states camel resource. To
12. Jodhpur Confidential Records, letter from I.G. Police, Jodhpur to Deputy Chief strengthen the findings from State archives, records available at,
Minister, Jodhpur, No.S.B.C/668, 19 November 1945, RSAB. National Archives of India, Delhi and Anup Sanskriti library, Bikaner
13. Marwar Lok Parishad Record, F.No.5, RSAB. also consulted for present study.
14. Hindustan Times; 20 March 1947.
Unlike the two humped camel of Central Asia one humped
15. Praja Sevak, 20 March 1947; Mathuradas Mathur, Dabra ke Amar Shaheed,
Congress Shatabdi Samaroh Samiti, Jaipur, 1985. dromedary inhabits in the Indian subcontinent. 4 On the one hand
16. Lok Sudharak (Weekly), 09 August 1948. Koheler-Rollefson opined that one-humped camel in the subcontinent
39
appeared in the forteenth century,5 whereas, citing Chinese pilgrim by pointing out that camel carvans runs day and night from Mirzapur
Xuan-Zang travelogue, S.P. Gupta in his Presidential Address suggested to Gujarats Bhavnagar port, crossing through all Rajasthan.18 This
that camel made his first known appearance in India around the 7th fact can be emaphasied from the fact that in course of time
century.6 Later, when Muhammad bin Qasim in AD 712 attacked Sindh, commanding presence of camel as goods carrier also established him
one section of his army composed of dromedaries (ushtra).7 However, as a unit of mesurment among traders in there business jargon. Like 7
the history of camel in Indian subcontinent goes back to protohistoric Oont aafim (opium) mahanesar ne ghali, kapda oont 3.19
period, as a number of its evidence of camel (in the form of bones) Among its other utilities, camel wool was utilized by camel
have been gathered from a number of excavated sites of this period. 8 breeders for manufacturing garments such as rugs, blankets, charpais
Thus, it can be safely suggested that camel has a much earlier (cots) and saddle girths.20 The hide of camels was used for making
presence, for the entire Indian subcontinent. Therefore, it is but natural certain types of containers named as kuppa or kuppi, a regional
to find extensive representation of camels in the folklore of Rajasthani specialty of Bikaner, for storing ghee and perfume. Its milk is also
often placing it as an inextricable part of Rajasthani identity and consumed by herdsmen (particularly during journey). Camel dung was
heritage. Widely known folktale Dhola maru ra Duha portrays camel a very valuable source of fertilizer in area with sparse population.
as an icon of love. Interestingly requirements of dung as natural and much needed fertiliser
"Karaha tujh bisasade, bisriya sah kaj played a significant role in developing a relationship of interdependence
Rakhe bich vasi kare, maru ne mile aaja"9 between camel-breeders and peasantry.21 It seems that in this part of
the Indian subcontinent camel was never raised for meat unlike quite
(Oh camel I left all my work at your faith, I moving on your
a few societies of African continent.22 Yet, as traditional knowledge,
trust. Now its up to your will whether you carried me to my beloved
after natural death of camel, bones used for removing karwa insect in
Maru or drop me in between.)
Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) crops by burning them on the boundary
"Oont to bikano ko hai"10 (Bikaner camels are the best) of farmland.23 It can be rightly said camel production is major source
Marwar nar neepaje nari Jaisalmer of livelihood in drier parts of western Rajasthan. Further in the rain
Turi to sindhan santra, kashal bikanir" deficit region some activities of camel gave early indication of arrival
(The finest men are born in Marwar, while the loveliest woman of rain. As she-camel started smashing its legs on ground assumed
hail from Jaisalmar, the horses of Sind and the camels of Bikaner). 11 as symbol of coming of rain. It seems there is no other animal other
than camel who plays pivotal role in the economy and culture of society.
Such an intimate imagery of camel in folklore of desert society Seeing Camel as a close friend of this region its significance can be
led nineteenth-century British officer K.D. Erskine to opine that camel realized from the rajasthani couplet
were treated as an extended member of the family in western
Rajasthan.12 As its versatility makes it suitable for a variety of functions Oont sawari deve, oont pani bhar lave
like lifting water through the chadas, transportation, riding,13 hunting, Lakadi dhove oont, oont gadi le dhove
postal communication14 and pulling the wagon, canon,15 and the plough Kheti jote oont, oont pathar bhi dhove
etc. Highlighting the camel contribution in agricultural, Captain Powlett Jo na hove ek oont , log karma ko rove.
in Gazetteer of the Bikaner remarks, a camel could plough more than (camel carry passenger, camel brings water, camel transports
twenty-five acre in each season.16 Such capacity in sandy region of cart of wood, camel ploughs farmland, camel transports stones, if
light soil made it a profitable as well as remunerable and gave advantage there is no camel than people will lament)
on Ox. 17 Because of his beast of burdan qualities in arid region, for Given the fact that camel had multiple uses/roles in the arid
majority of goods transportation, camel was regarded as prime draught regions of Rajasthan and relatively limited availibility of pasture/
animal by traders. As private papers from Potedar collection, Nagarshri vegetation it is pertinent on our part to address the questions: What
Churu, underlined camels presence in shipping of mercandise products was offered to camel as food especially when it was kept in custody?
40
How was it porcured in agararian defecient region of Rajasthan? Since account related to fodder, known as Niran Khate Lekhe, was created.
camels were extensively deployed by state for various purposes, what Under this head entries related to cattle grazing and fodder consumption
was the nature of interventions made by the state? was registered. 39 Further, this head also reveal in medieval time unit
Though in desert region choices for food were very limited. for evaluate the fodder quantity was bora and khari.40 As in one instance
However, various kinds of grass (Bhurut (Cenchrus biflours), Dhaman from Kagada ri bahi, durbar acquired 80 bora (sack) of fodder to
(Cenchrus setigerus), Sewan (Lasiurus sindicus), Ganthil (Eleursire royal camel stable (sutarkhana) from village Malisar.41 Similarly, when
compresa)), shrubs (Phog (Calligonum polygonoides), Bui (Aerva royal flock of 33 imperial camels reached in village Vigechopade, the
lanta),Sinia (Croataria burhia) and trees (Khejari (Prosopis cineraria), administration ordered its village head for arranging 208 bora of fodder
Kumat (Acacia senegal), Neem 24 (Azadiracta indica), Jaal during their stay.42 Further, in the second half nineteenth-century British
(Salvandora oleides), Baer( Ziziphus mauritana) naturally available resident started residing permanently in Bikaner,43 through Council re
in this region, formed a major composition of food of herbivores hukum ri bahi it comes in the light that administration spends one
camel. Apart from plants and twigs camel diet also substantiated by rupee daily on the quantity of one khari fodder for a camel staying at
crop residue. Contemporary official sources was inform that in imperial English resident house.44
camel farms variety of feed was offered. Such as Moth beans Apart from fodder, late medieval times, durbar was constantly
(Phaseolus Aconitifolius), cultivated in plenty was given to camels.25 concerned for realizing the water requirements of its advantageous
Also Gur (jaggery)26 and ghee (clarified butter)27 blended with Haldi animal. As camel was the wheel of desert society and being in water
(turmeric),28 Lunn (salt) have been provided to camels.29 scarcity zone, it was essential for the durbar to look after their water
As Rasowada bahi (record book of the royal kitchen) tells guwar needs. Contemporary sources tell that water management of royal
beans30 (Cyamopsis Tetragonaoloba) purchased from village Kismidesar flocks were assigned to the village headmens. Even for security,
as camel food. 31 This rich diet signifies the value of camels in this durbar keeps flocks of camels in strategically based army stations in
desert region. If we roughly calculate the daily consumption of a various parts of the region.45 To fulfill their water requirements, village
camel from kagada bahi of early nineteenth century records that an heads (Chaudhary) were directed to manage it through ponds and
imperial camel eats five ser 32 of moth in a day. 33 Even during journey wells, as they were leading sources of water supply in Bikaner region.
time twelve ser fodder along with half seer jaggery for each camel State clearly ordered its official by assigning water bodies to quash
was sanctioned for royal camels by durbar.34 Interestingly, from archival the thirst of its animal source. As one illustration from Bahi Chiti
records we came to know that fitkari, guggulu,35 liquor and gandhak Khata ri of Raja Suratsingh (d.1828) regime informs that wells of
(sulphur) were also offered to camels as ingredient of food.36 Use of Puwarsar and Ranisar villages were allocated to fulfill the water needs
fitkari, liquor (daru) not only dealt with the effectiveness of individual of camels.46
therapy but also inform the transmission of traditional veterinary Moreover, imperial camels were regularly sent to crown lands
knowledge among camel-keeper circulated from generations. This for grazing, then village headmen were instructed for requisite measures
knowledge duly corroborated during an interaction with. camel keeper to render the water requirement of camels. In one instance from kagada
family (raika) in village Nandeda of Shri kolayat tehsil of Bikaner bahi durbar assigned duty on nine villages to arrange the water for
district.37 its camel.47 Interestingly, documents strikingly mention in case if water
Keeping large flock of camels was not an easy task without the not provided to camels than village headmen would be summoned
prior arrangement of fodder. Durbar was constantly concerned for (talab) by authority.48
pasturage of its camels. We find durbar reserved substantial portion Since the region noted as the cradle of frequent droughts, in
of village revenue for the purchase of fodder. In fact, going further such, animals were an easy victim of water scarcity. As its human
we came to know that periodically entire grasses of villages secured nature, first people tend to fulfill their own water needs only then
as fodder in sutarkhana (imperial camel farms).38 More-over, a separate thought for animals. Many a times brackish well water was also given
41
to them, which had adverse effects on camels.49 Seeing its significance Dharmpal in his book wrote camel is
Moreover, the potential to carry load and toil fast in sandy terrain the only animal best for this sea of Desert. if by God curse camel
with lower consumption of water designated it as large demand animal. diminish from this earth than the life on the Rajasthan will face its
Further, its monetary value turned it a most stolen mammal in pre- existence tough. 57 To conclude, foregoing analysis based on late
industrial Bikaner. medieval period archival records related to Bikaner state abundantly
clears that durbar had deep involvement towards management of its
On camel stealing Nirmal Kumar rightly wrote, People decorate
prized and ecologically best-suited livestock. As its wider viability
it, flaunt it, love it and steal it.50 From archival documents, we find
made it part of daily life not only in urban zone but also in country
plenty of references denote stealing of camels. kagada bahi reveals
side. We can find similar kind of camel management in another arid
that Bhati Nathraj stole a camel of Bishnoi Jiva from Sawatsar village.51
parts of western Rajasthan.
Other reason for this easiest steal was that as open pasture (rangeland)
was used by camel owners for grazing. The absence of constant References
observation and boundary wall in large pastureland induced burglar to 1. The abbreviation of CAMEL expanded as C- Carrier, A- Arid zone, M-
steal camels. For instance, a merchant from sunam came in Bikaner Multipurpose, E- Eco-friendly and L- Livestock. For Data on camel population
see S.Raghvendar, Champak Bhakat and M.S. Sahani, Work Potential of
for business purpose and his camel was stolen when left for grazing
Camel Under Arid Eco System and Its Management, in An Assessment of
in village rohi.52 Natural Resources of the India Desert,(ed.) B.B.S.Kapoor, K.K.Singh, Ahmed
Moreover, in late medieval times, robbery was quit rampant in Ali, R.K. Gehlot, Bikaner, Madhu Publications,2004,p.145
western Rajasthan. Even the Pattedar (Jagirdar, rules on granted land 2. For comprehensive study of Bikaner state from its inception one needs to look at
by Raja) sheltered robbers. The presence of bandits on state GSL Devra, Rajasthan ki Prashashnik Vyavastha, Bikaner, Dharti Prakashan,
1981.
boundaries resulted in robbing of commuters by snatching their goods 3. Jos Gommans, The Horse Trade in Eighteenth Century South Asia.; JESHO,
along with camels. A contemporary reference from Bikaner records 37, 1994, pp.228-250., Divyabhanu Sinh, The End of a Trail: The Cheetah in
tells that in jagir village of Rathor Udaysingh, fifteen camels were India, Delhi, OUP, 1999; Thomas R. Trautman, Elephants and Kings, An
looted by dacoits.53 For present study apart from Rajasthani historical Environment History, Delhi, Permanent Black, 2015.
sources, English records of British time, categorized as Foreign and 4. As one humped camel cannot flourish in cold or moist climate and two humps
Political series also explored. We find these records also manifest camel in hot climates. To know more about physiological differences between
two see Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel, Colombia University
instances related to camel theft in princely state Bikaner. In 1838, press, New York, ,1990, p.30.
Agent General wrote a Kharita to Maharaja informing about robbery 5. IIse Kohler-Rollefson, The One Humped Camel in Asia: Origin, Utilization and
of twelve empty camels and sixteen laden camels at Marwar-Bikaner Mechanisms of Dispersal, in: The Origin and Spread of Agricultural and
border. 54 Similar incidences reported in private papers of Potedar Pastoralism in Eurasia, (ed.) David. R. Harris, London, 1996, p.282.
collection manifests marauder from Patiala, Nabha intrude the cattle 6. S.P., Gupta, Reconstructing the Political and Economic Profile of Rajasthan,
from the villages of Nohar in state boundary.55 Presidential Address, Medieval Section, PIHC, 55th session, Aligarh, 1994, p.161.
7. Nazer Aziz Anjum, Camel as Transport Animal in Mughal India, PIHC, 67th
Infact, all mentioned documents do not point out towards thief. session, Calicut. 2006-07, p.244.
However, they sufficiently reveal that stealing of animal was much in 8. This information provided by Prof. R.C. Thakran, Department of History,
practice. Such rampant occurring of cattle theft enforced state officials University of Delhi.
to draw solutions by strengthening laws and vigilance. Generally, as 9. Rajasthani Bat Sahitya: Ek Adhayeyan, Prampara, part 42-43, p.183.
10. Manohar Sharma, Rajasthani Kahavato mai Oont, Shodh Patrika, 20,3,1969,
has been found in contemporary records, after catching thief, monetary
pp.11-29.
fine was imposed on accused by durbar. Imposing of monetary 11. D.R. Ahuja, Folklore of Rajasthan: NBT, Delhi, 1980, p.113.
punishment was termed as gunahgari chukana. For example, in 12. Major K.D. Erskine, Rajputana Gazetteers, vol-III A, The Western Rajputana
1852 when stolen camel was recovered then the accused has to pay State Residency and the Bikaner Agency, Allahabad, Pioneer press, 1909, p.345.
fine as gunahgari.56 13. A.H.E.Boileau, Personal Narrative of a Tour Through the Western States of
42
Rajwara in 1835 comprising Bikaner, Jesulmer, Jodhpur the passage of the 28. Turmeric is yellow spice used as an anti-inflammatory medicine to cure aches
Great Desert, and a Brief visit to the Indus and to Buhawulpoor., Calcuttta, 1837, and pains.
p.49. During his Journey from capital Bikaner to Derwar (towards Bahawalpur) 29. Bahi Chita va khata ri no.2, vs 1851/1794, vaisakha budi 14.
on riding camel he mentioned a suwaree camel run five miles in an hour on sandy 30. Guwar was used as fodder in late medieval times. Even today guwar meal kurma
road. and guwar meal churi are widely used as cattle feeds.
14. Camel was recruited for dak communication from Jodhpur to Hyderabad (Sindh) 31. Bahi Rasowada kharch ri, vs 1846/1789. This bahi is available in Lalgarh
by British. See Govind Aggarwal, 19vi Sadi mai Sanchar Vyavastha, Maru shri, palaces Anup sanskrit library. Bikaner.
July-Dec. 1985, year 15, no.4, p.10. Captain Powlett wrote camel appointed for 32. One seer is equal to 0.9331 Kilogram, it means almost 5 Kg moth eaten by a camel
assistance of postal runners traverse 170 miles in three days and nights by in one day.
paying nine rupees. See. Captain P.W. Powlett, Gazetteer of the Bikaner State, 33. Kagada bahi no.43, vs1893/1836, f.75-aDano Oont 1 Roz 1 Seer 5 divavjo
Bikaner, 1874, p.118. 34. Nanuram Sanskarta, op.cit., p.195.
15. During the regime of Raja Ratan singh (d.1891) Camel of Bikaner was employed 35. Guggulu ( Commiphora wightii) is the common name for the flowering mukul
in Army of Indus by British to attack on Khurasan. For more see Alexandra myrrh thorny tree commonly found in dry climates of Rajasthan. It Sanskrit
Morrison, Camels and Colonial Armies: The logistics of Warfare and Central name guggulu means protects from disease. For more see M.M. Bhandari,
Asian in the Early 19th Century JESHO, 57, 2014, pp.444-485. Flora of the Indian Desert, Jodhpur, 1978,p.96. for Oont kantalo shurbs ,its
16. Captain P.W. Powlett, Gazetteer of the Bikaner State, Bikaner, 1874, p.105.
boiled juice used on the wound of camel see same book , p.207.
However Fagan described in his settlement report during kharif season on light
36. Bahi rasowade kharch ri, op.cit., Council re hukum ri bahi no.2, vs 1931/1874,
and sandy soils camel plough 100 bighas ( equal to 37 acre) land at the rate of 5
f.13-b. As Sulphur were used to remove body itching of camel.
bighas per day. See Fagan, op.cit, p.9.
37. To explore history of society and community through ethnographic way Raika
17. To know camels advantage on Ox see recent book by Mayank Kumar, Monsoon
Dungaram (84 years) and his family was interviewed by me. This conversation
Ecologies: Irrigation, Agriculture and Settlement Patterns In Rajasthan during
happened in August 2015 with the help of Shri G.D Ratanu and Dr. Rajendra
the Pre-Colonial Period, Delhi, Manohar, 2013, p.167.
18. Govind Aggarwal, 19vi sadi mai vyapar jagat se samandhit aadhar bhot shodh kumar from Bikaner. I owe my thanks to them for facilitating the meeting. My
samagri,Maru shri, Jan- june 1985, year 15, no.2-3,p.32. motive behind this task was to get information on practices, understanding of
19. Ibid., p.16. disease as well as the significance of locality and environmental influences among
20. From the hair of camel and goat, chhati was made, employed for storing grain camel keepers of Bikaner.
on camel back. Along with Chhati , jhool also made by camel hair. Jhool was 38. Kagada bahi no.59, vs 1904/1847 Thore ganva ri paida sarab sutarkhane re
primarily used as apparel to save livestocks from winter. Brhmaram Chaudhary, oonta re niran mai lagai chhe..
Camel Production and Management , Bikaner, p.46 39. Kagada bahi no.10, vs 1854/1797, f.64-b
21. Ilse Kohler Rollefson and Hanwant Singh Rathore,The Camel in Rajasthan 40. Generally Bora seems is a sack, used to carry grain, can carry weight around 2-4
Agricultural Biodiversity Under threat, in: Culture, Polity and Economy (ed.) mounds. Khari used to keep unpiled grain and grass, can carry weight between
Varsha joshi Surjit singh, Jaipur, Rawat publications, 2009, p.239. one mound to half mound.
22. For further discussion on camel meat in African society see Richard Buillet, 41. Kagada bahi no.35-2, vs 1886/1829, Jeth budi 11.
Op.cit.,p.21. 42. Bahi Jama Kharch ri, vs 1855/ 1798, fagun sudi 1.
23. Karvo insect cripples the maturing process of bajara pod. To prevent crop from 43. Surat singh, ruler of Bikaner, signed treaty of alliance with British India Company
insect farmer burns camel bones near the field boundary. See Nanuram Sanskarta, in AD 1818.
Khedai- Report ( Area History), Kalu (Bikaner), Lok Sahitaya Prtisthan, 1984, 44. Council hukum ri bahi, no.5, vs 1931/1874.
p.280. 45. Munshi sohanlal , Tawarikh Rajshri Bikaner, p.274. , har ek thane mai ek
24. Neem leaves have pavese taste as they only eaten by camel and goat in limited thanedar, teen sawar va do shutur sawar jamayat hai..
extent. 46. Bahi chithi khata ri no.2, vs1851/1794, Jeth budi 7.
25. Moth bean grown as major crop in Bikaner state also known as drought resistant 47. Kagada bahi no.56, vs1906/1849, f.7-A.Durbar ra Tola Sandhya rahesi. ne
crop. It is consumed by animal as forage crop. The fodder for camel locally called panni pich karye dejodurbar ri sandhya tisi rakhi to olabho khasi (if camel
Phalghati (fodder of moth) Fagan in his settlement report wrote stalks (guna) kept thirsty then you will be admonished).
and the pods (palosi ) supplied as fodder to Camel. See Fagan, pp.7-9. 48. Kagada bahi no. 43, vs1893/1836, f.30-a.
26. Jaggery possess the ability to cleanse the body act as a best digestive agent. 49. Its noted as an intelligent adaptation for the desert life that camel can drink
27. Ghee works as a lubricant, also rich in fatty acids which are source of energy. considerable level of saline water having above 3000 ppm salinity, without
43
apparent ill effect on health. See Ved Prakash Meena, Adaptation of Wildlife of
the Thar Desert to Arid Environment in An Assessment Natural Resources of the
Indian Desert, (ed.) B.B.S.Kapoor, K.K.Singh, Ahmed Ali, R.K. Gehlot, Bikaner,
Madhu publications 2004, p.131.
50. See especially Nirmal Kumar, Camel theft in 18th century Rajasthan, some Historic new dimensions of the
observations, in Culture, Polity and Economy (ed.) Varsha joshi and Surjit singh,
Jaipur, Rawat, 2009, p.256. Military triumphs of the Imperial
51.
52.
Kagada bahi no. 43, vs 1893/ 1836, f. 6-b.
Kagada bahi no. 54, vs 1904/ 1847, migsar sudi 9.
Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja
53. Kagada bahi no. 56, vs 1906/1851, f.1-a. Shanta Rani Sharma
54. Foreign and Political Record series. 25 April1838, no.104, p.7. These records
available in National Archives of India, Delhi. The Imperial Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja is widely famed for having
55. See Govind Aggarwal, Potedar Sangrah ke Aprakashit Kagzat, Nagarshri, Churu,
raised the region of Rajasthan from comparative political obscurity to
1976,p.54.
56. Sawa bahi Anupgarh no.16, vs 1908-09/1852-53, sawan sudi 5. the centre stage of action and initiated the heroic saga of the Rajputs
57. Dharmpal, Rajasthan: Desh avm Log, National Book Trust, Delhi, 1968, pp. of Rajasthan on the Indian political scene. Literary and epigraphic
12-13. evidences recorded in the contemporary Kuvalayamalaof Uddyotana
Suri (778 CE) and Harivamsha of Jinasena (783 CE) testify to his rule
in Rajasthan in the period and his pre-eminence. 1 The subsequent
Daulatpura inscription of Bhoja dated 843 CE2 and the Osia inscription
of 956 CE3 provide further proof regarding his stable rule in the region,
with the latter stating that his pure fame surpassed the effulgence of
the moonlight. Rashtrakuta epigraphic records of later times testify to
the defeat of the Gauda ruler by Vatsaraja. Nonetheless, the claim
made in the Wani and Radhanpur grants4 of Govinda III that Dhora
with his armies which no other army could withstand quickly caused
Vatsaraja to enter upon the path of misfortune in the centre of (the
deserts of) Maru has been interpreted as a Pratihara defeat and led
historians to downgrade the achievements of Vatsaraja.
The present paper imparts an apposite assessment of the
magnificent military achievements of Vatsaraja 5 by highlighting the
crucial evidence presented by the inscription of Gallaka, a subordinate
of the Imperial Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja. The information regarding
the extensive military campaigns of Nagabhata I and Vatsaraja, hitherto
unused and therefore unknown, provides indubitable contemporary
testimony to the building of a strong Pratihara empire by Vatsaraja.
The detailed record regarding the conquests made by the Pratihara
ruler raises a strong question mark regarding the conclusions reached
solely on the basis of the evidence of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions,
which belong to much later times. The military engagements of
Vatsaraja, in which Gallaka and his father Shrivarmaka were actively
involved, fully justify the description in the Gwalior inscription of
44
Bhoja6 that Vatsaraja resembled the sun in prowess and revealed himself Another significant information regarding the successful distant
by attaining his own kingdom which rivalled the mountain Udaya. ventures of Vatsaraja is that not only was Gallaka actively associated
Specific mention is made of the several victories of Vatsaraja, with the victories against the forces of the king of Gauda and the
viz., victory over Karnata and Lata rulers, which took his armies right Vallabha, but it is specifically stated that he installed Indrabhata as
down to the tasteless waters of the southern ocean and victory over master of his (Indrabhatas kingdom). Indrabhata, whom Gallaka
Jayapida which took his army right up to the snowy Himalayan heights. installed as master of his (i.e., Indrabhatas ) own kingdom, is easily
He is described as having killed multitude of warriors ensconced amidst identified as Indrayudha who is mentioned as ruling over the north at
crores of bows, maces, clubs, and a cruel formidable array of the time of the compilation of the Harivamsha in 783 CE. This event,
elephants, taking away from the lord of Gauda, who was the master which has been inferred from Pala inscriptions, is hereby proven to
of the four seas, the goddess of royalty. By virtue of his victory over be a historical fact. From the epigraphic testimony that it was Gallaka,
the Gauda king and emperor of Dakshinapatha and victories over the the son of Shrivarmaka, who participated in the campaigns of
mleccha and Kira kings of the western and northern quarters, he is Vatsarajaagainst distant parts of northern India such as Kannauj and
said to have attained status of an emperor (sarva-bhauma-nripatitva).7 Gauda, it is evident that these military expeditions were undertaken in
The substantiation of the defeat of the Gauda ruler by Vatsarajaby the latter part of the reign of Vatsaraja.
Rashtrakuta epigraphs confirms that the inscription is no mere The Wani and Radhanpur epigraphs not only state that Dhora
hyperbole. The mention of a victory over Jayapida is a salient point of with his armies which no other army could withstand quickly caused
Gallakas inscription. The accompanying reference to the march of Vatsaraja to enter upon the path of misfortune in the centre of (the
Vatsarajas army right up to the snowy Himalayan heights in the context deserts of) Maru but further assert that he took away from him not
leaves no doubt that Jayapida is to be identified with the Jayapida of only the two (regal) umbrellas of Gauda, that were as radiantly white
the Karkota lineage of Kashmir, who finds mention in the famous as the rays of the autumn moon, but also, at the same moment, his
chronicle of Kashmir written in the 12th century, the Rajatarangini of fame, that had reached to the extremities of the regions.Since these
Kalhana. H.C. Ray also held that the details of his unceasing campaigns Rashtrakuta inscriptions had been the only source of information
and marvelous escapes from adversaries given by Kalhana had more regarding the Pratihara- Rashtrakuta conflict hitherto, the statement
the appearance of romance and fancy than history. Jayapida is credited had led to the claim that Dhruva inflicted a defeat on Vatsaraja. In
with having married the daughter of Jayanta of Pundravardhana, variance with the implications of Pratihara defeat suggested by these
defeated the five kings of Gauda, the king of Kannauj and strirajya. 8 Rashtrakuta inscriptions, the inscription of Gallaka avers firstly, as
Neither Jayanta, nor the other adversaries of Jayapida, Aramudi, king noted above, that Vatsaraja gained victories over the Karnata and Lata
of Nepal and Bhimasena, king of the eastern region have been rulers, which took his armies right down to the tasteless waters of
identified with historical persons. Nor have the Gauda kings or the the southern ocean and secondly, uses the expression Vallabh-ashru-
ruler of Kannauj defeated by him been identified. The place names dharah,i.e., streams of tears from the eyes of Vallabha conveying
and rulers mentioned in the inscription of Gallaka, on the other hand, the total discomfiture of the Rashtrakuta ruler. The birudaShrivallabha
are easily identifiable and evidently represent a truthful account. was thoroughly well established as a leading and distinctive appellation
The twin references in the inscription of Gallaka recording the of Dhruva. This Pratihara version of the Pratihara- Rashtrakuta conflict
defeat of the mleccha kings and defeat of the Tajika ruler in battle is of incomparable value to all historians of Rajasthan.
constitute valuable new testimony regarding the important role played Analytical perusal of the policy followed by Vatsaraja towards
by Vatsaraja in repulsing the Arab invasions. His victory over the Kiras the defeated ruler indicates that he followed a policy of grahana-
and the successful campaigns of his subordinate Shrivarmaka against moksha-anugraha like the Gupta emperor Samudragupta. As noted in
the (rulers of the) hill regions (parvvatiyah) indicate his successes in the inscription of Gallaka, Indrabhata was installed as master of his
the nearby regions. (Indrabhatas) kingdom. Kesari was forced to pay tribute (karah) and
45
then released (muktah).Quite evidently he retired to his kingdom in

Rajasthan, after he had attained status of an emperor (sarva-bhauma-
nripatitva), as noted in the inscription, having achieved the goal he
had set before himself. The statement made by the writers of the Impact of Jainism on Rulers of Chauhan
Rashtrakuta panegyrists is manifestly a willful misinterpretation of
the event, designed to elevate the status of the ruling Rashtrakuta Dynasty during 12th Century CE
sovereign. A Brief Introduction
References Dr. Mamta Yadav
1. Kublayamala of Uddyotana, ed. A.N. Upadhye, Part-I, Prakrit Text, Bombay,
1959 The Descent of Chauhanas (Cahamanas) is claimed from the
2. EI, V, pp. 208-213
Agnikula,1 Chauhanas became independent in Ajmer towards the end
3. Jaina Inscriptions, pt. I, ed. P.C. Nahar, No. 788
4. Fleet, ed., 'Sankrit and Old Canavese Inscriptions' no CXXIV, IA, XI, June, of the ninth century CE. Several branches of the Cahamanas ruled
1982, pp. 156-163; Kielhorn, ed., 'Radhanpur Plates or Govinda III, Saka Samvat, over different parts of Rajasthan such as Sakambhari, Ranathambhor,
730, EI, Vi, pp. 239-51 Nadol, Jalor and Candravati but the most important was that of
5. EI, XLI, pp. 49-57, A defeuled Study of the inscription has been presented in my Sakambhari or Sambhar. Ajayaraja founded the city of Ajayameru or
fourthcoming monograph on the Pratihars (under publication by the University Ajmer. Another famous member of the dynasty was Vigraharaha IV
of Rajasthan) Visaladeva (CE 1153-64). He conquerred Gujarat, and captured Delhi
6. EI, XVIII, 1925-1926, pp. 99-114 from the Tomaras. The greatest monarch of this dynasty was Prthviraja
7. EI, XLI, pp. 49-57
8. M.A. Stein, ed., 'Kalhana's Rajtarangini', A chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir,
III (CE 1179-92). He was the lord of territories of Sambhar and Delhi.
Vol. I, 1900 He asserted his superiority over Raja Jayacanda with Kanauj as his
capital. Both Prithviraja and Jayacanda were defeated towards the
close of the twelfth century CE by Muhammed Ghori.
Study tells us that due to influence of the Jaina Acaryas, the
Chauhana rulers also patronized Jainism. Prithviraja I is known to
have been ruling in CE 1105.2 He had golden cupolas put on the Jaina
temples of Ranathambhor,3 besides proving his mastery of Ranathamhor
testifies to his liberal views in matters of religion. His son and successor
was Ajayaraja. Though he was a devotee of Siva, he paid due respect
also to the followers of Jaina sects. He permitted the Jainas to build
temples in the newly founded city of Ajmer, presented a golden Kalasa
to the temple of Parsvanatha. 4 and acted as a judge in the religious
discussion between the Svetambara Acharaya Dharmaghosa Suri and
his Digambara opponent Gunacandra. He was succeeded by his son
Arnoraja, also known as Annaladeva, before CE 1133. He was a
contemporary of Jinadatta Suri whom he held in great respect. He
visited him at his seat and granted a suitable site to his followers for
the construction of a big Jaina temple.5 Jinadattasuri died and was
also cremated at Ajmer in CE 1154. After Dada Jinadatta Suri, the
place came to be known as Dadabari or the garden fo Dada. After
that, in a number of towns in Rajasthan, the Jaina Merchants renamed
46
their gardens as Dadabaris in respectful memory of the great saint. Manaladevi. The gift consists of two palikas of oil out of the share
After Arnoraja, Visaladeva Vigraharaja ascended the throne in due to the royal family from each oil mill. The recipients were the
about CE 1152. In religious matters, he followed in the footsteps of Jaina ascetics in the outside of Naduladagika. 11 the Nadalai stone
his forefathers. For Jainas, he built Viharas, participated in their religious inscription of CE 1138 refers to the reign of Maharaja Rayapala over
ceremonies and on the representation of one of their religious teachers, Naduladagika and then records the gift of one twentieth part of the
Dharmaghosa Suri, prohibited the slaughter of animals on the Ekadasi income derived from the loads leaving or entering Naduladagika by
day.6 After him, Prithviraja II became the ruler. It is know from the the Guhila Thakura Rajadeva for the worship of Neminatha.12 The
Bijolia inscription of CE 1169 that Prithviraja II endowed the temple third Nadalai stone inscription of CE 1143 is of the reign of Maharaja
of Parsvanatha at Bijolia with a village called Morakuri to meet its Rayapala when Raula Rajadeva was the Thakura of Naduladagika. It
recurring expenses. Prithviraja II was succeeded by his uncle records some benefaction of the temple of Mahavira. 13 The fourth
Somesvara, son of Arnoraja. He earned through his persoal valour the inscription of CE 1143 of this place of the reign of Maharaja Rayapala
biruda of Pratapalankesvara and with a desire to gain heaven endowed records that Raula Rajadeva made a grant of one vimsopaka from the
Parsvanatha on the bank of the Reva with a villgae named Revana in pailas (coin) accorded to him and two palikas from the bales of oil
absolute charity.7 After the Tomaras, the Chauhanas occupied Delhi. due to him from every ghanaka to this temple.
The Chauhana ruler Somesvara was patron of Jainism. When he came Maharaja Alhanadeva, feudatory of Kumarapala, obtained
to Delhi from Ajmer, a rich Jaina named Devapala accompanied him. Kiratakupa, Latarhada and Siva in CE 1152 through the favour of his
Both made pilgrimage to the holy place Hastinapura. Devapalal installed master. He also extended patronage to Jainism. He on the Sivaratri
the standing image in CE 1176.8 After Somesvara, his son Prthviraja day in CE 1152 thinking the granting of security to animals to be the
III became the emperor who ruled from CE 1179. He liked religious highest gift issued injunctions for the increase of his spiritual merit
discussions and therefore, in his royal court, a debate was held in CE and fame to the mahajanas, tambulikas and other subjects, forbidding
1182 between Jinapati Suri and pandita Padmaprabha, Caityavasi to the slaughter of living beings on the 8th, 11th and 14th days of both
Upakesa gaccha, in which Jinapati Suri emerged victorious. 9 the fortnights of every month in the three towns named above and
A branch of Chauhanas ruled at Nadol in Marwar from CE 960 threatening with capital punishment to those who killed or caused
till 1252. Asvaraja of this dynasty was a feudatory of the Solanki others to kill living beings.14 The brahmanas, priests, ministers and
emperor Kumarapala. He accepted Jainism and patronized it. He gave others were also ordered to respect this edict of non-slaughter. And
comands for the strict observance of ahimsa in his kingdom on certain amongst these, he who commits the sin of taking life should be fined
days. He made over to his son Katukaraja the village of Sevadi as five drammas, but if the sinner be one attached to the king, he should
jagira which was famous for the temple ot Viranatha, the 24th be fined one dramma only. We know from the Nadol grant that Alhana
tirthamkara. The inscription of Sevadi of CE 1110 of the time of and Kelhana were pleased to give to the Rajaputra Kirtipala 12 villages,
Asvaraja records a grant of barley equal to one haraka from everyone appertaining to Nadalai. In CE 1160 after bathing at Nadalai and
of the wells arahata belonging to the villages of Padrada, Medramca, worshipping the Sun and Mahesvara, Kirtipala granted a yearly sum
Chechadiya and Meddadi for the daily worship of Dharmanathadeva of two drammas from each of his twelve villages to Jina Mahavira at
in the temple of Samipati by the Mahasahaniya uppalaraka (the great Nadalai.15 This he has done either voluntarily or on the request of the
master of stables). The second stone inscription of Sevadi of CE 1115 Jainas. The Nadol grant of CE 1171 registers that Maharaja Alhandeva
records that Katukaraja made an annual grant of eight drammas to of Nadula worshipping the Sun and Isana and making gifts to
Thallaka, the son of Bahada on the sivaratri day for the worship of brahmanas and gurus, granted to the Jaina temple of Mahavira in the
Santinatha in the khattaka (niche) of Yasodeva, the grandfather of the Sanderaka gaccha at the holy place (mahasthana) of Nadula a monthly
donee.10 sum 5 drammas to be paid from the custom house (sulkamandapika)
Maharaja Rayapala also patronized Jainism. The Nadalai stone in the Nadulatalapada.16
inscription of CE 1132 records a grant made by Rudrapala and Kelhanadeva, the son of Alhanadeva, also contributed to the
Amrtapala, sons of Maharaja Rayapala along with their mother, Rajni progress of Jainism. The Sanderava stone inscription of CE 1164 in
47
the reign of Kelhanadeva records that Anhalladavi, the queen mother, rulers of this dynasty namely candrapala, Bharatapala, Jahada and
granted one plough of land to the tirthamkara Mahavira, mulanayaka Ballala were either Jainas or patrons of Jainism. Their ministers were
of the Sanderakagaccha.17 The Lalrai stone inscription of CE 1176 of followers of Jainism. Amrtapala, a minister of Abhayapala, constructed
the reign of Kelhanadeva states that the rajaputras Lakhanapala and the Jaina image at Chandravada. Sodusahu, minister of Jaheda, got
Abhayapala, the owners of Sinanava and sons of Kirtipala, made a the Bhavisyadattakatha written in Apabhramsa in CE 1173. There was
grant conjointly with the queen Mahibaladevi in the presence of the another branch of this Cauhana dynasty at Asalikheda in Etawa district
village Pancakula for celebrating the festival of the god Santinatha. of Uttar Pradesh. Several images of this period were discovered at
The grant consisted of barley weighing one baraka as used as the this site. Even Jain images of this period were found at Kausambi and
country of Gurjaratra from the well of the village Bhadiyauva .18 The Jalso in Allahabad District.25 We thus see that under the liberal patronage
second Lalrai stone inscription of CE 1176 the same time speaks of of the Cauhana rulers, Jainism acquired a hold in the Marwar, Ajmer,
the rajaputras Lakhanapala and Abhayapala as the owners to Samnanaka. Bijolia and Sambhar region of Rajasthan. Both Jainism and Brahmanism
It then records that the cultivators Bhivada, Asadhara and others continued to flourish side by side. There was no spirit of rivalry or
granted for their spiritual merit four seers of barley from the field intolerance. The kings used to worship both Brahmanical gods and
called Khadisira to the tirthamkara Santinatha in connection with the Jaina Tirthamkaras and at the same time, used to participate in the
festivals of the Gurjaras.19 The second Sanderava stone inscription of affairs and functions of both the religions.26
CE 1179 of the reign of Kelhanadeva of Nadulai records the gift of a References
column and house to the tirthamkara Parsvanatha, worshipped at 1. Prithviraj Raso, Part-1, pp. 45-51
Sanderaka (Sanderava) in the bhukti of the queen Jalhana by Ralha 2. Janamana, yr.1, no. 1, p. 4
and Palha. Those residing in the house must pay four draelas to the 3. Kharatara-gaccha-Brhadguruvavali, p. 16
God. 20 Kirtipala removed the Chahamana capital form Nadol to 4. Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Pattana Bhandaras, p.370
Jabalipura. Jainism made much headway even under the reign of 5. Epigraphia Indica, vol. XXIV, p. 84
Chahamanas of Jabalipura. The Jalor stone inscription CE 1182 of the 6. Kharatara-gaccha-Brhadguruvavali, pp. 25-33
7. EI, vol. XI, pp. 30-32
reign of Maharaja Samarasimhadeva, son of Maharaja Kirtipaladeva 8. Ibid., pp. 34-35
and grandson of Maharaja Alhana, records that mandapa was 9. EI, XI, pp. 37-41
constructed by the setha Yasovira of Srimala family who was joined 10. Noticed by Kielhorn, EI, vol. IX, p.159
in this work by his brother and all the members of the gosthi.21 Yasovira 11. Edited by Kielhorn, EI, vol. IX, pp. 63-66; re-edited by Ram Karan, I.A. vol.
became the minister of Udayasimha, the successor of Samarasimha. XI, p.146
Another inscription of Jalor records that the temple of Parsvanatha 12. EI, vol. XI, pp. 43-46
built by kumarapala was rebuilt in CE 1185 by the Bhandari Yasovira 13. Edited by Kielhorn, EI, vol. IX, pp. 66-70
14. Edited by Kielhorn, pp. 63-66, re-edited by Ram Karan, I.A. vol. XI, p.146
in accordance with the orders of Maharaja Samarasimhadeva of the
15. EI, vol. XI, pp. 46-47
Chahamana family.22The inscription of CE 1245 referring itself to the 16. Ibid., pp. 49-50
reign of Chahamana king Chacigadeva specified the contribution of 17. Ibid., pp. 50-51
50 drammas to the bhandara of Mahavira of the Chandanavihara by a 18. Ibid., pp. 51-52
Telia Osavala called Narapati.23 Another inscription of CE 1275 records 19. EI, vol. XI, pp. 52-54
the gift of the Narapati of the temple of Parsvanatha in the reign of 20. PSAS, WC, 1908-09, p. 55
Samantasimah. 24 The Chauhana ruler Candrapala established a 21. Ibid.
principality outside Rajasthan at Candravada, modern Firozabad, Uttar 22. Ibid.
23. JUPJ, p.14
Pradesh in the last quarter of the tenth century CE. His diwan
24. KMTA, vol. II, pp. 503-05
Ramasimha and the king himself were followers of Janism. After 25. APJLS, no. 486
constructing the fort at Chandravada, they built the Jaina temple in 26. APJLS, no. 311
CE 996-99, and installed the image of Chandraprabhu in it. the Cauhana
48
nearly in the same words with the inscription; a remark which caused
Colebrooke, in a note, to amend his reading of the text, and to state
that the anthology, referred to by Captain Wilford, actually contains
History Inscribed : A Study of Chauhan two whole stanzas of these inscriptions. Colebrookes text and
Inscriptions from Haryana translation, together with his supplementary note, were reprinted in
his Misc. Essays, vol. II, pp. 232-237; and his rendering of the text,
Dr. Jagdish Parshad verified by H.H. Wilson, was also reprinted, in Prinseps Essays,5 who
pointed out that one of the names of minor importance in the
Introduction inscriptions, had been misread by Colebrooke. After that Prof. F.
The Chauhans had practically become independent in 973 A.D. Kielhorn re-edit the inscriptions, of which a correct text and translation
but with independence came new problems. The Ghaznavite general, have not been hitherto published, from excellent impressions, which
Muhammad Bahlim, raided many kingdoms of India, including Ajayaraja have been supplied by Mr. Fleet, and from which the accompanying
Chauhans kingdom of Sapadalaksa. In the next reign the Muslims photo-lithograph has been prepared under his supervision.6
reached the walls of Ajmer. Kumarapala of Gujarat and Arnoraja of These inscriptions are now at Delhi, on the pillar which is known
Sakambhari instead of making the best of the weakness of as Firoz Shahs Lat or the Siwalik Pillar, and which contains the
contemporary Ghaznavites, fought with each other. This unfortunate inscriptions of Asoka. According to Mr. Thomas, 7 the original site of
struggle contained in the reign of Vigrahraja IV, perhaps the most this pillar was near Khizrabad, 8 at the foot of Siwalik Mountains,
brilliant of the Sakambhari rulers. By conquering Delhi he became the whence the pillar was removed to Delhi by Firoz Shah (A.D. 1351-
key figure in the struggle for Indian freedom. He realized his 1388). The inscription A. is on the south-east side of the pillar, above
responsibility is obvious from the Delhi-Siwalik inscriptions in which the top line of the Asoka edicts. B. and C. run right round the pillar, on
he boasts of having rendered Aryavarta free from Mlechcchas, and the same level with each other, immediately below the last line of the
also from his assertion that it would be disgraceful not to fight against Asoka edicts. The inscription B. commences on the south-east and
the Muslims for the protection of Brahmans, tirthas, temples and also ends on the north-west; and C. commences on the north-west and
his friends. His son died young, and in the reign of his successor, we ends on the south-east.
find the chauhans on the defensive. Prthviraja II merely strengthened The inscription A. merely contains a date, which will be treated
the defences of Hansi. A stranger ruler could at this time have attacked of below; and the statement that this inscription, and clearly also the
the Ghaznavites and ended their rule in the Punjab.1 We have eleven two others, are inscriptions of the king of Sakambhari, Visaladeva,
inscriptions ranging from Samvat 1210 to 1220, in which three the son of Avelladeva.9 Lines 1-2 of the inscription C. record that this
inscriptions are engraved, Samvat 1220. Their contents and historical Visala, ruler of Sakambhari, had conquered the land between the
importance are too well-known to the epigraphists, which are as follow: Vindhya and Himalaya mountains, and that, by repeatedly exterminating
The partial translation of these inscriptions was first published the Mlechchhas or barbarians, he had made Aryavarta once more the
by Radhakantasarman in the Asiatic Researches.2 The same society abode of the Aryas; while lines 3-4 represent the king, who is here
was presented with another very accurate impression of the inscriptions called Vigraharaja, 10 the ornament of the Chahamanas, as exhorting
by Captain James Hoare; and from this copy a transcript of the text in his descendants to continue the work of conquest, begun by him.11
modern Devanagari, and a transcript of the text in Roman characters Lines 5-6 of the inscription C. repeat more fully the date given at the
with an English translation by H.T. Colebrooke were published. 3 commencement of A., and state that the inscription was written, at
Afterwards, the inscriptions were referred by Captain Wilford in the the kings command and in the presence of the astrologer Tilakraja,
same journal,4 who was the first to point out that the king, whose by the writer whose name has been already given, and that the post of
name occurs in them, is mentioned also in the Sarngadhyara-paddhati, Maha-mantrin or great minister was held at the time by the Rajaputra,
49
the illustrious Sallakshanapala.12 Finally, the inscription B. glorifies 4- 'kadk ok iq#"kkskeL; Hkorks ukLR;so okjka fu/ks%&
the king here addressed as Vigraha or Vigraharajadeva, in terms which fueZF;kirfJ;% fdeq HkokUksMs u funzkf;r%AA (2)
are of no value for historical purposes. The inscriptions A. and C both
TRANSLATION
dated, in figures only, on the 15th of the bright half of Vaisakha of the
year 1220; and C. refers that date distinctly to the Vikrama era, and Om! O illustrious Vigraharajadeva, at the approach of the festival
gives besides the day of the week, a Thursday. 13 The actual date, of your expedition, there is, indeed, water in the eyes of the ladies of
therefore, clearly is Thursday, 9 April A.D. 1164. On the general the enemy. Between the teeth of the opponents, blades of grass are
importance of these inscriptions we have nothing to add to that has clearly visible. Your fame is in contact with the quarters on account
been written on the subject by Sir A. Cunningham. 14 In the Palam of its greatness. Only the path which is contrary to the established
Baoli inscription of the Vikrama year 1337, which has mentioned that custom is devoid of men. The mind of the enemies (alone) is vacant.
the country of Hariyanaka, to which Dhilli belonged, was first ruled O King Vigraha[raja], may your abode be in the hearts of ladies
by the Tomaras, afterwards by the Chauhanas, and later by the Saka- with beautiful eye-brows, which are akin to the dalliance-chambers.
rulers, i.e. the Muhammadans. And similarly, the Delhi Museum [Only] your residence here is justified, but not that of your enemies.
inscription15 of the Vikrama year 1384 relates that Dhillika was founded Or [rather] there is no apprehension from you, the best among men
by the Tomaras, and that it was afterwards the residence of the [or who are equal to Visnu], for have you not enjoyed sleep in the lap
Chahamanas, until it was conquered by the Milechchha Sahabadina of the ocean, from which Laksm? was carried away, after having
(Shahab-ud-din Gori). These inscriptions show that the Chahamana
churned [it] ?
Visaladeva-Vigraharja, king of Sakambhar 16 (or Sambhar), had
conquered a considerable tract of country even beyond Delhi, and THIRD INSCRIPTION
had apparently checked for a time the progress of the Muhammadan vkfoa/;knkfgeknzfs OoZjfprfot;LrhFkZ;k=kizlaxk&
invaders by whom his own descendants were utterly defeated 27 nqn~xzhos"kq izgkkZ uìfr"kq foueRdU/kjs"kq izlUu%A
years after the date of these inscriptions. vk;kZokZa ;FkkFkZa iqufji droku~ ysPNfoPNsnukkfHkn~nsZo%
TEXT
'kkdaHkjhUnzkstxfr fot;rs foly{kksf.kiky%AA(1)
FIRST INSCRIPTION
cwzrs laizfr pkgekufryd% 'kkdaHkjh Hkwifr%
laor~ 1220 oS'kk[k 'kqfr [15AA*]
Jhen~foxzgjkt ,k fot;h larkutkukReu%A
'kkdaHkjh Hkwifr Jhen~ voYyns&
vLekfHk% djnka O;/kkf; fgeon~ foa/;krajkya Hkqo%'ks"k%
okRet Jhen~ folynsoL; [AA]
Lohdj.kk; ekLrq Hkorkeq|ksx'kwU;a eu%AA (2)
TRANSLATION
laor~ JhfoekfnR;s 1220 cS'kk[k 'kqfr 15 xqjkS
m! In the year 1220, on the 15th of the bright half of the
Vaisakha. (In record) of the illustrious Visaladeva, son of the illustrious
fyf[krfena jktkns"kkr~ T;ksfrf"kdJhfrydjktA
Avelladeva, king of Shakambhari. izR;{ka xkSMkUo;dk;LFkegkoiq=Jhifruk
SECOND INSCRIPTION v= le;s egkea=h jktiq=JhlYy{k.kiky%AA (3)
1- vaHkks uke fjiqfiz;ku;u;ks% izR;fFkZnarkUrjs TRANSLATION
izR;{kkf.k r`.kkfu oSHkofeyr~d.Ba ;'kLrkodaA Om! Victorious in this world, is the king Visaladeva, the lord
of Shakambhari, who has fashioned out victory on the occasion of a
2- ekXxksZ yksdfo#) ,o fotu% 'kwU;a euksfof}"kka pilgrimage, from the Vindhyas up to Himalaya mountain; who strikes
Jhen~foxzgjktnso Hkor% izkIrs iz;k.kksRlosAA (1) at the kings whose necks are raised up [but] who is happy with those
3- yhykeafnjlksnjskq Hkorq Lokarskq okeHkzqoka] whose necks are bent down; whose has indeed again rendered
'k=q.kka rq u foxzgf{kfrirs U;k;ks= oklLroA Aryavartta, true to its meanings by [repeated] annihilations of the
50
Mlecchas (the Muslim invaders). the case of anxiety to the world, the king put Kilhana in charge of the
Now, this victorious, king of Shakambhari, the fore-head fort of Asika (Hansi). From verse 5 we learn that Kilhana erected a
ornamental mark of the Chahamanas, the illustrious Vigraharaja, pratoli, i.e. a pol, or gateway which with its flags set Hammira as it
addresses his own progeny (as follows): By us the intermediate space where at defance. And near the gateway where constructed two
of the earth between the Himalaya and Vindhyas has been made to pay koshthakas or granaries (verse 6). Then we have a prose line (lines 9-
tribute. Let not your mind be devoid of the effort for appropriating 10) speaking of a letter sent to him by Vibhishana. Verse 7 with which
the rest. This has been written by the royal order, in the year 1220 the letter begins, says: the lord of demons (Vibhishana) who has
(1163 AD) of the illustrious Vikramaditya, in the month of Vaisakha, obtained a boon from Rama, the crest-jewel of the linage of Raghu,
on 15th lunar day, on Thursday, by Sr?pati, the son of the kayastha respectfully speaks thus to Kilhana staying in the fort (gadha) of Asi.
(clerk) Mahava, of Gauda family, in the presence of the astronomer The next verse says: In the work of building the bridge we both
Tilakaraja. At this time the chief secretary, [is] the prince assisted the leaders of the monkeys and bears. And you yourself
Sallaksanapala. (Kilhana) have written saying that to you the lord of Panchapura, a
string of pearls and this city had been given by the Omnipresent
HANSI STONE INSCRIPTION OF PRITHVIRAJA- II
(Rama). In the verse following Prithviraja is compared to Rama and
The inscription was originally found at Hansi, district Hisar in Kilhana to Hanumana. In verse 10 Vibhishana bestows nothing but
Haryana. Regarding its exact find-spot there, Tod says: The inscription, conventional praise on Kilhana. Verse 11 refers to his having burnt
which I obtained through the kindness of my friend Colonel Skinner, Panchapura, and captured but not killed its lord. Verse 12 again is
had been saved from the general wreck of these halls, by the materials
simply eulogistic, but, in the verse following with which the letter
being taken to erect a small Musleman place of worship; and this slab
ends, Vibhishana request Kilhana to accept the string of pearls or
was built into the wall in a reversed position. It was afterwards
even Lanka but promise safety to him. Then again follows a prose line
presented to Marquis Hastings; but as it reached this nobleman at a
(lines 19-20) which by the way informs us that this string of pearls
very busy period of his career in 1818, I know not what became of
was presented by the ocean to Ramabhadra when he was intent upon
it. The inscription stone is now lying in the Royal Scottish Museum
constructing the bridge. Verse 14-15 state that there was one Valha
at Edinburgh. A translation, without a transcript, of this inscription
who belonged to the Doda race and who was a subordinate of Kilhana
has been published in Asiatic Researches by by Captain E. Fell19 and a
and that his son was Lakshmana under whose auspicious prasasti
summary of it with full remarks thereon by Lieutenant Colonel Tod.20
After that D. R. Bhandarkar has proved successful and a correct and was composed. This is followed by the date which is Thursday the 7th
accurate account together with a transcript of it is given in full length of the bright half of Magha of the (Vikrama) year 1224.
in Indian Antiquary.21 It will be seen from the above account that this inscription is
The inscription contains 22 lines of writing. The characters a prasasti, and its object is to describe Kilhanas conquest of
are Nagari. The language is Sanskrit; and the inscription is partly in Panchapuara and its chief. Kilhana was a maternal uncle and feudatory
prose and partly in verse. The verses are numbered, but very great of the Chahmana sovereign Prithviraja. This Prithviraja is not the
carelessness is shown in this respect. The records open with an celebrated Prithviraja who fought with and was captured by Shihab-
obeisance to some goddess whose name is unspecified. This shows ud-din Ghur in AD 1192. Because, for this Prithviraja we have dates
that the inscription slab was originally in the temple of a goddess. ranging only from AD 1182-92, whereas the date of our inscription is
Then follows a verse which invokes the blessings of the god Murari. Samvat 1224 (1167 AD). Prithviraja of this record must therefore be
Verse informed us that there was a king of the Chahamana family the same as Prithviraja who preceded Somesvara. Kilhana, we are
called Prithviraja-II and his maternal uncle was one Kilhana, who, expressly told, was put in charge of the fort Asi or Asika i.e. Hansi, to
according to the next verse, belonged to the Guhhilauta dynasty. The check the progress of Hammira, i.e. of course the Muhammadan
verse following tells us that thinking of Hammira who had become emperors. There can be no doubt that the Muhammadans were at this
51
time attempting to pour into Intia. This is also clear from the Delhi- 11- jkeL; iknka o q t (/;k)ukYyC/kojks fu'kkpjifr% liz J ;% lknja A
Siwalik pillar inscription of V.E. 1220 (1164 AD) wherein the fnO;klhn~x<(o)fRrZua n`<Hkqta paMizrkiksra lRdhR;kZ
Chahamana Visaladeva is represented to have exterminated the 12- /koyhd`rf=Hkqoua JhfdYg.ka Hkk"krsAA7AA dk;Za lsrqfuoa/kus j(?kqi)rs jkf=afnoa
Malechhas and make Aryavarta. It was, therefore, urgently necessary
to put a stop to this by appointing a brave and clever personage to the
la;rS% lkZa (lk/kZ) okuj{k (;wFk)ifrfHk%
charge of Hansi fort, especially as it was on the route to India. Tod 13- lkgk;~;ekoka fLFkrkSA rLekRiapiqjk f/k ik ; foHkquk nRrk fd yS dkofy& eZg~;
says: Asigarh is celebrated as the scene of contest between the lkfi iqjh Ro;k rq fyf[kra Ik =a LogLrkafdre~ 8
Hindu and early Muhammedans. It was by this route, that most of 14- i`Fohjktks egkjktks jkekslkS la'k;a foukA guwekfUuf'pra ohj Hkokuqn~Hkqr&
Shihab-ud-dins attempt were made to wrest the throne of Hind from foe%AA9AA xwfgyksrkUo;s KkrLrsu ywua rosn'kaA
Prithviraja; and often did the warriors of the mountains of Cabul find 15- dfy% dkyks u dksI;fLr lR;a /k eZijk;.k%AA 10AA dFkeU;Fkk nX/ka~ iapiqja
their graves before Asi. The importance of fortifying and maintaining grk% izfr(Hk)Vk oLrnhkLRo;k daVa ohj fuos'; ok&
the fort of Hansi towards the close of the Chahamana supremacy is
quite clear; and what is equally clear is the necessity of keeping a
16- gq;qxya lUuokftfLFkr%A ,rRlOoZelkaizra ro iqu% lPNkS;Zfo|kfu/ks l
strong hold oZ;ksZxzfo'knzqeksfi egrka NsRrqa u la;qT;rsAA 11
TEXT22 17- mR[kkrizfrjksi.ka (d`r)ork ekfyU;eqUekfTtZra lR;a {kf=;iqxa osu Hkork dqna konkra
1- vksaAA nsO;S ue%AA oD=a lk{kkn~f}rh;ks fgexqfjfr Hkqta ikfjtkrL; oYyh] ;'k%A izkIra ;kon;a uHkLryeya iz|ks&
dkI;U;L;sfr rqaxa Lr& 18- rrs HkkLdjks ;kon~xzkofHknLrFks;eofuokZjka fuf/koZRrZrsAA 12 AA iqu% iqu% fdeq
2- urVeijsHk;L; dqHa kLFkyhfrA eaFk{kqC/kk..kZok..kZ% izdfVrfifgrJksf.k i;kZ;o`;k] Los (Los)opLrF;a J`.kq'o esA LohdRrZO;kFkok yadk
y{;k jaxkfu rDdSZjuqi& 19- ns;a i=eFkkHk;e~A 13 b;a pSdkoyh jRukdjs.k lsrqoa/kks|rk; jkeHknzk;
3- f/k fo (e`) 'kUikrq ;q"ekUeqjkfj% AA1AA pkgekukUo;s tkr% i`Fohjktks eghifr%A LoxkaHkh;Zxq.ka ifjj{krk mik;uhd`R; <kS&
rUekrqPkkHkon~Hkzkrk fd(Yg).k% dhfkZoZ (A)& 20- fdrklhr~A vfi pMksMkUo;s leHkofRdy oYgukek lRoSdHkwfuZf[ky'k=q&
4- u% AA2AA xwfgykSrkUo;O;kseeaMuSd"kjPN"khA xkaHkh;kSZank;ZlkSUn;Zxq.kjRu pewfugarkA JhfdYg.kL; iniadtpapjhd&
(egks)nf/k% AA3AA eRok g ehjohja fuf[kyo(A)& 21- LrL;kM~-xHkwjuqieks Hkwfo y{e.kk ;% AA 14 AA lks= izkfLrfuekZ.ks HkDR;k/
5- lqerh"kY;Hkwra izHkwra] ;ksKkslkS ohjxks"Bhfuiq(.kr)jefr% 'k=qy{ehHkqtax%A ;{kins fLFkr%A lOoZnk LokfefpRrKks y{e.k% lOoZy{k.k% AA 17
izknknzktU;pwMkef.k fdj.kx.kklatfuZriknks 22- laor~ 1224 ek?k'kqDylIr ;ka xqjkS fu%iUus;e~AA
TRANSLATION
6- HkwiLrLeS izg~Vks foknxq.kfu/ksjkfldknqXxZeqxazAA AA4AA rfLeUXxsZLocq;k
fuf[kyfjiqpewewf/Zn~foU;L; ikna j ;izks RrqaxJa`xO;(fr)dj& V.1 Om! Salutation to the goddess. The face is, evidently a
second moon, the arms is the creeper of Parijata, or a wonderful one
7- o"krks HkXuekXxksZ".kjes%A (js)g ehjohj Do l ro efgek fufnZ"karh /otkxz&S of another? The lofty projection of the breast is the frontal globe of
fnZO;kdkjizrksyh jn;feHkqoks fufeZrk fdYg.ksuAA5AA the forehead of the Elephant! The buttocks, visible and concealed by
8- vkLrka rkoRizrksyh rnqifojfpra dks"Bd }a}esrr~ izkSPpkSjkyku;qXea fot; repetition of movement, (appears as) the water of the ocean agitated
(oj)djs%12 'k=qy{;kp ln~eA eU;sL;SokfFkZlkFkZizdV& by churning. May the guileless Enemy of God murari (Krisna), thus
9- lqjrj% fdYg.kL; izdk'ka] ewRrZlzqO;RdFkadks txfr (fot;rs) foeSdks u pondering over the limbs of Laksmi by means of conjectures, protect
you.
;ksX;%AA6AA fdap fdeqP;rs rL; izrki&
V.2 Born in the Chahamana lineage (was) Prithviraja, the lord
10- ekgkR;a ;Rd`rs fu'kkpj pofRrZuk foHkh"k.ksukI;s'kizfgrks ys[k%A r|Fkk yadk;k of the earth. Of his mother, there was a brother, Kilhana, the
j?kqoa'kekSfDrde.ks augmentor of fame.
52
V.3 (He was) the sole autumnal moon, for adorning the sky (in V.11 Panchapura23 has been burnt, the opposing soldiers have
the form) of the Guhilauta lineage; and an ocean of the jewels of been killed. Its Lord who was seating on a fully equipped horse has
virtues (such as) profoundness, liberality, and beauty. been captured having placed your pair of arms at his throat. But then
V.4 Realizing that the valiant Amir had become a powerful dart all this has no relevance to the present time. But then, O treasure of
for the whole of the earth, and that he (i.e. Kilhana) who possessed true bravery and knowledge, it does not become the great to cut even
a keener intellect amongst the entire assemblage of heroes, and was a a tree of virulent poison, after having nurtured it.
(veritable) gallant for the royal fortune of the enemy, the king, whose V.12 (You have) completely wiped out ill-will, by performing
feet were copiously washed by the contact with the multitude of rays the reinstatement of the uprooted. Truly, fame glittering like Jasmine,
from the crest0jewels of the hosts of kings (doing homage) having has been obtained by you who are a kshatriya of prominence, (which
become pleased (with him) entrusted the strong fort of Ashika (Hansi) will last) as long as the sun illumines the surface of the sky, and as
to his care who was a treasure of splendid virtues. long as this earth and the ocean exist.
V.5 in that fort which obstructed the passage of the sun on V.13 Why repeat again and again our own speech? Listen to the
account of the assemblage of lovely and very lofty pinnacles, Kilhana, truth from me. Either Lanka should be accepted by you, or a charter
having placed his foot on the forehead of armies of all the foes by his of freedom from danger should be granted. And this single string of
own intelligence, built a gateway of charming form, the very heart of pearls has been offered by the ocean as a present to the noble Rama
earth as it were, which by means of the multitude of the flags was who was intent on building the cause-way, for safe guarding the virtue
proclaiming O Valiant Amir where is that greatness of yours? of his own profoundness, completely. Moreover:
V.6 Let alone the gateway! Constructed in its proximity, is this
V.14 It is said indeed that in the Doda lineage there flourished
pair of rooms, which is eminently a pair of lofty typing-posts for the
Valha, the sole ground for courage, and the destroyer of the entire
excellent elephant of victory, and an abode of the royal fortune of the
armies of the enemies. Sprung from his body, is the bee of the lotus-
enemy. Methinks, it is the visible embodiment of prowess of Kilhana
feet of the illustrious Kilhana, famous on this earth as Lakshmana.
who is the heavenly (desire granting tree) for the host of suppliants.
V.15 He, Lakshmana who always knows the mind of his master,
V.7 The lord of the demons, who possesses humility, and who
(and is) possessed of all (auspicious) marks, is in occupation of the
has obtained a boon in Lanka, by meditating on the lotus-like feet of
Rama who is the pearl of a gem of the race of Raghu, respectfully post of supervisor in the composition of this eulogy, out of devotion.
addresses the illustrious Kilhana, who is stationed at the wonderful In the (Vikrama) year 1224 Samvat (1168AD), (month of)
fort of Ashika, whose arms are strong, who is full of fierce majesty Magha, on the 7th lunar day of bright fortnight, on Thursday, this
and who has whitened the three worlds by means of his excellent has been accomplished.
fame. References
V.8 The job building the bridge, for Rama, (was accomplished) 1. Dasharatha Sharma, Early Chauhan Dynasties, Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1959, p.
by the lords of the hosts of monkeys and bears, actively engaged day xxvi.
and night. We too stood for help. Therefore, the Lord (Rama) gave to 2. Asiatic Research, vol. I, 1788, pp. 379-382
the lord of Pa?chapura, indeed, the necklace, and that city too to me, 3. Asiatic Researches, vol. VII, 1801, pp. 179-181
4. Ibid., vol. IX. pp. 188-189,
while you have written this letter marked by your signature.
5. E. Thomas, Prinseps Essays, vol. I, p. 325,
V.9 Maharaja Prithviraja, is without doubt, that Rama. O hero, 6. The Indian Antiquary, vol. XIX, July 1890, pp 215-18.
you are verily Hanumana of wonderful prowess. 7. See Prinseps Essays, vol. I, p. 324; Archaeological Survey of India, vol. I, p.
161; Elliots History of India, vol. III, pp. 351-52.
V.10 You have been born in the Guhilauta lineage that is why;
8. According to Cunningham, the name was Topara village in Yamuna Nagar district
there is none like you, in the Kaliyuge, who is truly devoted to of Haryana state.
righteousness. 9. This name was first read Amilladeva; Colebrooke read it Velladeva, but added in
53
a note that it might also be read Avelladeva.
10. Colebrooke considered it impossible to determine from the tenor of the
inscription, without other information whether Vigraharaja and Visaladeva were
names of the same person, or of different princes.Lassen, Ind. Alterthums-
kunde, Vol. III. P. 924, took Vigraharaja to have been a tributary of Visaladeva. The War Strategy of Maharana Pratap
11. Lines 1-4 of the inscription C. are quoted in Sarngadharas Paddhati, Professor Dr. (Mrs.) Digvijay Bhatnagar
Petersons edition, Nos. 1255 and 1256, with the remarketau Nriga-nripati-
pashana-yajnayupa-prasasteh these two (verses) are from a prasasti which is
on a sacrificial post, made of stone, of the king Nriga. In the second of the two The history of the Mewar area of Rajasthan is famous for its
verses the edition has the various readings Chahuvana-tilakah, and valour, devotion and sacrifices in the whole world. As a historian we
sriman=Vigraharaja, for Chahamana-tilakah and srimad-Vigraharaja which find no comparison of devotion of Meera Bai, sacrifice of Panna Dhai,
are quite clear on the stone. there is no second example of valour and bravery of Maharana Pratap.
12. According to Colebrooke, the fortunate Lakshanapala. Those three names are written in golden letters in the history of
13. Prof. F. Kielhorn mentioned different dates in his paper such as, it would be, - for
the northern Vikrama year 1220 current,- Monday, 30 April, A.D. 1162; for the
Rajasthan. Maharana Pratap has been always an inspiring source, like
northern Vikrama year 1220 expired, - Saturday, 20 April, A.D. 1163; for the a light house for those who sacrificed their lives on the altar of national
southern Vikrama year 1220 expired, in which Vaisakha was an intercalary month, honour. Maharana Pratap lived his life for the cause of social justice
- for the first Vaisakha, - Thursday, 9 April, A.D. 1164; for the second Vaisakha, and equality of the general masses. Although Maharana Pratap did not
- Friday, 8 May, A.D. 1164. have his control over a particular territory but he fought against the
14. General Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India Report, vol. I, p. 155 ff. imperialist power who wanted to command the whole territory of
15. Eggeling, Epigraphia India, vol. I, p. 93.
16. It may not be out of place to draw attention here to a remark of the late Dr.
India. In his struggle against Akbar, Maharana Pratap had to sacrifice
Bhagvanlal Indraji, quoted ante, vol. VIII, P. 59, that Sapadalaksha or Savalakha totally even then he was not prepared to leave his self-respect and
is the name of the Siwalik Hills, and that the early Rajas of Kamann called independence before the great mugal emperor-Akbar. In the words of
themselves Sapadalaksha-nripatis; and that the Sakambhari Rajas-who are called Prof. K.S. Gupta, -While comparing the military power of one of the
Sapadalakshiya and Sapddalaksha-kshmapala; see ante, vol. VI, pp. 184 and most powerful emperor of his times-Akbar with that of Maharana
186 - may have originally come from that country. Pratap, the later one from the point of view of military force is not
17. Radhakanta Sharma, Asiatic Researches, vol. I, pp. 379 - 382; H.T. Colebrooke,
ibid., vol. VII, pp. 179 - 81; Wilford, ibid., vol. IX, pp. 188 - 189; Prinseps
comparable with the former at all; even then Maharana Pratap was
Essays, ed. Thomas, vol. I, p. 325; F. Kielhorn, Indian Antiquary, vol. XIX, determined to safeguard his freedom at any cost.1 Therefore Maharana
(1890), pp. 215-219. Pratap lived his whole life in a war like situation. During war times he
18. The small circle below, and touching, the left portion of the v of the akshara ve placed his total administrative organization with full determination and
of this word is the remainder of a sign of visarga, which was demoted by two efficiency on war-footings.2 Although the war policy of Maharana
small circles, of which the upper one also is still faintly visible in the impression.. Pratap influenced every aspect of his administration yet an effort is
19. E. Fell, Asiatic Research, vol. XV, pp. 443-46.
20. James Tod, Transactions Royal Asiatic Society, vol. I, p. 154 ff.
made to limit my argument only upto seven principles of statesmanship
21. D.R. Bhandarkar, Some Unpublished Inscriptions, The Indian Antiquary, of Maharana Pratap. They had been the main principles of his war
vol. XLI, 1912, pp. 17-19. policy3 i.e. first the king, second ministers, third janpad, fourth force,
22. J.N. Aggarwal, Inscriptions of Haryana, Punjab, Himachal & Kasmir, New fifth treasury, sixth military, seventh alliance. Since ancient times from
Delhi, 2010, pp. 116-121. the point of view of war-fare, the place and organization of force had
23. This town is modern Pinjore, in Kalka Tehsil, of Panchkul District in Haryana been the most important ingredient of war policy; I have discussed
State, not the Pakpattan in Montgomery District of Pakistan, as understood by
Bhandarkar.
the following-aspects of the war policy of Maharana Pratap.
1. The high hills, thick forests and natural protection places provided
by the geographical locations, safe place to construct new capital
etc. are being discussed.
54
2. Organization of military-appointment of competent army made necessary for war-fare purposes. The valley of Udaipur
personnel, army chiefs, their salary, dress, arms, battle strategy, surrounded by difficult mountain ranges in all directions was made
intelligence system and cooperation of people belonging to his capital by Maharana Udai Singh but Maharana Pratap had to leave
different castes and creeds. Udaipur since the access from north and east directions of Udaipur
3. After Haldi-ghati battle changes in war policy and adoption of was easy to enemy forces to enter in to Udaipur. A safe place like
Gurilla war strategy-Ambushing the armed forces of Akbar, an Gogunda from the point of view of war-fare was also relinquished by
order to retaliate their suppressive policies and cause loss to Maharana Pratap very soon. Since Mughal army pressurized their entry
their armies. to Gogunda via Dasuri and Haldi ghati route. At last Maharana Pratap
4. To implement his war policy, new sources of income were traced established his capital in the southern-eastern area of Chhapan hill
to organize treasury to meet, the war expenses. Relation with known as Chavanda valley in 1582 A.D. because Chavanda place was
the contemporary ruler of the neighbouring states were important from war-fare point of view. Firstly, in a situation of attack
encouraged. of enemy, it was easy to get away from the eye of enemy, because
difficult forests surround mountains, secondly it was easy to Maharana
Geographical Location:
Pratap forces to attack and loote the area of Malwa, Gujrat and
Protected geographical location of Mewar area is the most
Godwara with the aid and assistance of Bhill tribal people. In this
important aspect of war policy of Maharana Pratap. High hills and
difficult and inaccessible area of Chanvand, Maharana Pratap used to
thick forest have an important role from the defence and political
live with them safely. The treasury and other resources of Mewar
point of view in the history. During critical battle situations his army
state used to preserve only in this area. The enemy forces of Akbar
utilized hills and mountains which protected defending post. In a hilly
could not catch hold of any target or arms of Maharana Pratap at any
area, thick forest, high valleys and caves in the mountain are important
time. It is not described in any of the historical documents. Maharana
places for the defence purpose. Ranges of Arawali4 of Mewar area
Pratap used to live with his family in Kamalnath mountain area, it is
have been very safe places from cover point of view to Maharana
famous story about Maharana Pratap. In addition there were following
Udai Singh and Amar Singh during 16th 17th century. The 300 miles
peripheral areas of Mewar is full of thick forest, high mountain ranges places where check posts of army of Maharana Pratap were
and difficult narrow valleys. Arawali ranges of this area is full of large established. They were placed where water in plenty and fertile land
mountains such as Jarga, Aavar, Maldeov, Javar Rahang, Kumbhalgare, was available. In local dialect these places were called Naal. There
Macchhawala, Bhinder and Nahesar, many of them have got 20 miles were such places as in the valley of Dholiya hill of Rana Ganva (village)
length and 6 miles width. The entrance route of these mountains are called Rana Mahal and Rani Kote, Machin Ganva, Rohida, Ubashwer,
through Desuri, Haldi-ghati, Chirva-Ghat, Dewari, Kevara, Jhardivera, Rums of Dohalia Kamalnath, Avargarh, Cave of Jawar mala, Dohalan
Hatheguda, Mukedara, Dhang-damau, Debari etc. are difficult and Ganva, Viram dev was given the responsibility to look after the family
narrow places. Maharana Pratap converted this whole mountain area and to provide protection to the members of the family of Maharana
into a great natural defence source and posted armed forces on all Pratap. Members of Bhil-tribe also served the duty of providing security
entry points; thus closed the entry of enemy. In the thick forest of to the children and women of Rajput families. It is a generally known
Arawali mountain ranges, many caves are available in different parts belief that children and women of Rajput family were living on
of these ranges which were used as protected places for keeping Kamalnath hills which was attached with Avar mountain ranges. This
food and civil supply, treasury and armoury of his forces. Jawar mala mountain was so large in area that it had sufficient water sources and
cave near Chavand and Gogunda were some of the famous caves. land for agriculture protection.5 Therefore it is established that Maharana
Thick forest area of southern-eastern Arawali ranges such as Madara, Pratap expressed the best of his wisdom in the selection of secure
Chhappan, Bhomate, Menal, Kanthal and Bangar etc. After the down- and safe places from the war point of view and constructed new
fall of Chittor (1567 A.D.) the use of Arawali mountain ranges was capital there.
55
Military Organization: on bullock carts, elephants, horses, oxen and other servants also
The second important aspect of the war-fare policy of Maharana formed an important parts of Prataps army. Besides an organized
Pratap is military organization. Although there were many difficult military force the espionage system of Prataps army had an important
vallies, caves thick forest in the form of natural covers of defence, role to play. The role of Bhil tribe was very important in organizing
available in Mewar area to Maharana Pratap yet he left no stone the intelligence and espionage system of Maharana Prataps force.
unturned to prepare men made defence system for the security of the These tribals used to send messages upto 150 miles to 300 miles
army. His military organization was so strongly fortified and well about the incoming rangers to the effected person within few hours
organized that his enemies could not catch hold of them. At times by beating sounds of different noises on their drums. Bhills on foot
armies of Mewar attacked the Royal army of Mughals at different soldiers and horse riders used to send written message from one corner
places, like Gujrat. Amer by ambushing on there way of destinations to another corner of Arawali mountain with-in a day. Maharana Pratap
and caused heavy damages to Mughals. Maharana Pratap was provided never deployed his total force on duty to fight a battle against the
funds to make better arm, management of stables, training of soldier, enemy forces but used to leave the part of army at some distance
food provisions and other articles, disciplines in the force, better from enemy forces who in turn used to attack the Mughal army. They
condition of different units of army under a strong central command. also used to do wound dressing services of the injured soldier.
All these activities were done in a planned manner so as to enabled Maharana Pratap had innumerable competent loyal feudal
Maharana Pratap to achieve maximum advantage in a war at the warriors in his force who were determined to sacrifice their lives for
minimum cost of men and material. Maharana Pratap did organized him. Sisodiya and Chundawat Rajput warriors such as Rawat Khanghar
and commanded his army in a new fashion. He had two parts of his Singh, Kisandas, Rai Singh, Pratap Singh, Jhala Bida of Badi Sadari,
army one-infantry and second cavalry. Maharana Pratap organized a Man Singh Jhala. Madhuban Das, Gopal Das, Hari Das, Jatmaaloat
centrally commanded armed force to face all kinds of war situations Sankar Das, Kendas, Ramdas and Narhar Das, Sindhal Vadha, Sindhal
by changing his feudalistic traditional military system. The whole Kunpa, Sindhal Suju; Songara, Bhen Songara, Bagariya Chuahan Natha,
expenditure on this armed force was to be born by the center. Maharana Ram Singh Khichi, Bhim Dodiya, Ram Shahatawar of Gawalior and
Pratap recruited Rajput, Bhills and other armed personnel from his sons Shalivahan, Bhavanidas, Pratap Singh, Hakeem Khan Sur,
different sections of society and trained them in Guerilla war-fare; Bhama Shaha, Tarachand, Jaimal Mohata, Ratanchand Moheta,
under his own command. Different historians have given different Goptinath and Jagannath Prohit, Kesav and Jaisa Charan, Bhil Punja
descriptions of Maharana Prataps army but all of them have agreed of Pan Vara etc. There are no confirmed proofs relating to the fact
on the fact that his army was well organized.6 In Khayat family Tree7 that what amount was paid as salary to different fuedals and soldiers.
a description of Pratap army is given as army under-king 1, Raos, From the reference of Rawal Ranaji Bat we get an indication that Rao
Rawats 7, Horse riders 15,000, elephant 100, infantrymens 20,000, Saha Tanwar used to get rupees 800 per day for military expenses.
Vagitra 100, contrary to it armed forces of Akbar sent to seize the fort Therefore, it is established that state used to bear the expenses of the
of Chittorgarh by the emperor is described in lacs. Infantry men soldiers and the members of their families livelihood. There was total
82,000 horse riders 22,000, in comparison with this imperial, army, transparency of accounts and expenditures in between the king and
Prataps army was not comparable at all. Maharana Prataps soldiers his public and army. There was no gap in between sayings and doings
used to live in simple dress and were efficient in walking very fast of Maharana Pratap. Hence he was able to command cooperation of
and in attacking suddenly. They used to carry their food with them in his public to continue his struggles to save their freedom against the
lion clothes, so that they can move fastly from one place to another great power of his time- Akbar.
place. They used to carry with them their arm such as spears, bows
and arrows, swords, daggers, Panja, axe, helmet Topas, iron jacket, Gurilla War-fare System:
big stone to be thrown down from the top on the enemy force located The third most important aspect of the war policy of Maharana
in the bottom of the hill to crush them, were also used to be carried Pratap was adoption of Gurilla war strategy after the debacle of Haldi
56
Ghati battle. In this strategy face to face battle and fighting used to be hide in a secret place; forced the enemy commander to distract their
avoided with the Mughal army. Prataps army men used to hide inside attention from their thought out attacks thus slowing down the numbers
by places enroute to Mughal army in small groups and used to ambush of there attacks. Pratap adopted this policy with a view to cut the
the marching Mughal army enroute; by attacking them suddenly and supply line of enemy.
surprisingly without any alert by them. They used to kill Mughal In order to retaliate the persecution policy of Akbar. Maharana
personnel and loot their supplies and arms within minutes time and Pratap established check posts of Bhils at different places on the route
carried the looted articles with them but not seen there after. This from Kumbalgarh to Devpura, watch towers were also kept on the
strategy neglected police stations in Mewar area since they did not turning points of hills. In order to strengthen this defence system
feel safe and permanent at that time. Dr. Devilal Paliwal has discussed more effectively the eastern places of Mewar were made barren and
at length the various aspects of Maharana Prataps Gurrilla war by a special evacuation order no one was allowed to live there, public
strategy.8 He has narrated the following pre-condition for the success men were asked to go in hilly areas and they started agricultural
of this strategy. activities there. New agricultural lands were developed in the valleys
1. Total peoples support is a must to the object of the war. It is to of the mountains. Maharana Pratap started living at a place known as
be based on the expectations and hopes of the public. Loyana situated at a distance of 16 Km. North-west of Dolan-ganva
an important place from war point of view where he prepared his
2. Popular military leadership must be able to command the
military plans. In Nov. 1578 A.D. Pratap attacked Devar Village where
confidence of the total public. Mughal police station was established with Sultana Khan as S.H.O. 9
3. Hilly geographical terrain. IN this attack Amar Singh and Bhamashaha also accompanied with
4. Strong and secure capital. Pratap during 1580 A.D. the Mughal army was ambushed while
5. Disciplined and well trained force, capable to live in community advancing towards Mewar under the command of Abdul Rahim Khane-
as fish in water. Khana. In this manner it can be said that Maharana Pratap was able to
retaliate suppressive policy of Akbar and made his soldiers life
6. Clear determined and flexible war plans. miserable by his policy of Gurilla war strategy accompanied with his
Therefore, it can be said that Maharana Pratap applied all his sense of patience and better planning.
resources at his command to execute the Gurilla was strategy
State Treasury & Income Sources:
successfully.
One of the most important factors of Maharana Prataps policy
After the battle of Haldi Ghati, Maharana Pratap changed his was his organization of state Treasury and resources of income to
traditional war policy. The traditional war policy always accepted that state treasure. The income resources were strengthened so that
Rajput must feel honoured by fighting in the battle field with bravery economy, agricultural production, industries, trade of the state in hilly
and valour by ending their lives in the battle field. They used to prefer areas of Mewar were well organized, and military organization could
to fight in the plain despite the fact, they have large mountain areas. function effectively. The object of Prataps policy was that constant
They used to challenge their enemy first and make him alert and then long term struggle may continue against the enemy and daily needs of
fight. They considered this way of fighting as a brave like quality but general public would have been fulfilled; so that enemy may not take
it was responsible for their destruction and great loss of their fighters. the advantage of public unsatisfaction. In this way Pratap utilized his
The reversal of this traditional policy into a Gurilla war strategy brought minimum resources to achieve a great object of continuing a long
the following changes in the art of fighting. Small military men sections sustained struggle against a strong the enemy like Akbar. It was the
abruptly emerging from the secret place and attacking fiercely and basis of his war policy. He took the following measures to increase
fastly on the enemy enabled the Mewari military to kill their enemies his treasure and sources of income.
and to collect their supply and arms and to run away with them to 1. He used to charge from the farmers, a cess known as Bhog of
57
their agricultural production which probably was 25% to 30% Relationship with neighbouring state:
during peace time. 10 The last aspect of the war policy of Maharana Pratap was his
2. As a result of Prataps possession of the Jawer mines of silver, policy of relationship with his neighbouring states. All his neighbouring
a big source of income came in his control. areas gave him their cooperation to enhance his morale and grandeur.
3. Besides agricultural income, revenue used to come from While living in Kumbhalgarh fort Maharana Pratap developed his
Shehdrali, Maya, Dann, Barad, Neg. only a limited traders relations with the Rathores of Marwar, he also extended his friendly
relations with Sirohi, Dungarpur, Banswara and Idar States. Maharana
families were responsible to collect these cess and taxes from
Pratap was never isolated in his struggle against Mughals. When Akbar
the public and hand over the same to the kind to organize his
forced Narayan das the ruler of Ider state to break away from Maharana
military administration. 11
Pratap the later developed his relation with Taj Khan of Jalore, Rao
4. Money collected by his army in Gurrila wars. Sultane of Sirohi, Rao Chandra Senof Jodhpur did military alliance
5. Money was also charged in-exchange of given military with them. When Mughal forces reacted against Maharana Pratap the
assistance. Sahasmal, the son of Rawal Askaran of Dungarpur state of Sirohi started movement against Mughal and Duda of Bundi
wanted military assistance from Maharana Pratap to take over used to disintegrate the force of Akbar. Rawal Askaram of Dungarpur,
the possession of his fathers kingdom Rawal Askaran and in Rawal Pratap Singh of Banswara, Maharawal Tejsingh of Dewalia
Lieu of the military assistance promised to pay to Pratap 4000 (Pratapgarh) were having military alliance with Maharana Pratap 13.
Mudee (Mohras of gold).12 Maharana Pratap created anti-Mughal centers to take cooperation from
6. The booty of loot were also a resource of state income Bhama different feudal lords and their dependents on the basis of his war
Shah offered a share of the loot of Malva area worth rupees 25 policy and he had a great success in this policy. Maharana Pratap was
lacs and 20,000 golden assaraifs as per description in the book able to take military assistance from Chauhans, Sisodiyas, Tanwars,
Rathores, Solankies etc. Rajputs dynasties for his Mewar and his
known as Khumaan Raso written during Amar Singhs regime.
near states like Jodhpur, Ider, Jalore, Bundi, Dungarpur, Bansawara,
Bhama Shaha looted valuable worth rupees 2 Crore from
Devalia, Pali, Marata and Gawalior etc. had their friendly and military
Ahamadabad.
alliance with him.
7. Whenever Mewar military used to take possession over Mughal
Maharana Pratap provided protection to anti Mughal forces such
out posts the left over food products and armoury used to come
as prince Duda of Bundi, Shasmal Sen, Rawal Askaran of Dungarpur
with them.
and Rao Chandra Sen of Jodhpur. Pratap never allowed his personal
8. Maharana Pratap was married to 15-16 brides, consequently he ego and expectation to come in the way of state relations with his
got many elephants, horses and some money from his in-laws. neighbours. The best example to substantiate this fact is that the ruler
9. In the thick forest areas of Mewar, many kinds of forest products of Sirohi after dislodging Rao Kaala who was made the ruler of Sirohi
were available there since there was no shortage of rains in jungle. by Maharana Pratap himself. Jagmal the brother of Maharana Pratap
There were many kinds of herbs and fruit plants such as was also killed by Mughals when they attacked Sirohi because Rao
Kandmul, Mango, tamarindo, clustered apple, Baries, Dholi Sultan was cooperating Maharana Pratap in his struggle against
mushli, Kali mushli etc were available in plenty. It was a big Mughals.
source of income. Therefore even after the death of Maharana The above referred discussion proves it logically that Maharana
Pratap Singh, his son Maharana Amar Singh continued the war Pratap was a man of strong character and he had a feeling of welfare
against Mughals. It could not have been possible to Maharana of his public. Kautilya has given greatest important to one of the seven
Pratap to have built the temple of Chavand and palaces, had ingredients of the kings, behavior. Character and mentality of the
there not been sound economy of Mewar state. king pave the way of the progress of the public. The simplicity of the
58
life of Maharana Pratap influenced his brave soldiers the most. He

preferred a lifestyle of a common men in place of palacious buildings
and princely life style. He himself was the center of his war policy,
who suffered many kinds of difficulties for the sake of his Akbar and the Rajputs
independence and his people. He inspired his contemporary people to Dr. Tanushree Verma
love their self respect and their independence. He protected cultural
heritage of Mewar. He is an embodiment of independence. In the early phase of his reign Akbar at times felt endangered
References from the Turani and Irani nobles, the two racial groups that he had
1. Dr. Dev Kothari, Maharana Pratap Aura usaka Yuga, P. 107. inherited. When one of these groups created hitches or rebelled he
2. Dr. Devi Lal Paliwal, Paratap Smiriti Grantha, P. 208. had to depend upon the other. To form a more enduring symmetry, he
3. Arthashastra 8/1. opted to recruit some more racial groups into his nobility. His choice
4. Dr. Devilal Paliwal, Paratap Smiriti Grantha, P. 119, 121.
was primarily restricted to the Shaikhzadas, Rajputs and the Afghans.
5. Dr. Devilal Paliwal, Paratap Smiriti Grantha, footnote of P. 210.
6. Muhanot Nansi has given an estimate of 8000 to 10,000 Soldiers in Ranas army The potentiality of the Shaikhzadas whom he recruited was not much
(Munhata Nansi ree khayat part I, P.40). According to Tod Ranas army consisted because of their numbers. He favored the Rajputs than the Afghans as
of 22,000 brave Rajput warriors out of which 14,000 died in battle field and only the Mughals had seized power from the Afghans and Akbar also was
8000 could survive. (Cornel Tod, Annals and antiquates. P. 351-353) as per aware of the fact that how the Afghans formed a coalition with the
version of Gopinath Sharma there were 3000 Cavalry men, 2000 Soldiers, 100 Rajputs and the Shaikhzadas against the Mughals, for the Afghans
elephant and 100 carriers and bigulars. (G.N. Sharma, Mewar and the mugal
had political as well as social relations with the Rajputs. Akbar also
emperor, P. 84)
7. Udaipur ree Khayal. Anup Sanskrit Library Grathank 182, P. 42, Maharana ree knew that his father Humayun had been ousted from India by the
Vansavalee, Prachaya Vidhya Pratisthan, Udaipur Grathank 872. Surs. So, he preferred the Rajputs to the Afghans.1
8. Dr. Devilal Paliwal, Diwer Vijayanka, Maharana Pratap se Sambandhita Satrota When Humayun was leaving Persia for the reconquest of
amvam isthan, P. 35-38. Hindustan, the Shah of Iran counselled him to form relations with the
9. Amarkavaya Sarga 17. Shalok 64-87' Raj Prasastimala Kavayam, Sarga 4, Shalok
36.
Rajputs instead of the Afghans as they were zamindars, and without
10. Gopal Vyas, Mawar Ka Samajik avam Arathik Itihas, P. 64. suppressing the zamindars, it was arduous to survive in India.
11. The fact is testified by the family members of Rama Mahasani, Tarachand, Consequently on re-claiming the throne Humayun not only abided by
Bhamashaha, Ratan Chand. the advice that he received from the Shah but passed it on as a will to
12. Shodha Patrika, Varsha 41, ank 3, 1990. Akbar before his demise.2
13. K.S.Gupta avam J.K.Ojha, Rajasthan Ka Rajnaitik avam Sanskratik Itihas, P.
164; G.H.Ojha, Rajputana ka Ithas, Part 3, Jilda 1, P. 93; R.S. Bhatt, Mewar ke The Rajput chiefs by the sixteenth century had attained a
Maharana aur Shahanshaha Akbar, P. 169. daunting position among the indigenous powers. Akbar recognizing
their military potentialities in terms of men, and war animals, recruited
them into the Mughal ruling hierarchy. He did not confine the entry in
the Mughal service only to the chiefs but kept the entry open also for
leaders of lower clans as well. They too were assigned mansabs and
were treated on an equivalent footing with their chiefs in Mughal
service, subject only to mansab hierarchy. 3
The tussle for domination or autonomy by the aristocratic
elements was an important aspect in the political development of these
empires. The relations of Akbar with the Rajputs should be been in a
larger context of their efforts to compose and control the Mughal
59
bureaucracy and to dominate various autonomous rajas and the Chandrawat (a branch of Sisodias). 8
zamindars. These recruited chiefs required soldiers to maintain their military
Akbar favoured the lenient method that of wheedling and contingentsaccording to the assigned mansabs. So the Rapjut chiefs
pacification in dealing with the Rajputs, flagging in his efforts he chose along with their soldiers brought a certain amount of wealth to their
the hard method that was use of armed forces.4 His initial concern regions, out of the income earned by serving the empire, there was
was to assimilate the ruling groups within the Mughal imperial system. little drain in the oppositedirection by way of tribute, which was not
Conversely by routing the independent rulers, he truncated the authority expected once the mansab had been awarded. Akbar also let the Rajput
of the local ruling groups and augmented their power and cachet by chiefsinto the highest ranks of the nobility by assigning them high
turning them into a part of the imperial ruling class. This was a retreat administrative offices like those of subadars (governors), faujdars
from the strategy of his predecessors and gave a drastic turn to the (commandants), diwans, (revenue officers) and qiladars (castellans),
Indian polity. The conformist policy up till now was of subduing a in different parts of the empire. 9
local chief, demanding a hefty sum of peshkash (offering or tribute) From the early 1570s the Rajput chiefs were assigned important
and then leaving him free in his dominion. However, he brought the offices. In 1572-73, while leaving for Gujarat Akbar made Raja Bhar
chiefs to the centrestage by giving them the chance to serve the empire Mal Vazir-i-Mutlaq of Agra. This meant that the administrative charge
as martial commanders and so treating them at parity with the Turani of the city was delegated to him. In 1585-86when the realm was
and Irani nobles. 5 divided into subas and in each suba two governors were appointed.
The previous policy of extorting peshkash and demanding Raja Jagannath Kachhawhaand Raja Durga Sisodia were appointed
military service whenever needed not only unfavorably shook the the governors of the Ajmer province. Raja Bhagwan Das and Rai Rai
interests of the local rulers but also their raiyati (subjects) who Singh of Bikanerwere made the governors of Lahore. The subas of
ultimately bore the brunt of the burden. Therefore the interests of the Agra and Kabul were located under the charge of Man Singh and Raja
chief and his subjects became similar and they were likewise ardent Askaran. 10
to discard off the oppression of the centre. Nonetheless, Akbar with Ram Das Kachhawhadiscerned himself by ruling a diversity of
the strategy of give and take, connected the interests of the chiefs offices. He was associated with the diwani affairs of the empire.When
with the central power and set up a robust bond at a superior level.6 the khalisa territory of the empire was divided into four divisions, one
A perusal of the manasbs assigned to the Rajputssignifiesthat division, consisting of four subas, Agra, Allahabad, Bihar and Bengal
many of them were given high mansabs and from the beginning they was placed under him and in 1595-96 he was appointed the Diwan of
enjoyed high status at the Mughal court. Raja Bhar Mal and his son Gujarat. In 1595, when Prince Murad was given the charge of the
and successor Bhagwan Das Kachawha of Amber were given the status Deccan, Raja Suraj Singh Rathor was made his naib. Towards the end
of 5000 mansabdar in the Mughal hierarchy, which was not less than of Akbars reign Man Singh held the subas of Bihar and Bengal.
that given to any Turani or Irani noble. To the end of Akbars reign Between 1595 and 1605, the qiladri of three significant forts of Rohtas,
Raja Man Singh Kachhawhahad earned the status of 7000 zat and Ranthambhor and Gwaliorwas held by Man Singh, Jagannathand Raj
7000 sunar/ sawar. Other Kachhawhas that is Jagannath, Raj Singh, Singh.11
Madho Singh, Raisal Darbari Shaikhawat held the position of 5000/ The Kachawhas among the Rajputs were the most trusted and
3000, 4000/3000/2000 and 3000 respectively. 7 were assigned the surveillance of the Mughal harem. Bhagwan Das,
This was followedby a similar policy towards the Rathors of Ram Das and Raisal Darbari successively held this charge. This office
different dominions. Rai Rai Singh of Bikaner, Pratap of Baglana and was very significant as it functioned as the secretariat at the royal
Raja Suraj Singh of Jodhpur were given the status of 4000/3000 and residence of Akbar. He did not limit the recruitment only to the chiefs
2000/2000 respectively. Other Rajput clans exemplified in the Mughal of the clan but also gave mansabs to the members of the clan. There
hierarchy were Bhaduria, Hada, Pundir, Tunwar, Bhati, Baghela and was barely any campaign under Akbar in which the Kachhawa chiefs
60
were not included. Frequently some of them were even given the the two families. The title Mirza was usually suffixedwith their names
command of the Mughal forces and they were actively associated by Mughal personnel.
with the Mughal administration.Clearly this was a change to break the With the risingcontact between Akbar and the Rajput chiefs, it
tribal solidarity, a policy that he constantly followed without making became obviousthat their interests were similar and balancing.
any distinction between the Turani, Irani and Rajput nobles. Undergoingequal status and treatment at the Mughal court, the Rajputs
From the beginning Akbar established matrimonial alliances with did not look back partook unreservedlyin the territorial expansion of
the Rajputs as he did with the Irani, Turani and Shaikhzada families. Akbars realm. They knew that the expansion of the empire would
The actual intent behind this relation was to strengthen the bonds of also augment their share in political power as well as in the excess
friendship with the local zamindars. The Akbarnama as well as the income accumulating in the empire. They rendered military service in
Baburnama overtly maintain that marriages were contracted with the far flung areas and were sent to north-west frontiers against Mirza
girls of local zamindar families to placate the zamindar. This was not Hakim and the Raushanyas. Raja Bhagwan Das was sent to Kashmir
invention of the Mughals, as it was one of the characteristics of feudal to deal with the Chak rulers and other local zamindars. The armed
or medieval India polity. In India, before Akbar the superior forces of Man Singh and Rai Rai Singh Rathor fought bravely in
politicalpowers married daughters or sisters of their subordinate chiefs. Gujarat. The Rajput forces also served in areas now under Bengal,
In Europe giving daughters or sisters to marriage to overlords was a Bihar and Orissa. Rawal Har Rai of Jaislamer Rai Rai Singh were
stamp of political as well as social submission by the vassals. Even asked to join Mirza Jani Beg, the ruler of Sindh.
Babur had given his eldest daughter Khanzada Begum in marriage to The important role played by the Rajput forces under the
Shaibani when he defeated Babur in 1501 at Samarqand. command of Raja Bhagwan Dascannot be ignored. Many subordinate
The entry of Bhar Mal in Akbars service and marriage to the sardars of the Rana were forced to accept Akbars sovereignty. The
Kachawhaprincess with the emperor in 1562 should be seen as a geographical location of Ranas patrimonyand the support of the Bhils,
continuance of the tradition. Afterwards the members of the Mughal who were well-organized archers and traditionally attached to the Rana,
royal family married many Rajput princesses. The Rajput clans with nevertheless, made it possible for the Sisodia chiefs to endure the
which Akbar established matrimonial allianceswere the Bhatis of Mughal attack.
Jaislamer, Rathors of Jodhpur, Bikaner and Merta, the Rajputs of Akbar exhibited his gratitude of the services of the Rajput chiefs
Nagarkot, the Gehlots of Dungapur, the Baghelas of Bhata etc. by promoting them to higher mansabs and rising their jagirs. The
One noteworthyaspects of these marriages were that they were income from these jagirs was far from than their former chiefdoms.
forcefully done and in a lot of cases the Rajputs themselves brought However Akbar did not give any special treatment to the erstwhile
the dolas to marry the princesses to the members of the Mughal royal principalities. These territories were treated as part and parcel of the
family. The Rajput wives also enjoyed full freedom in the Mughal Mughal Empire. The revenue of these principalities was always attuned
harem and because of their influence Hindu festivals like Dusshera, against their salaries. He only made one concession in this regard a
Holi, Diwali, and Rakhi etc were celebrated at the Mughal court with small part of the revenues was always assigned to them in their home
fanfare and glory. territories so that their families were not disturbed from their home
It also set up social interaction between the two families and towns. The reason for allocating jagirs adjoining their home towns
on special occasions the Rajput wives of the Mughals used to visit was to enable accommodation of their traditional military personnel in
their parental homes. Akbar even sent the newly born Prince Daniyal the armed forces. This also explicates the interests of the Rajput chiefs
to the care of Raja Bhar Mals wife at Amber. At moments of sorrow in seeking assignment around their watans. Nonetheless, the
they visited and comforted each other. The titles of Mirza, Farzand recommencedproceeds of their principalities were included in the
(son) and Bhaiya given to Man Singh, Manohar Shaikhawat and Ram khalisa (imperial land) and assigned to the nobles.
Chand Bagehla respectively were the indices of social closeness of At the very onset, Akbar made it certain that the supreme power
61
in regard of succession rested with him. In the early 1570s, when India started establishing matrimonialrelations with one another. The
there was a disagreement over the succession the Jodhpur gaddi, Akbar Rajput jagirdars also employed many localpersons in their jagirs who
keeping Jodhpur in khalisa for twenty years, gave tika to his favourite later accompanied the chiefs to their patrimonies and settled there.
Udai Singh, popularly known as Mota Raja. In case of the gaddi of Many of them settled in other parts of the empire and founded new
Umarkot, when a controversy arose between the deceased Meghrajs settlements, towns and built temples and mosques with their own
son Kisan Singh and brother Man Singh, Akbar overruled the succession resources. Thus an integration of class interests triggered the growth
of Kisan Singhand granted it to Man Singh. The succession issues at of a composite polity under Akbar.
Bundi and Bandhogarh were dealt in the same way. Akbars alliance with the Rajputs became steady and firm by
Akbar thus gave a radical turn to the relationship between the 1585-86 and the Rajputs were not only allies but partners in the
centre and the propertied magnets. At an early phase of the recruitment kingdom. The conflict with Rana Pratap of Mewar, obviously sustained
of the Rajput chieftains in imperial service, Akbar appears to have to be a thorn in Akbars side. However it did not affect relations with
followed the traditional policy in which after the chief is overthrown, the other Rajput states. In passage of time, operations against Rana
his territory was left with him with an onus to provide military service Pratap were allowed to slacken and he was not troubled in Chawand
whenever needed. Such an arrangement could not clearly be made, in south Mewar which became his capital for the rest of his life.15
however the relations of the ruling Rajput chiefs, who had joined the It may be observed that with the exclusion of the Sisodia Ranas
service of Akbar after their strife with their own chiefs. An alternate of Udaipur, who remained unsubduedduring Akbars reign and most
course was to confiscate some territory from the principal chief and of the chiefs of suba Ajmer were subjugated by the 21 st reign of Akbar
assign it in jagirs to other Rajput nobles. The allocation of jagirs to the (1576-7). Furthermorethe major phase of the overthrow of the chiefs
chiefs as well as their relations assumed importance after specific of this suba finished even previously with the surrender of Kalyan
numeral ranks for nobles were fixed in 1573-74. Now the Rajput Mal of Bikaner, Chandra Sen of Jodhpur and Rawal Har Raj of Jaisalmer
chiefs, whose salary bills exceeded the jama of their principalities, in the year of 1570. However the procedure of the subjugation was
had to be given jagirs in other parts of the empire.12 over with the submission of the chiefs of Dungarpur, Banswara, Jalor
Akbar also seems to have made efforts to establish complete and Sirohi in the 21st year (1657-7). The conditions in which most of
control over some Rajput principalities. Subsequently, taking advantage the chiefs of this suba surrendered to the Mughals also deserve to be
of succession disputes among the descendants of Rao Maldeo, Akbar noted. In the case of Amber and Jodhpur the imperial intercession
kept Jodhpur under direct imperial control for nearly twenty years sought by the contenders for the chieftains of these places, and in the
and after witnessing persistentresistance, he decidedto grant it to his case of Merta the defense required by its deposed chiefs from the
favorite officer Udai Singh, popularly known as Mota Raja.13 Mughals against his powerful neighbor, which ultimately led to the
Consequentlythough Akbar recognized the soppy attachmentsof setting up of Mughal authority over them. For the Hada chief, it was
the Rajput chiefs with their patrimoniesand so abstained from the strategic importance of the fort of Ranthambhor, that the Mughals
gratuitously deracinating the old chiefs from their watans, he yet felt in the path of their operations in Malwa, which led the king to
methodicallyassimilatedtheir principalities into the empire. The chiefs subjugate the Hada chief and capture the fort. Alike features persuaded
were resigned to this by the officers of jagirs and administrative officers the king to send campaigns against the chiefs of Dungarpur,
in other parts of the empire. 14 This move produced far reaching effects Banswaraand Sirohi, whose territories lay on the way to Gujarat and
on the Rajput chiefs themselves. Their vision moved from local after the capture of Gujarat they could not be left subdued. Kalyan
interests to larger bureaucratic ambitions. An interesting facet of this Mal of Bikaner and Rawal Har Raj of Jaisalmer, however submitted on
was that the Rajput chiefsjagirs in far flung areas of the realm brought their own accord, nonetheless not before the emperor had exhibited
them closer to other Rajput clans and families with whom they had no his potency by capturing the formidable forts of Chittor, and
relations. The Rajput chiefsof Rajasthan and of Eastern and Central Ranthambhor. After their submission most of the chiefs of this suba
62
and a large number of their kinsmen, exclusive of the chiefs of 3. Habib, Irfan, Akbar and his India, (New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
Dungarpur, Banswara and Sirohi, were taken into imperial services, 1997:1998; 2000), 2
4. Ibid.
granted mansabs and they on their part rendered praiseworthy services
5. Ibid., 15
to the Mughal Empire. Even the relations and kinsmenof the Ranas of 6. Ibid., 16
Udaipur, entered imperial service and were granted mansabs. Except 7. Zaidi, S. Inayet A, Akbars Relations with the Rajput Chiefs and Their Role in
the ruling chiefs of Jalor, Banswara, Sirohi, Udaipurand the Hadas, the Expansion of the Empire, Social Scientist, Vol 22, No 7/8 (Jul. Aug
matrimonial alliances were also established with each of the important 1994),76:82
8. Ibid.
ruling families of this suba and mainly at the time of the submission of
9. Habib, Irfan, Akbar and his India, (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997:
the respective chiefs.16 1998; 2000), 17
Akbars Rajput policy was actually part of a wider policy that 10. Zaidi, S. Inayet A, Akbars Relations with the Rajput Chiefs and Their Role in
he embraced towards the chiefs in general. If there were any the Expansion of the Empire, Social Scientist, Vol 22, No 7/8 (Jul. Aug
1994),76:82.
differences in the treatment meted out by the emperor to the various
11. Ibid
chiefs these were for thoughts other than the religious or racial 12. Habib, Irfan, Akbar and his India, (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997:
affiliationsof the chiefs. If Akbar deposed the Afghans and other Muslim 1998; 2000), 17
chiefs from their territories and assigned their territories in jagir to the 13. Ibid., 18
nobles, he did not falter from doing the same with the Rajput chiefs.17 14. Ibid., 23
15. Chandra, Satish, Mughal Religious Policies, The Rajputs and The Deccan, (New
The importance of the Akbar Rajput relations lay not simply in Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1993), 31
the territorial and political expansion of the Mughal Empire but more 16. Khan, Ahsan Raza, Chieftains in the Mughal Empire During the Reign of
significantly in the lasting social and cultural interaction among the Akbar,(Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1977), 119-120
numerous social groups of the different regions. The Rajputs 17. Ibid. , 223-224.
established social contacts with the local people wherever they were 18 . (Ed) Bhargava, Meena, Exploring Medieval India Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,
Culture, Gender, RegionalPatterns, (New Delhi:Orient Black Swan, 2010), 145.
posted like establishing matrimonial relations with the local ruling 19. Ibid.
families. Man Singh and his brother Chander Singh married the
princesses of Cooch, Bihar and Gwailor. They also constructed new
edifices in those regions. Temples and mosques were built by them
and Man Singh built a temple at Mathura and mosques in Lahore and
Rajmahal.18
These Rajput chiefs brought wealth and prosperity to their
former principalities and the adjacent regions. The material affluence
enjoyed by the local people made Akbar into almost an incarnation of
Lord Rama and Krishna in their eyes.19 Consequently the notion of
cohesion at the political, administrative social and cultural levels
strengthened by Akbars Rajput relations.
References
1. Habib, Irfan, Akbar and his India, (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997:
1998; 2000), 15
2. Zaidi, S. Inayet A, Akbars Relations with the Rajput Chiefs and Their Role in
the Expansion of the Empire, Social Scientist, Vol 22, No 7/8 (Jul. Aug
1994),76:82
63
fellow men, eating Opium or drinking Opium water (kusumbho) or

wine or smoking tobacco. The addiction of the ruling class to the
habit was such that wine - drinking and opium eating came to be
Intotoxicants as Symbol of Power and regarded as symbols of aristocracy.3
The use of intoxicants among the Mughals and the Rajputs as a
Authority during the Mughal Period, with symbol of power and authority forms a fascinating study, which I
Special Reference to the Rajputs posit to discuss in my paper. This work will try to study the powerful
Salma Alam role played by intoxicants in shaping the Mughal Empire in various
aspects like social, political and economic. We will also try to examine
Wine is a raging enemy, a prudent friend; how were Intoxicants looked during the Mughal period. Were they
seen merely as intoxicants causing degradation or moral injunction or
A little is an antidote, but much a snakes poison.
did they have a wider social economic reach with their respective
In much, there is no little injury, implication.
In a little there is much profit1 The centrality of the use of intoxicants was so important that
The Mughal Emperor Jahangir quoted the above-mentioned some historians believe it as one of the reasons for the downfall of the
quatrain of the famous physician and Hakim Bu Ali Avicenna on the Mughal Empire. K.S. Lal believes that vulgarities of the harem
weighing ceremony of Shahjahan, persuading him to drink alcohol on vulgarized the entire tone of the court, society and admini-stration. 4
the auspicious day and warning him about the harmful effects of Babur in his autobiography, Baburnama very candidly mentions
alcohol. We can get an idea of the importance of intoxicants in the the use of intoxicants in numerous garden parties. Babur primarily
Mughal court from the above quatrain. Drinking wine was considered recounts the pleasures brought about by intoxicant use, Jahangir speaks
auspicious and it was used for social and political legitimacy. We find of the problems of addiction. Jahangir confesses about his weakness
numerous references of the use of intoxicants in the primary sources for wine and describes how he struggled to curb his wine intake.
of the Mughal period. Wine was not tabooed in the Mughal society, Babur renounces wine before the battle of Khanwa, he writes in his
except in the reign of Aurangzeb. It was a source of joy for them to memoirs,
indulge in orgies, thus providing them and their officers a chance to
That far he removes him from all things forbidden,
come closer together without the formalities of the Darbar.2 Inspite of
the ban on intoxicants in Islam, it was openly used by the Mughal That from all his offences he cleanses himself.
Emperors. With my own gain before me, I vowed to obey,
The use of intoxicants as symbol of power and authority was In this my transgression, the drinking of wine.
also prevalent among the Rajputs. Intoxicants played an important The flagons and cups of silver and gold, the vessels of feasting,
role in the society of Medieval Rajasthan. Rajputs were the devotees I had them all brought;
of Shiva or Hara. Col Tod writes, Hara is the patron of all who love
war and strong drink especially the object of Rajput warriors I had them all broken up, then and there.
devotion: accordingly blood and wine form the chief oblations to the Thus eased I my heart by renouncement of wine.5
great god of the Indus. Rajputs passion for intoxicants was This incident shows that intoxicants were seen as symbols of
accentuated by their devotion to God Shiva, giving to them an important power and authority. The very act of renouncing wine before the
place in their way of life. During peace times, the Rajputs passed their battle proves the fact. Renouncing wine just before important battle
time either in hunting and the chase or in the exercise of arms and in was a crucial political step taken by Babur. Stephen Dale tired to show
between, he entertained himself with dancing girls sitting with his how the nature of the state that Babur founded directly reflected what
64
might be called his cultural personality, his learned behaviour that at the age of 32 years from the drinking of wine beyond measure.13
is his social assumptions, political and cultural values and even his Jahangir mentions the tragic death of Inayat Khan, one of his nobles.
aesthetic standards. Dale draws multiple connections between Baburs Jahangir was astonished to see Inayat Khan physical appearance. As a
use of intoxicants and the earlier nomadic traditions from which he result of drinking, he lost so much weight that upon seeing him,
hailed.6 Jahangir declared that he resembled nothing more than skin drawn
The socio-political importance of intoxicants during the rule of over bones. 14 The Emperor was so astonished that he ordered a
Jahangir becomes seemingly evident by the orders issued by Jahangir portrait of Inayat Khan in this weakened state. Alcoholism was a serious
in the twelve orders (dasturu-al-amal) or code of conduct after his problem during the reign of Jahangir, as seen by the number of deaths
ascension. In one of the ordinance, it was decreed that one should not that took place within the royal family and among the nobles.
make wine or rice-spirit (darbahra) or any kind of intoxicating drink Rajputs and Intoxicants
or sell them.7 This ordinance shows that Jahangir was well aware of After discussing in brief about intoxicants as symbols of power
the negative effects of the intoxicants. He writes how he himself was and authority in the life of the Mughal rulers, we will now turn our
addicted to wine and was having a difficult time curbing it. He writes, attention towards the Rajputs and use of intoxicants. The Rajput chiefs
I myself drink wine, and from the age of 18 years up till now, when were addicted to wine drinking and opium eating. As stated earlier,
I am 38, have persisted in it. When I first took liking to drinking I they drew their social and religious legitimacy from God Shiva. The
sometimes took as much as twenty cups of double-distilled spirit; main intoxicants of the period were wine or araq, opium or afim,
when by degrees it acquired a great influence over me I endeavored to bhang and tobacco. As fighting men, the Rajputs had certain special
lessen the quantity, and in the period of seven years I have brought prerogatives, notably the right to eat meat and drink alcohol.15 Col
myself from fifteen cups to five or six. My times for drinking were Todd writes, The Rajput delights in blood: his offerings to the god
varied; sometimes when three or four sidereal hours of the day of battle are sanguinary, blood and wine. The cup (kharpara) of
remained, I would begin to drink, and sometimes at night and partly libation is the human skull. He loves them because they are emblematic
by day. This went on until I was 30 years old. After that, I took to of the deity he worships; and he is taught to believe that Hara loves
drinking always at night. Now I drink only to digest my food8 Hakim them, who in war are represented with the skull to drink the foemans
Abu-1-fath advised Jahangir after seeing his condition that, God blood, and in peace is the patron of wine and women.16
forbids it, but in six months, matters will come to such a pass that
Intoxicants are used as symbols of power, authority and
there will be no remedy for it. Jahangir then started to take filuniya 9
aristocracy. Francois Bernier writes in his account about Rajputs and
and ordered that arrack should be diluted with grape juice.10
opium addiction. He was astonished to see the large amount of opium
Hunting parties were other platforms where wine parties were swallowed by them. He writes, It is interesting sight to see them on
held. The Mughal royal family and retinue valued the hunt for its the eve of a battle, with the fumes of opium in their heads, embrace
atmosphere of intimacy and informality. Hunting parties were notorious and bid adieu to one another, as if certain of death.17 Manucci writes
for their hard drinking atmosphere.11 Jahangir in his memoirs mentions about how the Rajput bards on horseback, drunk with opium sing
a number of such parties. He writes about a wine party after shooting songs to arouse the warriors courage.18 Pelsaert also mentions about
nilgaw, near a tank where a feast of cups was held.12 the practice of the Rajputs taking opium before the commencement
Apart from the royal family, the culture of taking intoxicants of a war.
was widespread among the nobles also. We find the death of influential Due to excessive use of intoxicants, there were a number of
nobles like Maha Singh. Jahangir in his memoirs writes, On the 24th deaths among the ruling class. The excessive use of opium led to the
news came that Maha Singh, grandson of Raja Man Singh, who was death of Rao Ganga (1515-1531) of Jodhpur. 19 Jagat Singh, Maha
entered among the great officers, had died from excessive wine Singh and Mirza Raja Bhao Singh were the casualties of the house of
drinking at Balapur in the province of Berar. His father also had died Amber, they were heavy wine drinkers.20 Rao Ranmall of Mewar died
65
due to his addiction to wine and opium.21 The only ruling house of 3. Agre, Jagat Vir Singh, Use of Intoxicants In Medieval Rajasthan, pub - Medieval
Rajasthan, which remained free from the clutches of this evil, was India (A Miscellany), Vol - 1, AMU, p- 263-264
4. Lal, K.S, The Mughal Harem, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi.p- 194.
that of Udaipur, but there too Amar Singh II was addicted to excessive
5. Babur, Babur nama (Memoirs of Babur), translated by Annette Susannah
drinking.22 The use of opium was a daily practice of the Rajput rulers. Beveridge, Vol 1 and 2, Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, Mayapuri, New
Opium drink was called amal pani. Delhi, Reprinted 1979, p-521-522
In the Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, Man Bai, one of Jahangirs wives and 6. Dale, Stephen F. The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Babur and the Culture of
the mother of Khusrau, committed suicide by swallowing opium. Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan, and India (1483-1530). Leiden: Brill, 2004.p-
135
According to Jahangir, while he was still a prince, Khusraus behavior 7. Jahangir, Tuzuk i Jahangiri, Translated by Alexander Rogers, Vol - 1, Edited by
and her brothers misconduct - he gives no details on the actual offense Henry Beveridge, p -8
- Man Bai that in her agitation she swallowed a quantity of opium 8. Jahangir, Tuzuk i Jahangiri, Translated by Alexander Rogers, Vol - 1, Edited by
(tiryaq), and quickly passed away.23 Henry Beveridge, p -8
9. It is a Greek word. Name of an antidote or drug invented by Philon of Tarsus.
Pledged were made by a Rajput over a cup of wine or opium.
10. Jahangir, Tuzuk i Jahangiri, Translated by Alexander Rogers, Vol - 1, Edited by
The sanctity of the cup is maintained by both the parties. An account Henry Beveridge, p - 307-308
is given by A. Forbes of how the distribution of the drug (red cup of 11. Balabanlilar, Lisa, Imperial Identity In the Mughal Empire, I. B, Tauras, 2012,
kushumba or opium) by the chief with his own hand to his nobles and p- 89
clansmen, indicated the renewal of the pledge of loyalty.24 12. Jahangir, Tuzuk i Jahangiri, Translated by Alexander Rogers, Vol - 1, Edited by
Henry Beveridge, p 40-41
The use of intoxicants are included in the social structure of 13. Ibid, p-377.
Rajasthan also. Their use became customary on various social customs. 14. Jahangir, Tuzuk i Jahangiri, Translated by Alexander Rogers, Vol 2, Edited by
The Rajputs welcome their guests with the munnawar-piyala (cup of Henry Beveridge, p -43
opium) sometimes the cup of wine or Madhavara pyala. The cup of 15. Carstairs, G. M, Daru and Bhang, Cultural factors in the choice of intoxicants,
opium drink is thus associated with respect shown towards the guest. Quarterly Journal of Studies Of Alcohol, vol 15, 1954.
Similarly, in birthday and marriage the celebrations are not complete 16. Tod, Lieut -Col. James, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Or The Central and
Western Rajput states of India. Vol 1, Oxford University Press, 1920. p -82.
without the use of intoxicants. In various festivals like holi, Diwali, 17. Bernier, Francois, Travels in the Moghul Empire 1656-1668, revised by Vincent
Dusshera opium, opium water and wine are served. Smith, Low Price Publications, Delhi 5, p - 40
In retrospect, we can say that Intoxicants did play an powerful 18. See footnote Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Or The Central and
role among the Mughal and also the Rajputs during the Medieval period. Western Rajput states of India. Vol 1, Oxford University Press, 1920. p - 82
19. Chopra, Dr P.N, Life and letters under the Mughals, Asha Janak Publication,
As Meena Bhargava puts it, Alcoholism, intoxication and addiction New Delhi, 1975, p 40
became significant features of Mughal legacy. 25 In contemporary 20. Agre, Jagat Vir Singh, Use of Intoxicants In Medieval Rajasthan, pub - Medieval
time we can have the example of Jaswant Singhs. a senior BJP leader India (A Miscellany), Vol - 1, AMU, p- 264.
who served amal (the traditional offering of opium to a respected 21. Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Or The Central and Western Rajput
guest) in the true Marwari spirit of manuhar and an case was filed states of India. Vol 1, Oxford University Press, 1920. p 327
against him under the (NDPS) Act for serving brew laced with opium 22. Agre, Jagat Vir Singh, Use of Intoxicants in Medieval Rajasthan, Medieval
India (A Miscellany), Vol 1, AMU, p-265
to the guests. It became an important national issue. Intoxicants 23. Jahangir, Tuzuk i Jahangiri, Translated by Alexander Rogers, Vol 2, Edited by
continue to hold important position among the aristrocracy. Henry Beveridge, p - 43
References 24. Bhargava, Meena Narcotics and Drugs: Pleasure, Intoxication, or Simply
Therapeutic North India, 16th17th centuries, The Medieval History Journal, p-
1. Jahangir, Tuzuk i Jahangiri, Translated by Alexander Rogers, Vol 1, Edited by
25
Henry Beveridge, p -307
25. The Indian Express, Jaipur, PTI November 5, 2007
2. Ansari, Mohammad Azhar, Socio Cultural Life of the Great Mughals, Sundeep
Prakashan, Kanhaiya Nagar, Delhi- 110035, India, p-34
66
of the Chauhana, originally ruled over Ahichhatrapura in about the

seventh century A.D.12 Nagaur is said to have borrowed its name from
its traditional founders, the Nagas, who originally ruled over this place.
Medieval Monuments of Qasba Nagaur as a From the seventh century A.D., it was probably governed by the
Chauhanas and was included in Sapadalaksha.13 After the defeat of
symbol of Socio-Religious and Cultural Prithviraj III in 1192 A.D., by Muhammad Ghori, Nagaur passed into
History : An Epigraphic Study the hands of Turkish rulers who governed this place through a number
Dr. Jibraeil of Turkish governors between 1195 A.D. and 1270 A.D.14 With the
Muslim conquest of Nagaur, the influence of Muslim saints is also
The archival, non-archival, numismatics, inscriptions and noticed. Two famous Muslim saints named Shaikh Hamiduddin, and
archaeological data form the backbone of the historical research for Qazi Hamiduddin resided at Nagaur in the thirteenth century A.D.,
all the periods. Rajasthan is extremely rich in all the mentioned and propagated the teachings of Islam. Even before Hamiduddin, Rihani
categories of the sources. In this connection, the epigraphic evidence and Nagauri were the first Musalmans, who visited Nagaur, and
are immense valuable for the study of the socio-religious and cultural inculcated the doctrine of Islam and attracted amongst others like Rai
history of any rural-urban centres of Rajasthan through the ages. Bisala, a feudatory of Prithviraja III, who submitted himself to the
Muslim faith. After his conversion, Rai Bisala also built a mosque.15
An attempt is made here to highlight the qasba Nagaur as a
Nagaur was a great centre of many cultural and other structural
centre for socio-religious and cultural significance especially during
activities which helped it to make a composed culture. It is known for
the 12 th to 15 th century A.D. study based on the inscriptions and
its composite nature in its art, architecture and other historical
prashastis, available either at the sites which are being taken or shifted
monuments.
to the museums or at other related institutions.
Medieval Nagaur is very rich in the different aspects such as Present study is consists three parts; part-I discuss about the
political, economy, trade and commerce, social and religious history. 1 shrine of Hamiduddin Nagauri and its significance, part-II explained
Even in the recent researches have shown Nagaur to be rich in remains about the monuments associated with the water reservoirs and part-
of the culture of ancient period. 2 Before this work, many of the III is about the temple, especially Banshiwala Mandir.
medieval scholars worked on Nagaur like; M.H. Chughtai3, Dashrath I
Sharma4, B.S. Mathur5, Kailash Chand Jain6, U.N. Pandey7, Z.A. Desai8, Dargah of Khwaja Hamiduddin Nagauri Suwali
M.H. Siddiqui9, Minakshi and Kulbushan Jain10 and survey reports
The information about the Sufi saints and their activities are
under Archaeological Survey of India by Gairick and others under the
available in abundance in general in India and Rajasthan in Particular.
supervision of Cunningham 11 , while many other medieval history They reached India when Sufi movement had entered the last and the
scholars from Aligarh also attempted on socio-religious aspect for most important phase of organization of Sufi silsilahs.16 Suhrawardi
medical period. Sufis worked in Sind and Punjab while Chishti Sufis established their
Nagaur, the chief town of the district of the same name in centre at Ajmer, Nagaur, Narnaul, Suwal, Mandal etc. These Sufis
Jodhpur Division situated at 27 12 N and 73 44 E, is a place of great identified themselves with the problems of the people of Rajasthan,
antiquity. It was known by various names such as Nagapura, Nagaura, their worries, their hopes and their aspirations. This led to the popularity
Nagapattana, Ahipura, and Bhujanganagara. G.H. Ojha thinks that of Chishti Sufis in Rajasthan. They adopted many customs and
Ahichhatrapura was also the name of this town in early times, and it traditions of Rajasthan.17 Sufis alienated the whole of Rajasthan in to
was famous as the capital of Jangaladesa. From this Bijaulia inscription their spiritual territories which were helped in the growth and the
of 1169 A.D., it is known that Samantadeva, one of the early ancestors development of urban centres of Rajasthan.18
67
Nagaur had been a well known centre of Sufis. It is said that it 3) Khwaja Sufi Mohammad Ayyub Tariq Chishti Farooqui
has reached at peak during the period of Shaikh Hamiduddin Nagauri (Translation-Peer Sufi Haji Abdur -Ruaab Chishti) - 15 Shaban,
(Chishti Silsila) and Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri (Suhrawardi Silsila). 733 Hijri (1 May, 1333 A.D.)26
In history, therefore, two centres i.e. Ajmer and Nagaur are considered 4) M.H. Siddiqui Shawwal Month (Middle), 733 Hijri (June, 1333
as the Kaba of the Chishtiya Silsila19 According to I.H. Siddiqui, Shaikh A.D.) 27
Hamiduddin Sufi Nagauri had posted at Nagaur by his pir (religious
It is astonishing to note that the dates and years of the
preceptor) Shaikh Muinuddin Sijzi (Chishti), where he died in
constructed gate is differ from each others while all the surveyors
A.D.1276 20, and his dargah 21 is situated at Nagaur.
and scholars have been explored and read the same inscription,
Outside the Maya gateway on the north of the city is a large attached on a side of the gate. We are able to understand the year of
enclosure containing several tombs of Mohammedans (Muslim) and 1333 A.D. (14th century) which is being mentioned by at least three
in the midst a beautifully carved lofty gate of stone stands which is scholars i.e. Z.A. Desai, Khwaja Sufi Mohammad Ayyub Tariq Chishti
known as Atarkin Ka Darwaza 22. It was surveyed under the supervision Farooqui and M.H. Siddiqui but the year of 630 A.H./1230 A.D. is
of Cunningham and he said that though tradition assigns its given by Garrick (survey report under the supervision of Cunningham)
construction to this Mohammedan saint (Muslim saints), of whose is not acceptable in any case because it is about 100 years difference
antecedents, he has endeavoured to give an epitome in the early part in between. He himself countered from his report that gate was
of this account. He found on the summit of this gateway and right constructed during the reign of Mohammed bin Tughlaq while his
behind the uppermost Mimber of the building, where it was quite given date is prior to 100 years which is absolutely unjustifiable and
hidden from view, a Persian inscription of the emperor Mohammad unacceptable.
son of Tughlak Shah, which is dated in 630 A.H./ 1230 A.D. But the
This remarkable structure measures 4110 high to the top of
gateway was only repaired by that prince 23 .The date and year of
its white marble battlements; but its two minarets are 116 above the
construction or repaired date is differ to each other. Therefore, it is
battlements and therefore 534 from the ground28. Entering the building
required to verify. Following attempt is made to understandable the
impression of the date: from the south, one could pass right through to a garden behind or to
the north; but if an ascent to the top of the gateway is desired either
1) Garrick (Under the supervision of Cunningham ) - 630 A.H./ of two narrow staircases, 21 wide by 53 high at entrance leading
1230 A.D.24 into the east or west bastions must be selected29. The main opening
2) Z.A.Desai 25 ( Surveyed and personally read the inscription) as which leads into the garden where also there is a mosque is only 73
follows: high and 37 wide as is the case with so many Muslim buildings
Place : Dargah of Sufi Sahib (also called Tarikin).In the which have disproportionately small entrances 30 .There are two
back wall of the second floor of the Buland gateways in this portion of the building to the north and south ends of
Darwaza. a passage leading through it. The walls here are very massive being
Date : A.H. 733, Shawwal (middle) = 1333 A.D., June 49 thick measured at the principal entrance and at the postern 3.
(month) There are three flights of steps with three landings are the summit of
Dynasty : Tughlaq. the main building is gained; one of these flights is placed outside the
building for want of room inside. A fourth flight conducts one up to
King : Mohammad bin Tughlaq Shah the chhatris or pinnacles which are at the corners of the large
Contents : Records the construction of the Tomb. projections, or angular bastion-piers of this gateway. There are four
Source : EIAPS, 1967, p. 19 pl. IV b; ARIE, 1961-62, No. storey to each pinnacle tower supported on four pillars each; so that
D, 245 ; ASIR, XXIII, pp. 64, 69 ; Hor. List No. the towers contain sixteen pillars, each pillar in the first or lower
1048. most storey is 69 high and 38 in girth, those of the second storey
68
510 high and 33 in girth the third 5and 26 respectively and the of 12 consecutive days finally Akbar reached at Nagaur on November
fourth 5 and 26 respectively 31. 15, 1570 (Wednesday 15 Jamadiul Aakhir H. 978).42 He was welcomed
Behind the faade and resting on the lower part of the gallery at Nagaur by Khan-I Kalan Mir Mohammad who also organized a
are three domes32. This part of the building the main roof on which Lunch (Bhoj) in the respect of Akbar.43 The Emperor participated his
the dome rests is only 33 in height, the centre dome is 12 and the bhoj and gifted him. Meanwhile, Emperor saw a talab. The people of
other two side domes are each 6 high; so that measuring from the the area had requested to emperor Akbar and said that the affluence
ground to summit of the centre dome the total height is 45 or 32 in and gladness of the villages of Nagaur are depend on these three talabs
excess of the moulded faade notwithstanding which the dome is whereas one of them is Kayadaani presently called as Gilani or Ginani
invisible from the front or the south of the gateway owing to the talab. 44 Akbar issued an order to clean and renovate all the water
circumscribed space in the courtyard and the exigencies of perspective. structures of the qasba. Latter on Ginani tank was reconstructed by
33 Raja Rai Singh Rathore, elder son of Rao Amar Singh Rathore.45 We
have surveyed almost all the water bodies near the talab and the other
In the body of the building there are two chambers for sentries
monuments which are erected on the bank of this very large tank 46.
or pilgrims 75 long, 73 wide and 53 high. Excepting a beautiful
Details are mentioned below:
promenade behind the battlements, seats in the pinnacles and the two
chambers above described, there is no accommodation in the gateway Dargah Jhalara (Baori)
building. The walls or piers of this building are very massive indeed It is also situated on the north bank of the talab, just near to
and those in the centre are cleverly arranged in four blocks of solid the well. It is said that it was constructed at the time of the construction
masonry in order to afford a good strong stay for the main building 34. of Ginani for the purpose of drinking, especially was being utilized
The gateway of Atarkin is undoubtedly magnificent by previously by the members of the Shrine of Khwaja Hamiduddin
sculptured in every part and the geometrical patterns and other objects Nagauri. Interesting thing is that it has more than 30 stairs in to slope
moulded thereon are of every imaginable form. I would only call towards the talab and at the end it has its depth more than 150 feet.
attention to the centrifugal arrangements of the carvings over the main As for authors study is concern this Jhalra is explored by author
arch as differing from the straight parallelism of other examples35. All with survey team.47
is in the same light-yellow limestone of which the seven arches of the III
Ajmer mosque are built, save the battlements at summit which are of
white marble 36. A large ostrichs or bustards egg hangs suspended by Banshiwala Mandir (Mahadev Mandir)
a chain from the apex of the arch and is accounted one of the sacred It is popularly known as Nagar Seth Mandir. There are only
objects of the place 37. two noteworthy temples at Nagaur, though one of these is virtually a
double temple called Banshivala Mandir or Mahadev Mandir.48 For
A tradition exists that the building was commenced by Atarkin
instance; there is two separate shrines and buildings within the same
himself but finished by his heir Khwaja Husain Chishti 38 who carried
enclosure; moreover, not only are the shrines separate, they belong to
the architect Shaikh Abdul 39 on his back to Medina seven times in
two sects of Hinduism, differing so widely from each other as the
order to take the plan of a similar edifice there; the architect having
Saivites and Vaishnavites. Usual as this may seem, the Lingam of
forgotten the dimensions six times on his return to Nagaur.40
Mahadeva and the statue of Krishna as Muralidhar or Banshidhar,
II the flute holder, are side by side: encompassed by the same enclosure,
Ginani Talab spanned by the same pillars, and entered from the road by the same
Akbar left Ajmer and started his journey towards Nagaur after gateway.
visiting the Dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti on November 3, Another feature of this temple (or rather these temples) is, that
1570 (Friday 4 Jamadiul Aakhir, H. 978, see Map).41 After the journey Sivas symbol is in a pit or in the depth as well, sunk 25 feet below the
69
floor-level and approached by twenty five steps. Our draftsman Mr. A statue of Vittha Ji was placed, and near it a prashasti contains
Zamir Ahmad made a plan (plan of the temple) of this fine temple, information that this statue was made in Nagaur on Shirsh Vadi 5
which is approached from the north by a very good arrangement of Budhwa, Vikram Samvat 1533 Shak 1399 ( AD 1476). Another
three large halls or courtyards, leading into each other by three inscription during the period of the Mughal ruler Jahangir is found i.e.
moderate flights of steps, and divided by three long, covered in galleries, V.S.1671 Paush Shukla 13 Somvar (AD 1614). In which it said that
which can be used as dwellings for the priests or monks. Measurement this temple was renovated by the help of Narayandas Lohiya son of
and plans with photographs and inscriptions in details are given below: Gadadhar during the reign of Rana Shri Sagar.
Height of Sikari of Muralidhar temple : 50 feet After a cursary survey, it is said that the qasba Nagaur was an
Height of cupola, Mahadev Shrine important place in Rajasthan during Medieval period, which was known
: 35 feet for its richness regarding the socio-religious and cultural history. It is
still maintained its popularity due to existence of many heritage
Height of inner enclosure of both Shrines : 15 feet
monuments i.e. Shrines, Mosques, Fort, Temples and Water-bodies
Height of outer enclosure of courtyard : 10 feet etc..
Height of inner partition guarding each sanctum : 3 feet References
Height of first gallery from temples : 25 feet 1. Dashrath Sharma, Rajasthan Through the Ages, Rajasthan State Arcives, Bikaner,
1966; M.H. Siddiqui, Madhya Kaleen Nagaur Ka Itihas, Jodhpur, 2001; Nagaur
Height of second gallery from temples : 25 feet
Ka Rajnitik aur Sanskritik Vaibhav, ed. D.B. Ksheersagar and Naval Krishna,
Height of north wall at entrance gate : 15 feet Jodhpur, 1988, Jibraeil, Nagaur: A Trading Junction in Medieval Rajasthan,
Height of Chhatris, or gilded minarets, at ends published in History of Marwar Prior to Rao Jodha, ed. Mahendra Singh Nagar,
Jodhpur, 2011.
of northern gallery : 45 feet each. 2. Early Culture in Nagaur, published in Nagaur Ka Rajnitik aur Sanskritik
Height of staircases leading to above Vaibhav, ed. D.B. Ksheersagar and Naval Krishna, op. cit., pp. 142-43.
3. Nagaur, A Forgotten Kingdom, in Bulletin of the Deccan College Research
(second courtyard) : 10 feet Institute, Poona, Part-2, No.1-2, November, 1940.
It is tough to say about the real date or year of construction of 4. The Khanzadaz of Nagaur Their Origin and History, Published in Rajasthan
this beautiful Banshivala Mandir. Present Pujari Shri Sitaram ji said History Congress, Vol.V, Ajmer Session, 1972.
5. Side-lights on the Medieval History of Nagaur, Published in Indian History
about his own predecessors, and explained and helped to bring
Congress, Mysore, 1966.
photographs of the prashastis which are still available on the wall of 6. A Brief History of Nagaur, in Orissa Historical Research Journal, Part-7, Ank
the temple. He also said that there is no any concrete information 3-4, October, 1958 January 1959.
about its construction. According to the prashati and his explanation 7. Importance of Nagaur in Mewar-Gujarat Conflicts, Published in Indian History
we have prepared a table to easily understand about its at least starting Congress , Part-I, 34th Session, Chandigarh, 1973.
to renovation. 8. Inscriptions of the Khanzadas of Naguar, in Epigraphia Indica, 1970.
9. Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri, The First Chief Justice of Naguar in Early Medieval
Information of Banshivala Mandir on the basis of Prashasti India, Islamic Culture, Part - 53, No.4, October, 1979.
1) Date/Year of Construction No Idea/ No Records 10. Minakshi Jain, Kulbhushan Jain and Meghal Arya, Architecture of a Royal Camp
- The Retrieval Fort Nagaur, Ahmedabad, 2009.
2) V.S. 1270/ A.D 1213 A prashasti about this te 11. Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India during 1921-22.
3) V.S. 1671/ A.D. 1614 Repairing of the temple 12. K.C. Jain, Ancient Cities and Towns of Rajasthan, Delhi, 1972, p. 242.
4) V.S. 1975/ A.D. 1918 Again Repairing of the te 13. Ibid., p. 243.
14. Ibid., p. 244.
5) V.S. 2049/ A.D. 1987 Present shape of the temple 15. Ibid., pp. 249-50.
and mirror work on the wall. 16. S.M. Azizuddin Husain Sufi Movement in Rajasthan, A paper published in a
70
seminar proceeding entitled Sufi Movement in Rajasthan, ed. S.M. Azizuddin 35. Ibid.
Husain, Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli, Delhi, 2007, p.1. 36. Ibid.
17. Ibid. 37. H.B.W. Gairrick under General A. Cunningham, R.E., Volume-XXIII, pp. 69-71.
18. Neeru Misra, Sufism: The Social Bond in Medieval India: An Introductory Articles Also see Khwaja Sufi Mohammad Ayyub Tariq Chishti Farooqui , Nagaur Ke
in Sufis and Sufism, edited by Neeru Misra, Manohar Publication, Delhi, 2004, Sufi Santon Ka Itihas , Translated by Peer Sufi Haji Abdur-Ruaab Chishti, Maharaja
p. 19. See M.A. Khan, Sufis and their Contribution in the process of Man Singh Pustak Prakash Publication, Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, 2009, p.117-118.
Urbanization, A published paper in Sufis and Sufism, edited by Neeru Misra, 38. This name is mentioned in the end of the Tughlaq Inscription which was discovered
op. cit., p. 93. Also See Jibraeil, Contribution of Sufis in the Growth of Urban by H.B.W. Gairrick. See H.B.W. Gairrick under General A. Cunningham, R.E.,
Centres in Rajasthan during the Eighteenth Century, op. cit., pp. 62-75. Volume-XXIII, p.71.
19. Padmdhar Pathak, Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri, an article published in Nagaur 39. Ibid.
Ka Rajnitik Aur Sanskritik Vaibhav, op. cit., p.64. 40. M.H. Siddiqui, Madhya Kaleen Nagaur Ka Itihas, op. cit., p. 275.
20. Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, The Early Chishti Dargahs, published in Muslim Shrines 41. M.H.Siddiqui, Madhya Kaleen Nagaur Ka Itihas (Book in Hindi), Jodhpur,
in India, ed. Christian W. Troll, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1989, 2001, pp.83-84.
(second edition-2004), p. 3. 42. Ibid.
21. In Indo-Persian literature, the term dargah is used both for the royal court and 43. Ibid.
the tomb of a pious man. Cf. Ziauddin Barani, Tarikh-i- Firuz Shahi, Calcutta: 44. Other two talabs were Shams and Kukur (latter Shakkar) talab. The people of
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1862, pp. 494, and 499 etc., hereafter cited as Barani. the area also explained to the emperor that many of the people migrated from
In Urdu dargah means only the tomb of a Muslim saint. (This information is their houses who were living near these talabs due to scarcity of water because
quoted by Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, The Early Chishti Dargahs, a published almost all these tanks were filled up by the sands.
paper in Muslim Shrines in India, op. cit., p. 1. 45. M.H. Siddiqui, Madhya Kaleen Nagaur Ka Itihas, op. cit., pp.273-74.
22. This Atarkin is a very popular saint and venerated by Hindus and Musalmans 46. This area was surveyed by us with the help of some locals namely; Mr. Maqbool
alike: the former are often seen in great excitement near the tomb of Atarkin which Ahmad Ansari (48 years old, Ward Member of this region) and Mr. Kamal Kishor
is guarded by this grand gateway. Khwaja Sufi Mohammad Ayyub Tariq Chishti Sharma (55 years old a member of the Sain ji ki Baghichi). Our special thanks to
Farooqui has written in details about this gate which has now been translated into both of them for their support and cooperation.
hindi language as a separate chapter on Atarkin Ka Darwaza (Buland Darwaza) 47. We dont have any final definition of Jhalara. After discussing with old men
by Peer Sufi Haji Abdur -Ruaab Chishti under the title of Nagaur Ke Sufi Santon (locals) and with the help of the available sources and works, we are able to define
Ka Itihas, publishe by Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash , Mehrangarh, Jodhpur that the Jhalaras collect the subterranean seepage of talab or lake located upstream
in 2009 ( Second Part), pages. 116-122. and reserves rain water.
23. H.B.W. Gairrick under General A. Cunningham, R.E., Volume-XXIII, pp. 69-70. 48. Physical Survey of the Site and Interviews by the Knowledgeable Persons. Also
24. Ibid. see, H.B.W. Gairick, Archaeological Survey of India, 1921-22, pp.56-57 (This
25. Z.A. Desai, Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan, published by The Directorate of temple possesses a long Sanskrit inscriptions of 39 slokas in which the place
Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, p. 118. name is twice given as Nagapuri).
(No. 373).
26. Khwaja Sufi Mohammad Ayyub Tariq Chishti Farooqui , Nagaur Ke Sufi Santon
Ka Itihas , Translated by Peer Sufi Haji Abdur-Ruaab Chishti, Maharaja Man
Singh Pustak Prakash Publication, Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, 2009, p.115.
27. M.H. Siddiqui, Madhya Kaleen Nagaur Ka Itihas, op. cit., p.267.
28. H.B.W. Gairrick under General A. Cunningham, R.E., Volume-XXIII, pp. 69-70.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. A Physical Survey of the Site.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. This arch is noteworthy as one of the first constructed in India. Its faults are
obviously the result of inexperience. (It is explained by H.B.W. Gairrick in his
report.).
71
Contemporary evidence refers to numerous jatis, such as

Shrimali, Nagar, Sarswata, Dravid, Panch Gauda, Bhaimewara,
Pokhrana, Sikhwal, Gour, Sandhya, Dadhicha, etc. Of these, the Panch
City, Society and Changing demographical Gaudas are said to have reached Ajmer on a pilgrimage in 1190.2 The
patterns: Exploring the Social stratification Sarasvata Brahmans hailed from the vicinity of the Pushkar Lake and
Ajmer, where the Saraswati river flowed. Until the tenth-century, they
and emergence of a synthetic were distinguished by their gotra, and, during the twelfth century,
society in Medieval Ajmer they were also known as Pandita, Dikshita, Dvivedi, Trivedi,
Dr. Babli Parveen Chaturvedi, Pathaka, Upadhaya, Avashtika, Nagra, and Joshi.3 They
engaged in both secular and religious pursuits.4 Thus Joshi Kalji (1682-
1625), who was in charge of religious services at the temple of Varaha,
The society and culture of Ajmer was never overwhelmingly
realized forest tax. 5 The Hardevas and the Ramas shared in the
changed by the cultural forces of Islam, as it happened elsewhere; at
seventeenth century, the revenue assigned to the temples by the Jodhpur
Ajmer the dargah of Muinuddin Chishti happened to be only the principal
rulers. Some chose astrology as their vocation in life: Joshi Puno,
mobilizing and stimulating principle for its urbanization and never did
Rama, Deva, and Hara were astrologers of repute in the eighteenth
it operate as the dominating nor all-controlling nor all-swallowing
century, and were patronized by the State in Ajmer and Kotah.6 They
institution. The cultural pluralism and accommodtiveness that the urban
were also family priests, designated as Rajgurus or Purohits and holding
society subscribed to was maintained in the urban space down the
rent-free lands. 7 In fact, inscriptions from the fourteenth to the
centuries despite the key role that the dargah was permitted to play in seventeenth centuries reveal some Brahmans of Mewar switching to
its cultural life. This article attempts not to analysis the society of agriculture.8 Prominent amongst them were the Sukwal of Ajmer, the
Ajmer as such, but to explain in brief the syncretic trends affecting Srimali and Paliwal Brahmans of Bikaner and Jaipur, the Sanohora of
the social life, even when the dargah played the key position. Sanchor, and the Bagras of Jaipur.9
I. The Cultural Fabric of the Society Ajmers location offered trading opportunities to the energetic
Culturally Ajmers society retained a sizeable amount of what it and hard-working Pokharans. The Paliwals traded in salt from
had been before the entry of Muiniddin Chishti and the ideology that Sambhar, sugar from Agra, and carried cotton, ghee and piece goods
he subscribed. There was a strong layer of Hindu tradition in Ajmer, to the neighbouring marts. Haiwani Brahmans had been doing this for
with its caste system operating as the basic criteria for assigning generations. The Nagar Banswara and Gour Brahmans were, likewise,
positions to people in the social ladder. Caste is the result of two merchants, traders, and moneylenders. 10 Some even occupied high
ideals expressed by the words, varna and Jati, the first laying stress posts as ministers and Army commanders. 11 They were, of course,
on culture, character, profession, social duties, and the organic nature not a unified or homogeneous caste. In Ajmer district itself, certain
of human society, and the other on birth, hereditary and the privileges groups were looked down upon by their pure or superior
that accrue with it. The caste structure in Ajmer was no different counterparts. They placed the Lohana Brahmans, the Katiyas and others
from other places. But, says the Dharmapravratti,1 persons belonging low down in the hierarchy owing to their objectionable eating and
to various groups followed a common way of life but performed drinking habits.12
separate duties on their own. The Brahmanas read the Vedas and other Meanwhile, the Rajputs were also stratified at various levels.13
scriptures, performed yoga, and cultivated learning; while the By the closing years of the twelfth century, there were many as thirty-
Ksatriyas, who were termed as Rajputra, were warriors or six Rajput clans.14 Some enjoyed privileges in the state as well as in
administrators. The Vaisyas, as elsewhere, engaged in agriculture and society, and received homage even from the Brahmans.15 With their
trader. Lastly, the Sudras served the above mentioned castes. share of princes and nobles, their rituals included oblation to fire and
72
acting, a least in theory, in accordance with the Puranas. They secured mention the Bhats, who negotiated marriages, received offerings at
employment in the army, their hereditary occupation, and served as weddings, and recited genealogical histories at public festivals. Besides
high officials or councillors in the state. Kings like Vigraharaja IV of their traditional functions, they were cultivators. We find, moreover,
Ajmer and Bhoja Parmara of Malwa were poets and writers of repute.16 Gangu and Triloksi joining as soldiers in the fifteenth-century. 23
In the social order, the Vaisyas were placed next to the Rajputs. In Ajmer, as elsewhere in society, the occupations were caste-
They claimed their offspring from the Rajputs, and, owing to the based; each caste specialized in a specific profession. These were
influence of Jainism, identified themselves as Saravagis, a corrupted small occupational groups within a caste; distinguished from one to
form of Sharavak, a lay-worshipper of Jaina. Their kshatriya origin other, based on minor difference is method and process of production.
can be traced through a study of their gotras. For example, the Some occupational castes engaged in divergent ceiling. There were
Upasakadhyayana of V.S.1742 (1685) refers to Nabha Chandra of many occupational groups, such as leather-makers, dyers, black smith,
Dungarpur belonging to Thakur Gotra, and Dayal Dass ancestors silver smith, gold smith and steel makers, carpenters, kumhar and
connected with the Sisodiya Kshatriyas.17 The Vaisyas were, like the thattaras (people who were indulged in production of domestic needs).
upper castes, divided into subdivisions of castes, which were based Ajmer was, in short, an important centre of production of dyestuffs,
white smith, metal ware, cotton fabrics and ivory bangles and other
either on the names of ancestors or on their native places. Hence, the
cottage crafts which were used mostly by the citizens and villagers of
Aggarwals, Oswals, Paliwals, and Porwals and other sub-divisions
the surrounding areas.24
were found in greater and smaller proportions in and around Ajmer.18
Besides cattle-rearing, trade and money-lending, the Aggarwals of II. The Dargah and the Changing Functions of Muslims in
Karauli and Mallani subsisted on agriculture. In Ajmer and Mewar, the City
several Nandwana families engaged in trade and agriculture. 19 Jain The Muslims lived mostly in the Ajmer and Mewat areas, and
literature reflects their overall prosperity in Gujarat and Rajasthan. It much of their influence owed to their proximity to the Sultans and the
reveals the Oswals, in particular, occupying positions of power in Mughals and their origin or their continued adherence to faith was in
administration and in the army.20 The same cannot be said about the many cases linked with the cultural processes of the dargah of
Sudras who performed the menial services and were divided and sub- Muinuddin Chishti. They included migrants, which also included
divided into numerous sections on the basis of their occupation, mystics. 25
employment, and marriages.21 Islam entered first through the Arabs, who had come to stay on
The Charans stand as a separate social category. John Malcolm the borders of the Chauhan kingdom in the first quarter of the eighth
described their status: They rank as the genealogists of proud and century. But the Arabs failed to extend their religion beyond Sindh and
ignorant chiefs, and favoured individuals often combine with that office Multan. Chauhan of Sakhambhari (old name of Ajmer), along with
the station of counsellors, and establish an ascendancy over the minds Guhilots of Mewar and the Pratihars of Ujjain, who later on, became
of their superior, which is stronger from being grounded upon a an imperial power ruling from Kanauj, played a considerable part in
mysterious feeling of awe. It is to them that the proudest Rajput looks opposing the further extension of the arms of Islam in their respective
for solace in adversity and for increased joy and exultation in territories. Even after the conquest of Sind, Multan and Punjab and
prosperity. 22 thus a long common frontier with the Chauhan kingdom of Ajmer,
Their most important vocation was to preserve the glorious Islam failed to have a footing in the latter territory. Although there is
deeds of the Rajput dynasty, with whom they were attached, by means evidence of small trading settlements in Ajmer, the Chauhan rulers
of composing songs worthy of recitation at assemblies and battlefields. were hostile to the Islamic faith and did not allow its followers a
They also wrote Khyatas(chronicles), Vartas( stories),raso ( martial permanent foothold on their land.
epics)and Vanshavalis (descriptive genealogies). They produced, in However, once the Turkish rule was established in the kingdom
short, the Dingal language and literature. In this context, one must of Ajmer, Islam made serious incursions into the heartlands of Rajputana
73
and left its imprint on the its social and cultural life. In this rather created their settlements elsewhere and ultimately found a base in the
complex process of expansion and consolidation, the forces of villages surrounding Ajmer. Besides them, a few Muslim families, with
attraction and revulsion were simultaneously at work. Yet, all said and a service record in the army, were employed at the Ajmer fort during
done, the Hindus and Muslims were not at loggerheads with each the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.29
other. Neither the Hindus nor the Muslims were monolithic Muslims of Ajmer were Turanis, Iranis, and Shaykhzadas. Caste
communities; castes, class, and tribes divided them horizontally and and social stratification existed amongst them, notably, Shoregars
vertically. They lived together separately. There were Shia migrants (Gunpowder makers), Panniagars(delicate embroidery workers),
as well; one of them, Miran Husain Khang Sawar, died defending a Ghosis (Milk vendors), Deswalis (herdsmen), panwaris (Betel sellers),
fort; consequently, his tomb became a place of pilgrimage. Today, Baghwanas(gardeners and flower sellers), Loharas(Iron Smith), Telis
almost all those who live in Taragarh(formerly used to know as (Oil producers) Khairatis (wood workers), Dhunkars (cotton cleaners),
GrahBeeti) are Shias. Sipahis (engaged for watch and ward), Bhatyaras (bread makers),
The Syeds claim to be the descendants of Hazrat Ali through Churigars (Bangle makers), Hajjamas (hair dressers), Dhobis
Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet. They entered the services of (washermen), Bhishtis (water carriers), Doliwans (Palki bearers),
local chiefs as army-men. Sometime, their services were appreciated Rangrez (colour makers), and Besaitis (retail shopkeepers).Some other
and land grants were issued to them as a token of appreciation. Rehmat castes were known by their profession; Qasab (butcher), Pinjaras
Ali, who was serving in the Rajput army against the Marathas, was (weavers), Lakheras (bangle makers), Rangres (dyers), Chosis (milk
rewarded with the Rasida village for his services.26 The Shaykhs are and butter seller), Safed-bafs (white cloth maker), Chiragchis (lamp
said to be the descendants of the first and the second Khalifa Abu makers), Julahas (weavers), Naqqarchies (drummers), Sawadagran
Bakr Siddiq and Umar Faruq, respectively. Besides the Shaykhs there and Beoparians. The mohallas, mosques, and graveyards, in their name,
were Deswalis, who were in large numbers in Ajmer. Before joining remind us of their condition.30
the fold of Islam, they were herdsmen and agriculturists. Those who Some of the professional groups had Hindus as well.31 In this
lived in rural areas continued to follow their ancestral occupation, category were cloth printers, barbers, tailors, gardeners, potters,
while those living in urban areas gave up their ancestral profession washer men, black smith, oil-pressers, confectioners, and grain
and sought government employment later. merchants. 32 Patwas, carpenters and thatheras (braziers) claimed a
Broadly speaking, the aristocracy was divided into the Ahl-i status distinctly superior to other artisans.33 Gold smiths were generally
Suyuf (men of the sword), and the Ahl-iqalam(men of pen). The Jains; Hindu seths and mahajans were moneylenders.34 The Oswals
former lived in Ajmers nine mohallas. After their conversion to Islam, and Maheswaris were affluent merchants and moneylenders.35
they joined the Mughal army. After its fall, they hitched their fortunes The local Hindu converts lived chiefly in the suburbs and, what
with the Marathas and the British. Some even served as chowkidars is more, did not give up some of their old social customs and traditions.
for the affluent mahajans. They supplemented their income by the For example, the Muslims of Anupgarh Phagul and Marot were called
share they had in the cooked food, which the devotees prepared in the Pirdas; the das phrase was adopted from the Hindus. The Deswali
two gigantic cauldrons at the Ajmer dargah. They had mango-grove Banjaras, who were converted to Islam, followed several Hindu
as well, which brought them close to the business of selling fruits. customs. This is also true of the Haiwasis.36 The Anderkotis lived near
As a seat of provincial government and as the site of the sacred the city wall around the Taragarh fort.37 Lastly, mohallaswere often
shrine, Ajmer became a big draw for a number of Muslim groups, 27 named after the Khadiman or the Shaykhazadgan.
some of whom acquired a fair amount of wealth and, for this reason, References
became influential in local society. The dargah attendants or the 1. Dharampravrti, V.S.1733 (1676), pp. 25-40, cited in Sharma, Social Life in
Khuddam, for example, received land grants from the Sultans or the Medieval Rajasthan, p.77.
Mughal emperors. 28 Having settled at first around the dargah, they 2. Dey, The Geographical Dictionary, pp.180-181.
74
3. Satya Jivan Verma,Visaldeva Raso of Narpati Nalha, (1925),vol.1.1, pp. 54-5; all status. As his services as barber were required, so often in some socio-religious,
Ojha, Madhya Kalin Bhartiya Sanskriti, p. 43. ceremonies and rituals associated with birth, marriage and death, his status in
4. Sherring, Hindu Tribes and Castes,vol. 1.3, pp.19-21. society was higher than that of a washer man. Some of these barbers entered into
5. A Patta of V.S. 1682 (1625 A.D) ODRU, (Old deposited Records, Udaipur). states services as mashalchis (torch-bearers) and pharashs and worked
6. Khasa Parvandh Bahi, V.S. 1707 (1650 A.D), Jodhpur State Archives. independently outside the system of traditional arrangement).
7. Nakal Indra Raj Bahi, V.S. 1800, Bikaner State Archives; Sherring, op cit., pp. 32. Waqai- Sarkar Ranthamborewa Ajmer, pp. 249, 577. Abdul Qadir Khani, Waqa-
19-21. i Abdul Qadir Khani, p. 198; Rajendra Joshi, Unnisvi Shatabdi ka Ajmer,p. 223.
8. A copper plate grant No. 007 (ODRU) of the 8th of the dark-half of Kartika, V.S 33. Siyahah Huzur: dated V.S. 1774 (1717 A.D), Archival Records Jaipur. (These are
1656 (1 October 1599). in the form of daily diaries, recording the expenditure and income of the state
9. Chhatri Bahi, Bikaner, V.S. 1739 (1682) Rokad Bahi Bikaner, V.S. 1740 (1683). along with the accounts of festivals and ceremonies observed by the royal
10. Bahi Khaksara Ganvanri, Bikaner, V.S. 1786-1816 (1729-59), Bikaner State persons).
Archives. 34. Waqa-i Sarkar Ranthambore wa Ajmer, pp. 198-199. Here we find a good
11. Indian Historical Quarterly, Sept. 1940, pp. 569-71. example of exploitation of people by the Seths and Mahajans, the Diwan of
12. Sherring, op.cit.,p. 23. Ajmer shrine Mohtashin Ali Khan on his death was heavily indebted to Rahumal
13. Vaidya, History of Medieval India, vol. 3, p. 370. Gulam the Mahajan, his villages were on ijara, and the terms of interest were very
14. Chandra Bardai, Prithviraja Raso (eds), M.V.Pandia and Sam Sundar Das (Banaras, high.
1913),vol.2, pp. 277-78; Satya Jivan Verma, Visaldeva Raso of Narpati 35. Rajendra Joshi, Unnisvi Shatabdi ka Ajmer, p. 103;Waqa-i Sarkar Ranthambore
Nalha,1925,vol. 2, p.71, and vol. 2, p. 6. Tod, op. cit., vol. 2, pp.62-92. wa Ajmer, pp. 193,220; Sharda, op.cit., p.32. According to Sharda, the Jains are
15. Eillot & Dowson, History of India by its own Historians, vol. 1, p. 16. divided in three sects Shwetambar, Digambaris (worshippers of idols and
16. R.B.Singh, History of the Chahamanas (Varanasi, 1964), pp.326-27. temples), and the Sthanak Vasis or Dhoondies.
17. Ojha, Udaipur Rajya ka itihas, p.994. 36. Sherring, op.cit.,pp.78-86.
18. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol.LV, part 1, p. 40; Epigraphia Indica, 37. Sharma, Social life in Medieval Rajasthan, p. 103.
vol.8, pp. 209 and 219, vol. 9, p.64, vol. 11, p.39.
19. M.C.Suri, Prithvichnandracharita, V.S. 1478, p. 155.
20. Balchandra, Vasant Vilasa, Gaekwad Oriental Series, no. 7, introduction, pp.vi-
viii.
21. C.V. Vaidya, History of Medieval India(Delhi, 1979), p.378.
22. John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India, vol. 1, pp. 517-18.
23. Sherring, op. cit., pp. 54-60.
24. Watson, Gazetteer of Ajmer, pp. 63-68, (The cotton fabrics produced in Ajmer
and its surrounding areas were known as Resa). Irfan Habib, The Atlas of Mughal
Empire, p.20.
25. Habibullah, Foundation of Muslim Rule in India, p.305.
26. File No. 257/250, 9 August 1761, Bikaner State Archives; File no. 324/27, 1813,
Bikaner State Archives and Jodhpur State Archives.
27. Abdul Qadir Khan, Waqa-i Abdul Qadir Khani (MS) Aligarh, pp. 292-302. After
the annexation of the British, a number of people from various place of Hindustan
were appointed in Ajmer. A few shifted from other parts of the country.
28. Abdul Bari Mani, op.cit.,pp. 15-26.
29. Rajasthan District Gazetteer, Ajmer, p. 107.
30. Abdul Bari Mani, op.cit., pp.21-22; Waqa-i Sarkar Ranthambore wa Ajmer,
pp.436, 499. Rajasthan District Gazetteer, Ajmer, p. 107-21; Report of Waqf
existing in Rajasthan State, Ajmer, 1965.
31. Bhandara No. 15, Basta No. 1, V.S. 1789 (1732 A.D), Bikaner State Archives and
Kota Archives. (Under traditional arrangements, they remained confined to their
work for their earning. The occupation of shaving brought barber nearer to men of
75
production, agrarian trade and commerce as well. They always strived

for enhancing revenue resources of the state by offering favourable
terms to the Karshas and merchant communities. The system of state
Role of Traders, Bankers and Money Lenders farming, muqata system, extension of agricultural credit or loan facility
to the karshas and periodic revenue settlement with increased emphasis
in the Economy of the Hada State of Kota on bringing bido and parat land under the plough throughout the period
(c. 1670-1800) of our study significantly contributed towards skyrocketing growth
of agricultural production in the twin Hada states of Kota and Bundi.
Narayan Singh Rao
The Maharao of Kota and Bundi considered the peasants and
businessmen as important stakeholders in the economy of the region
Hadouti Kingdom also referred to as Harawati, the abode of
and hence due importance was given to them. The Maharaos established
Hada Rajputs founded by Rao Deva in C. 1342 comprises three
direct contact with these two important sections of the society,
erstwhile princely states of Rajasthan namely Kota, Bundi and Jhalawar.
honoured and rewarded karshas and merchants with robe of honour
The Hadouti region was bounded in the north by Jaipur and Tonk
time and again, heard their grievances, views, complaints and
states, in the west by Mewar, and Malwa in the south west. This
demonstrard their willingness to solve their problems. The Maharaos
region is situated between Ganga Valley, Delhi Agra axis on one hand
even started meeting common men and arranged feasts and parties
and Malwa plateau on the other. Due to its strategic location in central
for the karshas to make them feel safe and secure in the state.
part of India, It was criss crossed by the strategic and commercial
routes and highways connecting this region to major towns and cities In such a situation the Karshas, Mahajans, Vohras and the state
of the Indian sub continent and rest of the world as well. officials constituted a team to work for growth of business as well as
agrarian economy. The Maharaos of Kota and Bundi aimed at generating
Hadouti region is also blessed with plenty of monsoonal rain,
sufficient revenue resources so that they can meet the cost of
rivers, rivulets and ponds, as perennial sources of water for irrigation,
administration and maintain armed contingents to protect their state.
mountains and passes with evergreen thick forest cover (adding to
The present paper is based on original archival sources preserved in
the scenic beauty of the abode of Hadas), rich and fertile black soil of
Rajasthan state Archives Bikaner and its district record office at Kota.
the Malwa Pleatue (Deccan Lavas) spread over the entire region
This paper aims at studying the role of business communities in the
(conducive for growing food and high grade commercial crops). All
economy of Hadouti region during the 17th and 18th century.
these factors had rendered this region economically and commercially
viable and prosperous as well. Because of these rich natural bounties Creditors and Bankers of the State
and favourable conditions for undertaking agriculture as a profession We find that in the documents such as Khato Vohran Ko, Khate
or for indulging in trade, commerce and banking. The peasants, Kasht Karan, Adsatta, Jamai Jama Kharch, Jhada, royal orders,
traders, bankers, artisans, labourers, aspiring soldiers and Chhitthis and Likhants the Vohra, Mahajan, Shaha, Sahukar, Sarrof
administrators cutting across caste communal and regional barriers etc have been frequently and interchangeably used to refer a person
migrated to this region in successive waves to fulfill their dreams of engaged in trade commerce and banking irrespective of his caste,
life. Availability of natural as well as human resources in plenty created religion and even the region to which he belongs. The document
favourable conditions for the growth of a strong and viable agrarian informs us that Hadouti region had a very powerful and rich business
economy, trade commerce and banking professions in the twin Hada community which also included merchants and bankers from other
states of south-eastern Rajasthan in the medieval India. states including Gujarat and Multan. Due to increased financial needs
The Hada rulers right from the beginning played a very positive of the state, political instability, Maratha incursions and frequent
role of a facilitator, catalyst and motivator by introducing innovative military conflicts between different Rajput states the Hada states started
ideas, fiscal and administrative reforms to boost agricultural heavily depending on the business community of the region to manage
76
the fiscal affairs of the state. Thus gradually, Vohras and Mahajans so Repayment Schedule
deeply penetrated in each and every sphere of the economy of the Date of Repayment Total Principle Interest Vato
state that without their support the existence of the state was not Amount Paid (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
possible.
Shrawan Sudi 1, 1745 4103.50 4103.50 280.35 43.85
The Vohras provided credit facility or loan to the Maharaos of
Asoj Sudi 6, 1745 406.25 406.50 18.05 8.25
Kota on regular basis and acted as bankers of the state. The document
pertaining to 1771 VS/C 1714 informs us that Vohra Narayandas Shrawan Sudi 15, 1745 773.00 798.00 79.50 8.80
Keshoram provided Rs. 10,000/- to Maharao of Bundi. The loan was Total 5282.00 5308.00 125.90 60.90
repaid by Maharao by selling him wheat and other food grain items Thus Maharao of Kota borrowed Rs. 12600 and paid 5282 back
from Mauza Bhohro 1. Lekho Shaha Bhola nathji Ko, an another to the Vohra and a balance of Rs. 7318 was cleared at a later date.
document informs us that in 1836 VS/C 1779 Shaha Bhola Nath From the same banker again Maharao took a loan of 4501 on Shrawan
provided Rs. 5112.50 to the Maharao of Kota as loan (lehno) at the Sudi 1, 1745, Rs. 3076 on Maha Sudi 6, for daily expenses referred to
rate of 12 percent interest. Out of which Rs. 1630 were repaid to him as hathi Udhara. He also took a loan of Rs. 298 on Kati Sudi 14 as
in the same year alongwith interest. Pandit Lalji was one of the biggest hath udhara (personal loan) and Rs. 5126 on Maha Budi 4, 1745 VS
bankers of the state who advanced Rs. 229818 to the Kota state in to pay allowences of the army contingents deployed in Baddod pargana
1831 VS/C 1774. He was repaid this loan alongwith an interest amount during his visit. In order to pay him his balance of Rs. 6000. The
of Rs. 15954.60 which comes at 6.67 percent of the principle amount3. Patel Patwari, Balahi of mauza Dighod were directed to pay Rs. 1375
Jamai Jama Kharch document of 1749 VS/C 1692 gives us an to the Vohra. Rest of the amount of loan was to be recovered by the
interesting details that Vohra Chattra Bhuj Anand Roop and Leeladhar Vohra Hathi Singh from Patels of 28 villages of pargana Baddod. 6
Gujarati extended a loan of Rs. 18599.65 to Kota state. This loan was Maharao Kishor Singh; took Hati Udhara (personal loan) of Rs.
repaid by the Maharao alongwith an interest amount of Rs. 791.65 201.00 from Purohit Vasudevji Gokulji on (Asoj Budi 11) 1747 VS/C
and Vaato of Rs. 215.35.4 Another document Lekho Shaha Jeevraj 1690. Again on Asoj Sudi 13 the Maharaos officials took loan of Rs.
Bhagotidas Ko Khato VS 1745/C 1688 gives us information that from 600 to meet daily expenses of the Maharao who was on tour. Maharao
Shaha Jeev Raj Bhagoti das Maharao of Kota borrowed Rs. 1515 on again took a loan of Rs. 600 on Shrawan Budi 8 to pay the servants of
Asoj Sudi 6, and Rs. 1617 on Kati Budi 13 for routine daily expenses. the state on interest rate of Rs. 1.00 per month on 100 Rupeese each
An interest amount of Rs. 9.25 and 11.25 were paid by state for the i.e. 12 percent. 7 The documents shows that the state frequently
respective installment of loan5. In the similar vein Vohra Hathi Singh borrowed money for routine expenses of administration from Gujarati
Gopinath and Narottam Ragunath provided lehno (loan) to Maharao Vohras, Mahajans, Shahas etc. and refunded the loan by way of Hundis
and cash payment in installments. Vohra Sambhuram Acchaya Ram
of Kota in 1745/1688 as per the following details :-
Gujrati was to be paid Rs. 518.85 in 1771 VS/C 1714. Vohra Dhanji
Date of Credit Extension Purpose for which Total Amount Gujrati advanced a loan of Rs. 2042 out of which Rs. 1520.75 were
Maharao took Loan Borrowed yet to be paid to the Vohra in 1771 VS/C 1714. In the same year Vohra
Shrawan Sudi 1, 1745 Routine Expenses 4103.50 Mathuranand Gautamji Gujarati, Vohra Sakhar Chand Dalesur Gujarati
Asoj Sudi 6, 1745 Routine Expenses 2134.25 were to be paid Rs. 29.75 and Rs. 11.85 respectively. Similarly Seth
Gordhan Das Nolakha, Vohra Amarchand Gujarati gave loan (Lehno)
Aghan Budi 14, 1745 VS Routine Expenses 2134.25
to the state amounting to Rs. 15465 through a hundi in 1770 VS/C
Maha Sudi 13, 1745 VS Routine Expenses 2114.00 1713. In the following year (1771 VS) the state was yet to clear his
Chait Budi 12, 1745 Routine Expenses 2114.00 principle amount of Rs. 995.50. Shah Samji Narottam gave Rs. 3084.25
Total 12600.00 to Kota state in 1767 VS/C 1710. But even in 1771 VS the Kota state
77
was yet to return his Rs. 731.25. Vohra Daud and Vohra Turgaya Khan Subadar of Suba Ajmer deputed his son to visit Kota state. The
supplied cloth items worth 14653.70 in 1769 VS/C 1712 was yet to Maharao of Kota imposed a special cess called mansabdaran ki virad
be paid Rs. 5139.05.8 Pandit Sakaraji Nana a biggest and richest Gujrati on the people of the area to meet expenses of this visit and offer gifts,
Vohra gave Rs. 50,000 on Shrawan Budi 1, 1835 VS/C 1778, Rs. presents and peshkas in cash to the royal guest. About Rs. 43926
150,0001 on second Shrawan Budi 1, 1836/C. 1779 and on Falgun were collected under this head from more than 40 mansabdars on the
Sudi 1,1835 Rs. 100,001. Thus the state borrowed Rs, 300,002 (Three basis of the value of their jagiri. In this task of the collection of this
Lakh and two Rs.) from Vohra Sakraji Nana. Out of this Rs. 100,001 cess. Vohra Vasesur Tramkesur and Amarchand Jairam played an
were taken to pay the Maratha Sardar Babuji Holkar. In order to repay important role. Most of the Mansabdars used services and credit facility
this loan Maharao Ummed Singh issued orders to Hawalgir, Dhaibhai, of either Vohra Vasesur Tramkesur or Vohra Amarchand Jairam to pay
Patel, Patwari etc. to collect the required amount and arrange to send the amount of this cess in Kota10. When Hasan Ali Khan arrived at
it to the Vohra Sakaraji Nana out of the revenue collection from Malhasil Lakheri pass (durra) with his troops and beast of burden. The
and Dhara Virad taxes. This order was complied with and outstanding representatives of Maharao met him at Lakheri Durra, pacified him
amount was cleared in 1836 VS. He was paid interest at the rate of 12 and promised him to pay a Peshkash of Rs. 20957.25. He was also
percent/per annum on the amount of loan (lehno) given to the state. 9 extended lavish hospitality. Finally the Maharao succeeded in convincing
Thus the above discussion makes it clear that fiscal health of the him to return back to Ajmer. Thus, with the help of Vohra Vasesur
Hadouti state was not good and Maharao heavily depended on Vohras Tramkesur and Amarchand Jairam all the Mughal mansabdars paid
to meet his finanical obligations. the cess mansabdaran ki Virar tax through letters of credit for the
The business leaders of Hadouti region also excelled in the art fund raised by the Maharao of Kota to pacify and send back Hasan Ali
of money transfer throughout the Indian sub continent by raising bill Khan11.
of exchange or Hundi which could be encashed anywhere in India. The Vohras also acted as bankers to Muqatis (revenue farmers)
The Hundi system saved time and energy of imperial mansabdars who in different parganas and villages. On their behalf they paid the
were assigned Jagiri villages in the territories of Hadouti region. The instalment of the amount of muqata and other dues to the state officials
Vohras assisted the gumasthas of imperial mansabdars in assessment as per schedule. Vohra Hathiram was granted muqata of mauza
and collection of taxes from their jagiri villages and transferred the Dhingaro in 1769 VS/C 1712 for three years. In 1771 VS/C 1714 he
collected amount to the place of the posting of a mansabdar in the was required to pay Rs. 1000 to the state towards the value of his
form of Hundi. The Vohras enabled mansabdars to focuss on their job Muqata. On Aghan Sudi 2 Shah Peetha on behalf of Hathiram Vohra
without bothering about collection of revenue and its transfer at their paid Rs. 200 and on Shrawan Sudi 10 Shah Peetha again paid Rs. 900
location. Revenue from paibaqui areas and izara villages was also to the state officials12. In mauza Kansari muqati Gopinath Hada utilised
easily transferred to the gumashtas (agents) of paibaqui at Agra. In the services of Vohra Murlidhar Jaiti Ram in 1771 VS/C 1714 for
case of the 28 villages of paibaqui the Maharao of Kota ordered that paying his annual installment of the amount of muqata to the state
revenue of these paibaqui villages must be collected and be directly amounting to Rs. 625. Vohra Mulidhar Jaitiram paid through his letters
deposited with gumashthas of paibaqui. Accordingly a consortium of Rs. 194 on Aghan Sudi 15, Rs. 147 on Falgun Budi 7, Rs. 214 on Jaith
the Gujarati Vohras raised two Hundis of Rs. 6249. One Hundi of Rs. Budi 5 to the state on behalf of Gopinath Hada. Moreover, he also paid
4166.10 was raised by Vohra Amarchand Jairam, Lakhmidhar Rs. 49.35 to Vohra Amarchand towards the repayment of the loan
Murlidhar and Ravidas Kotesur and each Vohra contributed Rs. 1388.65 which he gave to the Maharao of Kota13. Khato Vohran Ko 1831 VS/
on Asoj Sudi 7, 1767. On Shrawan Budi 10 another Hundi of Rs. 1520 C1774 informs us that even for purchase of two horses at the cost of
was also raised for payment to gumashtas of paibaqui. In 1765 VS Rs. 63 the state official Hazari Tej Singh borrowed money from Vohras.
Vohra Jaikishan also personally took a Hundi of Rs. 240 and handedover In the same year when Tukoji Holkar arrived in Kota, Tej Singh again
to the gumashta of paibaqui at Agara. When in 1755 VS Nawab Abdullah borrowed Rs. 900 on Asadh Budi 1, 1831 VS/C 1774 to pay for daily
78
expenses and cost of a horse given to Tukoji Holkar. Similarly Johri Gausain Vakhatgarji was a big businessman and banker from
Jalamchand gave Rs. 2466.75 to the state in 1830 VS/C 1773 and Rs. Chanderi. He was doing a flourishing trade in the Kota state. The
1251 in 1831VS/C 1774. He was returned back this amount by way Maharao purchased several cloth items from him. These included rope
of assigning him muqata of Barsana yielding Rs. 562.50. Balance of (doriya), Kulkari, Chyarkhana, Adras paga, Dupatta, Sellathan,
Rs. 1904.75 was paid to him through Pandit Girdharlal. Rest of the Mahmudi, Mulmul, Saris (Sadiya) etc. These cloth items were brought
amount was paid from the account of Jhala Zalim Singh. Johri Jhalam from Chanderi and sold to Maharao at the cost of Rs. 4769.25 on
Chand also collected Rs. 242 from several villages as dohli Virar (a credit. The state cleared this bill after seven months and paid Rs.
cess) on behalf of state and adjusted against his dues14. But still Rs. 34645.50 with an interest rate of 12 percent. The balance of Rs. 346.35
913.35 were left as due with the state. Business dealing of state with was passed on to the account of 1837 i.e. next year for payment 20.
Shah Bholanath is also highly significant. In several installments he Vohra Ko Khato 1836 VS/C 1879 relating to Uttamgarji and Sengarji
provided Rs. 71179.65 to the state in the Krishna Janamastmi inform us that in 1833-34 VS Gausain Uttamgarji and Sengarji did a
celebration account (Lekho) and charged an interest of Rs. 144915. business of Rs. 29102.35 with the Maharao of Kota on credit. He was
paid an interest amount of Rs. 965.40 by the Maharao on the principal
Vohras as Suppliers to the State
amount of credit i.e. 27839.20. In 1835 VS/C 1778 again Kota state
Vohras and Mahajans were the major source of obtaining supplies
officials bought pashmina for Rs. 12609.50, Paphta for Rs. 286,
and procuring dress material, carpet, mattresses and accessories for
Chintz and dressess made in Burhanpur for Rs. 2644.85, Dupatta for
the male and female members of the royal family and the State
Rs. 115.50, Chowar for Rs. 385.50 on credit. Total value of these
Departments as well. A document of 1836 VS inform us that state items comes at 16542.35. The Kota state paid him Rs. 18650 in 1834-
purchased a variety of cloth items measuring 949 thans. This included 35 and Rs. 161091.35 in 1836 VS/C 1779. He was also paid Rs. 6522.50
Dusala, Jamwar, Rumal, Razai (mattresses) Semlo Pamri, Jeen Pose subsequently through Shah Bholanathji by the Kota state. There were
and Faita. But there is no mention that in what manner the cost of also dues of the state to Vohra for supplying cloth items amounting to
this cloth was paid to the Vohra16. Again Gausain Vakhatgarji sold a Rs. 29335.80 pertaining to the period prior to 1833. The record show
large quantity of cloth items brought from Burhanpur by paying Rs. dues of Rs. 4004.80 in 1835 VS. The dues upto 1835 VS/C 1778
3281.25 on chait sudi 11, 1831/C. 1774. Similarly17 in 1764 VS/C were brought forward and in 1836 some more items were again
1707 Vohra Shivadutt Hardeoji supplied cloth items such as Chints, purchased from Vohra Uttamgarji and Sengarji which included Sarajam
Turban, Mahmudi and Faita. He was paid Rs. 17.25 towards the cost for Rs. 28796.60, Pashmina Dushala, Razai, Patu measuring 260
of these items. On Falgun sudi 4, Maharao bought Lungis, Chintz than for Rs. 12858.60, Paphta than 39 for Rs. 286, Chintz than 398
Sironj Ki for Rs. 45.75. On Falgun Sudi 6 Shah Nandu supplied Chintz for Rs. 2113.80, 3 dresses from Burhanpur for Rs. 408.35, Kasturi of
of Multan measuring 13 thans at the cost of Rs. 19.25. On Baisakh tola 8.20 at the rate of Rs. 15 per tola for the Rs. 122.50. Again on
Sudi 12 Chintz of Sironj measuring 160 than was also purchased for Baisakh Sudi 10 Kota state officials purchased dupatta 4 at the cost
the Brahmins of Qasba Kaithon in the same year from the above of Rs. 70, turban at the cost of Rs. 45.50, Chanwar 6 at the cost of
mentioned Vohra18. Gausain Uttamgarji Vasangarji was a big cloth Rs. 385.50, Chintz of Jaipur 57 than for Rs. 3663, dresses for four
merchant and supplier of a very large varieties of cloth items. In 1836 Charan asamis of Jaipur at the cost of Rs. 722.35. Thus the outstanding
VS/C 1779 the Maharao of Kota purchased 4 complete dresses for amount of the state of Kota due to the Vohra went up to 10816.35 in
Charans of Jaipur and 4 dupattas (Shawls). The dress items included this year. In order to reduce this amount of credit Rs. 4996 were paid
Chintz pieces, turban, mahmudi cloth and othe acessories with zari to the Vohra through the credit letters of Pandit Gangadhar and Pandit
and embroidery work as well as colouring. The cost of all these items Radhakishan, Rs. 1369.35 were paid by Mehta Lunkaran Manikram
paid by Kota state came at Rs. 722.35 which included profit of Rs. and Rs. 3000 were paid through Pandit Lalji via letter of credit. But
144.40. The items supplied by the Vohra Gausain Uttamgarji Vasangarji still Rs. 5820.60 were left unpaid to the Vohra and this amount was
were procured from Paithan, Sarangpur and other far off places.19 carried forward in the account books of 1837/ C.1780. 21 Shaha
79
Bholanath a cloth merchant of Qasba Kota possessed a very rich Role of Shahas and Vohras in the Muqata System
collection of cloths and a variety of dressess and (poshak) related The emergence of muqata system was one of the major
accessories. He supplied several items to Mahrao of Kota on credit as administrative development in the land revenue system of the Hada
per the details given below : states of Kota and Bundi during the 18th century. The term muqata
S. Particulars of Cost of the Items supplied signified a contract arrived at between the two parties, where one
No. Dress Item supplied Asli Vadi Vato Profit Total party agrees to perform certain tasks in lieu of a predetermined amount.
Principal (Deductions) (Nafo) In the context of fiscal / revenue administration the muqata implied
Amount Amount the farming out of revenue of a given area, village or pargana or a
1. Kim Khap (Rs. 15), 30.05 1.05 5.50 36.60 particular tax / source of revenue to a muqati by the state or the
Mothdo (Rs. 15) Faito jagirdar. The contract could involve the Maharao and the muqati. The
(Rs. 5.50), Chira Faita Hada rulers granted patta of muqata (contracts) for collection of land
(0.85) as gift for Lachmi- revenue and even non agriculture taxes. The muqati was required to
narayan Sarraf on the pay the amount of contract as per the schedule given in the patta and
occasion of his marriage had to bear all the risks entailed in the collection of the taxes. If it fell
2. Thurmo (cloth) Than 01 16.95 0.10 1.85 16.95 short of the stipulated amount the muqati was required to bear the
for gift to Patel Deva on loss. But if the collection (hasil) exceeded the stimpulated amount,
Shrawan Budi 2, 1836 collection over and above the amount of muqata became the income
3. Reshmi Tola 10.50 for 2.75 - 0.75 2.75 or profit of the muqati.
Jaithya In the 18 th century the Hada rulers granted the pattas of muqata
4. Tarachand Dhavalya 9.05 0.15 1.05 10.25 to persons belonging to business communities such as Shahs, Mahajans
offered Nazrana so and Vohras on large scale. At this time business communities were
Maharao gifted him a playing a vital role in fiscal management of the state, secondly the
complete dress (Sirpav) Hada rulers were increasingly depending on the Vohras, Shahs etc. to
with turban get credit / loan facility and other banking services. The Maharaos
5. Kanat measuring 4.55 16.30 - 2.10 18.37 realised that Vohras and Shahas have got expertise in fiscal management,
gaz rate 3.50 per gaz/yard accountancy and other skills to enhance revenue collection due to
6. Sirpav (Mahmudi cloth 5.20 0.20 0.55 5.95 their proximity to the people belonging to various sections of the
piece, Faito, Pag) for society and stake holders in the administration. Thus in order to
patel of Rupaheda as enhance the revenue resources of the state and introduce
gift by Maharao professionalism in the revenue department the Hada ruler assigned
7. Sirpav (poshak) for 29.10 3.05 4.05 36.20 villages and parganas and even the task of the collection of non
Sangram Singh of agricultural taxes to leading bankers and men of business communities
Amargarh (Shrawan
in muqata (revenue farming) on large scale. Sometimes the patta of
muqata to a Vohra was also granted to repay the amount of loan (lehno)
Budi 7, 1836 VS
and clear the amount of debt by the ruler. The practice of assigning
Thus Shah Bholanath Sambhunath supplied a varities of cloth
the task of revenue collection to muqatis (contractors) became
and garments to the Kota Maharao which were brought from far off
widespread in the 18th century and assumed alarming proportions in
places by him. The Vohras were allowed to charge a profit ranging
the subsequent period.
from 10 to 25 percent on actual cost of the items supplied to the
state. 22 The leading merchants and bankers were assigned villages in
80
Muqata or revenue farming on large scale throughout the eighteenth so as to improve the revenue administration.25 The Maharao of Kota
century. Shah Ram Vije was granted muqata to collect rahdari tax in and Bundi encouraged the Vohras to help the Karshas by advancing
1752 VS/C 1695 on the payment of the assessed amount of Rs. 121.00 them credit facility for construction of step well, purchasing of seeds,
from mauza Roslo, Dobhri and Dobhro. Shah Naniram was given equipments and accessories required to carryout the process of
rahdari muqata of Sidalpur and other three villages for Rs. 101. He cultivation. The Vohras also provided seeds and food grain to the
paid the amount of Rs. 76.45 and a balance of Rs. 24.55 was left as Karshas on vadi (interest) so that after harvesting of crops the Karshas
baqui (outstanding). Mauza Kisorpur and Gorharkhedi was given to can return back the food grain of course with 25 to 50 percent in
Shah Nandji on the annual payment of Rs. 66 with a profit of Rs. excess to the Vohras as a kind of interest. The state time and again
16.50 and a robe of honour (pahravani) gifted to the Muqati by the issued orders to the Vohras that needy Karshas are provided agricultural
Maharao of Kota. Mauza Takli was taken by Shah Lachmidas in muqata credit so that cultivable land do not remain parat (uncultivated) which
for Rs. 33 with a profit of Rs. 8.50 alongwith pahravani worth Rs. result in the loss of revenue to the state. Vohras were directed to
0.50 from the Maharao. His baqi (dues) to the state was Rs. 8.00. ensure availability of seeds and implements on credit to the Karshas
The task of the collection of jagati tax of Qasba Sangod was given to by all means. In 1861 VS/C 1803 Maharao Ummed Singh directed the
Shah Bhimo in muqata for Rs. 2601. Mauza Mamor in pargana Dighod Vohras of mauza Vorino, Tappa Chaichet that they are required to
had kankad ki dharti (stony land) of 143 bigha that was given to supply bullocks, fertiliser and seeds to the Karshas on credit and
Vohra Madhoram on the annual muqata payment of Rs. 179.25, which recover cost of these items from the Karshas at the time of the
comes at the rate of Rs. 1.25 per bigha.23 collection of land revenue by the state. The Maharao also stated in his
orders that in case a Vohra fails to recover the amount of loan given to
Role of Vohras in Promotion of Agriculture a Karsha, the same will be paid by the state on behalf of that Karsha.
The Vohras, Mahajans and Sahukars did not remain confined Sometimes when Vohras failed to meet the requirement of the Karshas,
only to trading, commercial, moneylending, business and other related the state took serious note of it and issued strict instructions to the
activities. They also played a crucial role in extension, promotion and moneylending community members that by all means credit facility
growth of agriculture. Since the Vohras and Mahajans were the man must be extended to Karshas. In mauza Richava of Tappa Kunjod
of means and hence they did not hesitate in investing part of their which was assigned in Jagiri to some military officials the Vohras
profit in agriculture. They actively participated in the process of the liberally extended credit facility to the Karshas. But on its declaration
cultivation by employing full time and part time halis (labourers) who as Khalsa village, the Vohras withdraw the credit facility extended by
were paid daily wages in cash. The Vohras, Shahas and Mahajans them to the Karshas of mauza Richava. Patel of the mauza strongly
possessed large sized substantial land holding, ploughs and oxen to protested against this act of the Vohras who suspended the credit
cultivate their gharu land. They were encouraged by the state to facility to the karshas. Patel Daula on behalf of the Maharao directed
participate in agriculture. The Maharao alloted a large sized plot of the Vohras to restore this facility and provide seeds, implements,
land through a pattas to the Shah, Mahajans, Vohras cultivators fertilser etc. to the Karshas : otherwise they will be held responsible
belonging to these business communities. Such cultivators were for the land remaining uncultivated (parat) in a crop season resulting
assessed at concessional revenue rate by the state. Jamabandi records in loss of revenue. Before the on set of a crop season every year fresh
of Qasba Baran show that Shahas and Vohras were assessed at the orders were issued by the Maharao calling upon the Vohras to provide
lowest revenue rates and state gave them preferential treatment with credit facility to the Karshas and ensure that entire cultivable land is
regard to assessment of their crop. They were also granted Chakari brought under plough. In 1870 VS/C 1813. Pandit Sukhram issued a
Ki Dharti (plots of cultivable land) in the village at nominal rate of land letter whereby Vohras were first informed that the loan given by them
revenue which was Rs. 0.25 to 0.50 per bigha.24 The Hada rulers also to Karshas in 1869 VS/C1812 for seeds is fully recovered by them in
utilized the services of Vohras Shahas, Mahajans and Sahukars in time. Therefore they must continue the supply of seeds to the Karshas
periodic survey of land, revenue collection, and measurement of land on credit in the current year too, so that cultivable land do not remain
81
parat (uncultivated). Sometime a veiled threat was given to Vohras by most fertile area of Rajasthan comprising Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar and
the Maharao in this matter that if they demonstrate lack of interest or Baran districts. Heavy rainfall fertile soil, availability of several means
disobedience of the orders of Maharao. They will be held responsible of irrigation, perennial sources of water and passing of trade routes
for decrease in the area cultivated by the Karshas and fall of revenue significantly enhanced the economic importance of Hada states.
too. The record show that though the state adopted coercive method Traders, Bankers, money lenders, transporters, carvanners got
in compelling the Vohras to extend credit facilities to the Karshas but attracted to Hadouti region. They participated in trading, commercial
at the same time the state also took utmost care to ensure that Vohras and banking related activities to such an extent that each and every
are paid back the amount of loan given to the cultivators. Shah Fatu village and household got impacted by their movement in the region.
was given a Chitthi of Rs. 11000 by the state for supplying wheat to Each and every village got linked to the business and trade network
Karshas in pargana Baran. Similarly Maharao Ummed Singh of Kota constructed by the mercantile class or the business magnets operating
instructed Shah Puniram to provide credit facilities to Karshas of mauza in this region. The merchants and bankers provided credit facility to
Chhapalda for procuring bullocks, seeds, fertilizer etc. on behalf of the Hada rulers, helped in easy transfer of money by raising Hundis
the state. He promised that if Karshas failed to return the amount of (Bills of exchange, organized trade at local level in retail as well as in
loan. The state stood as gurantor or surety to reimburse the loan wholesale. The Vohras, Mahajans and Shahas took up the responsibility
amount from the state exchequer. Sometime the state collected the of land tax collection in jagiri as well as in muqata and Khalsa villages.
amount of loan given by the Vohraras to a Karsha alongwith land tax They also took muqata assignment for collection of other miscellenous
and handedover to the Vohra concerned so as to save him from burden taxes referred as burrar, rahgiri, jagati etc. and also land revenue tax
of recovering this amount of loan. as well. They were also a major source of agricultural credit for the
Thus the Vohras Mahajans, Sahukars, Vyaparies and Seths played Karshas. Moreover the mercantile community members and business
a vital role in promotion and progress of agriculture, extension of the magnets also participated in the process of cultivation of land allotted
area under cultivation and extension of credit facilities to the Karshas. to them. Thus Vohras, Mahajans and Vyparies in Hadouti region
They also participated in the process of cultivation by cultivating their impacted each and every sphere of social and economic life. They
plots of land referred to as gharuhala or gharujot.26 Their participation played a vital role in economic prosperity and progress of the region,
increase in revenue collection, growth of agricultural production and
in banking, money lending and business activities in the rural areas
contributed towards constructing a network for marketing and
significantly contributed in monitisation of the society and economy
distribution of essential commodities in the region. The network of
and promoted trade and commerce. The net result of the growing
these merchants covered almost each and every village resulting in
participation of Vohras, Mahajans and Sahukars in the economy of
monetization of the society and economy as well. Thus we may
the Hadouti region was that state as well as merchant communities
conclude that the state of Kota and Bundi in medieval period can be
improved their economic condition and marched on the road of
termed as merchant state precisely because the business communities
economic prosperity. Strong agrarian economy of the Hadouti region,
dominated each and every sphere of the agrarian economy. The
its strategic location, criss-crossing by major trade routes through
Maharao of Kota and Bundi heavily depended on the merchants and
the Hada states, wealth and prosperity of the people and egalitarian
bankers for meeting day to day financial needs and management of
social system attracted the Karshas, traders merchants, Sahukars,
the revenue resources of the state.
Shahas, Multani merchants and workers from all the other
neighbouring states and regions of Indian subcontinent. All these factors References
contributed collectively towards the growth of tade, commerce and 1. DSA-KR, Dursi Manzil Bundi Khata Ka Jama, Basta No. 276, 1771 VS
economic prosperity of the people of Hadouti region. 2. Ibid. Basta No. 201, 1836 VS
3. Ibid. Pandit Lalji Ka Patra Ki Jama, Shrawan Budi 1 Tai Asadh Sudi 15, 1831 VS
Thus Harawati or Hadouti region in which Rao Dewa or Devi 4. RSA-KR, Bhandar No. 1, Basta No. 9, Jamai Jama Kharch Pargana Kota, Dovarkhi
Singh laid foundation of Hada state in C. 1342 is located in one of the Mizalik 1749 VS
82
5. RSA-KR Bhandar No. 1, Basta No. 6, Hajur Ka Roznama Ko Patra Ko Khato
1745 VS
6. Ibid. Vohra Hathi Singh Gopinath, Narottam Ragunath Ko Patra 1745 VS
7. RSA-KR Bhandar No. 1, Basta No. 8, From Maharao Kishor Singh to Chaudhary
Ranchod Das, Rai Ji Dwarika Das etc. Shrawan Budi 8, Asoj Sudi 11-13, 1747 VS A Study of Coin Hoard from Kanpura
8. DSA-KR, Dusri Manzil Basta No. 276, Khato Vohra Ka Dena Ko 1771 VS
9. DSA-KR Dusri Manzil, Basta No. 201, Lekho Pandit Sakaraji Nana Ko 1836 VS (Chomu) in the Collection of Govt. Central
10. RSA-KR Bhandar No. 1, Basta No. 16, Jamai Jama Kharch Pargana Kota 1755
VS
Museum, Alebert Hall, Jaipur
11. Ibid. Basta No. 17, 1756 VS Dr. Yashvir Singh & Anil Kumar
12. DSA-KR Dusri Manzil, Basta No. 276, Jamai Jama Kharch Pargana Kota Mauza
Dhingaro Muqati Vohra Hathiram 1771 VS The department of Archaeology and Museums in Rajasthan is
13. Ibid. Mauza Kansari Pargana Kota Ki Muqati Gopinath Hado 1771 VS
very rich so far as the collection of archaeological material is
14. Ibid. Khata Vohran Ka, Basta No. 92, 1831 VS
15. Ibid. Lekho Shah Bholanath Ko, 1831 VS concerned. It is playing a significant role in discovering, protecting,
16. Ibid. Basta No. 201, Gausain Vakhatgarji Ko Sirkar Me Kapdo Kharido Asadh preserving, exhibiting and interpreting the rich cultural legacy of
Sudi 10, 1831 VS Rajasthan in particular and India in general. The department has 331
17. Ibid. Chait Sudi 11, 1831 VS protected monuments, 17 museums, one art gallery, four purpose
18. RSA-KR, Bhandar No. 1, Basta No. 24, Jamai Jama Kharch Pargana Kota 1764 museums and 44 archaeological sites under its control.1 Albert Hall
VS
museum is one of the richest museums of the department. It has a
19. DSA-KR Dusri Manzil , Basta No. 201, Khato Vohran Ko (Uttamgarji Va Sengarji,
1836 VS large number of antiquities including coins. It is well known that coins
20. Ibid. Khato Vohra Vakhatgarji Ko 1836 VS plays important role in the study, construction and reconstruction of
21. Ibid. Vohra Vakhatgarji Sengarji Ko Khato, 1836. history. Albert museum has a very rich collection of coins. It has 526
22. Ibid. Khato Shah Bholanath Shambhunath Ko Sharawan Budi 1 to Asadh Sudi hoards2 having thousands of coins ranging from punch mark coins to
15, 1856. modern currency. In the present an attempt has been made to throw
23. RSA-KR Bhandar No. 1, Basta No. 13, Dovarkhi Jamai Jama Kharch 1752/1695
light on the significance of coin hoard found at village Kanpura near
VS
24. DSA-KR, Dusri Manzil, Basta No. 41, Jhado pargana Barsana Ko, 1856 V.S. Chomu which is above 36 kms North-East of Jaipur. The hoard is
Jama Hasuli Mauza Deoli 1771 VS received long back on Nov. 15, 1975 through Chomu police station
25. RSA-KR Bhandar No. 1, Basta No. 13 Jamabandi Qasba Sangod 1752 VS/C under Treasure Trove act of 1961. Although, it was found a long
1695. back but its importance is not recognized by yet. So this paper is an
26. DSA-KR, Teesri Manzil Basta No. 125, Jamabandi Qasba Panchpahar Ki 1876 umbel attempt to high light the importance of this hoard. The present
VS/C 1819.
hoard of Kanpura named as hoard no. 180 by the museum has a total
no. of 282 coins. Out of these 47 belongs to Gurjara Pratiharas and
rest are Shahi coins. Both type of coins are of billion (alloy of silver
and copper) bearing legends in Nagari. The coins of present hoard
can be compared to the types illustrated by John S. Deyell3, P.L. Gupta4,
Lallan Ji Gopal5 and other scholars.
Nagabhatt bestowed the Pratihara power at Kannauj. The Gurjar
Pratihars ruled over an empire which encompassed at one time or
another parts of the present day Gujarat, Rajasthan, Malwa, Punjab,
Haryana and Ganga basin from the time of Bhoja (c. 836-885A.D) to
Vinayakapala (c.914-33A.D)6. Land revenue was the major source of
83
income at that time and major expenditure was on royal household The hoard of Kanpura also have a good number of Shahi coins.
and the army. Such system indicates towards use of money. The These are 235 out of a total of 282 coins. Most of the coins are in
payment of large permanent army must have in the form of cash. The very poor condition and they are debared but they can be easily identified
trade at that time was highly localized and dispersed to village level with recumbent seated bull to the left with nagari legend on one side
and barter system was replaced by money transactions.7 Al Baruni and horse on other side. These coins are also known as Horseman-
mentions the trade routes linking and with frontiers. 8 Arab travelers Bull type. The weight of these coins ranges from 2.13 gms to 3.99
of 9th and 10th century also mention the trade of animals between Gurjara gms and their diameter lies between 1.3 to 1.6 cms. According to
kingdom and frontier countries. Arab geographers frequently mention McDowell the Shahi bull and horseman type coins contained 2.03
the type of coins used in realms. 9 Hence, it can be fairly said that gms of pure silver.16 The bull and horseman coin can be classified in
extensive commercial interests promotes the use of coinage. This to two major classes, one bearing legend Sri spalapti deva and other
statement is also confirmed by epigraphic records. An inscription from Sri samanta deva and two minor classes Sri khudaraiyaka deva and
Bharatpur records the distribution of coins called drammas by king Shri bhima deva. The spalapti deva coins are predominated in the
Bhoja.10 Dramma also occurs in Bayana inscription of V.S 1012 (A.D Kabul region while samantadeva type as more numerous in Punjab
955).11 The Harsha stone inscription of Chamana Vigraharaja dated and Northern-Western frontier province. McDowell and Rehman17
V.S 1030 (A.D 973) also refers to drammas. 12 Dramma also occurs in attribute c. 850 A.D. to 955 A.D and c. 850 A.D to 1002 A.D to
the Banakpur inscription of saka year 977 of Someshvara.13 John S. samanta deva coins respectively. It seems that Sri samanta deva coins
Deyell illustrated three types of Pratihara dramma. These are were struck by surviving Shahi princes and by one or more Rajput
Vigrahapala drammas, Adivaraha drammas and Vinaykapala
dynasties. The great variety of these coins indicates that they were
drammas.14 Some other scholars also followed the division given by
struck of a number of authorities over a fairly lengthy period of time.
S.Deyell. Later on these coins were named as Gadhaiya coins.
Lastly, it can be fairly said that although the present hoard does
The present hoard of Kanpura has coins of Bhoja-I i.e.
not throw any specific light on the numismatics but this does not
Adivaraha drammas. These were issued by Pratihara king Bhoja-I (c.
demolishes its importance. Analysis of this hoard throws much light
836-885A.D). Generally these coins on the obverse has a depiction of
on the economic history and money supply in early medieval Rajasthan
the boar incarnation of Vishnu (The Adivaraha), facing right, his left
which is the fundamental causative factor in the economic growth.
hand is bent upon, in-front is the seen and the moon. On the reverse,
in addition to the pictorial elements, is the Nagari legend Sri The occurrence of both Gurajara Pritihara and Shahi coins in the hoard
madadivaraha in two lines, below is the fire alter and two attendants. indicates that most of the trade exchanges were held in Shahi coins
The relationship of these coins with Bhoja-I can be identified by his because the Shahi coins were supposed the trust-worthy currency
Gwalior inscription in which legend adivaraha is used, Though, on due to its stable metal content and it was effective money for a long
the coins of present hoard legends and motifs are not clear but they period of time. It was boon to the traders. This fact was attested by
can be easily identified. The wt. of 47 coins of the hoard ranges from the recovery of Shahi coins from such far away places such as North
2.52 gms to 3.89gms and their diameter is in between 1.3cms to and Caspian seas, Volga River, near Moscow and near Estonia and
1.7cms. An analysis by Prakash Singh detected a silver content in Poland. 18 Further, the study of hoard indicates that there were trade
these type of coins is 36.38 percent which gives an absolute silver contacts between Rajasthan and eastern Afghanistan. Further more,
content for Adivaraha dramma of 1.38gms. The subsequent rulers the importance of the region over a long span of time can be verified
continued issuing coins on the same pattern, but the percentage of by the study. The incarnation of Vishnu and bull on Prathihara and
silver shows sign of decline with the passage of time. In A.D. 1318 Shahi coins throw light on the religious history of the region. Hence,
the Delhi mint assessed the Adivaraha dramma coins having silver the hoard is of great socio-economic importance. Study of more hoards
amount 1.16 gms per coin.15 This type of coins are found in Northern in collection of Albert Museum can furnish more light on the socio-
India in large quantities. economic history of Rajasthan.
84
References
1. www.rajasthan.gov.in
2. www.ancientcoins.rajasthan.gov.in
3. John S. Deyell, Living without silver The Monetary History of Early Medieval
Northern India, pp. 24-40 Reviewing Pindari British Nexus:
4.
5.
P.L. Gupta, Coins, pp. 86-89
Lallan Ji Gopal, Early Medieval coin types of Northern India, pp. 2-16
Appeasement Initiated
6. Puri, B.N., The History of Gurjara Prathiharas, p. 120 Dr. Veenu Pant & Dr. Pramila Poonia
7. Sharma, R.S., Problem of Transition from Ancient to Medieval India, IHC, New
Delhi, 1974 When Amir Khan was given Tonk to rule by the British as a
8. Al-Beruni, Kitab-ul-Hind, (ed.) by E.C. Shachuo, 1887
measure to curb Pindaris they were actually recognising the claims of
9. John, S. Deyell, op.cit., p. 23
10. Epigraphia Indica, XXIV, p. 332 a plunderer to blackmail politically and gain from chaos created by
11. Ibid; XXII, pp. 121-24 him. Threatened by Pindari plunders and Maratha invasions ruling
12. Ibid; pp. 124-25 houses of Rajputana were more than eager to sign a Subsidiary treaty
13. Ibid; XIII, pp. 171-175 with the British. British were more than happy but they stood on the
14. John.S. Deyell, op.cit; p. 26 periphery, claiming neutrality due to previous treaties which they
15. Thakur Pheru, Dravya Prikasha, p. 28
themselves did not hesitate to liquidate when desired. The divisive
16. McDowell, D.W., The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhar, Numisatic Chronicle, Series
VII, Vol. 8. pp. 190-224 role and treatment meted out to different players of the same game in
17. A Rahman, The last two Dynastics of the Sahis, pp 170-217 the same period needs a review. This papers attempts to understand
18. A.A. Bykov, Finds of Indian Medieval coins in East Europe, JNSI, XXVIII, pp. Pindaris and British Nexus to understand the period. To review this
146-56 we have to start with the basic question Who were Pindaris?1
Manuccis Storia do Mogor when writing about the Mughal
armies mentions them being accompanied by plundering hordes of
Pindaris.
Along with the armies there marched privileged and recognised
thieves called Bidaria, these are the first to invade the enemy territory,
where they plunder everything they find. The handsomest items are
reserved for the general; the rest they sell on their own account. Prince
Shah Alam, when he was within the territories of Shivaji, near Goa,
had in his army seven thousand such [Bidaria].
It may not be a mere coincidence that these Bidaris bear a strong
resemblance to the Pindaris as both the Pindaris and the Bidaris were
auxiliaries, of the Marathas and the Mughals respectively and their
services were utilised by their respective masters in ravaging and
plundering enemy territories. The Pindaris had to pay one fourth of
their booty to their masters,2 while the Bidaris gave to the Mughal
generals the choicest items they plundered in their campaigns. It may
not therefore be altogether unreasonable to suppose that the Pindaris
of the Peshwa army had their prototypes in the Bidaris who followed
the Mughal forces.3
85
The progressive breakdown of the Mughal administrative baggage of the Nizams armies. The Nizam was forced to flee by the
structure in the provinces during the last few years of Aurangzebs Marathas and as he fled from the battle leaving his artillery and other
reign the diminishing income forced the Mughal Governors to keep military stores the Pindaris immediately plundered the remnants so
fewer men in their pay. 4 Except some, who had ancestral estates, that Nizam could never claim them back.14
viz., Rao Dalpat, Ramsingh Hada and Jai Singh Kachhawah, states As an essential part of Maratha ravages initially the Pindans
Sarkar, I have not come across a single noble, who kept even a were the jackals to the Maratha tigers, feeding at their kill, but with
thousand troopers in his contingent. 5 The Maratha way of fighting the unfortunate demise of Peshwa Madhav Rao on 27 October 1795
and the prospect of gaining rich plunder in Mughal territories were when the tigers turned upon one another, the jackals showed their
more attractive than the fixed wages for regular soldiers in the Mughal true nature and fell upon the ailing tiger to crack even the bones of
service. They served their new masters in more than one capacity. their Maratha masters. Content to plunder enemy territory in the wake
Their employment at first was to accompany the army, to go out with of the Maratha regular armies, the Pindaris when the Maratha cohesion
raiding parties, and to assist in supplying for the store with grain, broke down, and the ministers who had succeeded to the power of
besides performing other services of a plundering body- suited to the the ruler found that they were unable to control the great military
maxims of a predatory warfare.6 feudatories, were able to join, as auxiliaries, in the internecine wars of
In their system, ever since the days of Shivaji and Santaji the Maratha chiefs. Conflict between Maratha and Maratha proved to
Ghorpada, the Marathas had always maintained a class of unpaid be as lucrative as Maratha-Mughal warfare to the Pindari freebooters.
auxiliaries attached to the different chiefs fighting quota. Main This internal war brings into the picture the main concern of this
function of this unpaid force was to step in the moment the battle paper Amir Khan Pindari, the first Nawab of Tonk. As Tokoji Holkar
ended and finish the enemy by seizing his property and camp equipage died leaving behind four sons, Scindia fearing Malhar Rao immediately
thereby destroying his power of recovery.7 In the process of conquest espoused the cause of Kashi Rao, the eldest but weaker son. as
by the Marathas, particularly during the time of Peshwa Bajirao I, the expected Nana Phadnis espoused the cause of Malhar Rao Holkar. In
Pindaris found wide employment and they accompanied him in his a battle between Scindia forces and Malhar Rao, Malhar died and
expeditions into Hindustan.8 Pindaris under Ghazi-ud-din Khan rendered Yashwant Rao, another son was injured. Yashwant Rao fled from the
services to Bajirao I in his campaign in 1735 and in recognition of field to Shujalpur in Bhopal where he met Amir Khan Pindari. 15 Amir
their services, the Peshwa granted a portion of land to their leader. 9 Khan, born in Sambal in Rohilkhand in 1769, at the age of 12 years he
Ghazi-ud-din Khan left two sons, the eldest of whom, Gardi Khan, left his home in search of fortune. As he was refused on the ground
got attached to Malharrao Holkar, while the younger Shah Baz Khan of his tender age to serve under Scindias General, De Boigne he then
with a part of his fathers division entered the service of Sindia. 10 arrived at Jodhpur and entered the Rajas service. Dismissed after
Thereafter the whole body of the Pindaris came to be divided into two few months he visited Surat and Baroda to secure a new job and
distinct groups, viz. Holkarshahi and Sindhiashahi. finally arrived at Bhopal in 1795 and served as a mercenary fighting
The Pindaris did not gain significance till 1761 when the Marathas the rival factions for power till 1798.16
were in the Panipat campaign. The Pindaris fought in the Maratha Opportunist that he was as we will see with the unfolding of
army under Sadasheo Bhau and suffered greatly in the common ruin history, Amir Khan had already heard from his vakil, Ghulam Khan,
of the army.11 The first Anglo-Maratha war saw the Pindaris engaged that Yashvantrao was the son of the Maratha chief of high status and
to help the Maratha fighting forces at Talegaon. Parasuram Bhau, the through him there will be a road opened for him to enter the arena of
Peshwas minister, detached a body of 4000 Pindaris to assist the great affair, which may even lead to the very highest, from behind
Maratha soldiers in the field.12 They were also no less active in the the curtain, he readily agreed to enter into Yashvant Raos
battle of Kharda in 1795 13 when the Nizams defeat was nearly service. 17 Their united force then proceeded towards Malwa. They
complete, a large body of the Pindaris were let loose to attack the attacked Ujjain and levied a contribution from that place. Infuriated,
86
Scindia immediately sent his general, Major George Hessing with a that this charge on the finance of the Honble Company should cease
large force and a body of Pindaris and Yashvantrao assessing that his with the exigency of the occasion, and at the same time it should be
army was not sufficient to meet Hessing in the field retreated. After signified to the Nizam that he should agree to the gradual liquidation
few minor battles as he and Amir Khan were plundering the nearby of the expense thus incurred by the British Government.21
area Scindia dispatched his army and Pindaris under Karim Khan and The British Government had realised the importance of the policy
Chintu Khan against them. The battle took place on 14 October 1801, of Appeasement and division, thus detaching Amir Khan from his
in which the combined force of Yashvant Rao and Amir Khan was association with Holkar. The ready response from the Nizams court
routed After this defeat they fled towards Kushalgarh The Pindan and the British Government to Amirs proposal enhanced his importance
leaders, Kanm Khan and Chitu Khan, were asked to plunder the camps in the Maratha camp and he proved to be elusive to the British as he
of the defeated enemies The Pindans attached to Holkar were also not was only trying to prove his worth toas an ally Holkar. General
inactive Their leaders, Imam Baksh and Kadir Baksh were engaged to Wellesley in September, expressed his doubts whether Ameer Khan
harass Scindias soldiers who were in pursuit of Holkar.18 was ever serious in his intention to enter the Nizams service, and
With the breakdown of central Maratha the Maratha chieftains even supposing that he was so formerly, whether he would quit the
were engaged in squabbles and there was no one to control such service of Jeswunt Rao Holkar, having received from that chief the
destructive forces as the Pindaris who gained in chaos and confusion, reward of his services, and a Jagheer for the maintenance of his troops
and looted irrespective of whether in enemy territories or in the within Halkars territories.22
territories of their own masters The Resident with the Peshwa reported Amir Khan slowly advanced the stairs of military and political
that the country surrounding Poona was harassed by freebooters in importance and his forces were soon increased with the merger of
almost every direction, conducted by leaders in the service of or subject Pindari forces under Karm Khan under his command. He now started
to the state.19 Used by Marathas till now the Pindaris now became a negotiating with other Maratha chiefs for a prospect of reviving
political force of their own and as Amir Khan started negotiating with Maratha confederacy against the British and approached Raja of
Nizam British encouraged this proposal and Wellesley urged the resident Nagpur in 1805. He told the Raja, I took on myself as one of your
at Nizams court to force Nizam to accept the proposal so that Holkar attendants and on account of my faithful attachment, I consider myself
weakens as a formidable force against the British.20 This promotion as one of your adherents.23 His invitation was also accompanied by
of Muslim forces and unity against the Marathas started the dreaded threats to the Raja. In order to put further pressure upon the Raja he
Appeasement in Indian politics which laid the basis of divide and even, in fact, detached a body of the Pindaris into the Rajas territory.24
rule along the religious lines for the comfort and convenience of the Unfortunately the Raja was not only against Amir Khans idea of a
British interests in India. Colonel Stevenson, the commanding officer confederacy against the British Government, but instead he was
of the subsidiary force at Jalna, had a long discussion with the Nizams thinking of asking for assistance of the Honble Company against
minister on this subject The Nizam was not unwilling to employ Amir Meer Khan, particularly if the operations of the freebooter should
Khan and his followers in his services, but his minister pointed out press upon him, and if his troops should approach to Nagpoor".25
the Nizams financial inability to sustain the entire burden alone He Scindia still had some force left in him and although he had
hoped that the British Government or the Peshwa would defray one signed the treaty of Surji Anjangaon with the British yet he cherished
half of the expense which might be incurred in engaging Amir Khins the hopes of a united front against the British and Sindias minister
services. The Governor General was so frightened or intimidated by and father in law addressed Holkar and Amir Khan proposing and
the Maratha forces, even at their weakest that the very prospect of promising the active co-operation of Smdias military force in the
breaking Holkar and making him weak by weaning away Amir Khan prosecution of hostilities against the British power.26 On 27 December
from his services Governor-General gave his concent to bear half of 1804, the camp of the British Resident was surprised and overpowered
the expense of entertaining Amir Khan. But he also stated in writing by a body of the Pindaris, who wounded and murdered every person
87
near the tent, and succeeded in carrying off money and other articles between Jaipur and Jodhpur.
of booty of about twelve thousand rupees.27 With the change in Governor General and policies of Home
Again, on 25 January 1805 the Residents camp was plundered government new treaties were concluded with Scindia and later with
by a large body of the Pindaris. Doctor Wise and Lieutenant-General Holkar thus subduing them considerably. Amir Khan, who was tactfully
Green were wounded in this action which took place within about a viewing the changes wrote to Lake
mile from Scindias camp. The Resident strongly remonstrated against As universal peace and concord amongst the sons of men is
this action and he asked for action against Sirji Rao Ghatge, minister the most grateful homage which they can pay to the. Divinity, it is a
and father in law of Scindia.28 duty incumbent upon all mankind to cultivate as far as may be in their
Sindia on both the occasions thus expressed his regret and power the friendship and good will of each other, in conformity to
assured the Resident that he would punish the culprits, so as to give these sentiments it was always the first wish of my heart to be upon
the impression that the Pindaris were not under his control and acted terms of friendship and harmony with all around me, but more
on those occasions without his order. Who was then Shirji Rao Ghatge especially with the Bntish Government, its allies and dependants". He
? Was he not responsible for his ministers action? It is difficult to continued that hitherto he had been unable to maintain good relations
believe that the Pindaris would venture to attack the Residency within with the British Government, as he has hitherto unfortunately been
about a mile from Scindias camp without his instigation. It was clear prevented from acting according to my wishes, and desires, in these
to the British that Scindias attitude was distinctly hostile. matters, by the strict observance which I was bound to pay to those
The Resident was able to secure by secret intelligence copies engagements into which I had entered with others".30
of two letters despatched by Sindia to Holkar and Amir Khan. Scindia Humble though it may seem, his motives were real shrewd as
had implored Holkar to join forces against the British and also asked was the opening of his correspondence with Lake. In his letter to
Amir Khan to join the battle as an ally. Amir Khan though loyal to Lieutenant-Colonel Malcolm, he requested him to prevail upon his
Holkar did proceed towards Bharatpur and fighting British forces Lordship to assign me in Jagheer the Pergunnah of Sambhul which is
reached Rohilkhand where he instigated several revolts of minor nature the place of my nativity, I candidly acknowledge that I have no
against the British forces and contacted Nasrulla Khan, the Nawab of hereditary claims to support my pretensions in this instance, but when
Rampur, and expressed his intention of establishing Afghan rule in you consider that thousands have been exalted to power and authority
Rohilkhand by uniting forces against the British. In a strategic move as a reward for services performed to the British Government perhaps
he moved to Pilibhit so that he could be joined by other Afghans of the it will not be unreasonable if I offer in pledge the future services of
area. 29 Resident raised a force of Rajputs and English officers to my life, should my request be complied with in this particular and I
counter the move which was disapproved by the Governor General am ready to enter the duties of a faithful and attached servant to the
on the grounds that this will further incite the Muslims against the Honble Company whenever you shall command.31
British. Amir was not able to gain support as he had tried to assume His sincerity was doubtful as he had done the same with Nizam
sovereignty and that made other Afghans hostile to his cause. in 1803 and then remained with the Holkar as faithful ally. Meanwhile
Amir Khan was now no longer part of auxiliary forces of in 1806 British dissolved their traties with Rajput ruler of Jaipur and
Marathas but a force unto himself and Pindaris rose to prominence this further emboldened Amir Khan as well as Marathas to plunder not
under him between 1805 to 1809. In their overall organisation, only Jaipur but other Rajaputana states at their will. The situation was
however, the Pindaris still betrayed their origins as auxiliaries either ripe for the entry of Amir as Jodhpur, Jaipur both were claiming hand
of Scindia or of Holkar. as the group under Karim Khan and Chitu of Princess Krishna Kumari of Mewar and the fight was very much in
Khan, the Scindiashahi Pindaris turned their plundering attention on the wings because Jagat Singh was also giving refuge to posthumous
Nagpur and Hyderabad, and the other group, the Holkarshahis under son of Late Raja Bhim Singh, elder brother of Man Singh of Jodhpur,
Amir Khan exploited the situation in Rajputana created by the rivalry who was the real claimant to the throne and also Jagats sisters son.
88
Tensions rose high and in this situation entered crafty Amir Khan. under Chintu Khan and entered Berar marching towards Nagpur.
British were playing cautious game by remaining neutral and urged Plundering places of worship and villages they reached Peshwas
their allies to be neutral too. Both the Rajas opened negotiations with territory, On 10 March 1816, they entered the British district of Guntur
Scindia and Holkar, Jagat Singh also approached Amir Khan. He and plundered almost all the villages, committing acts of horrid violence
purchased the neutrality of Holkar and Scindia but Amir Khan remained against both men and women All sorts of atrocities were committed,
elusive. He secured money from both the parties for active assistance children were thrown into wells, womens breasts were cut off, in
and played a double game. order to extort the villagers hidden wealth. 34 By 1816 they had gained
As Jaipur Raja was about to secure a win over Man Singh all not only strength but also money in vast quantity, Scindia was asked
his allies defected. Scindia marched to collected promised money, to act but remained reluctant thus helping them indirectly.35
Holkar threatened to cross Chambal and Amir switched sides. He In October 1816 Chintu Khan entered Peshwas territories, but
started plundering Jaipur and its vicinity thus forcing Jagat Singh to was met with considerable force. While he was busy here Wasil
retreat back. He was also able to defeat the Raja of Jaipur. Thus Muhammed moved towards east and thus ravages continued. By 1817
increasing his power and interfering in the internal affairs of Rajput British were tired of Pindaris and started the isolation and suppression
states he started gaining in stature. After moving from Rajputana he of pindaris which lasted till 1818. Scindia was forced to break free,
again got engaged at Holkars court through Tulsibai, the regent queen. Peshwa was forced to sign a new treaty but he remained determined
Meanwhile pindaris under Karim Khan and Chintu raided Nizams to unite Marathas against the British. Scindia, Nagpur, all wanted to
territory thus raising British concerns against Scindia.32 The animosity be free of subsidiary allaiance but HOW was the question. Britsh were
between Maratha rulers further made the matters worse and this was on high alert and by September 1817, however, Hastings military
favourable for Pindaris and thus we find a long period which witnessed preparations had been completed, and a force some 1,15,000 strong
the strife in Central India resulting in volatile political situation. It was stood ready on the borders of Central India and Rajputana 1o hunt
only during the monsoons of 1807 that Karim Khan and Chintu Khan down the Pindaris.36 A new treaty was signed with Scindia to ensure
were captured and put under Scindias arrest. But the relief of Nizam, that he remains friendly and neutral and not assist Pindaris. Sindias
Nagpur and British was short lived as no sooner had the monsoon detachment from the interest of the Pindaris was more necessary
rain seized Karim khans adopted son Namdar Khan started plundering than his active support. We can see that the British Government took
the area and in 1807 a large force entered Nagpur. By the end of 1809 care to ensure the separation of the two thus weakening Scindia and
by plundering and defeating the rulers armies Pindaris had become a isolating Pindaris. So Sindia engages never to readmit the Pindaris or
major force to be crushed. Meanwhile Amir, the hero of our study any other predatory bodies into his territories, or in any manner to
was slowly trying to increase his influence in Holkars court through give them the smallest countenance or support, or to permit his officers
intrigue. In April 1809 he moved towards Nagpur to extract money on to do so.37 His role in the war was the negative one of abstaining from
behalf of Holkar. 33 It was now that Namdar Khan united with Amir actions. The suppression of the Pindaris was thus not the effect of
and both factions of Pindaris viz. Scindiashahi and Holkarshahi became the treaty of Gwalior, of 5 November, 1817 but its cause.
one under a single leader. Amir Khan was also isolated in the process. Amir Khan had
All through this Scindia remained neutral towards Amir Khan maintained an intimate relation with the Pindaris throughout his career;
but Amir now came very close to British territories and this started it was natural therefore that he should have been jealous of any British
British reaction against him. By 1810 the British thought it wise to movement against the Pindaris, and that he should offer all possible
review their policy towards Pindaris and it was the threat in 1814 of a assistance to them in their present crisis. This was evident from the
raising united force of Pindaris under Amir Khan that forced British to letters exchanged between him and the Pindari leaders early in 1817.
bring Nagpur and Bhopal under their protection. Pindari uprising in Chitu Khan had sought Amirs advice and assistance.38 But Amir was
Deccan further raised apprehensions, November 1815 Pindaris united prudent enough to realise the situation and he in March 1817 despatched
89
his agent Niranjan Rai to the Resident at Delhi with certain definite estate in Rohilkhand free from the operation of our [the British] courts
proposals. The agent stated that having arrived at the age of sixty of justice,., and expected pecuniary assistance to enable him to
five, his masters objects were rest and a tranquil settlement for the discharge superfluous troops.44 As hostages he agreed to send his
remainder of his days in order that he might prepare for the next family to reside at Delhi. Early in October the instructions arrived
world.39 He therefore wanted the guarantee of the British Government authorizing the Resident to conclude a treaty with Amir Khan. The
for territories he had already acquired from Holkar and the Rajput Governor-General did not find any objection to guaranteeing to him
states. In return he agreed not only to surrender his artillery which and his family in perpetuity the places which he had already acquired
he estimates at three hundred pieces, but also to co-operate against in Holkars territories, upto the value of ten or twelve lakhs of rupees
the Pindaris.40 In addition, Metcalfe reported, an offer has been made per annum. Nothing can be more just than that the power which has
of the services of Meer Khan for the purpose of establishing our raised him to the baneful eminence on which he stands should bear
influence at the court of Holkar, with a subsidiary alliance on the the expense of reclaiming him to quiet and inoffensive pursuits. But
same footing with our alliances with the Poona, Hyderabad and because of the intention of re establishing peace in India and of
Nagpore courts.41 restoring the pacific states as nearly as possible to (their former
Metcalfe and Governor General both could not put much faith efficiency, the Governor General held the grant of an estate in
in the proposal but the Governor-General thought that the proposed Rohilkhand to be nearly impracticable and extremely undesirable.45
surrender of artillery offers certainly the object which the Governor- Otherwise if Amir Khan would disband his battalions and deliver their
General in Council would consider the most desirable to be obtained arms to the British Government at a fair valuation, maintain only a
to any arrangement with that chief.42 Therefore Governor-General limited number of troops, separate himself from the Pmdans and do
suggested that it might be worthwhile to keep the discussion open nothing to violate the general peace of India, he might be granted a
without giving any positive encouragement to the agents overtures. territorial settlement.46
On the other side Amir Khan had no hesitation in maintaining On these terms Metcalfe concluded a treaty with Amir Khan,
correspondence with the Maratha camp. He wrote in July to Khandu who than became the respectable Nawab of TonK. The treaty was
Pant, Holkars vakil at Poona urging for the need to unite under Peshwa ratified by the Governor General m Council on 15 November, 1817
who was forced to sign a humiliating treaty by the British recently and Amir Khan ratified it also on 3 December 1817. If the treaty with
(13th June, 1817). His letter was seen by the Peshwa, who despatched Scindia was essential to isolate pindaris, treaty with amir Khan was to
his two agents, Govind Pandit and Ramkishen to Amir Khans Camp break their strength and bring an end to predatory activities of the
and invited Amir Khan to Poona with his force, the Peshwa paying his free booters. After the treaty rest of the band was successfully routed.
expense Amir Khan however did not accept, since he had received Suppression was not easy but the rewards given to such marauding
favourable news from Delhi of the progress of his negotiations with plunderers is surprising. Namdar Khan, a true Pindari leader, was
the British Government.43 Again, a month later he wrote to Holkar allowed to settle in Bhopal on the request of the Nawab, was given a
against British thus keeping his fortunes alive both the sides. Such pension of 8, 125/- rupees per annum. Shujabat Khan, Namdar Khans
was the man. younger brother, aged 17 years, who long ago had surrendered in
He was sincere to nobody, his conduct was guided by the Kotah was recommended for pension by the Nawab. Since Henley
principle of selling himself to whichever of the parties concerned would now thought Namdar Khans pension was not large enough, he
pay for his services at the highest rate. His opportunism ultimately proposed that a stipend of 2000 rupees per annum should be sanctioned
drew him to seek British protection and support for what he had already to Shujabat Khan, commencing from the date of his arrival at Bhopal,
acquired. In August, therefore, Amir Khan, again sent his agent to the and to be paid to Namdar Khan on his account. These arrangements
Resident at Delhi. In addition to the proposals already placed before were approved by the Governor-General in Council, and in October
the Resident, the agent now stated that his master wished for an 1818 orders were issued to Namdar Khan and his brother laying down
90
that the nearest political agent should pay the money in quarterly 10. Sir John Malcolm, Zltmoir of Central India,..xal. I. p. 437
instalments.47 11. T. S. Shejualkar, Panipat, p. 66, 1761
12. B. P. Khare, Ailihasik Itihsas Sangraha, Vol. VI, p. 2813
Both the wisdom and the expediency of the exceptional and 13. ibid
generous treatment of Namdar Khan, a notorious Pindari murderer 14. ibid
who never hesitated in murdering for gain is questionable but so is 15. Ghosh Bishwanath, British Policy Towards The Pathans And The Pindaris In
treatment of Karim Khan, who was on his surrender, he was offered Central India, 1805-1818. p. 10. Calcutta. 1965
16. Prinsep. H.T., Memoirs of a Pathan Soldier of Fortune, Nawab amir Khan of
lands in Gorakhpur equal in value to Rs 16,000 a year for the support
Tonk, Calcutta 1832. This was originally compiled in Persian by Banwari Lal. He
of his family and immediate dependants, and an allowance of Rs 1,000 was in Khan's service for the last twelve years in the capacity of Naib Munshi.
a month until he was settled there, with an immediate advance of four He 17. Ibid., p. 95
months allowance for the expenses of his journey. Similarly Kadir 18. Collins to Governor General, 30 Oct, 1801, PEC Vol IX, No 33, Amir Khan 19.
Baksh, a principal of the Holkarshahi Pindari was allowed to live with ibid
20. Stevenson to Major General Wellesley, i8 Ma; 1803, BPSC 21 July1803 No 41
Karim Khan in Gorakhpur. Kadir Baksh had commanded 2,000 horse,
21. Wcllesley to Kirkpatrick, 14 Sept.. 1E03, B. P. S. C. 2 Nov. J803. No. 54.
800 infantry and four guns, virtually a separate division, and he was 22. ibid
accordingly granted an advance of Rs 1,200 for the journey, with a 23. Meer Khan to Ragogee Bosla, undated, B.P.S.C. '.29 Nov. 1804, No. 176
suggested provision of land worth Rs. 3,000 to Rs 4,000 a year for 24. Elpbinstone to Wellesley, is Nov. 1804, B.P.S.C. 31 Jan. 1805, No. 96, 117
his permanent support.48 25. Aithur Wellesley to Edmonstone, 19 Dec 1S04 BPSC ulliy 1S05, No 114
26. Ghosh , Bishwanath op cit
This generosity in the name of settlement which was extended 27. ibid
to bandits was not shown when dealing with the ruling chiefs of 28. Jenkins to Edmonstone, 26 Jan. 1805, B.P.S.C. 28 March, 1S05, No. 73
Marathas. Peshwa was ill treated and forced to sign a humiliating 29. Nusrulla Khan to his vakeel at Barelley, 17 Feb.. 1805, B.P.S.C. 7 March, 1805,
treaty, leave Pune and eventually his adopted son Nana Sahib was No. 447 ; Seton to Edmonstone, 18 Feb., 1805. B.P.S.C. 7 March, 1805. No. 446
refused Peshwa title and pension, while as Namdar Khan, adopted 30. Meer Khan to Lake 4 Teb, 1806, B P S C 27 Feb x8o6, No 33
32. Mercer to Barlow, 30th August, 1806, B.P.S.C. 25 September, 1806, No. 41
son of Karim Khan was given all generosity. They were given jagirs in 33. Jenkins to Minto, 12 June, 1809, para I, B.P.S.C. J July, 1809, No. 66
perpetuity and allowed to retain the land for generations. Amir Khan 34. Dalzell to the Secy, to the Govt. Fort St. George, 13 March, 1816, M.P.C. 17
was given Tonk and adjoining areas from Rajput states. The question May, 1816, p. 1777, Range, 317, vol. 91 ; Oakes to the :Secy. to the Govt. Fort.
this paper raises is WHY? Why did British treat them differently? bt. George, 13 March, 1816, B.P.S.C. zo April, 1816, No. 25.
What was this if not the initiation of appeasement and sowing the 35. Close to Moira, 3 April, 1816, B.P.S.C. 20 April, 1816, No. 21
36. Mehta, Mohan S, Lord Hastings and the Indian States. Bombay, 1930. p. 104
seeds of dissention in Indian society? Why did Pindaris deserve a
37. Ghosh Biswanath, Op cit., p 272
better treatment? History needs a deep review to answer these 38. ibid
questions? 39. Metcalfe to Adam, 22 March, 1817, para 5, B.C. vol. 68C/8901-P-3
40. Ibid, para 4, p. 30
References 41. Ibid, para 2, p 29
1. Manucci-Storia Do ilogor (1653-1708), Ed, W. Irvine, vol. II p. 459 42. Ibid, para3 p 29
2. Peshwas Diary, Vol IX p 324 43. Metcalfe to Adam, 13 Aug. 1817, B.P.S.C. 5 Sept. 1817, No. 39
3. S N Sen, Administrative System of the Maratha*p 583 44. Metcalfe to Adam, 13 Aug. 1817. para 4. B.P.S.C. 5 Sep*- l8l7. No. 39
4. Raghubir Sinh, Malua in transition, 1698.1765, p. 17, Bombay, 1936 45. ibid para 25
5. J.N. Sarkar,History of Aurangzib, Vol. V 47. Statement regarding -Namdar Khan's settlement, Enclo. in a letter from Henley,
6. Memorandum prepared by Jenkins, the Resident at Nagpur, in 1812, Military 17 April, 1818, B.P.S.C. 20 May, 1818, No. 61.
Records, vol. 212, p. 29 48. Malcolm to Adam, 23 March 1815 BPSC 2 July, 1815; No 36
7. G S Sardesal, flea Emory oj Iht Marathas, "Vol III, p 477, Calcutta, 1919
8. ibid
9. G. E. Fitzelarence of Mnnster, Journal of a route across India...p 5
91
dues. The Maratha incursions into the territory of Jaipur and Jodhpur
was not a happy experience for the local people as it affected almost
all sections of the society. The economic strain which each of these
Financial Implications of the Maratha incursions brought to the economy of the State is well documented.
The Maratha sardars were not so vigilant about plunder and atrocities
Intervention in Rajasthan committed by the invading Maratha army. Damage was done not only
Dr. Kalpana Malik to the standing crops but even to property in towns and villages.
Inability of the Rajput Rajas to make these payments gave the
The political unification of the country under the Mughals Marathas a pretext of further military intervention to enforce collection
initiated a phase of security and stability which was conducive to of tribute and other dues which often resulted in the devastation of
economic expansion. Whenever this stability was disturbed , its the countryside and ruination of the raiyat. Sometimes when the
repercussions were felt by every strata of society. But the gradual Marathas were in dire straits due to the non payment or delayed payment
decline of the Mughal power paved the way for regional assertions. of salaries to their troopers, there was forceful collection of money
The ambitious Mughal subedars set up the nawabis of Bengal, Awadh from the local people. All this in turn resulted in the devastation of the
and Hyderabad. The states of the Marathas, the Jats, the Afghans and countryside and ruination of the raiyat. The financial crisis of the
later the Sikhs came into existence in the course of popular rebellions Rajput rulers was further confounded when they found that the
or movements against the Mughal State. The Rajput states formed a agricultural production was declining leading to diminished revenue
category of their own, they did not declare their independence from collection. The growing financial crisis compelled the rulers to seek
the Mughals. the Mughal authority and control slowly receded from the help of the bankers for loans and resort to the practice of ijara of
the area, leaving the Rajputs to fend for themselves as best as they the khalisa parganas to raise money and as a mode of repayment of
could. Their subsequent weakness opened the way for the entry of loan to the bankers.1 The Rajput rulers wrote letters of protest to the
the Marathas. The present paper focuses on the economic strain on Peshwa objecting to the loot and plunder in their territory by the
the state exchequer of Jaipur, experiences of the local people and the Maratha army. This is evident from the Peshwas reply to Madho
hardships they suffered. It also highlights the various means adopted Singhs letter in 1758. Madho Singh expressed his annoyance at
by the state and the people to resist and mitigate the Marathas. The Maratha armys loot and plunder in Jaipur territory.2
focus is also on the response of the Jaipur rulers to Maratha attempts The Rajput states found themselves in the midst of a vicious
to extract economic resources of the region and how it led to numerous circle from which they could not extricate themselves. As there was
armed conflicts. A Yaddashti document and Kharitas are the chief always a gap between the Maratha demand and the actual payment
sources of information for the paper. made by the Rajputs, it is difficult to calculate the total burden of
The economic repercussions of the Maratha presence in Jaipur Maratha demand in terms of actual payments made to the Marathas
and Jodhpur can be fully assessed on the basis of the financial strain by the Rajputs. However, it is significant that the Marathas demanded
it brought about on the exchequer of these States. The Marathas more from the State of Jaipur than Jodhpur. This variation was on
made forceful collection from the residents of towns and villages . It account of Jaipurs resource position and paying capacity being
also led to plunder of the countryside causing extensive damage to the stronger than Jodhpur. Jaipur had good revenue yielding pockets such
standing crops. The Marathas were invited to help the contenders to as Shahpura, Malpura, Rampura, Tonk, Toda, etc. Since Marwar was
the throne. In return they were to receive monetary benefit along agriculturally poor as compared to Jaipur, the Marathas never put up
with tribute. As the Jaipur and Jodhpur rulers could not make the a stake for claiming territory , except for the control of Ajmer. It was
payment on time, it gave sufficient reason to the Marathas to justify after the battle of Merta in 1790 when Bijay Singh had to surrender
their military intervention to forcefully collect the tribute and other Sambhar, Khairwa, Masunda and 29 villlages of pargana Bhinai to
92
Mahadaji. These were comparatively better revenue yielding areas. cash, rupees3 lakhs in hundis issued by the sahukars, and rupees 5.15
Later when Bijay Singh acquired the fertile territory of Godwad from lakhs was still left due to be paid. 7
the Mewar Maharana, Mahadaji Sindhia made him to pay rupees 30,000 In 1754, rupees 15 lakhs were paid to the Marathas in the form
per annum as its tribute. In the light of the information available in the of four hundis. Out of these, three hundis were of rupees 4 lakhs
sources, an attempt has been made to make an estimate of the that the each and one was of rupees 3 lakhs. These were issued by the bankers
rulers of Jaipur and Jodhpur owed to the Marathas. Fortunately a Balkishan and Parasram.8 In 1755, Sawai Madho Singh was to pay
yaddashti document entitled, yaddashti dikhniya ne rupaiya rupees 10.85 lakhs to Jankoji Shinde as mamlat (in addition to the
pahunchaya, 3 has survived and it further gives details of the Maratha outstanding dues) as per the agreement made through Anirudh Singh
demands imposed upon Jaipur from 1750 to 1765. Khangrot, the Jaipur representative. But the actual payment could not
The Marathas decided to support the cause of Sawai Madho be more than rupees 7.55 lakhs.9
Singh after he promised to pay a nazar of rupees 10 lakhs to the In 1757, the Marathas raised their demand to rupees 40 to 50
Peshwa and rupees 50 lakhs as nazrana for the entire state of Jaipur. lakhs but finally settled for rupees 12 lakhs as mamlat due to Raghunath
Sawai Madho Singh also agreed to pay rupees 10 lakhs as surity to Rao 10 It was through the Peshwas vakil, Naro Shankar that the
the Marathas on behalf of Raja Ram Singh of Jodhpur as the latter had committed amount was paid.11 In 1758, once again Sawai Madho Singh
sought help from the Marathas against Bijay Singh in the Jodhpur was coerced to pay rupees 36 lakhs over a period of four years. The
succession dispute. The other demands imposed included rupees 5 current years installment was enhanced by the addition of a nazar of
lakhs (outstanding arrears out of the previous demand) and rupees rupees 3 lakhs. In 1759, the arrears due from Jaipur amounted to
3.50 lakhs as official expenses incurred by the Marathas while rupees 12 lakhs for the year 175812 and rupees 11 lakhs and 50,000
supporting the cause of Madho Singh. In all, the Jaipur diwan Hargobind for the year 1759.13 But the actual amount paid to the Marathas was
and Prem Singh committed to pay rupees 78.50 lakhs to the Marathas. rupees 4,67,500 out of which Malhar Rao Holkar received rupees 3
This commitment was made to Malhar Rao Holkar who visited Jaipur lakhs and 91,000 in 1758.14 From the year 1759 to 1761, no payment
following the death of Maharaja Sawai Ishwari Singh. However, the was made. In 1761, the Jaipur forces were convincingly defeated by
Jaipur ruler could manage to pay only rupees 34,55,590.62 to the Malhar Rao Holkar. Realizing that the Marathas were in total command
Marathas.4 of the situation, the Jaipur diwan, Kanhi Ram immediately opened
In 1751, the amount due to the Marathas was calculated at negotiations with the Marathas to settle the dispute about the
rupees 75 lakhs out of which the Jaipur diwan Kanhi Ram paid rupees outstanding tribute. The Marathas were thus back in Rajasthan soon
10.43 lakhs by way of hundis issued by the bankers. 5 A sum of rupees after their debacle in the battle of Panipat. The defeat of Sawai Madho
14 lakhs was paid to the Marathas in 1752. The entire amount was Singhs forces once again established the supremacy of the Marathas
remitted through hundis issued by bankers Lunkaran and Lakshman in Rajasthan. Now they began pressurizing Jaipur for payment of
Das of various amounts ranging from rupees one lakh to nine Lakhs. outstanding tribute. Malhar Rao instructed Maratha representative at
Out of this amount rupees 3 lakhs were sent to Malhar Rao Holkar. 6 Kota, Lalji Gulgule to press diwan Kanhi Ram for immediate payment
In 1753, as per the agreement between the two sides the Jaipur ruler of the dues. 15 However, Jaipur ruler was rescued from imminent
was to pay rupees 25.90 lakhs to the Marathas and it was also agreed Maratha threat as the Marathas were compelled to leave Rajasthan to
upon that rupees 13.50 will be paid up at once. Jaipur diwan Hargobind defend Bundelkhand from the invasion of Emperor Shah Alam and his
Natani paid rupees 7 lakhs in cash and rupees 6.5 lakhs as compensation wazir, Shuja-ud-daula, who had captured Kalpi and Jhansi.16 Sawai
for the slaughter of the Marathas in Jaipur city. In October 1753 the Madho Singhs conflict with the Marathas at Mangrol in 1761 and the
amount of outstanding dues stood at rupees 15.25 lakhs and rupees Maratha involvement in the Deccan where they were fighting with the
1.25 lakh was to be paid to Raghunath Rao, raising the amount to Nizam delayed the resumption of normal communication channels
rupees 16.50 lakhs. Out of this amount rupees 7.35 lakhs was paid in between Holkar and Jaipur. However, diplomatic ties between the two
93
sides were resumed in 1764 when Sawai Madho Singh sent his tough posture towards Jaipur which is evident from the offensive
representatives, diwan Gur Sahai and Raj Singh Hamirdeka to Holkars language of the kharitas that he addressed to Sawai Madho Singh.In
court at Indore.17 This step was seen as an attempt at normalization of July 1763, Mahadaji reprimanded Sawai Madho Singh for his failure
relations. Holkar responded by sending his representatives to the Jaipur to pay the installment in time. The wording of the letter clearly indicates
court. The Maratha debacle in the battle of Panipat put them in urgent Shindes desperation for getting money as soon as possible. He wrote
need of money and they were compelled to turn to the Jaipur ruler, : Your dues for the mamlat are pending since long, you have failed to
demanding tribute which Sawai Madho Singh had stopped paying in pay installments on due date, this is unfair, upon receiving this letter,
the last few years, taking advantage of Ahmad Shah Abdalis presence send all money.23
in North India. Mahadaji and Kedarji Shinde wrote to Sawai Madho From 1765 onwards situation began to improve with the
Singh, we have no money even to take care of our daily requirements. Shindes, as they recovered from the shock of Panipat. They now
They asked Sawai Madho Singh to pay rupees twelve lakhs of tribute gained enough confidence to look beyond their holdings in Malwa.
without delay and hand the amount over to their representative Seth They began to follow their affairs in Rajasthan with a fresh vigour.
Dhaneshwar and Parsuram. Both, Kedarji Shinde and Mahadaji Shinde However, in his Kharitas even now Shinde expressed keenness to
were dealing with Jaipur. Initially they sent kharitas written jointly by develop healthy relations with Jaipur. 24 In the month of March
them and later on both started addressing Sawai Madho Singh 1765,Shinde displayed the show of strength at Ujjain by way of heavy
individually. It created the impression that there was a rift between concentration of the combined army of the Shindes. Mahadaji Shinde
the two over the question of leadership.18 Taking advantage of the proceeded to Kota and from there he dispatched a strong contingent
tension between Kedarji and Mahadaji Shinde, Sawai Madho Singh consisting of about ten thousand Maratha soldiers to realize tribute
did not take their demand seriously. from Marwar and Mewar. 25 In 1766, Mahadaji Shinde was able to
The family of Shinde faced tough times for two years following gain control of all pockets of area that were under the control of
the battle of Panipat. The Rajputs were challenging their authority and Shindes before the battle of Panipat. He was involved in settling these
stopped payment of tribute, the only possible source of additional areas and making fresh appointments to replace the old officials.26 In
income for the Marathas at this critical juncture. Frequent reminders order to improve the Maratha position in Rajasthan in view of the
to Sawai Madho Singh for the payment of outstanding amount of death of Malhar Rao Holkar, Shinde in his kharita tried to impress
tribute did not yield the desired result. Payments were not only much upon Sawai Madho Singh that Malhar Raos grandson, Mal Rao Holkar
meagre than the demand but also irregular. Sawai Madho Singh and the Shindes are united.27 By 1767, Mahadaji Shinde was able to
resorted to paying little amount, made empty promises to pay the rest raise a fresh contingent which gave him confidence to put pressure
later. Unable to mobilize liquid money, the Shindes even tried to press on all those Rajput rulers who defaulted in paying tribute.28 In 1768
Sawai Madho Singh to meet the day to day requirement of Maratha Mahadajis position further strengthened as he was now in total
officials posted in Jaipur territory.19 As there was acute shortage of command of the house of Shinde. From Poona he dispatched Jaswant
cash in hand at Ujjain, Kedarji Shinde asked Sawai Madho Singh for Rao Bable with a contingent of troops towards Jaipur to collect arrears
immediate payment of the current installment of tribute.20 By now of tribute. He wrote a terse letter to Sawai Madho Singh stating, ask
Mahadaji Shinde was fed up with these delaying tactics of Sawai Madho your officer to deposit the arrears with Jaswant Rao Bable. I will also
Singh as he was badly hurt by non-payment of dues. In 1762, be reaching Jaipur side soon.
Kedarji and Mahadaji compelled Sawai Madho Singh to pay In 1769, the Jaipur Raja had to pay rupees 10,000 as the mamlat
rupees 3,76,070 21 and in 1764 Malhar Rao Holkar extracted rupees of Borada, out of which it was decided that villages worth rupees
7,10,375. The amount was paid in the form of hundis which were 8,000 would be given for which a sanad was to be issued from the
issued by the bankers Kewal Ram, Surat Ram, Paras Ram and diwans office and rupees 2,000 were to be given in cash which was
Balkishen. 22 From 1763 onwards, Mahadaji Shinde started adopting to be drawn from the treasury. It was given to Boradas Dudha Pandit,
94
who was serving Pandit Govind Rao.29 Mahadaji Shinde now entered commander Ramchandra Ganesh attacked and devastated Jaipur
into regular exchange of kharitas with the Jaipur ruler which among territory. Only rupees one lakh could be realized from Jaipur when
other things also reveals that now he was paying greater attention to again Mahadajis forces invaded Jaipur territory and demanded much
the Maratha interests in Jaipur. Going beyond the Maratha concerns more.37 Visaji Krishna was also given a hundi of rupees 1.5 lakhs and
for the realization of tribute and territorial possessions, he became presents worth rupees 50,000.38 Sawai Prithvi Singh complained to
more demanding on Jaipur. We find Mahadaj Shinde asking Sawai Peshwa Narain Rao about the predatory activities of the Maratha
Prithvi Singh to ensure safe passage of Shindes men travelling from commanders. Further he complained that he was unable to pay the
Jaipur to Ujjain by providing them with armed escort, protection for dues of tribute due to the ruination of standing crops by the Marathas.39
his own men living and holding property in Jaipur and traders from He requested the Peshwa to check these activities of his commanders.
Ujjain who had shops in Jaipur. In one of the kharitas sent to Sawai The issue of pending tribute was raised by Holkar in his lenthy
Prithvi Singh in 1770 Shinde was addressed as subedar Madhav Raoji letter to Sawai Madho Singh in October 1764. This letter contains
Shinde which indicates his superior position in the Maratha political
details of Holkars demand for outstanding dues since 1761 which
set up.30 There was growing exchange of information between the
also included expenditure incurred on the upkeep of Ranthambhor
two rulers as we find Sawai Prithvi Singh being kept informed about
fort.40 Between 1762 and 1764, the Marathas kept on reminding Sawai
all important events involving Shinde. For example, he wrote to Sawai
Madho Singh for payment of tribute. When Holkar realized that the
Prithvi Singh about his role in bringing Emperor Shah Alam back to
payment was not forthcoming he proceeded towards Rajasthan to
Delhi from his exile in eastern India to occupy the throne of Delhi.31
force Sawai Madho Singh to pay up. Holkar encamped at Chatsu and
In 1774, Shinde appointed his vakil at the Delhi court. Again he shared
demanded clearance of dues. Failing to get any response from Sawai
this information with Sawai Prithvi Singh that a vakil from Ujjain had
Madho Singh, he proceeded to Jobner and began to plunder. Sawai
been sent at the court of the Mughal emperor.32 The return of Shah
Madho Singh was adviced by his nobles to save the State from
Alam to Delhi to reoccupy his lost position with the help of Mahadaji
devastation by agreeing to pay. Sawai Madho Singh deputed his
Shinde clearly demonstrated that the Maratha leader had fully recovered
representatives to settle the issue of dues. Holkar demanded rupees
from the shock of Panipat and he symbolized the revival of Maratha
power in North India. Mahadaji Shinde requested Sawai Prithvi Singh thirty-five lakhs, the demand also included expenditure incurred on
to send a Jaipur contingent to be in attendance upon the emperor. the upkeep of the fort of Ranthambhor. Out of this rupees ten lakhs
Sawai Prithvi Singh readily agreed. 33 However, the bonhomie between were to be paid within the year in four installments. First installment
the two through mutual acts of co-operation did not last long due to of rupees four lakhs was to be paid in cash immediately and the rest
Sawai Prithvi Singhs inability to satisfy the Marathas with regard to of the amount was to be paid within six months. Rupees twenty-five
the payment of tribute. The Peshwa Madhav Rao reminded Sawai lakhs was to be paid between 1765 and 1771 in annual installments of
Prithvi Singh about the accumulating arrears and demanded that the rupees four lakhs twenty-five thousand in the first four years and
installment due must be paid forthwith to Bapuji Vaman.34 four lakhs each in 1770 and 1771. Sawai Madho Singh also agreed to
surrender parganas Tonk and Rampura to Holkar. A jagir worth rupees
Soon he sent another reminder to Sawai Prithvi Singh asking
one lakh was bestowed upon Mal Rao, grandson of Malhar Rao Holkar,
him to pay current dues of tribute to Apaji Narain.35 The Jaipur ruler
by Sawai Madho Singh. Holkar left Jaipur after concluding this
tried to settle the issue of long standing arrears of tribute through the
agreement. 41
Peshwas vakil who was in Jaipur. The Peshwa again complained
that no payment had been received so far and asked Sawai Prithvi The above agreement saved the Kachhwaha State from being
Singh to send money through the Maratha vakil. 36 Sawai Prithvi Singh ravaged by the Marathas. Sawai Madho Singh satisfied Holkar by
promised to comply with the Peshwas demands. However, some immediately paying up rupees 400,001. However, he was not at all
amount was paid to the Marathas when they invaded Jaipur and laid serious about paying the rest of the amount. But the surrender of
waste the countryside. Five lakh rupees were paid when the Maratha Tonk and Rampura to the Marathas reduced the territory of Jaipur
95
State which had financial implications for the State as well. It also Prithvi Singh to safeguard the territorial possessions of the Holkars
gave the Marathas a strong base in the middle of Rajasthan to put in the Jaipur State as he put forward Indores claim over pargana
pressure on the Rajputs and carry on military operations as and when Tonk and Rampura.45 Tukoji Holkars involvement in the external affairs
required. By subduing the powerful Kachhwaha State all alone, not of the house of Holkar continued till 1770. In his letter of 1769 to
only established Holkars supremacy in Rajasthan, but also provided Sawai Prithvi Singh, Tukoji Holkar wrote that since long time Najib,
him financial resources to sort out his internal problems. Jaipur State and the house of Holkar were united. In this letter he
In the following year, in 1765, Sawai Madho Singh paid rupees endorsed the solidarity shown by Jaipur State with Najib Khan.46 It
1,09,670 to Kedarji Shinde. In 1765, Sawai Madho Singh paid the appears from Indore kharitas that from the beginning of 1770, Ahilya
current installment of rupees 5 lakhs to Holkar and promised to issue Bai Holkar herself started taking interest in the external affairs of the
hundis of the sahukars for the payment of the balance.42 Mal Rao house of Holkar. She herself entered into negotiation with Prithvi Singh
Holkar passed away within nine months of the death of Malhar Rao protesting against the behaviour of the Rajput bhomias in the villages
of Jaipur parganas that were under the control of Holkars officers.
Holkar (1766). Sawai Madho Singh also died in 1768. Both states
The kharita read : In pargana Tonk and Rampura our kamavisdar
were now headed by new rulers in 1767-68. After Sawai Madho Singhs
Pandit Rangoji has not been able to settle the affairs of these parganas
death his son, Sawai Prithvi Singh ascended the gaddi of Jaipur. Due
because of the resistance of the bhomias. So I write that instruct all
to successive deaths in Holkar family, Ahilya Bai assumed the charge
the bhomias to behave and allow our officers to carry on the work of
of the Holkar affairs.43 Tukoji Holkar, who was now commander of
settlement.47
the Holkar army wrote six letters to Sawai Prithvi Singh within a span
of eight months. All these were written in 1768 which contained In 1779, the Jaipur ruler Sawai Pratap Singh paid rupees 2 lakhs
messages of goodwill and also indicated that there was a temporary and promised a further sum of rupees 20 lakhs in installments, out of
break in diplomatic ties on both sides and that now the Holkars look which only 7.5 lakhs was paid in 1781. In 1784, the Jaipur ruler
forward to a new beginning of relationship.44 promised to pay rupees 21 lakhs but paid only rupees 3 lakhs in 1785.
In 1786, the outstanding amount of tribute and other dues was
The Peshwa, Madhav Rao sent a turban to Sawai Prithvi Singh
calculated at rupees 63 lakhs. Sawai Pratap Singh agreed to pay rupees
as a mark of recognition of his legitimate authority and the new ruler 11 lakhs immediately, rupees 10 lakhs were to be paid in six months
of Jaipur. The Peshwa expressed his desire to maintain cordial relations time and rupees 20 lakhs were to be adjusted by transfer of some
with Jaipur. Sawai Prithvi Singh promptly reciprocated the friendly territory of Jaipur to the Marathas. The remaining 22 lakhs were to be
gestures of the Peshwa. An examination of the letters sent by the covered by assignments on the revenues of the thikanas of the Jaipur
Maratha leaders to Sawai Prithvi Singh reveal that now the posture chiefs and jagirs. The first installment of rupees 11 lakhs was paid
was less hostile and there were hardly any open or veiled threats as and the Maratha officers were deputed to collect the second installment
was the case in the earlier times. These letters were more in the nature of rupees 10 lakhs and assigned revenue of rupees 22 lakhs on thikanas
of reminders and protests for non-payment or delayed payment of and jagirs. However, no further payment was made to the Marathas.
dues. There were also protests against Jaipur Rajas inaction in curbing In 1790, Mahadaji defeated the combined forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur.
disturbances caused by the Rajputs in the parganas held by Holkar in The Jaipur ruler agreed to pay rupees 17 lakhs but expressed his inability
Jaipur territory. In 1767, Tukoji Holkar wrote to Sawai Prithvi Singh to pay the entire amount. After victory at Patan and Merta over Jaipur
that the Holkars disapprove of Jaipur States control over parganas and Jodhpur, Mahadaji Shinde halted at several places collecting money
Tonk and Rampura which were handed over to them by Sawai Madho from local chieftains and villagers. Several instances of Mahadaji
Singh. He asked Prithvi Singh to instruct his officials to co-operate collecting money from local Rajput chiefs are mentioned in the Persian
and restore these parganas to their local agent Pandit Sadashiv Gopal Newsletters. One of the letter on p. 45 reads, In every march of
and be allowed to settle the revenue of the above mentioned Mahadaji Sindhia, Ambaji and Deshmukh with the fauj and guns used
parganas.Tukoji Holkar maintained regular communication with Sawai to go ahead and collect 2 or 3 lakhs from villages and garhis of
96
Shekhawati and bring away grain and cattle and hostages for Gwalior Kharita Nos. 184, 186, 190 from Mahadaji Shinde.
contributions.48 19. Gwalior Kharita, No. 180, Undated.
20. Gwalior Kharita, No. 183, Jeth Sudi 1, V.S. 1820/1763.
Thus, while concluding we can say that even as late as 1790s, 21. Yaddashti, V.S. 1819/1762, p. 15.
the Maratha expeditions in Jaipur continued to realize the promised 22. Yaddashti, V.S. 1821/1764, p. 17.
amount. In 1800, Sawai Pratap Singh purchased peace with the 23. Gwalior Kharita, No, 183, Bhadon Sudi 9, V.S./1763.
Marathas by agreeing to pay Rs. 6 lakhs within one month and rupees 24. Gwalior Kharita, No. 185, Kartik Vadi 4, V.S. 1822 /1765.
3 lakhs after six months. Throughout the second half of the eighteenth 25. Gupta, K.S. Mewar and the Maratha Relations (1735-1818), S. Chand and
Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1971, p. 85.
century, the Jaipur rulers had to face the Maratha menace and claims 26. Gwalior Kharita, No. 186, Jeth Sudi 5, V.S. 1823/1766.
for huge monetary payment. The Maratha incursions were not only a 27. Gwalior Kharita, No. 187, Sawan Vadi 9, V.S. 1823/1766.
strain on the state exchequers, they had a devastating impact on the 28. Gwalior Kharita, No. 190, Magh Vadi 9, V.S. 1824/1767.
raiyat, jagirdars and the bhomias of the Jaipur state as well. In this 29. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner, p. 124.
context, the chitthis and Amber records furnish invaluable information. 30. Gwalior Kharita, No. 10, Falgun Sudi 11, V.S. 1827/1770.
These can be used to catalogue the Maratha incursions chronologically 31. Gwalior Kharita, No. 22, Posh Sudi 11, V.S. 1828/1771.
32. Gwalior Kharita, No. 25, Magh Sudi 14, V.S. 1829/1772.
but also to bring out the significance in terms of economic hardships 33. Kharita from Prithvi Singh to Mahadaji Shinde, Draft No. 149, Falgun Sudi 2,
they caused to the rural economy of the region. V.S. 1828/1771.
References 34. Kharita from Peshwa Madhav Rao to Prithvi Singh, Jeth Sudi 4, V.S. 1827/1770.
35. Kharita from Prithvi Singh to Mahadaji Shinde, Kartik Vadi 13, V.S. 1827/1770.
1. Singh, Dilbagh, The State, Landlords and Peasants : Rajasthan in the Eighteenth
36. Kharita from Peshwa Madhav Rao to Prithvi Singh, Maghishri Vadi 7, V.S. 1828/
Century, New Delhi, 1990, p. 131.
1771.
2. Gwalior Kharita No. 165, Magh Sudi, V.S. 1815/1758, Jaipur Records, Rajasthan
37. Kharita from Bohra Khushali Ram to Peshwa Narain Rao, Draft No. 189, Asarh
State Archives, Bikaner.
Vadi 5, V.S. 1830/1773.
3. Yaddashti, Yaddashti Dikhniyan nai Rupiya pahunchaya 1755-1765 (hereafter
38. Kharita from Prithvi Singh to Peshwa Narain Rao, Draft No. 189, Asarh Vadi 5,
Yaddashti), preserved in the Jaipur Historical Section of the Rajasthan State
V.S. 1830/1773.
Archives at Bikaner.
39. Kharitas from Bohra Khushali Ram to Peshwa Narain Rao, Vaisakh Vadi 4, V.S.
4. Yaddashti, V.S. 1807/1750, p. 2.
1830/1773.
5. Yaddashti, V.S. 1808/1751, p. 4.
40. Indore Kharita No. 85, Posh Vadi 10,. V.S. 1821/1764.
6. Yaddashti, V.S. 1809/1752, p. 19.
41. Indore Kharita, No. 87, Magh Sudi 10, V.S. 1821/1764.
7. Yaddashti, V.S. 1810/1753, p. 6.
42. Yaddashti, V.S. 1822/1765, p. 15.
8. Yaddashti, V.S. 1811/1754, p. 8.
43. Indore Kharita, No. 101, Chaitra Sudi 10, V.S. 1824/1767.
9. Yaddashti, V.S. 1812/1755, p. 10.
44. Indore Kharita, No. 110, Posh Sudi 14, V.S. 1825/1768 ; Indore Kharita, No. 111,
10. Kharita from Madho Singh to Malhar Rao Holkar, Falgun Vadi 7, V.S. 1813/1756,
Falgun Vadi 12, V.S. 1825/1768 ; Indore Kharita, No. 112, Chaitra Sudi 1, V.S.
Jaipur Records, Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner.
1826/1769 ; Indore Kharita, No. 113, Vaisakh Vadi 13, V.S. 1826/1769 ; Indore
11. Yaddashti, V.S. 1814/1757, p. 13.
Kharita, No. 114, Jeth Sudi 7, V.S. 1826/1769 ; Indore Kharita, No. 115, Sawan
12. Sarkar, J.N., A History of Jaipur, c. 1503-1938, Revised and edited by Raghubir
Sudi 1, V.S. 1826/1769.
Sinh, Orient Longman, Delhi, 1984, pp.236-38.
45. Indore Kharita, No. 105, A and B, Magishri Sudi, V.S. 1824/1767.
13. Yaddashti, V.S. 1816/1759, p. 13.
46. Indore Kharita, No. 121, Asoj Sudi, 10, V.S. 1826/1769.
14. Yaddashti, V.S. 1815/1758, p. 14.
47. Indore Kharita, No. 130, Magishri Vadi, V.S. 1827/1770.
15. Holkarshahiche Itihasanche Sadhane, Vol. I, ed. V.V. Thakur, Holkar Government
48. See Sindhia As Regent of Delhi, Vol. II, General editor P.M. Joshi, tr. from the
Press, Indore, 1944, L. No. 161.
Persian notes by Jadunath Sarkar, Director of Archives, Government of Bombay,
16. Sarkar, J.N., Fall of the Mughal Empire (1754-1771), Vol. II, Orient Longman
1954, pp. 45-58.
Ltd., New Delhi, Fourth Edition, 1991, pp. 304.
17. Indore Kharita No. 83, Jeth Sudi 10, V.S. 1821/1764.
18. Gwalior Kharita, Nos. 178, 185, 187, 191, 194, addressed jointly by Kedarji and
Mahadaji Shinde ; Gwalior Kharita Nos. 179, 183, 189, 192 from Kedarji Shinde;
97
wood / bone were tied together.4

Pant in his comprehensive treatment of armours divides armours
into Imbricate, Brigandine and mail armour. The Imbricate armours is
Armours of Jaipur in Eighteenth Century the one in which the metallic scales were sewn upon a leather of cloth
Almas Zaidi garment, so that the upper row overlapped the lower row which made
attachment covered to protect from being injured. Every scale had
The pioneering task of addressing the significance of armours holes in their upper edges for stitching to the garment of cloth or
was taken up by G.N. Pant. The magnitude and varied dimensions of leather. There were two holes on each side to securing them in
Indian armours made him devote a couple of works on armours. horizontal rows, which were connected with wire or string thread or
Mentionworthy in this content are Indian Arms and Armours and Horse sinew.5 Brigandine type of armours is the one in which the metal was
and Elephant Armours.1 The illustrations of these armour in his book inserted at the important points on the garment of leather/cloth.6 Mail
made comprehension of this theme. Armours of Jaipur however armours type of armour was made of small rings made of iron. These
escaped attention of scholars till recently. When zinkhana records rings were of three types: 1). Riveted:- in this method the ring was
highlighted the rich make of Jaipur armours.2 These studies created interlinked with other four rings. 2). Punched:- in this method the
groundwork for further probing. The intention of this article is to rings punched out of the sheet of iron with the cross bar at the center. 7
substantiate the surviving specimens displayed in the museum with In the above backdrop, let us examine the armours which were
the literary evidence contained in our records. These armours of Jaipur used by the troopers of Jaipur in 18th century .Classification of armour
are preserved at City Palace Museum, Jaipur, and at National Museum can be broadly made by individual wearing them thus 1) Men 2)
New Delhi. Beside these specimens, we also have literary information Elephant 3) Horse 4) Camel 5) Trapping for Arms.
in the form of Arhsatta Topkhana, Taujih Jama Kharch Topkhana. 1) Armours of men:-
Still, yet, the comprehensive study on the armours of Jaipur have not
Armours of men included helmet, and body armours like,
been done by scholars. In the present article an attempt had been
waistcoat, arm guard, moza-i- ahani all of which were meant protection
made to make such kind of comprehensive study on the armours,
of main parts of the body. These armour were made of iron or any
raw material and decorative techniques used in manifacturing armours.
other metal.
Earlier armours were made primarily of metal, which were very
heavy both for troopers and animals. In Indian hot climate the metal (a) Helmet:-
used in armours absorbed heat which difficult for trooper and animal The helmets were meant to protect head from the injury; were
to work in battlefield. So in the seventeenth century the use of metal manufactured with the used of metals i.e. iron, steel etc. there are
in manufacturing the armours was reduced and it was replaced by instances which shows that the helmet were made of soft stuff i.e.,
soft materials such as leather, cloth, wood etc., which were lighter leather, silk with quilted cotton.
and easy to wear.3 In order to defend and protect themselves and their Helmet (1) is a small helmet made of damascus steel, prepared
war animals, army used variety of armours both for troopers as well for the young princes. Its semi-circular skull cap had crowned with a
as for war animals such as horses, elephants and camels etc. These flower. There were two feather keepers but one of it is missing; two
armours were of different types and prepared by different methods terminals of nasal guard are decorated very well with floral and creeper
were used in making them. Some of the armours and techniques used disigns. The helmet is profusely decorated with floral and creeper
in making them are given below. designs. Gold damascening of tehnasheen style is use for decoration.
Studies on Indian armours have highlighted that armours of The circumference of the skull cap of the helmet is elaborated with a
cloth and leather were mainly made from three techniques: 1). Quilting, wide boarder. The camial is absent in this helmet. It was made in the
2). Stuffing of cotton / wool / jute followed by fabric. 3). Bars of late 17th century belongs to Jaipur manufactured under Rajput school.
98
It had dimensions of 15.5cm in height and 20.7 cm. in diameter. It is plates, moulded in the shape of a human torso one for the front and
preserved in National Museum at New Delhi with the account number the other for back. Both are hinged together from the shoulders and
62.231/1. Another Helmet is a semi-circular helmet made of steel had the sides by iron pins. The top and the sides of the armour have three
flower at the top and had two feather keeper. In front of the helmet roundish cuts, for the neck and two arms, respectively. Both the plates
there is a movable nasal guard having two terminals. Surface of the are detachable. The back-plate has a projected neck-guard. Both the
helmet is damascened in gold with floral designs. The camail is attached plates and the projected neck-guard are damascened and gilded in
to half edge of the helmet it for the protection of neck, shoulders. The gold with floral-creeper and plain bands. The field is however plain.
camail is made up of interlink chains. The helmet belongs to late 17th The sides are profusely decorated. The lining of silk decorated with
century. It had length of 21.2 cm, width 18.5 and a height of 32 cm. rows of multi coloured flowered cones, and cotton is affixed inside.
It is preserved in National Museum at New Delhi with the account It is a fine example of workmanship of gold inlay. It belongs to early
number 62.3172/1. 18th century and had influence of Mughal school. It had dimensions
height 46 cm. and width 36.5 cm. It is preserved at National Museum
(b) Body Armour:-
at New Delhi with the account number 94.79. A variety of tunics
Char Ainah It was a cuirass of pieces, a breast plates, and a
were worn by the troopers both for protection as well as for ceremonial
black plate with two smaller pieces for the side connected by leather purpose. Some of the important ones are mentioned below:-
straps. It was tied round the chest and back Char Ainah has rectangular
Angarkhah is a tight flitted coat that offered protection from
side-plates made up of Damascus steel having a semi circular cut on
sword cut. It is long coat worn over the armour. Daghlah was a coat
the upper side for placing under the arm. The margins are plentifully
of quilted cloth, Jameswar reshami was a dress of honour made of
damascened in gold with floral and creeper design and the central
fine silk robe, born beneath the coat of mail. Mozah-i Ahani was iron
space is embossed with floral and creeper design. Four buckles are
stocking meant for the protecting legs. Patkah was iron piece worn
attached for binding. Inside lining is of red silk stuffed with cotton.
round the waist. Panja was of iron quilted cotton piece worn in the
It belongs to late 17th century and had Mughal influence school. It had palm. Dastana Ahani was a gauntlet worn on one or both arms and
dimensions length 24.6 cm and width 18.6 cm. It is preserved at reached from the elbow to the wrist. It was covered with gilt studs
National Museum at New Delhi with the account number 76.809/1B. over the hand. It was made of steel or leather.
Another example of Char Ainah plate are rectangular plates made of
Arm Guard was used for protecting the arm. It was made of
Damascus steel used to worn either on the chest or the back. The
leather, brass and stuffed cloth. It had a length of 32.1 cm. It is
margins are damascened in gold with floral and creeper designs. The
preserved at National Museum, New Delhi, with account number
central field is embossed with flowers in badrum pattern. It has six
62.2848 B, belonging to late 17th century A.D.
buckles, two on each side and two on the top for fastening. The inner
lining is of red silk stuffed with cotton. It belongs to late 17th century Shield, was used for the protection of hand and body from
being cut during hand to hand fight. A Shield was a circular convex
and had mughal influence school. It had dimensions length 30.6 cm
shield of rhinoceros hide, lacquered black on both the sides. The
and width 23.6 cm. It is preserved at National Museum at New Delhi
obverse is painted with four floral and creeper panels with gold and
with the account number 76.809/1D.
earthen colours. Four metallic knobs with perforated and serrated
Zirah It was coat of mail with sleeves composed of steel links. borders, damascened in gold with floral motifs were affixed around a
It reaches the knees. Generally char Ainah was worn over the Zirah. central painted medallion. A square cushion of velvet, stuffed with
Jubbah It is a coat of mail made of quilted silk or cotton. Jihlan was cotton and two straps for holding the shield are attached on the reverse
a coat of mail made of iron. (Badly damaged in photo), (the pigment has flaked off at several
Waist-Coat Armour Kavacha- It is a waistcoat-armour made of places). It belongs to 1780. It is preserved at National Museum at
steel, damascened and gilded with gold. It consists of two curved New Delhi with the account number 58.25/22.
99
The animals which were given more importance in the context was a cloth to cover to cover and decorate horse. Thai Kukari was
of the army in Jaipur were camels, horses and elephants. For them an ornament for neck. Khora was a brush to clean hair while Khurji
variety of armours were manufactured which are described below:- was scratching a horse. Bafta was a sort of cloth put on the body of
horse. Paon upsar was a used for clean the legs while Mohra a string
2) Armour of Elephant:-
of iron placed in the mouth of horse to which rein were tied.
Dor8- was a thick rope passing from the tail to throat of an
elephant. It helped the Mahawat to save himself from falling. Gaddi 4) Armour of camel: -
Tatt ki -was a cushion put on the back of an elephant below the dulthi The important constituents of armour of camel include Palan
rope. Pichwa 9 -was a belt made of rope, fastened over the butt of an was the saddle of camel, meant for carrying heavy loads. Tang was
elephant. It served as support for the bohi and helped him in firing. girth for tightening the Palan of a camel. Jhool was a square cloth
Mauallo -was a ring of nickel fixed with the trunk of an elephant. put on the back of camel. Nool was an iron chain put on the front legs
Pichnod- was a cloth spread over the behind part of elephant coming when they were left for grazing. Davana was an iron chain to tie the
down to legs. Tokara-10 was ornament of legs; Qutas11 were attached forelegs of camel. Toor- was a rope put in the nostrils of an obstinate
to the tusk, forehead, throat and neck of animal to present a formidable camel. Nukhao was a piece of rope which on the one side was attached
appearance. Pakhar- was a piece of armour made of steel. Parada12 - to the piece of wood in the nostrils of a camel and the other and being
was covering pakhar. Jhool -was a long cloth put on the back of in the hand of the driver. Moni was a rope to control and drive a
elephant covering both side of elephant Ankus13 -or a small crook was camel. Mohera- was bridle put on the mouth of a camel. Puch tarang
used guiding an elephant and stopping it. Seeri -was special equipment (crupper) was a part of the rope of chayama of a camel. Sadira- was
for the protection of the head of an elephant. Gaj Ghad14 was another a belt tied on the chest of the camel. Salito was a bag of jute for
kind of ankus. Sidhi was ladder for climbing on elephants. Pachranga carrying load gardani neck strip. Galkhar was a strip tied on the fore
-was a flag fixed to the side of an elephant. Rath or Hawadah- is head of the camel which was passed under it neck. Galtang was a
palanquin of wood and covered with iron and brass plate. A strip was rope round the neck of a camel which joined with one of the strip of
put all around. It was made high enough to protect its rider from the palm to prevent it from moving astray. Sartang18 A head strap Singoro
attack of the enemy. It was made in such a way occupant may attack was a cushion put under the palana. Kanpad was an ornament put on
the enemy and make use of weapon. Charkhi15 It was use for separate ear. Kunchi was a saddle cloth, Chadar 19 was a broad cloth of
the fighting elephant, because it was used with gun powder when the variegated canvas or wax cloth Kapada ri gaddi was a cushion put on
gun powder was fired. It makes noise so the elephant were separate the back so as to provide little comfort to the rider.
from the fighting.
Raw material:-
3) Armour of horse:- Armours of horse is made up of variety
We can also classify the raw material used for manufacturing
constituents. these weapons in following manner:-
Tang (girth) -was meant for tighten the saddle of a horse.
Gardani- was used for the protection of neck made of leather or lights Metal:
steel. Pakhar16 was an equipment to protect legs, made of steel. Pedi The metal was used for manufacturing of helmets; shield; arm
jori Rikab was a stirrup. Dumchi17 was crupper. Jer Band- Martingale guard; moza-i-ahani; blades; hilts; arrows; arrows pointed heads; bow
Mohra was a sort of net put on the mouth of horse. Zeen was saddle staves; spear pointed heads etc.These metal were iron, steel, copper,
for riding. It was made of leather or cloth. Chabuk was a whip, Loh zinc, brass, tin and bronze. Fortunately our document gives us the
ghora ke was long chain to tie the behind legs. Lagam was a rein, rich information about these metals. 20 Here I am giving the total
Gughalmal was a belt on the neck on which small bell were tied. quantity of some metals i.e. Copper 159.21 Man, Brass 164.4 Man,
Agari Pachari was ropes to tie front and behind legs. Chakma- a Zinc 115.80. Man and Iron 1275.9 Man were the metals used for
woolen padded cloth put on the saddle Charabi A strip near tail. Jhool manufacturing weapons.21 Gold and silver were used for decoration.22
100
Wood: References
Wood was used for making scabbards, arrow shaft, spear shaft, 1. Pant G.N., Indian Arms and Armours (in three volumes), Army Educational
handle of battle axe, handle of match etc. There is term Kawaj used in Stores, New Delhi, 1980 and Horse and Elephant Armours, Agam Kala Prakashan,
New Delhi,1997.
our document which means wood which was used for, manufacturing 2. Sumbul Halim Khan, Mughal Karkhanas at Amber: A study of Animal Stables
of arms.23 and Manufactories of Arms and Palanquins in the Eighteen Century, Islamic
Leather and Hides: Culture, Hydrabad , 2000.
3. Horse and Elephant Armours, op. cit. p, 3.
Leather and Hides were used for manufacturing armours; 4. Indian Arms and Armours. Vol. II, op. cit, p. 27.
quiver, shield, scabbard, bow string etc. 24 The hides of elephant 5. Ibid., p. 30.
rhinoceros buffalo etc. were used.25 6. Ibid.,p. 34.
7. Ibid.
Velvet:
8. Abul, Fazl, Ain-i-Akbari, Naval Kishore, Vol. I, Lucknow, 1883, p. 135.
Velvet was used of covering the scabbard and armours. It was 9. Ibid.
also used for the decoration purpose. 10. Taujih jama kharch topkana , jaipur microfilm no. 39, CAS, Deptt. of History,
AMU, 1726 A.D.
Precious Stone: 11. Ain-i-Akbari, op. cit., p. 136.
Diamond rubies, fishbone, gems jade crystal, soapstone etc. 12. Ibid. also see Tauji Jama Kharch , microfilm C.,A.S Deptt. of History, AMU,1726
were used for decoration of these weapons.26 Now I would like to 13. Ain i Akbari, op. cit., p. 136.
discuss the various decorative techniques in the coming paragraphs 14. Ibid., p. 137.
which will help to understand the description of Jaipur weaponry which 15. Ibid., p.134.
16. Ibid., p. 136.
I had discussed in above paragraphs. There were many kind of
17. Ibid.,
decorative techniques used for decoration of arms. Here I will discuss 18. Ain i Akbari op. cit., p.153.
few common techniques of decoration which are following:- 19. Taujih jama kharch topkhana , Jaipur bundle no. 39(microfilm Department of
Inlaying: history A.M.U. Aligarh).,1783 V. S.
20. Mughal Karkhanas at Amber: A study of Animal Stables and Manufactories of
The hard surface of the metal was made rough by shallow chisel Arms and Palanquins in the Eighteen Century, op. cit.
cuts.27 Then the gold or silver or foil was firmly fixed into the cuts.28 21. Taujih Jama Kharch ,Topkhana, Jaipur, V.S. 1783.bundle no. 39(microfilm
Then it was hammered and burnished.29 Department of history A.M.U. Aligarh).
22. Ibid.
Enameling: 23. Arhasatta Topkhana , Jaipur V.S. 1832 bundle no.7(Rajasthan State Archives
It is a kind of panting on the metal with mineral oxides which Bikaner)
resulted in firmly fixed colours.30 The design was engraved on the 24. Ibid bundle no.1(Rajasthan State Archives Bikaner)
object by engraver and meenakar applied the colours.31 Then the object 25. Taujih Jama Kharch ,Topkhana, Jaipur, V.S. 1783.bundle no. 39(microfilm
was polished, heated gently cleansed by rapidly immersing in a strong Department of history A.M.U. Aligarh).
26. Mughal Karkhanas at Amber: A study of Animal Stables and Manufactories of
acid solution made from fruit.32 Arms and Palanquins in the Eighteen Century, op. cit.
Studding: 27. G.N. Pant, Studies in Indian Weapons and Warfare, Pub. Army Educational
The precious stones like diamond, rubies, etc. were fixed on Stores, New Dehli 1970, p. 131.
28. Ibid.
the metal to increase the beauty of arms.33 29. Ibid.
The above study gives the rich information about the Jaipur 30. Ibid. p. 132.
armoury. It is a pioneer work. This study can be made more 31. Ibid.
comprehensive in the light of various documents related to Jaipur 32. Ibid
weaponry preserved at Rajasthan State Archives Bikaner. 33. Ibid.
101
The late 19th century Marwar census report Mardum Shumari

Raj Marwar mentions two categories of rangrez dyers - one is rangrez
who were dyeing the cloths with kusum (flower used for red colour).
Origin Myths and Economic Organization of Another community recorded is those of nailgars. They are reported
Rangrez Royal Karkhana in Jaipur to dye the cloths with blue colours that is why they are called nailgar. 5
Our records mentions rangrez largely dying using kusum. In one
during 18th Century instance Taju Alawkas rangrez dyed 28 Alam (muslin) thans with kusum
Miss Sumit (red coloured) colouring.6 Similarly, Ranjana rangrez coloured khasa
(kind of muslin) pagh (turban?) with kusum.7 Another instance was
In the present paper an attempt is made to highlight the nature rangrez coloured the 24 thans with kusum for festival of vasant.8
and pattern of the colouring of the rangkhana, that is, the colouring However, we do get references of nilgars of using blue dye for clothes.
department of the Jaipur State. The rangkhana records survive in the Similarly, for Western Rajasthan also Nandita Prasad Sahai mentions
two major heads, Jama-Kharch (income and expenditure; V.S.1745- that in Rangrez Fazal, was providing nil (indigo) for his raw material
1848/CE 1688-1791) and Roznamcha (daily accounts of receipts and in his own fields.9 Clearly suggestive of the fact that the division
expenditure; V.S.1782-1863/CE 1725-1806). The first reference on between nilgar and rangrez on the basis of colours must be quite
rangkhana starts from 1698 CE. Before that the task was performed faint. Though, largely, it is possible as our data also suggest that rangrez
in the chhapakhana and a separate karkhana for dyeing (rangkhana) specialising in kusum and nilgars in blue dye.
apparently appears to have been established in 1698 CE. Though no Our sources also speak about nilgars are recorded at some
textual reference to this assumption comes directly from our sources, places. They are largely Hindu. They uses blue dye and were also
the type of activities performed in the chhapakhana prior to 1698 CE suppliers of nil (indigo, blue dye) and kusum to rangkhana. We get
and post 1698 CE points towards the above assumption. some instances about it. In one instance nilgar colured the chira
Rangrez (dyer) (turban) and he get 3 aanas for his work. 10 Another instance was
Literally, rang means colour and rez means broken small; very Chhaju nilgar coloured sela (high price cotton) gulanar (?) one than
minute worker.1 It means one who is sprits/ breaks colours into the and he get the Rs. 2.11 Rangkhana also purchase the coloured from
tiniest pants. Thus, rangrez was a community of dyers. Its Persian nilgar. We get two instance they purchase the coloured from nilgar
connotation suggests some association with the Turks/ Islam. Prior and give the Rs. 5. 2 aanas for it.12 Another instance was rangkhana
to the Turkish invention community of Rangrez did not exist; though purchase the kusum coloured through Bula nilgar.13 It appears from
we do not get references of yantraka for dyers/ bleachers in the 12th the instance recorded that largely rangrez were employed directly in
century source Moti Chandra mentions that The dyers (yantraka) the karkhanas who were experts in kusum style of dying and nilgar
thoroughly bleached the cloths to get better effects. The yarns were , though did exist but, probably our account of their limited use they
tie-dyed (tantubandha).2 Irfan Habib traces the earliest reference of were hardly employed on a regular basis. Whenever, their requirement
the dyeing methods from cloth depicted in Ajanta. He suggests that were fell there were hired on short term basis or piece meal basis.
immersing the whole in particular dyes was may be older than eight Census Superintendent of Marwar, Munshi Hardyal Singh
century.3 The mains methods used for dyeing and printing were a) mentions their migrations to Marwar from Delhi. He adds that they
dyeing the whole cloth b) tie and dye (bandhna) and c) block migrated during the period of Shahab-ud-din Ghori (1173-1206) and
printing. First two were is use since long, however, for block printing were largely Sunni Muslims.14 Madhu Trivedi also suggests that dyeing
proper (chint, chhimpaka) the earliest definite reference comes from was mainly in the hands of Muslims artisans known as rangrez and
the mid- fifteenth century text. Thus, it seems by 14th century it become nilgars. The rangrez use to dye fabrics in all plain colours, and were
an established craft.4 known in Lucknow and its neghbourhood as halwais, because prior
102
to taking up the profession they were known to have been that, The simplest way for applying colour to the cloth was achieved
confectioners. Nilgars was a common term used as elsewhere in by simple immersion in the dye. The Miftah-ul Fuzala refers to the
northern India, for those who dyed fabrics with indigo. 15 However, dyer. An accompanying illustration depicts a dyer at work with two
names of rangrez appearing in our records suggests presence of both, vats before him and the dyed cloths shown hanging and drying behind.
Hindu and Muslim community as forming the past of the broad rangraz Besides simple immersion in dye, colours were applied to cloth in
category. various ways, namely, the tie-and dye method, bandhan or qulband,
Mardum Shumari Raj Marwar and Munshi Hardyal Singh the use of resists to confine the colours to patterns.22
mentions the chief sub-divisions of rangrez.16 Chauhans, Khichi, and The Technique: Mordents and Resists, Bandhani
Khokar and Behlim.17 Munshi Hardyal Singh however, records another Irfan Habib argues that much evidence for the dyeing methods
group of the dyers known as Charohas. However, he records that comes from cloth depicted in Ajanta and other paintings, references
they were quite distinct from the rangrez. They trace their ancestry
in literary texts, and extant fragments of Indian cotton cloth. It would
from Multan where they also worked as dhobis or washermen, work
seem that application of mordents and resists to the cloth surface in
like the Bandharas, and tie scarves for dyeing in various colours.18
order to produce colour patterns, while immersing the whole in
They belonged to Gharila, Dhera, Bambar, Sampal, Sattar, Bhatti,
particular dyes, is of quite an early date. The so-called Fostat cloth
Sonara, Thagri, Motha, Gulattar, Janva, Jhakkal, Marothi sub
fragments from India, collected in Egypt without archaeological
division. Our records do not speaks about the sub-divisions. Our
contexts but bearing witness to this method, have now been crabon-
documents only speaks abut the rangrez wages, types of colours and
dated to as early as the eleventh century.23 Moti Chandra has traced
colouring pattern.
earlist reference to dyeing practiced in the Manasollasa, a 12th century
It is interesting that Rangrez were not only dyeing on the cloth, text.24 Underlining that, Ishrat Alam elaborates that, The simplest way
they coloured other materials also. In one instance, for Lord Govind for applying colour to the cloth was achieved by simple immersion in
Dev Ji offering rice for colour in rangkhana of coloured rice sent for the dye. The Miftah-ul Fuzala refers to the dyer. An accompanying
colouring in the rangkhana of Jaipur.19 Many times, they employed illustration depicts a dyer at work with two vats before him and the
for removal of colour stars. In the year Suleman rangrez was asked dyed cloths shown hanging and drying behind. Besides simple
to wash Shahu Jis (the royal deity) dress probably for the removal of immersion in dye, colours were applied to cloth in various ways,
stains (rang utaran). Rangrez also wash the cloths we get one instance namely, the tie-and dye method, bandhan or qulband, the use of
Shahu Ji want to remove the coloured of his dress Suleman rangrez resists to confine the colours to patterns.25
remove the coloured and get the Rs. 2 and 4 aanas.
The art of bandhani is a highly skilled process. The technique
The Technique involves dyeing a fabric which is tied tightly with a thread at several
Irfan Habib argues that much evidence for the dyeing methods points, thus producing a variety of patterns like Leheriya, Mothra,
comes from cloth depicted in Ajanta and other paintings, references Ekdali and Shikari depending on the manner in which the cloth is
in literary texts, and extant fragments of India cotton cloth. It would tied. The main colours used in bandhani are yellow, red, blue, green
seem that application of mordents and resists to the cloth surface in and black. Bandhani work, after the processing is over, results into a
order to produce colour patterns, while immersing the whole in variety of symbols including, dots, squares, waves and strips.
particular dyes, is of quite an early date. The so-called Fostat cloth Bandhani pieces can be dyed by natural and artificial colours. Eiluned
fragments from India, collected in Egypt without archaeological Edwards suggests that Bandhani patterns are created by binding tiny
contexts but bearing witness to this method, have now been crabon- areas of the cloth with thread which block the absorption of dye when
dated to as early as the eleventh century.20 Moti Chandra has traced the fabric is immersed in the dye bath. The pattern is typically composed
earlist reference to dyeing practiced in the Manasollasa, a 12th century of small dots or bindi. Variations of the technique include a stitched
text.21 Underlining that, Ishrat Alam elaborates the dyeing methods, resist, or tritik (a malay term), and laheriya (Sanskrit/Hindi for
103
waves) for which Jaipur and its environs in Rajasthan are noted. and printing village, 30 km. from Jaipur also natural colours and dyes
Cloth is rolled diagonally and bound at intervals to create stripes, and are used by the artisans. During my survey to both the places they
in more complex pieces, zig-zags and checks. Based on evidence of informed me that except blue dye, which they abandoned using indigo
mordant dyeing technology from Mohenjodaro it seems probable that (neel), for obvious reason for indigo no longer being cultivated instead
resist-dyeing techniques such as bandhani were known during the chemically prepared, they still use natural extracts for all other prime
period of the Indus Valley Civilization.26 During my field survey colours red, orange, yellow and black. They extract than from
undertaken in 31st May 2015, I met Mohammd Imran owner of the vegetables and minerals. Mohammd Imran owner of the rangkhana
rangkhana .He told me about different types of bandhani. The main (village, Bagru) informed me that they still used natural colour dye
colours used in bandhani are natural. In fact all colours in bandhani which they prepared themselves. They told me about the process of
are dark; no light colour is used, and the background is mostly in making black colour and said that for making black colour they put
black and red. Leheria dyeing is done on thin cotton or silk cloth, the iron horse shoes (not)into water mixed with gur (sugarcane) in
usually in lengths appropriate for turbans or saris. According to them plastic bowl. After one month they put arasar powder into it and boil
the fabric is rolled diagonally from one corner to the opposite selvedge, it. During boiling it turns black. For making red colour they use fitkari,
and then tied at the required intervals and dyed. Wave patterns result Geru and aal (?) colour. Then they boil all these ingredients with
from fanlike folds made before dying. Traditional leheria employs paste of gur (?) after boiling it turns into red. For preparing yellow
natural dyes and multiple washes and uses indigo or alizarin during colour they boil anar (pomegranate) peel and put turmeric powder
the final stage of preparation. An additional dyeing using the leheria into it. For orange they boil pomegranate and put geru and turmeric
technique produces mothara. In the making of mothara, the original powders and paste of gond(gum). 29 During my another field field
resists are removed and the fabric is re-rolled and tied along the survey undertaken in Bikaner, during my visit to Bara Bazar, I enquired
opposite diagonal. This results in a checkered pattern with small undyed dyer Mohammad Akbar Maulavis grandmother, Shabana Bano, an 80-
areas occurring at regular intervals. The undyed areas are about the old lady, she informed me that presently they are using of unnatural
size of a lentil, hence the name mothara (moth means lentil in Hindi).27 dyes and use of natural dye is abandoned by them as late as 40 years
There are frequent references in our sources about bandhani ago when they were actually using vanaspati (vegetable) colours for
dyeing and printing of the cloth. Here Bagru and Jaipur, Shabana
work like leheriya, mothra, etc. In CE 1803, kirkirkhana sent 4 thans
Bano and Dilare also informed that pomegranate peels were boiled
of leheria colouring, two thans for chira (turban) and two for dupatta
with turmeric, soda, fitkari to make yellow colour, tesu (flames forest
to rangkhana. In CE1803, kirkirkhana sent two chira (turban) thans
flower) was used to prepare kesari (orange colour) colour. For red
for leheria colouring to rangkhana.
colour kusum flowers were used. Here, it is interesting that the use of
Techniques of Colour Making Process kusum flower for colouring continued as late as the twentieth century
It appears that, generally the colours used for dyeing were same was used in the Jaipur karkhanas as well in the 17th and 18th
derived from vegetables and minerals. Indigo, madder and lakh, etc. centuries. The saffron colour was obtained from keshu or harsingars
were also widely employed. Indigo was used for both bleaching and flowers. Keshu flowers mixed with harsingar saffon portions to prepare
dyeing. Moti Chandra mentions that the colours used for dyeing are red colour. Similarly by adding kesu flowers in a pink dye the vermillion
madder, lac-dye, safflower, shade of red lead, turmeric yellow, indigo, colour was obtained.30
terminalia chebula (abhaya), nisanili (night-blue), parrot green, Table-1
peacock-neck green, hamsa and kunda flower white. Our data does Vegetables Flowers and Minerals Used For Making Colours
not throw much light on the dyeing techniques used in the rangkhana.
In the Jaipur Royal palace, however, a sample dyeing karkhana called S.No. Vegetable/Flowers/ Minerals Uses
Maharani ki Factory is still in operation. Here the artisans still use 1. Kesar (Saffron) Orange
natural coloures for dyeing and printing.28 Besides, at Bagru, a dyeing 2. Haldi (Turmeric) Yellow
104
3. Pevrdhi (Cherry) Yellow 5. Mardumshumari Raj Marwar Report. CE 1891, p.482.

6. Jamakharch Rangkhana, (V.S.1801/ CE 1744), f.57a.
4. Neel (Indigo) Blue 7. Jamakharch Rangkhana, (V.S.1801/ CE 1744), f.265a.
5. Hinglu (Mahogany) Red 8. Jamakharch Rangkhana, (V.S.1802/ CE 1744), f.116a.
9. Sahai, Nandita Prasad, (2006). Politics of Patronage and Protest: The State Society
6. Kusum (Safflower) Red
and Artisans in Early
7. Saftalu (Peach) Peach 10. Jamakharch Rangkhana, (V.S.1798/ CE 1741), f. 1a.
8. Zarad (?) Yellow 11. Rozanama Rangkhana, (V.S.1859/ CE 1802), f.1.
12. Rozanama Rangkhana, (V.S.1796/ CE 1739), f.12a.
9. Multani clay Light Yellow 13. Jamakharch Rangkhana, (V.S.1801/ CE 1744), f.95a.
10. Amal Flower (?) Red 14. Singh, Munshi. Hardyal, (1995)[1894].The Castes of Marwar, ed. Komal Kothari,
Jodhpur: Book Treasure, p.171.
11. Naspal (pomegranate rind) Yellow and fast green 15. Trivedi, Madhu, (2010). The making of the Awadh Culture, New Delhi. Primus
Roznamcha RangKhana, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, Publication, p. 233.
1798, 1800, 1847, 1848, 1851. 16. Mardumshumari Raj Marwar Report. CE 1891, p. 481, Munshi. Hardyal, Singh,
(1995)[1894].The Castes of Marwar, ed. Komal Kothari, Jodhpur: Book Treasure,
Jamakharch RangKhana, 1795, 1797-99, 1834-35,1841-48, p.171.
1849-50, 1856,1858, 1859, 1860. 17. Mardumshumari Raj Marwar Report. CE 1891, p. 481.
18. Singh, Mundhi. Hardyal, ed. Komal Kothari, (1995)[1894].The Castes of Marwar,
Conclusion
Jodhpur : Book Treasure, pp. 171-172.
Thus, our documents clearly suggest that The high quality 19. Jamakharch Rangkhana, (V.S.1792/ CE 1735), Bhadwa Vadi 4/ 26th August,
dyeing work appears to be a craze with the Rajput rulers as well as Tuesday, f.458a.
among the people of Rajasthan. It appears that so much importance 20. Irfan, Habib, (2008), Technology in Medieval India, Delhi: Tulika Books, p. 44.
was given to colouring that separate karkhana (rangkhana) was 21. Chadra Moti, (1973), Costumes Textlies Cosmetics and Coiffure in Ancient and
MedievalIndia, Delhi: Oriental Publisher, p. 125.
established for colouring. The fact that the list of Mughal karkhanas
22. Alam, Ishrat, (2002)Cotton Technology in India Down to the Sixteenth Centry,
mentioned by Abul Fazl and later in the Mirat-i Ahmadi, we do not Journal of History of Science , Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilaization,
find presence of a separate karkhana for colouring, the presence of Vol III Part-2, New Delhi: Oxford Printing Press, p.456.
rangkhana in the Amber atelier makes it an exclusive enterprise of 23. Irfan, Habib, (2008).Technology in Medieval India, Delhi: Tulika Books, p. 44.
the state. 24. Chadra, Moti, (1973).Costumes Textlies Cosmetics and Coiffure in Ancient and
MedievalIndia, Delhi: Oriental Publisher, p. 125.
Generally the colours used for dyeing were derived from 25. Alam. Ishrat, (2002). Cotton Technology in India Down to the Sixteenth Centry,
vegetables and minerals. Indigo, madder and lakh, etc. were also widely Journal of History of Science , Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilaization,
employed. Indigo was used for both bleaching and dyeing. Vol III Part-2, New Delhi: Oxford Printing Press, p.456.
Artisans were paid in cash but they did not seem to be permanent 26. Edwards. Eiluned, (2011). Textiles and Dress of Gujarat, Ahmedabad: Mapin
Publishing Pvt. Ltd, p.116.
state employees on monthly basis. Instead they services were sought
27. Field survey dated on (29/05/2015).Village Bagru, District, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
as per the needs of the karkhana. 28. Field survey dated on (27/05/2015), City Place, District, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
References 29. Field survey dated on (29/05/2015), Dhere Wala, Village Bagru, District, Jaipur,
1. Steingass. F, (1981). Comprehensive Persian English dictionary, New Delhi: Rajasthan.
Manoharlal, p. 602. 30. Field survey undertaken by me dated on (18/08/2011), Bada Bazaar, Bikaner,
2. Chadra, Moti, (1973), Costumes Textlies Cosmetics and Coiffure in Ancient and Rajasthan.
Medieval India, Delhi: Oriental Publisher, p. 124.
3. Habib, Irfan, (2009), Technology in Medieval India, New Delhi: Tulika Books, p.
44.
4. Ibid, p. 45.
105
A decisive change in their status came by the treaty of 25

December, 1817 between East India Company and Jhala Zalim Singh,
where the latter violated the terms of treaty of 1758 and got these
Indergarh V/S Nimola: Problems of Sub- States attached to the Kotah State. They were termed as Kotris (jagirs
with special rights) and the rulers came to be known as Sardars.
feudation in Kotah State : A Case Study Chauth payable to Sindhia was now paid to the Company through
Dr. Nidhi Sharma Kotah. Both the kotri sardars and Bundi ruler Bishan Singh appealed
against the clause, but they were not entertained. Later on, by a treaty
The Kotri jagirdars of Kota, collectively known as Kotriyat, between Jaipur and the East India Company, the Kotris were required
formed a special group of jagirdars in Kotah State. Their status in to pay Khiraj to Jaipur to which Zalim Singh conceded. This entire
comparison to other jagirs was distinctive. A scion of Bundi royal transaction had an apparent backing of Lt. Col. Tod who was rather
family before 1761 C.E., these small princely states of Hada rajputs ignorant of or misunderstood the tradition and history. 2 So by 1824
were 15 in number. They were directly attached to the Mughal emperor C.E., the States started to pay Khiraj to Jaipur, with a grudge.
through Ranthambor Sarkar, suba Ajmer. All their official On the ijara payable by the kotris to Jaipur, there used to be
correspondence were conducted through Ranthambor and not through frequent difficulties and kotris were in trouble when force was used
States like Bundi, to which they originally belonged. They were by Jaipur to extort payment. To end such frequent embarrassments
bestowed Farman and Khillat and were referred to as Raja in Mughal of the kotris, the Kotah State guaranteed regular payment of this money.
durbar. This naturally made the Kotris virtual dependencies of Kotah and since
In 1724 C.E., when Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur took over then they formed a part of Kotah State
Ranthambor under Ijara, these States started to deposit the khiraj The position of Kotris in relation to Kotah durbar was officially
through Jaipur, treating the latter as only an ijaredar. With the weakening and generally termed as peculiar and mainly for the reason that the
of Mughal empire. Jai Singh started to extract the khiraj for himself jagirs they held were not granted to them by Kotah but by Bundi.
to which these States did not apparently object as the ruler was still
Among the Kotris, Indergarh formed the largest Kotri
an ijaredar.
comprising of 92 villages. Its sardar was called Maharaja and the clan
When Mughal emperor Ahmed Shah gave this entire area to was known as Indrasalot Hadas. Nimola was his largest jagir which
Madho Singh, the latter tried to extract services from these States enjoyed fifth seat in Darikhana of Kotah. Indergarh enjoyed a special
similar to that of Mughal emperor. By then the States had reduced to status among the Kotri sardars. He was not forced to attend
number eight (Indergarh, Khatauli, Balwan, Antarda, Karwar, Gainta, Darikhana on special occasions and received special treatment from
Pusod and Pipalda). Bundi could not respond to their appeal for help the Maharao on his arrival to Kotah.
and this opportunity was grabbed by the Kotah State. In 1758 C.E.,
If the position of Indergarh was peculiar on the above ground,
Maharao Shatrusal and Jhala Zalim Singh , the universal arbiter
so was Nimolas position in relation to Indergarh and it claimed that
guaranteed protection to these States who eventually stopped paying
the Maharaja of that estate could not be treated as an ordinary
khiraj to Jaipur. After the troops of Jaipur were defeated in the Battle
subordinate jagirdar of Indergarh.3
of Bhatwarra by Kotah, the kotris were left to themselves. Thereafter,
the States acted as a buffer between Kotah, Bundi, Jaipur and Gwalior. The estate was originally held by a Rathor rajput named
Otherwise, they had an independent military, police , judiciary and Samarath Singh, who in his own right, was independent of Indergarh.
was no way under the subjugation of Kotah. This is proved by the He gave his daughter in marriage to Maharaja Gaj Singh of Indergarh.
fact that they did not pay Khiraj to any State between 1754 to 1817 The offspring of this marriage became Maharajas of Nimola as
C.E.1 Samarath Singh or his son having no male issue of his own, bequeathed
106
his estate to his daughters or sisters sons. Thus Govind Singh was restored to Maharaja Ranjit Singh his thikana. The former contented
the first ruler of Nimola who belonged to the Indergarh family. himself by levying on the latter a fine of rupees 500. The gravity of
AREAS OF CONTENTION the situation can be gauged by a telegram which Ranjit Singh sent to
the A.G.G. dated February 15, 1908 C.E. and the Governor General
1. Assertion of Sovereignty of India when his fort was surrounded by the Indergarh forces and
The rulers of Nimola thus claimed their position to be unique in he was forced to retire from Nimola. It is to be noted that that as a
regard to its relationship with Indergarh. The latter did not grant fief subordinated jagirdar, it was not a privilege of his to correspond directly
to the rulers of Nimola. The Maharaja of Indergarh tried in past to with either the A.G.G. or the Governor General himself.
annex Nimola to Indergarh on the failure of direct and lineal descendant
The Kotah durbar too registered its protest that the decision to
and the family of Nimola successfully opposed their designs. oust the Nimola ruler was taken singlehandedly by the Indergarh ruler.
In about 1778 C.E., Indergarh tried to annex Nimola in absence It doubted if Indergarh was independent enough to take such an
of a male issue. But Kotah durbar helped the Nimola family against extreme decision without Kotahs sanction. In a letter of June 1908 to
Indergarh. This led to direct connection of Nimola with Kotah and Political Agent, Kotah,5 the Diwan stated, H.H. could have easily stayed
continued even after 1823 C.E., when the Kotris were formally the execution of the order but you know well that realizing fully the
transferred to Kotah. Its position was recognized as that of an grave issue involved and with every wish to support the maharaja, he
independent kotri sardar.4 However, the durbar, by its vernacular order did nothing of the kind but calmly awaited further developments and a
of June 5,1901 C.E. finally decided that Nimola was subordinate to formal appeal from maharaja of Nimola. The maharaja of Indergarh,
Indergarh, a stance which Nimola continued to object on account of in turn, objected as to why an appeal from Nimola was heard by the
special treatment and honors given to him and only to him by the Durbar himself directly and referred to the Agreement of 1906 in
Kotah durbar. After this order, attitude of maharaja of Indergarh towards support of its contention.
Nimola became somewhat arrogant. His interference into the internal Friction continued till 1917 C.E., when Nimola kept insisting
affairs of Nimola seemed to increase. While Nimola wanted to exercise
on being given a free hand in internal administration of his Estate. The
its civil and judicial powers independent of Indergarh, the latter resisted. Kotah durbar, in turn, decided to impart only powers of third degree
So was the case when Nimola wanted to extract certain dues and magistrate and trial of civil suits of sum not exceeding rupees 50 in
taxes from its inhabitants chiefly related to customs and excise and
subordination to and under the general supervision of the maharaja of
Indergarh strongly objected to it. When Nimola was told that the Kotah Indergarh.
durbar will not reverse its order of June 5, 1901 under any
circumstance , Nimola decided to lay its case before Political Agent, 2. Custom of Matumpursi
Kotah and the A.G.G. It is well known that after the death of a jagirdar, his successor
In January 1908 C.E., the grievance took a serious form when would present himself to his immediate sovereign and a custom of
some officials of Indergarh were severely beaten up at Nimola. matampursi was observed. It was singularly important in recognizing
Maharaja of Nimola forcibly passed out of border his grain and in the new successor and in turn was a recognition of sovereignty by
doing so absolutely disregarded the protests of Zakati of Indergarh. the successor. A sub- feudal could not ask for matampursi directly
The maharaja of Indergarh deposed the maharaja of Nimola. The from the ruler and it would have been an infringement of powers of
matter was referred to H.H. who accepted the appeal of Indergarh his immediate sovereign, the feudal.
and ordered the Nimola ruler to remain outside the jurisdiction of However, in case of Nimola, the set precedent was repeatedly
Nimola. It was after a long and prolonged inquiry by Col. Bannerman violated.
and a sound advice by the Kotah durbar that the Maharaja of Indergarh, In 1791 C.E. after the death of Sobhag Singh of Nimola, his
Sher Singh, reversed his order of deposition of April 4,1908 and heir apparent Bakhtawar Singh was invited to Kota for the performance
107
of bestowing on him ceremony of matampursi. In 1831 C.E., after So when Ranjit Singh, son of Moti SIngh succeeded in
the death of Maharaja Vikramaditya, his heir apparent Achhal Singh 1903C.E.and custom of matampursi was again followed by the Kotah
was called to Kota for matampursi. In 1873 C.E. Maharaja Achhal durbar, strong objections were raised by the Indergarh ruler, although
Singh died and his son was received by the Kotah durbar. this time the ruler of Kotah Maharao Ram Singh did not call for him.
This long list of series of matampursi performed directly by The case was elaborately discussed by the Political Agent, Maharaja
Kotah State was submitted by Maharaja of Indergarh to the Political of Indergarh and Maharao of Kotah and the issue got apparently solved
Agent. The Agent pointed out to an intriguing fact as to how could the when Ranjit Singh was asked to follow some customary rituals
matampursi be performed in 1791 C.E. when the kotris were outside towards Indergarh on occasion of his succession.
the ambit of protection of Kotah State. It looks like that the kotris 3. Issues of Salt Compensation:
(then independent States) had started interacting directly with the Kotah On June 16, 1882 C.E., as a measure of extension of its
State since 1770 C.E. through their frequent visits to the Durbar. In sovereignty, the British government concluded salt treaty with the
1778 C.E. Maharaja Subhag Singh of Nimola visited Kota and was Kotah State whereby6 no tax, toll, transit duty or due of any kind will
gracefully received by the Durbar. This free course of interaction led be levied on salt whether exported from, or imported into or carried
Bakhtawar Singh, son of Subhag Singh, to directly seek matampursi through Kotah State. The loss incurred thereby by the kotri chiefs on
from Maharao Kotah by paying him a nazarana of rupees 1,000 and such abolition of taxes was compensated by the British government
received from him a saropao and a horse. by payment of rupees 3000 to the kotri chiefs and their jagirdars. By
It is interesting to note that the Political Agent demanded this treaty, Maharaja Moti Singh of Nimola received rupees 100
translation and interpretation of the kharita dated October 25, 1865 as whereas Maharaja Sher Singh of Indergarh received rupees 1800 This
an explanation from the Kotah State when the question of performing regular payment, as Nimola claimed, was not paid by Indergarh
matampursi again emerged in 1903 C.E. regularly and appealed in 1918 against it. The maharaja of Indergarh,
The kharita goes as follows: in turn, claimed that it was only for the last two years that the payment
Albatta Maharaja Nimola badwafat wahid buzurgwar apne bich has been held in deposit, as Nimola had refused to receive it. It is
Durbar dostar ke hazir ho mazhar hal rehlat wahid hua. Ba wajuhat important to note that in the aforesaid treaty, Nimola is clearly
kalmat maaduah taraf ahali Durbar husba rasam matampursi ka huzur recognized as a subordinate to the kotri of Indergarh.
ayin. Chunach yeh majra matam aur Taziat ka barai ul en bedar magzan The Political Agent in his letter September 26,1917 clearly stated
alania aisa hai hi asla bich hamcho rasum takallum aur taksin dihi that Indergarh was merely a channel through which it is made and
hasba qarain riasat baghayur yani sathbaidulwatanam ke mariat wajib the kotri cant be recognized as having any right to withhold payments
marai rahi hai hua. or direct the money to some other purpose as such repayment of dues
The State claimed that the Maharaja of Nimola was never invited alleged to be owing. The grievance of Nimola was actually found true
by the Durbar for matampursi, that he came of his own and words of by the H.H. Kotah and accordingly a takid was issued to Indergarh on
condolences were spoken as according to the custom. Indergarh, in April 4, 1918 C. E.
turn, pointed to the words, hasba sasum matampursi bazahuyin, Thus, issues of feudatory chiefs and its dependents continued
meaning thereby that according to the custom matampursi was to engage Kotah State for long. This is only a case study. In fact, the
performed. Now here the custom of matampursi does not only mean jagirdars and their thikanas were trying hard to maintain their status in
words of condolences. The custom actually involved grant of view of fast changing political scenario where not only their rights
saropao. Indergarh also presented the proof that Maharao Kishor and privileges but those of their rulers rights were continuously
Singh sent a bakhshi of court, Raghuntnath Pancholi to bring him( encroached upon by the extending British sovereignty. In this
ruler of Nimola) to Kotah. exasperated effort, issues such as progressive administration took a
108
back seat. The Association of Kotriyat instead of introducing major

administrative reforms remained entangled in issues like such. Many
a time, the Political Agent suggested to abolish begar and to manage
financial conditions in their respective areas wisely, but the jagirdars State Policy of Trade and Commerce in
failed to resolve their mutual differences and felt lost when the process
of independence, integration and merger finally began to roll in. Bikaner and its Implications : 1759-1828 A.D.
References Prof. K.L. Mathur
1. Kotriyat ka Sankshipt Itihas(1605-1954) by Shivdan Singh Hada.
2. Dr. M.L. Sharma in a hand written document refers to it in a file of Mahakma The State of Bikaner had survived and flourished in terms of
Khas Kota File no. 3B/6jagir Basta 7, 1929 to1948. (source: Kota district Archives) financial resources when the rulers of it had joined the Mughals services
3. Mahakma Khas Kota, subno.3 copilation no.18 Jagir 3 Basta 41875 to 1928 as Mughal Mansabdars in 1570A.D. as they received the jagirs in lieu
Thikana Nimola of Indergarh. of their salaries and the booty from the Mughal expeditions. But with
4. Ibid.page 69
the decline of the Mughal Empire in the second half the 18th century
5. Jbid.
6. Aitchison, Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Vol. III Rajputana the rulers of Bikaner had to detach them selves from the empire. The
page 370-371 loss of this Imperial protection and association with Mughals led to
the financial crises in the state as the state s regular income was not
sufficient and the expenditures were increasing continuously. Despite
the state had the agrarian economy but being stretched in the desert
its Agricultural income was neither regular and nor certain.
It is therefore, to generate the additional financial resources
and meet out the increasing expenditure the rulers formulated a
progressive state policy of Trade and commerce to resurgent the state
by implementing a protective policy for the traders and merchants.
The present paper is to examine the state policy of trade and commerce
and probe its implications in the transitional phase of economy,i.e.1750-
1828A.D.after which the state again had to submit to another imperial
protection under Britishers in 1818A.D.
The indigenous states Bahis, viz. kagad bahis and Jagat bahis
and other relevant documents have been found useful for the evidences
of the measures taken by the rulers to attract the commercial magnates
and merchants to either invest in to the state or initiate their business.
I
Significance of Trade and Commerce in Bikaner State
Usually the Trade and Commerce occupy an important place in
an economy; but it had a conspicuous significance for the desert state
of Bikaner during second half of the 18 th and early 19th century due to
the various reasons.
Firstly, the geographical location of Bikaner offered some
109
linkages with many trade-routes passing through from the north-west Therefore, Maharaja Gaj Singh (1746-87 A.D.) and Surat Singh
to the rest of the country. It connected The Sindh and Multan to Delhi (1787-1828 A.D.) both attempted to enhance their income from the
and Agra via Anupgarh, Suratgarh and Rajgarh; and via Bikaner to indigenous sources like trade and commerce, a viable alternative left
Marwar, Pali, Jaipur and the southern provinces. The traders could to them. The following were some methods and measures through
traverse through with merchandize and the state could earn by levying which they manoeuvred to achieve their goal under a policy of
duties upon it. encouragement and promotion of trade and commerce.
Secondly, being stretched out in the desert it had limited fertile To keep them in good humour, the state honoured both local
area and so was the production to export at a limited scale but it and foreign traders and merchants with Pagh-pagris (turbans), Siropaos
needed at the same time various items for local consumption and use. (robe of honour), Thirmas (Shawls) and Motiyon-ro-chowkdo (a golden
Therefore, there existed potentialities of trade and the commerce by ornament embedded with jewels). It was a kind of encouragement to
fulfilling the demand of the required goods in the state by the traders. the commercial class.3 For instance a pagh was bestowed to merchant
They could, in turn carry out the available indigenous production with Maya Ram Tater of Churu in 1765 A.D.4 Thirmas were given to sarrafs
them. We find that items like cloth, luxury items, gur, sugar, Opium, of Sujangarh costing Rs. 60. The sarrofs were Roopchand, Agrawal
tobacco, horses and food grains were brought into the state from Mun Ram,5 Fatehpuria Siwal Das and Jajodia Kishan Ram. A motiyon
different directions; while wool, woollen items, Multani Mitti (Fullers ro chowkdo was bestowed on Seth Miraza Mal Potedar of Churu in
earth), sajji, etc. were sent out from the state. (Kagad Bahi, No.12, 1827 A.D.6
V.S.1859/1802 A.D; Byav Bahi, No.158, V.S. 1727/1770 A.D.; Jagat Traders and mechants were also invited to attend the royal court
Bahi No. 81, V.S. 1807/1750 A.D. Available in the Rajasthan State and celebrations of Diwali, Holi, Dussehera and such festivals. 7 A
Archives, Bikaner.) Sahukar (money lender) was granted an honorarium of Re. 1 per day
Lastly, by concentrating on trade and commerce in the state for the days he stayed in Bikaner.8
more finance could be generated through it and thus, deficiency of Besides patronising the local sahukars, the state administration
irregular and insufficient land revenue and the loss of the income requested the foreign traders and merchants to carry on their trade,
could be made up. So, the trade and commerce assumed greater convoy their goods through the routes of the state, so that it might
importance during the period under review. earn transit duty. The traders were assured for full protection and
II help of the state.9 Moreover, the state instantly permitted the external
traders for the trade. A camel trader Qader Bux of Bhatner was
State Policy of Trade and Commerce and Its Implications permitted to trade in Bikaner. 10 Sahukars of Hansi and Fatehabad were
The state Bahis testify that the rulers of Bikaner showed keen requested to send their goods to Rajgarh, Churu and Bikaner. All
interest in the growth and development of trade and commerce during assistance was assured to them.11
the period of the second half of 18th and early 19th century. 1 They To accelerate the commercial activities, traders and merchants
encouraged the traders and merchants through various allurements, of the neighbouring states and provinces were invited to come and
induced them with remissions in taxes/duties. They were also settle down in the state, open their shops and initiate business.12 Traders
facilitated by protecting their goods. were also invited to participate in the fairs of the state with commodities
The loss of the Mughal protection as well as the Tankhwah-i- of distant places. 13 In response many traders and merchants come
Jagiri income after the decline of the Mughal empire, had put the and initiated business in the state.14 Mirza Mal Potedar of Ramgarh,
state into manifold difficulties. It was exposed to external attacks and Shah Dewa Ram Ganga Bishan of Sikar and Shah Snehi Ram Jai Gopal
internal disturbances2 and thus faced financial exigencies on account of Agra were asked to open shops at Ratangarh in 1804 and having
of the growing military expenditure, running of the state administration full trusts in the state support.15 Also, Lohia Jeevan Ram Juhari Mal
as well as maintenance of the royal household. were given land for constructing six shops and two residential houses
110
in Ratangarh in 1804 A.D. by the state.16 Agrawal Harakh Chand was Jeevandesar was exempted in 1797 A.D.in such an eventuality.31 The
provided a shop in Lunkaran-sar.17 Katars (caravans of camels) and Balads (caravans of Banjaras
Shops and markets were also constructed in various bullocks) carrying merchandize were provided with sufficient fodder,
commercial centres to facilitate merchants with the rental shops. water and lodging facilities. Likewise instructions were conveyed to
References of such shops and markets are available in Rajgarh, the concerned officials.32
Suratgarh, Ratangarh and Bikaner mandis.18 The state collected Bhada We see instances of providing the escort facility by the state to
(rent) of these shops.19 In Rajgarh Rs. 107 in 1786 A.D. and Rs. 111 the traders with their Katars reached the border of the state. The
and As. 6 in 1828 A.D. were realized as Bhada (rent). escorts immediately rushed to welcome them and escorted them to
Facilities of petty loans were made available to the merchants. their desired destinations. For this service a tax was charged and it
On occasions, they were extended loans on interest. For example, was known as Badarki. 33 Mention has been made in the Kagad Bahi
Multani traders were paid such loans on their demand.20 Sarup Chand of 1813 A.D. that merchants carrying grains and other goods from
Banthia was given Rs. 50 and Jaitmal was given Rs. 2021 and later it Bikaner to Barsalpur and from Barsalpur to Bikaner were escorted on
was recovered with interest of Rs. 2 and As. 8 in Reni in 1766 A.D. each trip and were charged Annas 5 per camel load. Daga Panna, an
Besides this financial assistance, the state stood surety for the official was appointed specifically for keeping the accounts of it.34 A
traders and played an effective role in recovering their debts and in thana was also created on the way from Sindh to Bikaner for the
solving the various disputes amicably involving traders and merchants. security of those who brought grains from Sindh. The cost of that
However, it charged for its role. 22 It also entertained grievances thana were borne by those traders. 35 Rs. 7 was realized in Nohar
pertaining to taxes or duties or otherwise. We see when Seth Bhomu mandi as Badarki36 in 1765 A.D.
of Rajpura raised an issue of Chouthai of grain (a tax on sale of Every kind of protection was provided. In case they suspected
grains) it was entertained and decided satisfactorily.23 Also whenever any trouble on the way or a root, armed guards were provided by the
Sahukari Bhanchh (annual tax on businessmen) realized some of the state to escort them safe and sound. The gunmen were provided
merchants resisted and deserted to Deshnoke (a sacrosanct place of whenever it was requested.37 The like orders were issued to the officers
deity Karani Mata near Bikaner). Later, they were persuaded by the and the Jagirdars of the state.38 We find Rs. 14 and Annas 8 were
state with some relief in tax.24 realized in Rajgarh in 1883 for escorting Pathan traders upto village
The traders were induced by granting partial or full exemption Bhensli.39 In 1797 A.D. when a katar from Phuleda was on its way to
in taxes or duties. The Chhoot ra Kagad (remission papers) appended Bikaner and suspected a root near Pugal (a place in the west of Bikaner)
in almost all Kagad Bahis speak of the exemptions of taxes/duties to the officials were directed to escort them up to their destination and
the individual merchants or to villages as a whole. 25 The previous gunmen were also sent from Bikaner for the same.40 Likewise on the
dues of jagat of Khatri traders and others at Kumbhana26 village were request of a certain Johri of Jaipur while he was on his way to Bikaner
exempted completely.27 Potedar Chaturbhuj Jinda Ram Juhari Mal of was escorted with gunmen and officials of the Parganas lying between
Churu and Harnarain of Delhi, Ajodhya Prasad of Agra were among Bikaner and Jaipur were instructed to ensure his safe journey.41 In
some of the prominent sahukars who enjoyed exemptions in duties case of a theft or plundering of merchandise in transit the state made
and taxes.28 They were exempted from half the jagat on nekal (export) all its efforts to recover it. There are many references available of
and pesar (import) of grains in the state. 29 Moreover, to earn the recovering the stolen or plundered property/goods. In 1805 a katar of
goodwill of the merchants exemptions were made on importing of Juhari Mal Agrawal were looted near Bikaner and the material was
goods or grains for the personal consumption on marriage or for sold, the state recovered Rs. 139 from the dacoits and gave the money
feasts. 30 to Juhari Mal Agrawal.42 Sometimes, the state compensated for the
In the event of unnatural calamities like fire, the traders and stolen or plundered goods of the traders in the state. We have such
inhabitants of whole the village were exempted from all tariffs. Village instances as well. The Bajra weighing 405 maunds of Potedar of Churu
111
Juhari Mal Jinda Ram was looted at Ratangarh. The state paid Rs. 361 in installments or a thod (source of income) were assigned for
cash as compensation to the firm of Churu.43 Likewise Rs. 150 was realization.56
given to a Sahukar in Nohar for the goods belonging to him was mis- Roads, talabs, wells and shops were constructed to facilitate
convoyed to Mohd. Hussain Bhati.44 In the year 1765 A.D. when Tater the commercial traffic. The qasba Anupgarh was fast growing as a
Mayan Ram convoyed a katar laden with brass and lead from Churu commercial centre. Therefore, the road from Anupgarh to village
to Pithod it was stolen by miscreant Mamoodo at village Mehlusar. Balochiya and village Dabjal, and talabs (tank) and wells were
The state immediately blocked the traffic and recovered the material constructed in Anupgarh in 1844 A.D. 57 Wells were also dug in
and handed it over to the owner.45 The state did realize the 1/4 cost of Lunkaransar in 1770 A.D.58 This shows that rulers followed a policy
the recovered property involved in loot or theft. Rs. 90 Annas 12 of giving encouragement and promotion to enhance the commercial
were recovered as the cost of labour put in recovery of the lost goods traffic in the state; consequently it earned more through trade and
in 1771 A.D. in Rajgarh.46 commerce. Besides, they must have thought of safeguarding the state
The state administration was equally vigilant for their convenient authority and interest in the given condition by creating a supportive
journey throughout the state territory. It issued repeated instructions group of merchant class. Through this support they could counter
at times to its officials deputed on various positions in Parganas, the insurgent and restive nobility of the state. This affluent class of
Chowkis and Mandis for not realizing undue and not to harass them in merchants could stand by the state and extend financial support to the
any way and they should arrange all facilities for traders.47 Whatsoever state. However, we do not come across any evidence suggesting state
exemptions were provided, copies of such directions were sent to the monopoly over any commodity. The state did not indulge in trade
officials for execution. So that the grantee might be benefited at the directly or monopolized any trade activity as such a practice followed
other end and allowed to enjoy the exemptions unhampered.48 by Mughal emperors and princesses.59
Special privileges were given to some most reliable commercial References
magnets like Seth Mirzamal Potedar of Churu. He was allowed to 1. There are innumerable references in the Kagad bahis showing their such interests.
keep his own agents in the state to watch his interests and accounts.49 Almost every Kagad (order) contains the following concluding lines for merchant
The Rozgar was paid to them by the state. Rs. 91 was paid for two class - ^clrk jgtks ch.kt oksikj djtks Fkkjh ihB jglhA* (Do reside in the state and
agents for six months period @Rs.15per month50 in Anupgarh. Also continue the commercial activities, the state would support you) See Chhoot ra
no defaulter could be arrested if he took shelter in the Haveli of Seth Kagad appended in the various Kagad Bahis. Kagad Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1811/1754
A.D., No.2, V.S. 1820/1763 A.D., No. 15, V.S. 1866/1809 A.D., R.S.A., Bikaner.
Mirzamal in Churu or elsewhere in his custody. 51 Perhaps this was a 2. The state had enmity with Jodhpur state during this period. It attacked Bikaner
rare privilege granted to any merchant. A respect for this house is also many times. The Thikanedars of Bikaner also revolted against the state and
evident from such a right. He was accorded special honour and gifts hatched conspiracies. See Ojha, G.H., Bikaner Rajya ka Itihas, II ed., Jodhpur
while departing from the Darbar (court). 52 He was also sometimes (1999), pt. I, pp. 323, 26, 42, 44, pt. II, pp. 372-73, 385, 68, 78, 91 & 97.
requested to reach the Darbar to confer with the ruler.53 3. Such honours were also conferred upon the local merchants while granting a
muqata or for rendering any outstanding service to state by them like encouraging
The state paid enough attention towards the Vyaparis and settlement in any village. Sawa Bahi Suratgarh, No. 8, V.S. 1898/1841, f. 133,
Sahukars. The state borrowed larger loans from them. Seth MirzaMal R.S.A., Bikaner.
loaned Rs. 4,00,001 by a Hundi in 1827 A.D. against the various 4. Sawa Bahi Nohar, No.1, V.S., 1822/1765 A.D., f. 23, R.S.A., Bikaner.
sources of the state income to be mortgaged with him for repayment. 5. Sawa Bahi Sujangarh, No.7, V.S. 1914/ 1857 A.D., f. 411(b), R.S.A., Bikaner.
The right to realize the same was handed over to him.54 There were 6. Kagad Bahi, No. 33/1, V.S. 1884/1827 A.D., f. 82(a). Potedar Sangrah ke
Aprakashit Kagzat - Govind Agrawal, pp. 45-46, Marushri, Ajmer, 1976 A.D.,
some other Sahukars who used to extend loans to the state. For
Yr.5, Vol. 1-2.
instance, Rs. 400 was lent to the state for construction work in Bikaner 7. Sharma, G.C., Administrative system of Rajputs, New Delhi, 1979, pp.155-
in 1797 A.D.,55 and it was to be adjusted from the jagat. These loans 58; The artisans were also favoured by bestowing certain financial favours. For
were usually adjusted against the due jagat in Sahukars or were repaid instance, Rs. 130 as state help were provided to Usta artisans Sahu Mohd.,
112
Biram Abu and Sultan on marriages of their wards. Kagad Bahi, No.18, V.S. 1868/ 38. Ibid.
1811 A.D., 5.318, R.S.A., Bikaner. 39. Sawa Bahi Rajgarh, No.4, V.S. 1840/1783 A.D., f. 576, R.S.A., Bikaner.
8. Kagad Bahi, No. 13, V.S. 1861/1804 A.D., Bhadwa sudi 6, R.S.A., Bikaner. 40. Kagad Bahi, No.10, V.S. 1854/1797 A.D.
9. Kagad Bahi, No. 30, V.S. 1881/1824 A.D., ff. 1(a), 3(a), 16(a), 300(b), R.S.A., 41. Letter of Maharaja Gaj Singh to Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh, dtd. Jyestha vadi
Bikaner. 10, V.S. 1819/1762 A.D.; Draft kharita and parwana, Jaipur records. Cf. B.L.Gupta,
10. Kagad Bahi, No. 10, V.S. 1854/1797 A.D., f. 39, R.S.A., Bikaner. Op. cit., pp. 232-36
11. Kagad Bahi, No. 22, V.S. 1873/1816 A.D., Magh sudi 9, R.S.A., Bikaner. 42. Miscellaneous Bahi, No. 190, V.S. 1861-67/1804-10 A.D., Asoj sudi 4, V.S. 1862/
12. Kagad Bahi, No. 30, V.S. 1881/1824 A.D., ff. 1(a), 3(a), 16(a) and 106(b); No. 14, 1805 A.D., Cf. B.L.Gupta, Op.cit. pp. 232-36, Sawa Bahi Rajgarh, No.1, V.S.
V.S. 1863-64/1806-07, ff. 225 & 240; No. 13, V.S. 1861/1804 A.D., Bhadrapad 1828/1771 A.D. f. 3a. The looted camels of a trader of Rajgarh were recovered
badi 4, R.S.A., Bikaner. and returned to him in 1771 A.D., Sawa Bahi Rajgarh, No.4, V.S. 1839/1782
13. Sharma, G.C., Op. cit., pp. 155-56. A.D. There are more examples available to us in the bahis. In 1774 A.D. a katar
14. Jain Anjula, Bikaner Rajya ki Vittiya Vyavastha, p. 169 (An unpublished thesis carrying Pashmina and cotton cloth from Pithod to Bikaner was looted at Rajpura
approved by the Rajasthan University, Jaipur, 1990). by Mian Qammauddin. On the request of the traders the state inspected the
15. Kagad Bahi, No.13, V.S. 1861/1804 A.D., Shravan badi 11. officials of Churu, Bhadra and Nohar that none should purchase the looted items
16. Ibid, Bhadrapad badi 4, R.S.A., Bikaner. and the goods should be recovered soon. Kagad Bahi, No. 10, V.S. 1854/1777
17. Sawa Bahi Lunkaransar, No.1, V.S.1889/1832 A.D., f. 38(a), R.S.A., Bikaner. A.D. The many references of looting shows the gross insecurity at the trade
18. Sawa Bahi Suratgarh, No. 3, V.S. 1877/1820 A.D., f. 176, R.S.A., Bikaner. routes.
19. Sawa Bahi Rajgarh, No.1, V.S. 1828/1771 A.D. , R.S.A., Bikaner. 43. Kagad Bahi, No. 22, V.S. 1873/1816 f. 182, Kartik sudi 12, R.S.A., Bikaner.
20. Rs. 1026 and Annas 14 in 1748 A.D. were loaned to the Multani traders in 44. Sawa Bahi Nohar, No.1, V.S. 1822/1765 A.D., f. 16b, R.S.A., Bikaner.
Bikaner. Sawa Bahi Mandi Bikaner, No.3, V.S. 1805/1748 A.D., f.55(b). 45. Ibid, f. 23
21. Sawa Bahi Reni, No.1, V.S. 1823/1766 A.D., ff. 239, 243. 46. Sawa Bahi Rajgarh, No.1, V.S. 1828/1771 A.D., f. 105a, R.S.A., Bikaner.
22. The policy of the Rajput rulers of Rajasthan towards commercial class in the 47. Kagad Bahi, No. 10, V.S. 1851/1774 A.D., Phalgun sudi 3, Asoj sudi 7, No. 12,
18th century, Gupta, B.L. (Summary), pp. 344-45, PIHC, 46th Session, Amritsar, V.S. 1859, Baisakh badi 4, R.S.A., Bikaner.
1985; Gupta, B.L., Trade and commerce in Rajasthan, Jaipur (1987), pp. 233- 48. Kagad Bahi, No.3, V.S.1827/1770 A.D., Posh badi 1, No.1, V.S.1811/1754 A.D.
34 , R.S.A., Bikaner.
23. Kagad Bahi., No.1, V.S.1811/1754 A.D., R.S.A., Bikaner. 49. Kagad Bahi, No. 30, V.S. 1881/1814 A.D., ff. 183, a and b. , R.S.A., Bikaner.
24. Ibid, No.23, V.S.1874/1827 A.D., Bhadrapad badi 1. 50. Sawa Bahi Anupgarh, No.14, V.S. 1898/1841 A.D., f. 151. There were two
25. Chhoot ra Kagad, Kagad Bahi, No.1, V.S.1811/1754 A.D., No.3, V.S.1827/1770 agents Lunia Parsa Ram and one other in Anupgarh area. At the rate of Rs. 15
A.D., f. 8(a); Prachun Kagad, Kagad Bahi, No.10, V.S. 1854/1797 A.D., f.8; p.m. comes to Rs. 90 only. It is not known why Re. 1 is in excess.
No.20, V.S. 1871/1814 A.D. 51. Nawal Ram Daga, a Sahukar of Bhadra, when he was subjected to pay some
26. Village Kumbhana (nearby to the capital city of Bikaner) was dominated by amount by the state under Attak (arrest), he took shelter of Mirza Mal in
Khatri merchants. Bhadra in 1827 A.D. He wrote letters to Mirza Mal Potedar for his security
27. Kagad Bahi, No. 26, V.S. 1877/1820 A.D., Chetra sudi 2, R.S.A., Bikaner. (Letters - S.172, S.651 and S.301. Potedar collection of Churu). There were some
28. Ibid, No. 20, V.S. 1871/1814 A.D., Kartik Badi 3, R.S.A., Bikaner. more incidences recorded in the collection cited, that Mirza Mal was approached
29. Ibid to abstain the Attak incidences. The Attak was a kind of an arrest by the state
30. Kagad Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1811/1754 A.D., Jyestha badi 8, R.S.A., Bikaner. of a particular sahukar shop, katar or a person in which he was subjected to pay
31. Prachun Kagad, Kagad Bahi, No.10, V.S.1854/1797 A.D., f. 8, R.S.A., Bikaner. the required amount out of his accumulated wealth or to fulfil the demand of any
32. Jain, Anjula, Op. cit., p. 170; Orders were issued in 1797 A.D. in regard to 2 type. It was more or less a forced raid. For details see Papers relating to attak by
camels of traders to be grazed in the pasture land of village of Magra, Kagad Govind Agrawal, pp. 6-17. Marushri, Yrs 11-12, Vol. 4-1, July-December,
Bahi, No. 10, V.S. 1854/1797 A.D., f. 20, R.S.A., Bikaner. 1982, Churu, Rajasthan.
33. Kagad Bahi, No.1, V.S.1811/1754 A.D., order for the escorting goods and necessary 52. When he was departing from the Darbar (court) he was honoured with his
security was given. fellowmen or Gumastas (agents) with Siropaos, Motiyon ro chowkdo and shawls
34. Kagad Bahi, No. 19/2, V.S. 1870/1813 A.D., Baisakh sudi 6, R.S.A., Bikaner. worth Rs. 3800 in 1827 A.D. Kagad Bahi, No. 33/1, V.S. 1884/1827A.D., f.
35. Ibid 82(9); Potedar Sangrah ke Aprakashit Kagzat, Govind Agrawal, pp. 45-46,
36. Sawa Bahi Churu, No.1, V.S.1829/1772 A.D., f. 25b, R.S.A., Bikaner. Marushri, Churu, 1976 A.D., Yr.5, Vol.1-2
37. Kagad Bahi, No.3, V.S.1827/1770 A.D., f. 13a. 53. Khas Rukka of Maharaja Surat Singh dated. Asadh badi 5, V.S. 1884. Quoted in
113
Potedar Sangrah ke Aprakashit Kagzat, Govind Agrawal, Op. cit., p.34.
54. Chaar Lakh ki Aitihasik Hundi (Hindi) Govind Agrawal, Maru Bharti, Yr. 18,
No.4, Ed. Kanhiyalal Sahal, Jan. 1971, Pilani; Potedar Sangrah ke Aprakashit
Kagzat, Govind Agrawal, Op. cit., p.34-35.
55. Kagad Bahi, No. 10, Potedar Sangrah ke Aprakashit Kagzat, Govind Agrawal, Prajamandal, Peasant Awareness and
Op. cit., p.34. 1854/1797 A.D., f. 50, Asadh badi 3.
56. Kagad Bahi, No. 19/1, V.S. 1870/1813 A.D., Mingsar sudi 4; Potedar Sangrah Political Changes in Alwar State (1938-1948)
ke Aprakashit Kagzat, Govind Agrawal, Op. cit., p.34. 1870/1813 A.D., Mingsar Dr. Anuradha Mathur
sudi 4.
57. Sawa Bahi Anupgarh, No. 14, V.S.1901/1844 A.D.; Potedar Sangrah ke
When we talk about peasants in the 18th century, it comprised
Aprakashit Kagzat, Govind Agrawal, Op. cit., p.34. 1901/1844 A.D.
58. Kagad Bahi, No.3, Potedar Sangrah ke Aprakashit Kagzat, Govind Agrawal, of various categories of landlords as cultivators, artisans and landless
Op. cit., p.34. 1827/1770 A.D., f. 10b, Kartik sudi 2. labourers in a village society.1 It covered more than 80% of population
59. The Mughal emperor Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb did participate into the of a village. Possession of land by the cultivators was neither challenged
overseas trade and the queens also invested in trade and even had junks of their by the Ruler nor the officials.2 Generally, the Rulers were satisfied
own. The monopoly rights were created for important commodities like saltp***, with a part of the harvest as allegiance to him. With the advent of the
indigo and lime coming from Broach; Dr. Satish Chandra - Commercial activities
British, the village community system got disrupted when the privileged
of the Mughal Emperors during the 17th century, pp. 163-169 - Essays in
Medieval Indian Economic History Congress, Golden Jubilee Year Publication class took the reign of land in their hands. In Rajasthan, altogether
Series, Vol. III, New Delhi (1987). different system of Jagirdaari (feudalism) emerged in which control
over the village produce, production method and economic
opportunities were dictated by the terms of Kaamdars and indirectly
by the Jagirdaars. Above all, they became the Masters of the land.
Alwar State
Under the influence of the British, the names of rulers and the
Jagirdaars of Alwar continued levying irregular lag-bag (cesses),
compelled peasants to render beggar (forced labor), imposed
innumerable custom duties on agricultural seeds and implements, social
discrimination or caste based determination of land revenue, insecure
land tenures, irrelevant rules of forest department (Mehkama Jungalat),
corruption in civil supplies became a subject of discontentment.
Prajamandal and Programme of Peasant Awareness
The first sign of political awakening was observed in 1937 and
in 1939 when Congress Committee and Prajamandal commenced its
activities in Alwar. Later, CONGRESS FORMALLY MERGED WITH
Prajamandal in August, 1940. 3 It was the first public body which was
working in the interest of the people and with the aim of saving them
from the miseries and atrocities of autocratic rule.4 Prajamandal soon
declared that it did not have any apprehensions against His Highness,
State Government or Jagirdaars, but openly declared that old order of
things could hardly be continued now and any tenacity in the matter
of sticking to the past practices would automatically bring harmful
114
results. Undoubtedly, it would stand to help the weak but not at the should get the right of Biswedaari.
stake of harming others.5 b) Peasants must get compensation for forest land. Rules to be
From the very beginning, the members of Prajamandal turned liberalized regarding grazing of cattle in khalsa land.
themselves to the interiors. Meetings were held at various places like c) Abolition of Dabri customband the most prevalent Nirakh
Ramgarh, Tijara, Anawara, Naugawan, Mubarikpur, Padmara, Rajgarh, and Bhent beggar in Jagir area.
Thanagazi, Laxmangarh, Bansur and at remote areas of Dauhali, Gunta,
d) Schools to be opened in Jagir Maafi areas for spreading
Khora, Kherli, Narainpur etc. to create awareness among the masses.
education.
In these meetings they used to raise questions on the despotic rule,
atrocities and exploitation by Jagirdaars and Mafidars induced e) Establish responsible Government. There should be rule of
consciousness regarding preservation of forests and their right over the people, by the people and for the people.
the grass (fodder) and wood of forests, spread of education, Prajamandal gave a call for a Jagir Maafi Conference in Rajgarh
representation in State administration and attaining a responsible on June 1-2, 1941. To bring about awareness regarding the programme,
Government under the aegis of His Highness, which gave a radical meetings were held at Company Garden on 24th May, 1941, Purana
turn to the political scenario in Alwar. In this way, peasants were Katla on 25th May, 1941 and at Rajgarh on 28th May, 1941, which were
prepared to fight back for their plight. Two important Kissan Sammelan attended by prominent leaders like L S Tripathi, Sushila ji, K B Modi,
(Peasant conferences) Jagir-Mafi Conference in Rajgarh and Khera Master Bholanath ji, Guru Brij Narain Acharya, Inder Singh Azad and
Mangal Singh Conference raised voice for economic equality in society many more.
for Jagiri peasants but a mass movement in 1946 could only bring Awareness programmes for the peasants was an eyesore for
political rights. the Jagirdaars and they engaged reactionary elements to create terror.
(I) Local members of Revolutionary Socialist Party secretly gathered at
Prajamandal sought to develop ways to fight oppressive form Rajgarh to safeguard the cause of poor peasants. It was attended by
of Government, poverty, backwardness and socio economic challenges the Prajamandal members from all over Rajputana like Jai Narain Vyas
as a part of distressed class wider participation in the resistance. from Jodhpur, Jugal Kishore Chaturvedi of Hindon, Adityendra ji from
Gandhijis principles of economic self sufficiency was incorporated Bharatpur., Ram Swaroop ji of Jaipur and Ram Narain Chaudhary of
in their actions. Purpose of Prajamandal to invoke individual dignity Ajmer. Thousands of kissans from Jagir areas of Langarwas, Tasing,
was achieved when public of Rajgarh warned the Government through Digaawara, Karauli, Chirkhana, Sitawas, Pada, Garhi and others
a notice.7 Government itself is at fault as it has deprived us of our peacefully marched through the town and gathered at Macheri Chowkin
own rule, our trade, our cultivation, art & craft and imposed upon us Rajgarh on 1st June, 1941, which was addressed by Master Bholanath
improper and heavy taxation, this rendered us as beggars. It is better jiwho appealed the masses to get out of the vicious cycle of tyrants
to offer Satyagrah and obtain complete Swaraj or die in the effort, like Jagirdaars and Kaamdars who were prorected by the Maharaja of
rather than to drag on this drudgery. Alwar.9 Though the Conference could not bring the desired results
but it alerted administration and awakened peasants for their justified
Accordingly, a Satyagrah (Civil disobedience and tax resistance)
demands. Involvement of prominent leaders gave an impetus to their
against the landlords and the ruler of Alwar was launched in an effort
cause.
to end oppressive taxation that has forced the peasants to defend their
economic rights. Prajamandal demanded for changes in land revenue (II)
system and other practices.8 Year 1946, in the annals of Alwar, saw a decisive and successful
a) Proper land settlement in jagir Maafi areas. The peasants struggle against the autocracy. To give a final shape to Jagir peasant
should get hold of land instead of land tenancy and in other areas they unrest, Prajamandal again raised the demands through a conference
on 3 rd February, 1946, at village Khera Mangal Singh in Rajgarh.10
115
References liberty of an individual.15 Only after Prime Minister Sri Mal Bafnas
- Girdavri (crop assessment) should be written in the name of the assurance of setting up a responsible Government in the State, the
cultivator who has tilled the land. Abolish the practice of entering strike was called off. On the intervention of Hiralal Shastri of AISPC
any name. Jaipur, the arrest orders of all the leaders were withdrawn. All
- Compensation of forest land to peasants. assurances given proved false as the State took no such steps which
- Tribunal for forests. might give relief to the peasants.. In order to make a large forum of
- Grains must be available at cheap rates on Government shops. the issues, a series of Kissan Sammelans were organized. 16 These
Villages also to have such shops. conferences attained phenomenal success.
- Salaries of Government servants to be increased. (III)
- Schools to be opened in villages also.
It became very clear to the Government that unless some
Some social issues were also included 11-
changes are made in the policies, the public would not give up its
- No forced Lag-begar and cesses to be levied, like
agitation. Accordingly, election of the Municipality Corporations of
a) The peasantry had to pay Rs.3/- for using the Jagirdars well.
Alwar, Rajgarh and Tijara were declared. Kashiramji, Bhawani Sahai
b) Abolish the practice of confiscating part of the produce by
and Kripa Dayal were elected as Chairman of these Corporations.
Jagirdaar/ Kaamdars, and also the practice of presenting 65 fists
They demanded a responsible Government under the aegis of His
of maize at the time of harvest.
Highness and raised their voice by saying that-
c) Stop sharing 20 ser per maund grain to the peon of the Thikana.
d) Forcefully take beggar in form of Nirakh, bhent, to water There is no rule of people that is why the peasants are
plants, to grind grain etc.12 suffering. The State exchequer has 80 Lac but there are no roads, no
e) Abolish chulha lag @ Re.1/- P. A. And also Kunwar Kaleva. schools and no hospitals either. People are dying due to unavailability
of medicines costing 2 paise. Essential commodities like sugar, cloth,
To popularize the objective of the conference, workers of kerosene are given to their agents but the villagers were deprived of
Prajamandal went village to village which had a great impact on the these.17 This led them to appeal for Resignation of irresponsible
masses. The conference was attended by 15,000 peasants despite Ministers and served the Government, an ultimatum of Satyagrah
that the Government in a bid to suppress this upsurge, arrested the from 24th August, 1946. They presented a protest plan in the following
supreme leaders like Bhawani Sahay, Shobha Ram ji, Lala Kashi Ram manner-
and Ramji Agarwal on the midnight of 2nd February, from a temple of
Khera, while some other leaders from Alwar and Tijara were also a) Complete strike on 24th August, 1946.
taken into custody. Master Bholanath ji went underground and organzed b) Death procession of Irresponsible Ministers.
a successful conference on the scheduled date and time.13 The news c) Groups of Satyagrahis would go to the offices and ask the
of arrest spread like wild fire in all the Tehsils of Alwar. People gathered Minister to resign.
peacefully but protested very strongly against the arrests by observing To supress this Satyagrah, the Government imposed Defence
Hartaal (Strike). The impact of this call was so immense that small Rule 144 on 24th August, 1946, prohibiting meetings and processions
shops like Halwais, barbers and even the schools and Colleges in Municipal areas. All of a sudden, the State arrested Bholanath ji,
.............. 14 Lala Kashiram and Ramji lal of Prajamandal. The Congress Youth Wing
Demonstrations to bring in a responsible Government were held got stirred up and 20,000 students gathered at Nangli Circle of Alwar
and meetings were organized at Purjan Vihar, Subhash Chowk and at 8:00 AM. Mahaveer Prasad, Chhotu Singh Arya and Maya Ram led
Hope Circus. Nehru criticized the action of Alwar State on the National the procession to Subhash Chowk, where Mahaveer Prasad addressed
front, and observed it as an open violation of declaration by Chamber a public meeting. Later, at 2:30 PM, he was arrested on the charges of
of Princes of 19th January, 1946, which guaranteed political and civil defying the Defence Rule 144. The impact of Prajamandal was so
116
great, that State employee Uma Dutt Sharma, Registrar of High Court, peasants. The technique of Satyagrah created harmony and became a
resigned and joined the Satyagrah in protest of repression by the State.19 symbol of strength.
Arrest of Prajamandal workers was carried on throughout the State.
References
Women and children were also not spared if were found to be connected 1. Wikipedia
in any way with the activities of Prajamandal. 2. A R Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism P.8, Macmillan India Limited,
On the request of Pandit Nehru, Sri Hiralal Shastri met the Madras, 1991.
Maharaja of Alwar SriTej Singh ji. It was agreed that all the demands 3. Bag No. 309, F. No. 18-26/C/39, Confidential diary of CID dated 2nd May, 1939,
RSA, Alwar.
of Prajamandal would be accepted including the demand of a 4. Bag No. 309, F. No. 18/26-C/39, Confidential diary of CID dated 2nd May, 1939,
responsible Government. The Styagrah was taken back on 2 nd speech of J N Vyas at Purjan Vihar, 1st may, 1939, RSA, Alwar.
September, 1946. During this 10 day period, 350 Satyagrahis were 5. Bag No. 70, F. No. 9/C/39, leaflet no. 1, Confidential branch, H H Government
put behind bars. An interim Government was set up on 1st September, office, Alwar State, 1939, RSA, Alwar.
1946, at the Centre with Nehru heading the same. It was made very 6. Bag no. 309, F. No. 15, weekly diary of Alwar State, week ending 29th July, 1939,
clear to the State that the public could not be deprived of its powers dated 1st August, 1939, RSA, Alwar.
7. Bag No. 70, F. No. 13/9-C/1939, dated 3rd March, 1939, Notice from public of
anymore and with the Satyagrahs and strikes the functioning of the Rajgarh to Alwar State Government through Umesh Chandra Dutt, Secretary,
Government machinery was being hampered. Accordingly certain steps Prajamandal, Rajgarh, Alwar nizamat, 3rd March, 1939, RSA, Alwar.
were taken 8. Bag no. 309, F. No. 18/39, 1st August, 1939,diary of Rajgarh District, week
- The custom of Nirakh Begar was withdrawn. ending 30th July, 1939, 1939, RSA, Alwar.
9. Speech of Bholanath ji, Bag no. 417, Swatantra Bharat, 1st June, 1941, RSA,
- Civil Supply Committee was declared as a non Government Alwar.
agency with all rights and powers. 10. Mahavir Prasad Jain, Alwar ki Jagriti ka Itihas , P.136-137, Akhil Bhartiya
- Central Civil Supply Committee was formed in which one non Swantrata Senani Sangathan, Alwar 2002.
11. Bag no. 417, Swatantra Bharat, 1st march, 1947, RSA, Alwar.
official and two Prajamandal members were appointed. The prime
12. Ibid. It was a practice in village Anawara that every day three ladies of the
Minister had direct control over the Committee to keep a check chamaar community were called to grind grain and millets at Kamdaars house
on corruption and bribery. and in return used to get one maund of grain from the seasonal crop.
- The Maharaja agreed to enter Vidhan Parishad (later in Indian 13. Mahaveer Prasad Jain, Ibid P. 136
14. Bag no. 410, F. No. 34-L/P/46, 8th February, 1946, RSA, Alwar, Hindustan
Union). It would be based on Cabinet Mission Plan. Prime
Times, 8th February, 1946.
Minister Dr. N B Khare would represent Alwar State in the 15. Mahaveer Prasad Jain, Ibid P. 141.
Legislative Assembly.21 16. Thanagazi- 27th February, 1946, Behror- 9th March, 1946, Jaswantgarh- 11th
This earmarked the victory of the people and their fight for march, 1946, Berkhera- 15 th march, 1946, Pratapgarh-11 th April, 1946,
their rights and power. Popular movement came to an end when in Laxmangarh-30th April, 1946, Akbarpur-30th June, 1946, Garhi-28th July, 1946,
Mubarakpur-4th August, 1946, Mandan-16th August, 1946, Karnikot-18th August,
March. 1948, Matsya Union was formed with its Capital at Alwar. A 1946, Bansur-23rd November, 1946, Khora-23rd December, 1946, Padmada-31st
responsible Government under the Prime Ministership of Prajamandal December, 1946, Kathumar-14th January, 1947, Kishangarh & Tijara-22nd January,
Member Babu Shobha Ram was set up. 1947, Gugadia (Behror)-22nd February, 1947, RSA, Alwar.
The programme adopted by Prajamandal was to assimilate 17. Bag no. 417, F. No. 4, 1st March, 1947, Speaker CRamji Lal, presided by Bholanath
ji at Gugadia Kissan Sammelan,RSA, Alwar.
suppressed class into main stream so that the society could be united.
18. Mahaveer Prasad, Ibid, P. 154.
Till now, ignorance for their rights kept them alienated but prajamandal 19. Ibid, P. 161.
taught them that without singleness of purpose, it was not possible to 20. Ibid, P. 130.
attain any achievement. Selfless devotion for common cause by 21. Bag no. 417, F. No. 4, Swatantra Bharat, 5th July, 1947.
Prajamandal members won the moral and sincere support of the
117
Besides the City Kotwal, the State maintained l3 Thanas in the

territory. one in each pargana, at the head of which was one thanedar.
As there was no separate police department, these thanedars were
Police Administration and Reforms in kept under the supervision of tehsildars, who were not only magistrates
but also police officers. Like the kotwal of the city, the thanedars also
Bharatpur State During Colonial Period looked after peace and order of their parganas and acted like judicial
Virendra Sharma officers.
Next to the thanedars at the police station, there were other
Bharatpur state was facing much more difficulties in subordinate officers like jamadar or the deputy thanedar and the
administration as well as to maintain law and order in state from the constables. Then there was the ,Mohrrir or the report writer. The
beginning of foundation in 1722 because this territory had been salary of the thanedar ranged between 30 and 45 Rupees per month,
observed notorious .There were many gangs of robbers and while that of the constable was rupees 4 per month.
freebooters. Serious efforts taken by Thakur Badan Singh, Ruler of
The lowest, but not the least important police officials were in
Bharatpur,to ensure law and order in their state. In The beginning,
the village watchmen or chowkidars, the real executive police of the
there was no any systematic police organization in Bharatpur State.
state who kept watch at night, reported the arrival of the strangers
Some state officials or private persons were vested with police duties.
within the village territory and helped to detect the crimes. These
The early police system in the State was inspired by Mugal system of
chowkidars got no pay, but held land, besides certain perquisites from
administration. The Kotwal was incharge of the city police
the zamindars. They were, however, responsible for all robberies and
administration , his headquarters were at Kotwali and he had to perform
had to compensate the losses in case the property was not found. The
a number of duties. Besides that he had to be present for all ceremonial
chowkidars of the headquarters of parganas got pay from the State,
functions of the State, he received daily reports from spy and sweepers
(the rate of pay being different in almost each pargana) and in some
of the happenings in the city and maintained law and order. He made
cases held land and received perquisites from the inhabitants in addition.
arrangements for watch and ward of the streets at night, and at all
In case the lost property was not traced out, the chowkidars made
places of public gatherings, he kept subordinates to look out for thieves
amends to the extent of half or one third of the value of the property,
and mischief -mongers. But, in addition, he had other duties which
declared on oath (Dharam Karam) by the loser. The chowkidars did
are now no longer entrusted to the police. He was also a law officer
this under pressure from the police or the court or for the sake of the
or magistrate, looked after the prison, heard and decided the charges
Khan-pan which they received from the zamindars. The practice was
against prisoners, exercised the judicial powers of a Tehsildar, and
executed the sentences. Thus, he had a strange combination of powers very defective because some thefts were committed by the chowkidars
of the judge, the prosecutor, the collector and. the thief catcher. Under themselves, and in some cases false charges were brought against
such circumstances, impartial investigation of cases and administration them to take advantage of this system.
of justice were well nigh impossible. Besides the Kotwal, there were The total force of the chowkidars of all ranks in all the parganas
subordinate officers and Chowkidars for the protection of the city, numbered 1505 and received Rs. 839/ per mensem from the State.
though very few in number, As early as 1865, this force consisted of This did not include the tehsil police who,in 1865, numbered 1998
29 officers and 273 chowkidars. All these were paid by the State, the men costing Rs. 75,300/ yearly.The tehsil police originally numbered
chowkidars getting Rs. 4/- per month and the officers in proportion; 2191 but it was determined, in 1861, to reduce the strength. They
but a sum of annas 4 per month, deducted from the salary of each decided to recruit 2 jamadars and 100 sepoys for the revenue of one
chowkidar, formed, a fund, from which compensation was paid in lakh. Thus in 1865, it came to 1581 men costing Rs 67,332/ annually.
cases of robberies in the city, when no trace of stolen property was These sepoys were employed under the orders of the tehsildar of
found. each pargana to which they were attached. They performed police
118
duties as well as those which pertained to the revenue department of State administration also made provisions to maintain peace and
the State. security for citizens . Specially formed mounted police patrol the high
In addition to chowkidars and tehsil sepoys, a force of nearly roads and hilly tracts of the state. This work, which was upto this
1162 men artillery, cavalry, and infantry, were always on duty in the time performed by the Raj cavalry regiments, was transferred to the
different parganas of the State. Of these, nearly 471 belonged to the police
regular regiments of infantry and artillery, l72 to,the Baeesee regiment, The work of re-organizing the Police department was begun
and 519 to the different cavalry regiments and of these 519, a total of by Dewan Harbhamji, was completed in 1905 by A.G. Blanchett,
269 were employed in escorting the mail through the Bharatpur State. Supedntendent of Police, Bharatpur. The main changes introduced by
In 1895, the police system was re-organised by Kumar him as follows-
Harbhamji, the Dewan of the State, and the whole of the police force 1. Reduction in the main strength of the forces.
was placed under the supervision of Superintendent of Police, appointed 2. Increased pay to all ranks.
for the first time. The kotwal was given only the police function, his
3. Abolition of 7 thanas and 38 outposts.
magisterial power having been transferred to the City Magistrate. The
thanas were separated from the tehsils and were placed under the From 1897 to 1934, the police force was under a
charge of the Superintendent of Police. The Rajgirai, which had been Superintendent, with one Assistant Superintendent of Police and one
hitherto under a separate officer, was now placed under the police Deputy Superintendent of Police. But the last post was abolished on
and the. Girai officer was appointed as Assistant Superintendent of 9th May, 1939. It was, however, again created with effect from July
Police. In order to improve the system, volunteers from the army 27,1945, and the whole State divided into three police divisions, viz.,
corps were asked to join the police force, and quite a number of Bharatpur, Bayana and Dig. The last two named were placed each
people volunteered themselves. Here is the strength of the police force under the charge of a Deputy Superintendent of Police, subject to the
as it was before and after 1895:- control of Inspector General of Police and Bharatpur direct under
S. Old sanctioned Number of New sanctioned Strength Number of
Inspector General of Police. The Superintendent of Police was raised
No. Strength of Police officials of Police as per circular officials to the rank of Inspector General of Police and his powers were
as on 1st april 1895 No. 1 of 1895 enhanced from IInd to Ist class officer.
1 Superintendent Girai 1 Superintendent of Police 1 The comparative progressive strength of police force at the
2 Kotwal 1 Assistant Superintendent 1 time of Maharaja Kishan Singh and Maharaja Brijendra Singh as shown
3 Assistant Kotwal 1 Inspectors 3 in given table-
4 Thanedars 12 Thanedars 25
S.No. Police official 1928 1946
5 Subedars 5 Head Constables 100
Civil Armed
6 Jamadars of Kotwali 4 Lance Head Constables 50
7 Jamadaras of Thanas 34 Constables 1170
1 Inspector General - - 1 Inspector General
8 Havaldar Major 2 of Police of Police
9 Koth Havaldar 5 2 Deputy Superintendent - - 2 Deputy
10 Havaldars 21 of Police Superintendent
11 Naiks 25 of Police
12 Mohurrurs 22 3 Inspectors 5 - 3 Inspectors
13 Lance Naiks 16 4 Sub Inspectors 1 22 4 Sub Inspectors
14 Cpnstables 950 5 Head Constable Naiks 23 81 5 Head Constable Naiks
15 Paid Chowkidars 113 6 Lance Head Constable 11 - 6 Lance Head Constable
16 Infromers(Spy) 8 7 Constables 143 454 7 Constables
Total 1220 Total 1350 8 Mounted Police - 18 8 Mounted Police
119
In 1928 there were, besides the above force, 541 Zimmebari and Dig, the last two each under the charge of Deputy Superintendent
Chowkidars and 507 Reporting Chowkidars. The Zimmebari of Police; subject to the control of Inspector General of Police; and
Chowkidars were Minas, who were registered as a criminal tribe. the. Bharatpur Division remained under the direct supervision of
Under the Bharatpur State,village and Small Towns Chowkldari Inspector General of Police. six new thanas were established, and 20
and Emergency Patrol Act of l933, the Zimmebari System was abolished posts of Assistant Sub-Inspectors were created to work as in-charge
and there were now only reporting Chowkidars, who were appointed or as IInd Officers at these thanas.
and dismissed by the Nazims and were under the disciplinary control The re-armament of the police force with .303 rifles and .410
of the police. They were paid by the Lamberdars, and their uniforms Muskets was started in 1934 and completed in 1937. In addition, 30
and equipment were supplied by the Revenue Department. The new drill practice rifles and two .22 rifles were supplied for drill and
system proved unpopular with the zamindars and Lamberdars, but it musketrf training for the recruits. All Inspectors and sub. Inspectors
was maintained. The total number of chowkidars at the end of 1946 with were armed by .38 revolvers.
was 751, even when there were no chowkidars in 267 villages. Since 1805, the relations of the Bharatpur State with the
Physical and educational standards were prescribed to select a adjoining districts of British India and neighbouring Indian States
candidate were introduced in Police force, and as a rule, candidates continued to be smooth and cordial and accused from these places
were selected by the president or Dewan in person and every effort were extradited to this State and vice versa. Moreover, in order to
was made to maintain a proper proportion between the various castes. check the increasing number of murders, dacoities and other crimes,
They tried to select educated young men for direct appointment in the periodical convergences of State officials, Circle Inspectors and the
higher ranks, after their training at the Moradabad Police Training Border Thanedars were held at Bharatpur and other places, at which
School. all matters concerning the police of the two districts or States were
Training for police officials became the essential part of service. discussed, notes exchanged and information furnished.
For this purpose in 1908, a training school was started in which every References
recruit had to go through a regular course of training in drill, musketry 1. Sarkar, J.N.- Fall of Mugal Empire, Vol. II
and guard duties before he was posted as the civil or armed police. 2. Tod, Col. James-Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol III
Selected constables and head constables were sent to the Jaswant 3. Report on the Political Administration of Rajputana, Year 1865- 1867
House-Hold Infantry for training in drill, and special attention was 4. Report on the Administration of Bharatpur,1895-96.
5. Bharatpur Budget Estimates for the year of 1947-48
given to instructions and traffic control duties on the lines of the 6. Gupta, K.L- The Evolution of Administration of the former Bharatpur State(1722-
British Indian System. All Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors were trained 1947)
in the use of revolver. Quarterly examinations were held in literacy,
law and procedure for those employed on clerical duties and an
examination had to be passed before promotion from the rank of
constable to that of a head constable. Particular attention was also
devoted to physical training and games.
The prosecuting branch, the criminal type section and the
criminal Investigation Department were reorganised and placed under
qualified sub- inspectors with necessary staff. In 1935, a joint striking
force was organised with the States of Jaipur and Alwar for the
suppression of certain formidable gangs of dacoit. A post of Deputy
Superintendent of Police was created from July 27,1945 45 and the
whole State was divided into three divisions, i.e. Bharatpur, Bayana
120
India and specifically in Rajasthan. In this phase Jodhpur State had to

construct Railway within its territories by using its own finances. In
the initial stage Jodhpur state had decided to construct a Railway line
Construction of Railway from Marwar to from Marwar 5 to Jodhpur via Pali. 6
Pali : A perusal of Construction Process For Construction of first section of Jodhpur State Railway from
and Expenditure incurred Marwar to Pali, execution and management was provided by British
Officials. British Indian Government was not only providing the
Khalid Ahmed execution and management but also sanctioned the line for its
construction and supplied all the necessary materials on the construction
Later half of the nineteenth century has witnessed the Railway site.
construction with speedy pace. Indian Railways was an outcome of
the investment of finance capital with an aim to get beautiful returns For the construction of Railway line from Marwar to Pali, Agent
on it. Though the Indian Railway had to played constructive role by to the Governor General of Rajasthan appointed Col. Steed R.E.,
providing a means of transportation which has caused unification of Secretary to the Agent to the Governor General in Public Work
Department to look after this line.7 D. Joscelyne the then Executive
India indirectly. Hence, it is very necessary to reconstruct the History
Engineer of Nasirabad Public Work Department Division was appointed
of Railway construction by carrying an investigation into the process
as the Executive Engineer of the Jodhpur State Railway8 in 18809. D.
of construction along with an enquiry into the extent of expenditure
Joscelyne surveyed the first section of the Jodhpur State Railway
and material procurement in it.
from Marwar to Pali.
In 1818, all the Rajputana States had entered into alliance with
According to R.R. Bhandari in his book entitled Jodhpur
British East India Company.1 When Railway construction was started
Railway published by A Northern Railway Publication in 1982 D.
in British territories, Railway was began to be built in Rajputana States
Joscelyne had prepared an estimate of R. Five lakhs.10. But as per the
with the help of British authorities. First Railway which was
Proceeding of Public Works Department (Railway Construction), total
constructed in Rajputana was from Agra to Dausa via Bharatpur.2
estimated cost of Railway line from Marwar to Pali was fixed Rs.
The present study encompasses the study of the process of the 3,59.097. 11
construction of Railway between Marwar to Pali. Moreover, an attempt
This estimated cost of the line had submitted before Col. Steel
has been made to calculate the expenditure incurred in it with and Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur. Both Col. Steel and Maharaja
comparison of construct cost of other important Railways under British of Jodhpur approved the total estimate submitted by D. Jescelyne and
territories. issued an order to him to start the construction of railway line from
The Rajputana Malwa Railway of British Indian Government Marwar to Pali. 12 The construction of Railway was started on February
was the oldest line in the region.3 It has covered 206.4 kilometers 16, 1881 under the title of Jodhpur State Railway.
within Jodhpur territory along with twenty stations. The Delhi to Scholars have different view about distance of Railway line
Ahemedabad railway was entered in the Jodhpur territory near Barr in between Marwar to Pali. According to R.R. Bhandari and Ram Pandey
the eastern part and leaves the territory near Nawa in the south-east the total distance of the railway line from Marwar to Pali ere 32.2 and
part. This section of railway from Barr to Nawa was opened for traffic 30.57 kilometers respectively, while according to the Proceedings of
in 1879-80.4 P.W.D. (Railway Construction) actual distance between these two
When Indian Railway was started to build in India, some stations was 29.7713 kilometers. Construction of Railway was competed
Rajputana States had to plan to construct Railways in their territories on February 28, 1882.14
by themselves. Now, a new era of Railway construction has began in But before July 1882 this line was not opened for traffic. British
121
authority raised serious objection after the completion of the 4. Level Crossing Rs. 200 Rs. 325 Nil 0.082%
construction of Railway line from Marwar to Pali. They were not & Co.
satisfied with the quality of the construction work. They were not 5. Ballast Rs. 10,000 Rs. 10,689 Nil 2.70%
6. Plate laying, Rs. 11,713.00 Rs. 10,543.00 Rs. 1,076.00 2.93%
ready to open this line for traffic. As a result, British authority issued
including laying
an order to inspect this line carefully.15 point and crossing
For the inspection work, the Deputy Consulting Engineer Captain 7. Rails and fastings Rs.1,30,000.00 Rs. 1,37,276.00 Rs. 2,973.00 35.47%
Pilikington for Railways, Bombay was appointed. He inspected the & Co
newly constructed railway line an June 28, 1882 and he recommended 9. Stations Rs. 13,708.00 Rs. 9,770.00 Rs. 4,163.00 3.52%
that the railway line between Marwar to Pali was to fit for traffic with 10. Workshops Rs. 6,785.00 Rs. 6,823.00 Nil 1.72%
some restrictions.16 Following restriction was imposed by him to open 11. Staff Quarters Rs. 11,797.00 Rs. 11,763.00 Nil 2.97%
12. Station machinery Rs. 6,732.00 Rs. 7,252.00 Nil 2.08%
the line for traffic.17
13. Plant Rs. 8,949.00 Rs. 7,252.00 Nil 1.83%
1. The speed of the Train had to be limited to 29.77 kilometers 14. Maintenance .. Rs. 1,307.00 Nil 0.33%
per hour. 15. Establishment Rs. 19,858.00 Rs. 21,320.00 Rs. 1,749.00 5.83%
2. Tank Engines with cattle guards at both stations had to be 16. Contingencies Rs. 5,550.00 Rs. 6,608.00 Nil 1.67%
17. Suspense Nil Rs. 2,860.00 Rs. 1,129.00 1.009%
used.
accounts
3. On the Rajputana-Malwa Railway side near junction to be Total estimates. Total expense 16,619.00 100%
protected by signals.18 Rs. 3,59,097.00 Rs.
Finally after long correspondence between British authorities, 3,78,797.00
Grand total-
the railway line between Marwar to Pali was authorized for passenger
3,95,416.00
traffic on July 27, 1882 subject to the following restrictions
recommended by Captain Pilikington.19 A perusal of the above table indicates that the total actual
estimated cost including all particulars heads mentioned above was
I have prepared a separate table on the basis of data provided in
Rs. 3,59,097 while the actual expenditure of the Railway line with all
the sources, about the estimated cost of all the necessary works needed
heads was Rs. 3,95,416. The main expensive items were rails and
for railway construction like earth work, crossing, leaving, workshops,
fastings and co. and sleepers. These two items was covered more
along with the actual expenditure of the Railway line, staff quarters,
than 55% of the total amount. On rails and fastings and co. Rs.
stations, sleepers, rails, maintenance works, plants, station machinery,
1,37,276 or 35.47% and on sleepers Rs. 1,02,408 or 26.89% was
establishment minor bridges and culverts etc.
respectively invested. The actual expenditure on these two items was
Table 1 exceeded estimated cost. Exceeded expenditure on these two items
Total expenditure of construction of railway from Marwar to Pali.20 was exceeded estimated cost. Exceeded expenditure might have been
S. Head/Sub heads Estimated Expenditure To be Expenditure paid by the Jodhpur State itself. For the construction of station 3.52%
No. of Account Amount in in (Rs) expended %
of total expenditure was invested. This expenditure was less then
(Rs) expenses
incurred estimated cost. Workshops were also constructed was exceeded about
more than Rs. 16,619. In this exceeded amount, the maintenance cost (Rs. 1,307
expenses or 0.33%), which was not included. Rs. 2,860 or 1.009% was treated
1. Preliminary Rs. 9,777 Rs. 9,347 Nil 2.36% as suspense amount and has no detail in the sources. The Railway line
Expenses between Marwar to Pali was financed by Jodhpur State itself.
2. Earth Work & Co. Rs. 15,970 Rs, 15944 Nil 4.03%
3. Minor Bridges & Rs. 18,058 Rs. 17,826 Nil 4.51% On the basis of statistics provided in about table cost of the
Culvert construction of per kilometer of railway line was calculated which
122
came Rs. 13,271 per kilometers. Hence construction of Railway line 136. August 1882, preserved at National Archives of India, New Delhi, No. 122.
between Marwar to Pali was very cheaply constructed in Comparison 12. Bhandari, p. 9
13. P.W.D. (Railway Construction), No 110, According to Rajasthan Districts
to constructed under other States, as proved by the following statistics
Gazeeteers, Pali, the distance of Railway line from Marwar to Pali was 30.57
relating to the cost per kilometers in the construction of the other kilometers, see, p. 204., According to Rajasthan Districts Gazetteers, Jodhpur,
States Railways. Directorate of Districts Gazetteers, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1979,
Table-2 complied by Agarwal, B.D., distance of Railway line from Marwar to Pali was
30.57 kilometers, see, p. 243., According to Ram distance between Marwar to
States Railway constructed directly by States from 1869 to 1880.21 Pali was 30.57 kilometers, see p. 24., According to Bhandari the distance of
Name of Railways Total distance Cost per Kilometers railway line from Marwar to Pali was 32.2 kilometres, see, p.9 and 12.
14. Bhandari, p. 12., The construction of railway from Marwar to Pali was competed
in Kilometers in Rupees
in June 1882, See, Rajasthan Districts Gazetteers, Jodhpur, p. 243.
North Bengal 391.87 50,204.30 15. P.W.D. (Railway Construction), General No. 7821.
Tirhut Railway 136.79 39,035.15 16. P.W.D. (Railway Construction), No. 110.
17. P.W.D. (Railway Construction), No. 109 and General No. 7576
Mathura Railway 32.18 35,743.13 18. P.W.D. (Railway Construction), No. 110 and General No. 7576
Cawnpore Railway 139.20 22,491.15 19. P.W.D. (Railway Construction), No. 136., Even Scholars are gave different
Rajputana Malwa Railway 525.56 39,139.55 information about the date of the opening of Railway Line between Marwar to
Pali. According to Bhandari, the railway line from Marwar to Pali was opened for
Holker-Schindia-Neemuch Railway 304.52 68,040.14 traffic on June 24, 1882. See p. 9 and 15., According to Ram Pandy, the railway
Rangoon and Irrawady Railway 259.10 47,499.47 line From Marwar to Pali was opened for traffic on June 24, 1882, See, p. 23 and
24., According to the Rajputana Districts Gazeetteers, Pali and Jodhpur this line
Western Rajputana Railway 132.98 47,505.07 was opened in July 1882, see, p. 204 and 243 respectively.
References 20. P.W.D. (Railway Construction), No. 122.
1. Dr. Mrs. Upadhyaya, M. Nirmala, The Administration of Jodhpur States, 21. Asthana, Bishan Narayan, Financial Management of Indian Railway, Ramesh
International Publisher Jodhpur, 1972, p. 27., see also, Saxena Malti, Impact of Book Depot, Jaipur, 1971, p. 34
the British Sovereignty on Economic Condition of Rajasthan, Research Publication
in Social Sciences, Delhi, 1975, p. 25.
2. Saxena, p. 150
3. Eriskine Major K.D., Rajputana Gazeteers Vol. 3-A, The Western Rajputana
States Residency and Bikaner Agency, The Pioneer Press Allahabad, 1919, p.120.,
see also, Agarwal, B.D., Rajasthan Districts Gazeeteers, Pali, Directorate of
Districts Gazetteers, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1976, p. 204.
4. Eriskin, p. 120
5. The old name of Marwar Junction was Kharachi or Bitoora, for detail see,
Jodhpur Railway, writeen by Bhandari, R.R., published by A northern India
Railway Publication, New Delhi, 1982. P. 16., see also, Rajasthan Districts
Gazetteers, Pali, p 204.
6. Jain, M.S., Rajasthan Through The Ages, Vol. 3, Rajasthan States Archives,
Bikaner, 1997 p. 309 and 310..
7. Bhandari, p. 9
8. Bhandari, p. 9, See also, Pandey, Ram Railways in Rajputana, Basant, Jaipur,
1982, p. 22.
9. Pandey, p. 22.
10. Bhandari, p. 9
11. Proceedings, Public Works Department (Railway Construction), Nos. 107 to
123
of the school. A play with the title Veer- Durgadas was staged in
Madho Bagh outside Sojati gate.
Theatres became popular gradually.13 Many drama associations
Modern Means of Recreation-Theatre were formed in and outside Jodhpur. Jamuluddin of Nawa formed an
association in 194214 and staged two social dramas, Tasvir-e-Rahmat
and Cinema in Jodhpur State and Noor-i- Islam. President Christian Endeavour Singing Society,
Prof. Vinita Parihar Jodhpur staged a drama Yahudi Ki Ladki in Darbar Muslim School.15
We are all aware of the fact that dramas depict the state of
Recreation occupies an important place in the social life of a
society. The themes of the dramas changed with the march of time.
society. They act as catalyst to relieve the tired souls of daily drudgery
Initially the theme of dramas was either religious, instructive or a
and its monotony. Rest and entertainment is rather essential in keeping moral teaching or historical. For example Vir Abhimanyu16, Satyavadi
up the spirits of people high. With the advent of modern times the Harish Chandra, Danveer Karan, Raj Mukat, Krishna Sudama, Bhakta
traditional and medieval means of entertainment either vanished or Surdas etc.17 Some dramas depicting local history and heroes titled
became less important and some of them continued to exist. Theatres Ranbanka Rathore18 and Veer Durgadas 19 were staged by the students.
and then cinema became popular means of entertainment in the third Later on love stories like Laila Majnu, Siri Farhad, Mohabat Ke Phool,
quarter of 19th century. Alam Ara were also staged. Certain dramas like Smt. Manjari, Van
The earliest reference of dramatic performance in Jodhpur is Devi, Sati Vaishya Khubsurat Bala, Nai Dulhan were having women in
found in the later years of eighth decade of the nineteenth century (in lead roles.20 Plays like Ishwar Bhakti, Narsi Mehta, Nek Parvin, Allah
1889) when a drama company of Bikaner staged a drama. The Darbar Ke Bashinde had social and religious message.21 A drama named Delhi
paid Rs. 600 to the company.1 Similarly Rs. 1200 were paid to the Durbar was having the theme of the coronation Durbar of 1911 held
management of Jubilee Theatre and the actors were given Rs. 300 in the honour of King Georg V and Queen Mary of England.22 We
each by the Darbar.2 It seems that the dramatic performances were notice a change in the theme of drama with the growth of national
confined to the walls of royalty, initially. movement. Dramas like Rashtra Dharma and Punar Sangathan were
Gradually with the passage of time it became the means of staged.23
entertainment of the commoners also. It was in the second decade of At times theatrical performances were given in order to collect
20th century, that the number of theatrical companies visiting Jodhpur some funds for specific purpose such as Red Cross, Famine and
rose (increased). They came from the different States of Rajputana religious purpose. For example DVM school, Sanchore staged a drama
as well as from outside the State also. Shri Rathore Theatrical Company Sravan Kumar in aid of the boarding house and scouting.24 Similarly
Bikaner,3 Udaipur, Chittorgarh Theatrical Company, 4 The Empress DVM School Khiwandi and Sanderao also staged the drama entitled
Theatrical Company of Rajputana,5 New Minerva Theatrical Company, Krishna Sudama. 25 The income collected by the drama in Darbar
Delhi 6, New Theatrical Company of Bombay 7 were some of the Muslim school was to be utilized for building a Church in Erinpura
companies who visited Jodhpur from time to time. and for relief to the orphans and widows.26 In aid of Shree Pantheshwar
Besides the theatrical companies individuals also staged dramas. Mahadeoji temple, the Pantheshwar Dramatic amateurs staged a Drama
Guru Valchand a resident of Chandpole staged dramas in Balarva Ki named Pratigya alias Chandra Gupta.27 We get reference of an English
Haveli.8 Theatrical companies staged their dramas in Kantaliya House.9 play, Money is the root of all evil being staged at Jodhpur Railway
Schools also staged dramas. The staff and school boys of Darbar Club in aid of Mission Charity Fund.28
High School 10 and Vidyashala 11 and Ummed High School staged Acting was not considered respectable in those days. In the
dramas.12 Dramas which were staged in school premises and in which beginning the female role was also played by a male actor but gradually
no fees was charged were left to the sole responsibility of the Principal the trend changed. Now there were female actress, who were generally
124
prostitutes or Muslim by caste. 29 A very few actress were Hindu. called Kantaliya Cinema. Balkishan Purohit renewed the cinema and
Theatre became less popular after the coming of cinemas. So the named it Krishna Talkies and after his death in 1935 his son Jawanmal
shows were clubbed with other amusements, carnivals and fetes having Purohit became its manager.36 Sir Sukhdev Prasad Kak and his associate
various amusements like Indian European dance, fire dive, circus, Ganesh Das Bohra started Empire Talkies in 1934 in Ghanchiyo ka
wheel motor cycle jump, well of death, magic, dart throwing etc.30 Nohra, inside Jalori gate. But it was closed because of financial crisis.
In order to revive the Indian stage and harnessing it to the service Shri Bannaji now started running it with a new name Sardar Bhavan
of country, Prithvi Raj Kapoor, started Prithvi Theatre, New Delhi in or New Cinema. 37
Jan 1944. It staged three dramas mainly Shakuntala, Deewar and State Cinema, Stadium- Initially a sanction was given to RB
Pathan In Deewar (1945) the past, present and future of our country Seth Bhagchand Soni of Ajmer in 1936 to construct a new cinema.
was demonstrated, while Pathan placed before the public the ideal life But due to certain reasons it was later decided to build the cinema at
of unity and amity for all communities. The play received a very good royal expense and let out the same when completed. Rules were framed
response. All the eminent educationist of the country hailed it as a by the state authorities so as to promote the state cinema at the cost
torch bearer of harmony and good will. The Bombay and Delhi of private one.38 Consequently it was let out to Sanghi brothers, Mohan
government looking into the noble efforts exempted the entertainment Lal and Moti Lal. Movie titled, Pukar with Sohrab Modi as its hero
tax for the above mentioned dramas. Now the company requested the was the first movie to be exhibited in stadium cinema on Nov 3, 1939.39
government of India to exempt the entertainment tax, give travelling Besides the city of Jodhpur the cinema percolated to parganas
concession and a certain amount of yearly grant to it. Prithvi Raj and villages of Jodhpur State also. Later on mobile units of cinema
Kapoor mentioned in the letter that his forthcoming play Ghaddar became a means of entertainment of the public of parganas and villages.
or Shaheed will go a long way in weaning the Muslim bretherns31 Radha Krishna son of Jagmal a resident of Makrana Mohalla was
from the Muslim leagues two nation theory which has been the cause permitted by the state to start a cinema and associate it with the name
of all this havoc wrought in the country.32 of Maharaj Kumar Hanwant Singh ji. He intended to tour in all the
Cinema the most powerful and effective, less expensive and parganas. Consequently a notice was published in the Marwar Gazettee
less tiresome and the most valuable and popular means of amusement so that the local authorities allowed the show to be held without any
entered India in 1911 when the film Delhi Darbar made in England interference.40 Similarly George cinema started showing movies in
was shown in a theatre of Bombay. Film making in India was initiated various villages of Marwar. The proprietor proposed the government
in the very next year. The growing popularity of cinema soon of Jodhpur that his cinema machine would show them the most modern
transformed it into a flourishing business. methods of agriculture, farming and the management of cows, bullocks
In Jodhpur cinema became popular after the second decade of and goats milk supply together with social, oriental as well as foreign
20th century. Rao Raja Surat Singh ji and his son Mangal Singh set plays. His films would teach how to care for education and welfare of
up the first cinema of Jodhpur in 1923-24 outside Sojati gate in the their children and how to be brave, honest and faithful to the king and
courtyard of his Kothi, namely Surat Singh Ki Kothi.33 The cinema company. His ticket charges also were to be concessional like 1st class
exhibited silent movies for seven years and was closed as it was outside 0-4-0, second class 0-2-0 and ladies 0-2-0. Accordingly permission
the walls of the city.34 The second cinema to be established was Majestic was granted by the state government to Shri Roop Ram Manak Lal
Cinema in Girdhari Maharaj Ka Nohra, inside Sojati gate in 1925, by proprietors of George cinema.41
Chaturbhuj Bora. The name of this cinema was changed to Charbhuja Cinema houses cropped up at various towns of Jodhpur State.
Talkies on 18 January 1937. It was here that the first talkie, the Bharat Talkies was started in Nagore in 1937 by Hansraj Purohit. 42
speaking movie, Alamara was shown.35 George Cinema was established Sagar Talkies was also opened in Nagore.43 A sanction was granted
by Kantaliya Thakur Arjun Singh in his Haveli behind the Municipality for putting up a cinema house at Phalodi on 12 Sept. 1945.44 A request
building, inside Sojati gate in 1925, by Manak Lal Jalani. It was also for opening a cinema house in Ladnu was made on 06 May, 45.45
125
In the times of bioscope (silent movies) a person with loud, Besides Hindi films, English and American movies were also
strong and clear voice narrated the story before the movie was run. shown on weekly basis in the Railway European Institute, Jodhpur.54
Gul Mohammed was one of them who narrated the story in the English Movie the fifty glorious years was shown in the Stadium
Dreamland Cinema. There used to be 6-7 intervals in a movie because Cinema.55
the cinema had only one machine and it took time to roll and coil There were certain rules for regulating public entertainment in
(wind) the next reel of the film. But later on the problem was solved Marwar Theatres or dramas or Cinema shows of
by keeping two machines.46 The rates of tickets were one anna, one 1. (a) Scandalous or defamatory nature
and half anna and four anna. A separate area near the cabin of machine
(b) or likely to excite feeling of disaffection or hatred towards
was allocated for ladies, which often remained vacant except occasional
the Marwar Darbar or its administration or administration in
visit of prostitutes from Ghas Mandi The traditional society of Jodhpur
British India or any another Indian State.
did not allow the women of respectable families to watch movies in
public.47 (c) or likely to create or promote communal ill feeling or class
hatred.
There arose a competition between the two cinema halls Krishna
Talkies and Charbhuja. One reduced the rates of ticket while the other (d) likely to deprave and corrupt persons present in the
performance.
lured the customers by distributing two laddoos per ticket. Not only
this live dance performance of famous artist like Zubaida and Sheela (e) calculated to offend and insult the religious feelings of any
were arranged in the interval of the movie.48 section of the Marwar Darbars subject the Darbar or such officer
as it may empower in the behalf, may by the order prohibit the
Around 1942 there started a practice of showing small drama
whole or part of such performance.
of 4-5 minutes as extra entrainment, before the original movie was
shown. Some of the popular silent movies were Nal-Damyanti, Princess 2. No public entertainment was to be performed without a licence
Brother, Noorjahan, Champraj Hada, Soul of a Slave, Razia Begum, granted by the inspector general of police for the city of Jodhpur
Social Pirates, Black Guard, Wild Cat of Bombay, Educated Wife, and by the Hakims for all other places within their respective
Dilfarosh, Hatimtai etc. Mostly the films were heroine oriented. Popular jurisdiction.
heroines of the times were Fatima, Zubaida, Jillo, Gulab, Ruby Mayer 3. The scale of fees to be charged was as follows-
(Sulochana) etc.49 For one month or less Ten Rupees
Names of the movies around 1944 like Roti, Chandi, Hospital, Over one month- 3 month Eight Rupees for each month or part
Pyasa, Holi, Hasso Hasso, Sheikh Chilli etc., indicate that socio- thereof
religious and comedy movies were in vogue in that period. 50 A film Over 3 months- 6 months Seven Rupees for each month or part
titled Dhiraj was to be an uncertified film as it contained congress thereof
propaganda although in a disguised form.51 Similarly a film entitled Over 6 Months - 9 Month Six Rupees for each month or part
Arab ka Sitara was un certified.52 thereof
After independence there was a change in the trend of cinema Over 9 Month up to One year Six rupees
themes. They were full of war action and elements of magic. Nadia,
During natural calamities, charity shows were also organized
John Kaavas, Sardar Mansoor, Amir Bai Karnataki, Baburao-Bhagvan
in the cinema halls. A charity shows was organised at Majestic talkies
were the most sought after actors. The era between 1945 to 1950
for Marwar relief fund on the 4 th Jan. 1939. 57 The proprietor promised
was an age of music oriented social films. The film named Sindoor
to pay a sum of Rs. 301/- in the relief fund.
completed 100 days in cinema hall having a story of widows plight
and remarriage.53 As is obvious the theatres and cinemas are the mirrors of
126
society. Apparently they depict the gradual transformation of the society 35. ibid p 40.
from medieval times to modern era showing a great awareness in 36. ibid and Mehar Jahoor Khan aaya cinema aaya article in Maruranjani, Kala
Triveni Sansthan, Jodhpur, 1993.
every field of life. That they are still a powerful means of recreation is
37. Ibid.
beyond doubt. The elite class and the common people both enjoyed it 38. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. III RSAJ, p 1/3.
immensely providing a healthy atmosphere of cultural life not only in 39. Jalani op cit pp. 39-40.
Jodhpur but in Rajasthan as well. 40. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. I RSAJ p. 19/10.
41. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. I RSAJ p. 11/4.
References 42. Jalani op cit. p. 106.
1. Hakikat Bahi No. 18, Jodhpur Records, Rajasthan State Archives Bikaner p. No. 43. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. I RSAJ p. 189.
577. 44. ibid p. 66.
2. ibid. p. 129. 45. ibid p. 36.
3. Mehkama Khas Record (M.K.R.). Major Head Public Amusement (P.A) File 46. Mehar op cit.
No. C/1 Vol. I, Rajasthan State Archives, Jodhpur (R.S.A.J.) p. 18/1. 47. ibid.
4. Hakikat Bahi op cit. p. 102. 48. ibid.
5. M.K.R. Major Head (P.A.) File No. C/1 op cit. p 19/1 RSAJ. 49. ibid.
6. ibid p. 55. 50. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. III p. 39/1 RSAJ.
7. ibid p. 79. 51. ibid p. 50/3.
8. ibid pp 10,11. 52. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. I Basta No. 43
9. ibid p. 55. 53. Mehar op cit.
10. ibid. 54. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. I p. 6/1.
11. Mehkama Khas Records (M.K.R.) Major Head Public Amusement (P.A) File
55. Mathur Sobhag- Struggle for responsible government in Marwar, Jodhpur p.120.
No. C/1 Vol. VII. RSAJ.
56. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. IV p.66.
12. ibid.
57. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. IV p 1/6.
13. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. File No. C/1 Vol. I, pp. 4,5 RSAJ.
14. M.K.R. P.A. Major Head P.A. file No. 1A1 Part 5, partition No. 19, RSAJ.
15. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. File No. C/1 Vol. V, Partition No. 47, RSAJ.
16. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. I, p. 238 (RSAJ).
17. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. C/1 Vol. V Basta No. 38 (RSAJ).
18. ibid. Basta No. 40 RSAJ.
19. ibid.
20. ibid Basta No. 31 RSAJ.
21. Ibid.
24. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. File No. C/1 Vol IV p. 221 RSAJ.
25. ibid p. 91.
26. ibid Basta No. 47.
27. ibid Partition No. 30.
28. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol VI p. 9/10 RSAJ.
29. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. File No. C/1 p. 59 RSAJ.
30. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. File No. C./1 Vol IV, pp. 27,34,38,55 RSAJ.
31. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. File No. C/1 Vol. VI, p. 3/3 RSAJ.
32. Ibid.
33. M.K.R. Major Head P.A. file No. C/1 Vol. I p.19/7 RSAJ.
34. Jalani Shyam Sunder- Rajasthan Ka Swarnim Film Itihas, Marudhar Prakashan,
Jaipur 2013. p 39
127
Fateh Burj near Anah Gate (Bharatpur : District- Bharatpur,

Tehsil- Bharatpur, Locality- Bharatpur (Lal. 27o 13' N; Long. 77o30'
E), Notification No. : Act No. LXXI of 1951 dated 28.11.1951,
Heritage of Bharatpur Approach- Airport-Agra/Jaipur, Railway Station- Bharatpur, Bus
StationBharatpur.
Pooran Lal Meena
Brief History - This burj is raised on a heap of earth over
which the cannon has been fixed. The cannon is 6 m long with frontal
General Introduction
diameter of 0.68 m. The perimeter on rear side is 2.67 m. The diameter
Bharaput, the eastern gateway of Rajasthan is located about of the slot is 16.5 cm. The cannon is placed over two stone shafts is
175 kms away from Delhi on Delhi-Mumbai Railway Line. Local east-north-east and west-southwest alignment. The cannon bears
tradition claims that the place is named after Bharat, the brother of engravings of rows of continuous arches, floral and swastika designs
Lord Rama of Ayodhya1 whose other brother Laxman was worshipped
and figure probably of a dog in dotted lines. The cannon is possibly
as the family deity by the rulers of this state and whose name was
made of wrought iron. The date is assignable to eighteenth century
also engraved in the state coat of arms and seals. It lies between 26 o
A.D., Topographical Features Plain Terrain, Ownership
43' and 27o 50N and 76o 50' and 77o 46E is irregular quadrilateral in
Government, Is it Under Religious Use No, Administrative Control
shape bounded on the north by Gurgaon district of Harayana, while
Archaeological Survey of India, Jaipur Circle, Jaipur.3
on the west and the south by Alwar and Dholpur district of Rajasthan
and on the east by Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. Bharatpur district Fort walls including Chowburja Gate and approch bridges
is composed of 10 tehsil Bharatpur, Bayana, Dig (Deeg) Kaman, at the Chowburja and Ashtadhatu Gates (Bharatpur) District
Kumher, Nadhai, Nagar, Pahari, Rupbas, and Wer (Weir). It is served Bharatpur, Tehsil Bharatpur, Locality - Bharatpur (Lat. 27 o 13' N;
by a number of highways, those from Delhi to Bharatpur and Agra Long 77o 30'E), Notification No. : Act No. F. No. 4-37/63-C.I dated
and Fatepur Sikri to Jaipur being the important ones. All important 11..05.1964 Approach- Airport - Agra/Jaipur, Railway Station-
place of Bharatpur are connected by road. Bharatpur is famous for Bharatpur, Bus Station- Bharatpur. Brief History The fort wall is
Ghana-Keoladeo national Park, located at a distance of 3km from massively built of stone rubbles in lime mortar with occasional use of
Bharatpur town. The site was declared a bird sanctuary in 1956 and Lakhauri bricks at top and is surrounded all around by a deep and
later upgraded to National park. UNESCO has listed it as word heritage wide moat filled with water. The fort has only two gateways i.e.
site. Keoladeo National Park attracts 364 species of birds many from Chowburja Gate on the south flanked by round bastons on either side
India but also from Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Siberia, China and and Ashtadhatu Gate on the north. Both the gateways are approachhable
Tibet, including the rare Siberian Crane. through long bridges. The bridge is front of Chowburja Gate is
Delhi Gate (Bharatpur Fort : District Bharatpur, Tehsil approximately 50 m long and 12 m wide. The other bridge is
Bharatpur, Locality - Bharatpur Fort (Outside) Lat. 27o 13' N; Long comparatively longer. It is datable to the eighteenth century A.D.
77o30'E), Notification No. : Act No. LXXI of 1951 dated 28.11.1951, Topographical Features- Plain terrain, Ownership- Government, Is it
Approach- Airport - Agra/Jaipur, Railway Station- Bharatpur, Bus Under Religious Use No, Administrative Control - Archaeological
Station- Bharatpur. Brief History A small gateway in comparison to Survey of India, Jaipur Circle, Jaipur.4
others is facing north-northeast and has an arched passage flanked by Jawahar Burj and Ashtadhatu Gatewau inside the
thick walls (1.5m x 6m) on either side. The gateway is built of stone Bharatpur Fort (Bharatpur) : District Bharatpur, Tehsil Bharatpur,
rubble in lime mortar with lime plaster over it. The date is assignable Locality - Bharatpur (Lat. 27o 13' N; Long 77o 30'E), Notification No.
to eighteenth century A.D., Topographical Features- Plain terrain, : Act No. LXXI of 1951 Dated 28.11.1951 Approach- Airport - Agra/
Ownership- Government, Is it Under Religious Use No, Administra- Jaipur, Railway Station- Bharatpur, Bus Station- Bharatpur. Brief
tive Control - Archaeological Survey of India, Jaipur Circle, Jaipur. 2 History Originally, the Jawahar Burj was constructed by Maharaja
128
Suraj Mal (A.D. 1756-63) but the structures over it were raised by semicircular earth works outside. The circumference of the outermost
Maharaja Jawahar Singh (A.D. 1764-68) in commemoration of his mud wall is about 11 kms., which is now in a dilapidated condition.
victory of Delhi. Three pavilions were erected here one planted with The inner fort has protected bastions, gates and guarding towers,
epic scenes. An inscribed Iron pillar bearing generalogy was erected well equipped store houses for arms, fuels and grains to use at the
here by the ex-ruler Maharaja Brijendra Singh. An Ashtadhatu Gate time of long seige. Many of them had secret passages to exit in hours
was brought from Delhi by Maharaja Jawahar Singh in A.D. 1765 as of emergency. There are two huge gates, one in the north is Ashtadhatu
a trophy. Topographical Features- Plain and levelled terrain. Ownership- Gate and the other in the South is Chauburja Gate and both the gates
Government, Is it Under Religious Use No, Administrative Control - are linked with bridges. The passage leading to the fort through these
Archaeological Survey of India, Jaipur Circle, Jaipur.5 gates, cross the moat by masonry bridges. The bridge in front of the
Moat Surrounding the Fort wall Bharatpur : District Chauburja gate is about 50m., long and 12m. wide. The gates of the
Bharatpur, Tehsil Bharatpur, Locality - Bharatpur Fort (Outside) fort are huge and imposing for its solidity. On both sides of the gate,
Lat. 27o 13' N; Long 77 o 30'E), Notification No. : Act No. F. No. 2/6/ there are massive towers of about 18 to 24 meters in height. Two half
76-M dated 20.11.1985, Approach- Airport - Agra/Jaipur, Railway towers of the same height stand between the gate and its side towers.
Station- Bharatpur, Bus Station- Bharatpur. Brief History The city Some Archaeological Remains and Monument: Shri D.P.
of Bharatpur and its fort are said to have been founded about 300 Agarwal found the Painted Grey Ware at Kaman, 17 miles from Deeg.10
years ago by Rustam, a Jat of the Sogariya clan. Maharaja Surajmal In the cousee of exposing the plinth of the so-called Chaurasi-Khamba
took it from Khemkaran, the son of Rustam in A.D. 1733 and Mosque at the same site, a few sculputres and ornate architectural
refurbished it by constructing a big fort and moat surrounding it. Fragments, including a stone inscription of Circa Ninth Century AD.
This historical fort, also known as Lohagarh, is rectangular in shape were also discovered. 11 A spotted red-sandstone sculpture of early
and has eight bastions with a high wall surrounded by a deep tapering Kushan date, depicting four maitreyas was found at Noh. 12 The
moat (18.3 m wide). The outer wall got damaged at places but has Superintendent of Archaeology and Museums, Udaipur Circle,
now been repaired on the Gopalgarh side. Roads leading to the fort Government of Rajasthan, discovered a few Painted Grey Ware Sherds
through its two gates i.e. Chawburja Gatae and Ashtadhatu Gate, cross at Aghapura near Bharatpur alongwith two fragmentary Kushan
the moat by masonry bridges. The moat always remains filled with
Sculptures.13 The Department of Archaeology Museums, Rajasthan,
water. Topographical Features- Plain terrain, Ownership- Government,
explored some ancient mounts in the District and located Painted Grey
Is it Under Religious Use No, Administrative Control - Archaeological
Ware sites at Aghapur and Noh, the former yielding beautiful Sunga
Survey of India, Jaipur Circle, Jaipur.6
objects. 14 Temples and Sculptures : Dr. S.P. Srivstava reports the
Fort (Lohagarh) and Moat, Bharatpur : Bharatpur Fort is following discoveries : a temple of Lakulisa with an inscription of
known as Lohagarh (Iron) Fort. It is strong like iron as it remained A.D. 971 in a niche at Ekling Ji, Sculptores of the Gupta period at
invincible during the attacks by Muslims and Britishers. The historic Bayana and Kama; two images of Siva and Parvati and a Jaina image
achievements of Maharaja Surajmal during his fathers life time in of Parsvanatha of the Vikarama year 1250 (AD. 1193) in the Bharatpur
1733 had their beginning from this fort.7 He captured the small mud region.15 An important and interesting but badly-damaged record from
fortified fort from Khem Karan, son of Rustam, a Jat of Sogaria Clan. Bayana, District Bharatpur, dated A.H. 803 (A.D. 1400-01) in the reign
It was completed in 9 years from 1725 to 1733. of Mahmud Shah, seems to refer to the chaos and hardship created
It has a double fortification, one was earthen defensive by the invasion (of Timur) and to the desertion (of the fort) by people
fortification which covered a huge area with 34 mud bastions, fleeing to Thangar (h) for refuge.16 Excavation at Noh, The Department
surrounded by a water channel with perpendicular bands. Four walls of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan, Under Shri
were built with clay, mixed with straw and cowdung to battle the Vijai Kumar, assisted by Shri P.L. Chakravarty and Shri B.M.S. parmar,
artillery fire with its nine gates and having an equal number of resumed excavation at Noh, the objectives of the present Seasons
129
work being to find out the relationship of the blackandred ware and palace pavilions and gardens are laid out with an excellent sense of
the Painted Grey Ware and the position of the Northern Black Polished balance. The present area is probably only half of what was originally
Ware in this region. With this end in view a trench, measuring 15x5m. planned. However, what was built is exciting and well preserved, with
was taken up on the western slope of the mound.17 the buildings forming a large rectangle enclosing the gardens and two
large tanks at the eastern and western ends.
Deeg (Dig)
(27 o25' lat.; 77 o 15') in District Bharatpur (Rajasthan), an Monuments
eighteenth-century stronghold of the Jat rulers, although little known, The BhawansThe Gopal-Bhawan, The marble swing, The
is a very fine spot to serve as a tourists rendezvous for its picture- Pavilions, The Suraj-Bhawan, The Kishan-Bhawan, The Water-
squely contrived garden-cum-water-palaces.18 Historically, too, this reservoir, The Kesav-Bhawan, The Nand-Bhawan, The Singh-Pol, The
sleepy and medieval-looking town has some importance, as it silently Central Garden, The Rup-Sagar, The Gopal-Sagar. The Purana-Mahal,
relates the story of the gradual ascendency and subsequent The Shish Mahal.24
development of aesthetic outlook of the Jats, a warlike community of The Fort
agriculturists.19
To the east of the Rup-Sagar beyond the Shish Mahal one sees
The road north of Bharatpur goes via Kumher to Deeg (34 km/ the massive castle (pl. VII) of Dig, raised by Surajmal in his capacity
22miles). Kumher was founded by Kumbi Jat of Sinsini and was at as a prince. This formidable edifice has a square plan, excluding the
one time the second capitral of Bharatpur State. Badan Singh in 1722 barbican on the north, roughly measuring about 274 m. square. Its
built the palaces and many of the fortifications which are now walls made of rubble and mud over 20 m. in height, are strengthened
impressive ruins to the east of the road. The now small and dusty with twelve imposing bastions, the largest being on the north-west
village was in 1754 the site of an important siege when Suraj Mal corner known as Lakha-Burj. Externally the walls were coated with
withstood a combined Mughal and Maratha army of over 80,000 men. plaster which in many places has peeled off. A wide, though somewhat
During the siege, one of the opposing generals, Khandeo Rao Holkar, shallow, moat surrounds the fort, to which access is possible through
was shot and, with his typical generosity, Suraj Mal later built an a bridge on the northern side connected with the only gate. Several
impressive chatri (cenotaph) in his memory at the spot where he fell.20 large guns of the Jats are still lying inside and these are said to have
Deeg is now a small agricultural town with a busy, dusty market. been cast locally.25
It is also approachable from either Kosi or Mathura (36km/23miles) The principal building in the fort is a partially-ruined palace or
on the Delhi-Agra highway. Any visitor going by road from Delhi to Haveli, some parts of which have been reconstructed in this century
Bharatpur is well advised to take the slower (and slightly rougher) almost on the original lines. The plan of the palace is conventional, in
road via Deeg. 21 When approached from the south, the massive that it has a court encompassed by compartments. Its smaller division
fortifications diverts the road. The fort forms part of the towns on the north, without doubt, is a later addition. The employment of
fortifications and massive masonry walls tower up to 28 metres (85 red sandstone and pointed arch in the construction in this building is
ft) above at moat 17 metres (55 ft) wide. The fort has 12 bastion (55 noteworthy. 26
ft) wide. the largest on the northwest corner, known as Likia Burj and Other structures within the castle include certain underground
still mounted with cannon. The only gate is on the northern side and chambers, the tomb of Muhammad Shafi, a Mughal Mir-Bakhshi, who
within the fort today still lie some locally cast guns and a partially was killed in 1783 at Ow, and the chhatri of Sultansingh, the brother
ruined, simple haveli.22 of Surajmal.
Deeg is justly known for its palaces and gardens (open 8am References
5pm; entrance fee) begun by Badan Singh and laid out by Suraj Mal 1. Sehgal, K.K. 1971, Rajasthan District Gazetteers Bharatpur, Jaipur, Rajasthan,
following the tradition brought to India by the early Mughals. The P1
130
2. Ibid, P. 2
3. K. K. Sehgal (ed.), Rajasthan District Gazetteers, Bharatpur District (jaipur
1971); Prabhakar V. Begde, Fort and Palaces of India (New Delhi 1982)
4. Chandramani Singh (ed.), Protected Monuments of Rajasthan (Jaipur 2002);
R.L. Misra, The Forts of Rajasthan (Jaipur 1985) The Sun-worship and Development of
K.K. Sehgal (ed.), Rajasthan District Gazetteer, Bharatpur District (Jaipur 1971);
Tourism in Rajasthan
Upendra Nath Sharma, Jaton Ka Naveen Itihas (Jaipur 1997) Dr. B.L. Upamanyu
K.K. Sehgal (ed.), Rajasthan District Gazetteer, Bharatpur District (Jaipur 1971); Rajasthan occupies an important place on tourist map not only
R;L. Mishra, The Forts of Rajasthan (Jaipur 1985)
7. Agrawal, R.C. 1981, Recent exploration in Rajasthan, Man and Environment,
of India but of world also. Rajasthan is appreciated by tourists for its
V, pp. 59-63 glorious history, rich art and culture, natural beauty, flora and fauna,
8. Chaudhary S.B., 1955, Ethinic settlement of Ancient India, Calcutta, pp. 29-32 places of pilgrimage etc. Moreover, Rajasthan is the part of golden
9. Cunningham, Alexander., Archaeological Reports, Vol. VI, 1871-73, London, 1876, triangle for tourists visiting India. So, every third foreign tourist visiting
pp. 16-23, 40-43, 74-75 India also visit Rajasthan to see palaces of Jaipur, Jodhapur and Udaipur,
10. Gupta, S.P. P.G.W. Sites in relation to old river beds in Rajasthan, (ed.) Agarwal, desert forts of Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer, lakes of Udaipur, places
D.P. and Pande, B.M. Ecology and Archaeology in Western India, New Delhi.,
pp. 89-92, (1977)
of historical and cultural importance along with other tourist
11. Indian Archaeology, A Review (IAR), 1957-58, pp. 68-69 attractions. Moreover, Rajasthan is the safest state in India in terms
12. Indian Archaeology, A Review (IAR), 1959-60, p. 74 of law and order. It provides the safe and secure environment to its
13. Indian Archaeology, A Review (IAR), 1961-62, p. 38 tourists. Though, the development of tourism in Rajasthan has been
14. Indian Archaeology, A Review (IAR), 1962-63, p. 18 comparatively slow due to poor marketing and lack of effective policies
15. Indian Archaeology, A Review (IAR), 1955-56, p. 74 on the part of government. Yet, it is undeniable fact that due to certain
16. Indian Archaeology, A Review (IAR), 1963-64, pp. 28-29, p. 81
17. Indian Archaeology, A Review (IAR), 1964-65, pp. 34-35
attractions the tourism industry in Rajasthan is a flourishing industry.
18. Imperial Gazetteer 1908, Vol. II, London, p. 137 It is estimated that tourism generates eight percent of the domestic
19. Jain, K.C. 1972, ancient Cities and Towns of Rajasthan, Delhi, pp. 266-269 product of Rajasthan state. It is important to note that in 2010, 2011
20. Joshi, M.C. 1968, Handbook (Guide) of Dig, Archaeological Survey of India, and 2012 Rajasthan attracted more than 20% of the foreign tourists
New Delhi, 1968 who visited india.1
21. Meena, B.R. 2009, Heritage of Rajasthan, Monuments and Archaeological sites,
New Delhi, pp. 42-73 Year Foreign tourists Foreign tourists Share of
22. Quanungo, K.R. 1989, History of Jats, Delhi-51 in India in Rajasthan Rajasthan
23. Sankalia, H.D. 1988, Archaeology in Rajasthan, Udaipur, Rajasthan. 2010 5775692 1278523 22.14%
24. Singh, H.N., History and Archaeology of black and Red ware, Delhi, 1982
25. Singh, K. Natwar, 1981, Maharaja Suraj Mal 1707-1763, London. 2011 6309222 1351974 21.43%
26. Sircar, D.C. 1960, Study in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi, 2012 6648318 1451370 21.83%
pp. 162-63.
As per the reports of the tourist department of Rajasthan
domestc and foreign tourists have increased considerably in the last
four decades in Rajasthan.2
Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists Total
in Rajasthan in Rajasthan
1971 880694 42500 923194
1981 2600407 220440 2820847
131
1991 4300857 494150 4795007 per the reports of the Tourism Department of Rajasthan from 2009 to
2001 7757217 608283 8365500 2012 the number of domestic and foreign tourists was as follows. 3
2010 25543877 1278523 26822400 Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists Total
2011 27137323 1351974 28489297 2009 248712 98652 347364
2012 28611831 1451370 30063201 2010 274885 113520 388405
The Sun-temples and the Surya-Dhamas or any form of the 2011 281159 122969 404128
centre of the Sun-worship attract the foreign tourists more closely 2012 126490 73299 199789
because due to almost universal acceptance of the Sun-worship in the In Ranakpur also, the main attraction is the Jain temple for
ancient cultures, the Sun-temples provide common platform of most of the domestic as well as foreign tourists. Even then, the grand
understanding and inspire the tourists to compare these temples with Sun-temple also attracts some of the general tourists and tourists of
those of other countries. The commonality of the Sun-god in various academic interests. Foreign tourists generally cover Ranakpur while
cultures presents a familiar god before the foreign tourists who naturally on their way from Jodhpur or Jaisalmer to Udaipur. The reports of
take more interest in these temples. If the tourist guides have some the department of tourism verify that lacs of tourists visit this place. 4
knowledge of the Sun-worship in other cultures he can make the Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists Total
subject more interesting for foreign tourists. For local tourists it is a
2009 590115 81758 671873
usual subject, rather less interesting than other popular gods today.
Yet it can be stated that some of the sites of the Sun-worship are 2010 614023 107950 721973
instrumental in the development of tourism in Rajasthan Among the 2011 573708 107897 681605
sites and the centres of the Sun-worship Osian, Jaisalmer, Ranakpur, 2012 616172 110094 726266
Chittore and Jhalarapatana are already on the road-map of tourism The antiquity and the architecture of the fort of Chittor attract
because of their outstanding temple architecture. large number of tourists. The architecture of the Sun-temple (presently
In Osian the temple of Sachiyayamata and the Jain temple are Kalika temple) is one of the main attractions here. Though, at present,
the main centres of attraction for the domestic tourists. But other the Sun-temple is popular as Kalika temple but the tourist guides do
temples including the Sun temple no.3 within the campus of explain it as originally a Sun-temple. The Surya-kund infront of the
Sachiyayamata temple are also visited by the pilgrims and tourists. Sun-temple supports the originality of the temple as the Sun-temple.
The art and architecture of three Sun-temples of Osian attract Swadeshi Lacs of tourists do visit this temple. 5
as well as foreign tourists. For the foreign tourists the Sun-temples of Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists Total
Osian are one of the important attractions with familiar subject here.
Osian is visited by them during their stay in Jodhpur. According to the 2009 404075 42787 446862
statistics of the Tourism Department of Rajasthan lacs of tourists 2010 393970 33719 427689
visit Osian. 2011 465996 52184 518180
The tourists visiting the fort of Jaisalmer naturally visit the 2012 488652 47644 536296
Sun-temple in the fort. Since the Department of Archaeology has The Sun-temple, known as Padmanabha temple, is the only main
recently established that the erstwhile Ganesha temple is actually the attraction in Jhalarapatana. The tourists coming here visit this grand
Sun-temple and has placed a board containing description of the Sun- temple comparable with other grand temples of India. Attempts are
temple, it naturally creates interest among the tourists to know more being made to promote tourism in Hadoti but the statistics of the
about it. The high majestic platform on which the temple stands with tourism department of Rajasthan shows that Jhalarapatan is not
very high shikhara is also a point of attraction in this Sun-temple.As attracting sufficient number of tourists n accordance with the grandieur
132
and beauty of the Sun-temple. 6 dedicated to Surya and Chhaya. In an another story, it is said that
Yea Domestic tourists Foreign tourists Total Surya requested Vishnu to give a place to live with his consort Chayya.
2009 95818 0141 95959 Vishnu gave this place to them. So at this place Surya lived with
Chhaya.. It is why the temple is dedicated to them. Architecturally, it
2010 96012 0215 96227
is less a temple and more a Surya-pitha. There might have been a
2011 88805 0213 89018 temple earlier but at present there is a room type garbhagriha in which
2012 86019 0121 86140 the metal images of Suryanaryan and Chayya are placed. In front of
The Sun-temple of Varmana 7 has been undertaken by the the Surya- pitha and Sun temple there is a large Surya-kunda which
department of Archaeology and Museum of Rajasthan as a protected is supposed to be the place of sacrificial performance by Parshurama
monument and it can be developed as a tourist site because of its in Treta-Age. In Dwapara-Age, the Pandavas also visited this place
outstanding architecture and sculpture. The famous historian G.H. during their ajnyatavasa as well as after the war of Mahabharat. In
Ojha regards this temple of 7 th century incomparable with its this Surya-pith a pair of 650 year old (dated 1419 V.S.) foot-wear of
contemporary Sun-temples. Numerous inscriptions found from this the Mahanta of Surya-pith is still persevered. The main attraction of
temple prove that it was a centre of pilgrimage in the early and the this pilgrim centre is the Parikrama by thousands (pujari informs two-
middle of the medieval period. The gazetteer of Sirohi distrct three lac pilgrims) of people. The Parikrama begins on the next day of
appreciates art and architecture of the Sun-temple of Varman but Janmasthami and terminates on Kushgrahi Amavasya. The parikrama
organised efforts are needed to highlight it as a tourist centre. begins from Surya Kunda and after the round of Malketu hills ends at
These grand Sun-temples, attracting domestic and foreign Surya-kunda. It goes through seven important places in between. The
tourists, are contributing significantly in the development of the tourism Surya Spatmi in the month of Magha is celebrated at large level in this
in Rajasthan. Better management and facilities can improve the temple and about four-five thousand people gather here on this
prospects of tourism at these places. Tourist guides are also required occasion. On the day of Sun-eclipse also people visit this place in
to be taught about the importance of these temples. large number. Hundreds of pilgrims come to this place daily. On
A tourist may not be a pilgrim but a pilgrim is often a tourist Sundays the gathering of pilgrims is comparatively more. All these
also. Accordingly, it is important to note that some of the Sun-temples celebrations and Parikrama show that it is a popular place of pilgrimage.
are the centres of pilgrimage, at least, for the adjoining region. So, The place is set to be useful for treatment of some diseases and
some of the Sun-temples and Surya-Dhamas also pave way for improvement of health also. People visit this place for fulfilment of
domestic tourism, however limited it may be today. From this point their cherished desires and tie a thread with coconut. In Rajasthan
of view the Sun-temple and Sury-Dhama of Loharagarh and the Sun- this place is a living legend of Sun-worship because at no other place
temples of Krodidhaja, Budhadita and Talawara are worth studying. any Sun temple or. Surya-pith attracts such a large number of pilgrims.
The Sun-temple and the Surya-Dham of Loharagarh8 is the In Lohargal Surya-Saptami is celebrated as an important function
most important centre of religious tourism in Rajasthan. Lohargal, a of Surya every year. Pamphlates are published and distributed in
famous centre of pilgrimage in Jhunjunu district, is 36 kilometres Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts and adjoing region infoming details of
away from Sikar. It is famous for its Sun temple and Surya-Dhama. the programmes for two days- Shashthi and Saptami. On Shashthi,
This place of pilgrimage is surrounded by Malketu hills. Its religious Kalasha-Yatra from the Sun temple to Surya-Goshala as a great
importance is described in the ninth Skandha of Bhagvata. It is believed procession is organised in the morning, Vishwa-Shanti Panchakundiya
that after the performance of Yajna by Parshurama, this place, earlier Surya-Mahyajna is performed in the noon and in the evening
known as Brahmashetra, became famous as Surya kshetra. It is Mahaprasadi is distributed to the devotees. On the Surya-Saptami,
believed that Sanjna and Surya lived here and from here Sanjna went Vishal Ratha-Yatra and Nishan-Yatra is organised in the morning.At
away as a mare and left Chhaya in place of her. It is why the temple is about twelve Vishal-Jhanki, Maha-Aarati and Vishala Bhandara and
133
Bhajanas by expert singers are organised one after another. In the On the occasion of Hariyali Amavasya, mid of the month of
pamphlates Surya is addressed as Surya- Baba which shows the Shravan of Vikrama era, a fair is held here in which people of this
deep faith of the devotees towards the Sun-god Surya. region come for worship in Surya-temple. The Devangana river,
During the survey of this centre it was found that due to better flowing at the foot of Krodidhaja hill, holds high esteam among the
propagation of the celebrations here the number of pilgrims is people of this region. Traditionally the broken images of gods used to
increasing. A couple of months ago, the importance of this Surya- be thrown in this river. In folk lore the river Devangana and Krodidhaja
Dham and celebrations here were shown on television. are held as pious places. There is a Surya-kunda in front of the main
Krodidhaja9 has been a popular centre of Sun-worship from Sun-temple. Sometime the kunda is called as Bava (step-well). Actually,
ancient time. If we believe its oral history told by Dr. Ragavsharanji it is a natural deep kunda or well in which water comes from a spring-
Maharaj, the chair-person of krodidhaja trust, this religious centre of let of the adjoining Arbud Mountain. When this religious centre
Sun-worship was established in the 3rd centaury of Vikram era. A developed, stairs were constructed to go down to the water level of
story of Lakha Banjara and his dog is famous in this area. Lakha this kunda. It is believed by the local people through the story of
Banjara is said to belong to the age of Vikramditya. According to this Lakha banjara and his dog that the water of this kunda can cure the
story Lakha Banjara who was suffering from leprosy, halted at leprosy. Needless to say that for a religious centre, located on the hill
Krodidhaja while going on his business tour. His dog went down the top where no water sources were available, the water was very useful
kunda and wet by its water. When the dog came up and fluttered near to quench the thirst of the pilgrims coming over here. So the people
Lakha the drops of water fell on Lakha and he was cured of leprosy. of adjoining region visit this temple for performance of various
Lakha Banjara constructed Sun-temple on Krodidhaja which was sanskaras and celebrations and during ratri-jagarana stay here.
already a centre of Sun-worship. The story spread in the nearby region The Sun temple of Budhadita 10 is equally very important.
and the Sun-temple of Krodidhaja became popular centre of Sun- Various activities of the local people as well as occasional performances
worship. Later on Krodidhaja came to be associated with the sect of show that the temple is closely related with the life of the local people
Ramananda. In tradition of Vaishnava saints, it is believed that their and the people of adjoining region who have deep faith in the Sun-god
founder saint Ramananda did penance here. It is why on Krodidhaja Budhadita. Complicated incidents are solved in the public gatherings
there are foot prints of Ramananda. In this background the association here. Vow of the Sun-god Budhadita is taken for the verification of
of Vaishnava saints with Krodidhaja for last 6-7 centuries is the truth. People perform various samskaras here like chudakarana
understandable. Even today, most of the members of the Krodidhaja and performance of Jata after marriage. It appears as if the Sun-god
trust are the saints of Bhatana, Koteshwer, Mount Abu etc. along with Budhadita is the main deity for the whole town as well as adjoining
leading local people of adjoining villages. villages. On every Sunday, a hat (bazara) is organized in the name of
The popularity of Krodidhaja as a centre of the Sun-worship the Sun-god Budhadita. On special occasions, the people of 13 villages
among the people of this region is shown by various ceremonies being of this area gather here to participate in the sacrificial performance.
held here by the local people in general and the Kalabis, Rebaris, The number of devotees coming to this temple for worship Surya
Ghanchis, Suthars, Vaishnavas particularly. Mundan Samskar and daily is 20-25 and on Sundays the number synergises to about one
Yajnopavita Samskar are held here by the local people to become Surya- hundred. In the sanctum, a lamp of ghee is lighted continuously for
putra. After marriage, the newlywed couples give their Jata here. 24 hours. For the maintenance and development of this temple Aditya
During survey work of Krodidhaja we met some Kalabi couples of Seva Samiti is active. Some of the devotees begin their daily work
Posintara village who had come to give Jata. Kalabis of Gulabganj, only after worshiping Sun-god. People going on pilgrimage commence
Pamera, Krishanganj, Anadra, Posintra etc. often come for such their pilgrimage by worshiping the Sun-god as their first place of
Samskars and ceremonies here. It is also believed that sugarcane pilgrimage. The temple campus is revered as a pious place by the
chanted with Surya mantra helps eradicate jaundice. local people. There are many stories prevailing in the local people
134
about the miracles (including the story of Lakhi Banjara) of the Sun-
god Budhadita. Popularity of the temple attracts occasional tourists
of religious nature and academic tourists.
Wood Work of Bassi
The recent reconstruction of this Sun-temple of Talwara 11 and
the development of the temple campus with other temples of lord A Cultural Heritage of Mewar
Ganesha and Rama has made this centre important for the people of Dr. SadhanaMeghwal
this region. Even in the mandapa of the Surya temple four small
temples dedicated to various gods are added during reconstruction. Introduction
This synchronisation of faith towards various gods is making this
Culture is the backbone of any civilization. It is the expression
centre as a popular religious centre in this region. So it has future
of feeling, thought and action of human beings. Culture of India is
prospects of tourism in this region.
composite and it has developed slowly and steadily over the
References generations. 1 Mewar which has been known for its warriors and
1. Pragati Prativedana, Paryatana Vibhaga, Rajasthan, parishishta VI-A p.53 gallants has bequeathed to us a rich culture and artistic heritage.
2. Pragati Prativedana, Paryatana Vibhaga, Rajasthan, p.5-6 Hereditary craftsmen and Skilful workers kept alive the Traditions of
3. Pragati Prativedana, Paryatana Vibhaga, Rajasthan, Parishishta IV, p.50
Mewar in Textiles, Jewellery, Metalwork Marble, Ivory, Sandalwood
4. Pragati Prativedana, Paryatana Vibhaga, Rajasthan, Parishishta IV, p.50
5. Pragati Prativedana, Paryatana Vibhaga, Rajasthan, Parishishta IV, p.50 Carving, Pottery, Lacquer work etc. 2 On the wide canvas of
6. Pragati Prativedana, Paryatana Vibhaga, Rajasthan, Parishishta IV, p.50: handicrafts of Mewar, the Woodwork of Bassi occupy an important
7. Inscriptions found from the Sun-temple of Varmana and its art and architecture place. Even the Kavad Shrines prepared in Bassi, bear its unique
vouchsafe its importance and capacity of a tourist centre. identity. Wood is a medium through which a man reflects his inner
8. The main Pujari and the head of Surya-pitha informed us about the popularity of feelings, whether it is through the wooden images and figures or it is
Lohargal Surya-pitha.
through wood in architecture. Man constantly makes efforts to bring
9. As told by the Krodidhaja Trusts chairman, Dr. Raghavasharanji Maharaj, about
popularity of Krodidhaja Sun-temple. refinement in his creative art.
10. The Aditya Seva Samitis members informed us about the popular side of Bassi, a village in the belt of Mewar has gained worldwide
Budhadit Sun-temple. fame due to this craft and perfection of the finished wooden products
11. Developnt of the campus of the Talwara Sun-temple increases its popularity
Carpenters of Bassi have maintained this traditional folk art of wood
among domestic tourists.
and its continuity. Bassi is almost 24 kilometers away for National
Highway running across Chittor and Kota-Bundi. Bassi is densely
covered with forests and the whole of Bassi is famous for its work. 3
Among the most important wooden products manufactured in
this village are Puppets, Swings, Bajot, Toran, Chauper, Manakthamb,
Decorative wooden panels for windows and doors and the images of
Gods and Goddesses etc.
Historical Background:
Bassi, the Fortress glorifies the history of the Chundawat clan.
It was built in the 16 th century by Thakur Jaimal of the Sisodiya
Dynasty, he was the cousin of Maharana Pratap.
Bassi is inhabited by the Suthar (Carpenter) community who
believe themselves to have migrated from the Marwar region and
135
consider themselves originally belonging to the Nagaur region of is the simplest form of a lather consisting of Khoonta, Jeebhi, Koodi,
Western Rajasthan. The main credit of making Bassi wood work world Bayan and Ghodi. This tool is essential for holding the articles and
famous goes to Late. Mr. Prabhat Suthar.4 The then ruler in the 17th revolving them rapidly on an axis against the shape edge of cutting
century, Rawat Govind Das was a great patron of art. While on his tool. (c) Shilli, which is used in sharpening the edges of the
way bank home after meeting Emperor Jahangir and brought Prabhat instruments (d) File (e) Brush, which is very important to paint the
Suthar along him. He was given nearly 80 bighas of land for agriculture finished products. For very fine painting the hair of the brush is made
and rearing animals by his relatives. This land was gifted it to the from the tail of squirrel.
ruler Govind Das in the year 1652. This image of Gangaur is preserved
Different items of Woodcraft :
till today by the ex-Rawat of Bassi.5
Bassi is renowned all over the world for the various products it
The major raw materials required in Woodcraft are cheaply prepares from the wood. Generally these products are painted with
available in local areas of Bassi. Following are the major raw materials gay and bright colours to give them glossy and fine texture.
and tools essential in woodcraft:-
1. Boxes:
i) Wood : Wood is the primary and the most important of all
They are generally used for storing Kumkum or Sindoor or rice.
raw materials required for the preparation of toys and other wooden
They have figure of a peacock and are made and polished into very
articles. The wood of the khirni or dhudhia tree (Wrightiatinctoria) is
beautiful and exotic boxes.
used in the craft. It is soft, easy to work on, and specially suitable for
doing fine work as there are no fibers in it. Khirni wood has a natural 2. Toran:
light yellowish colour which provides the necessary base for further Toran is made of damp wood (made when the wood is still
colouring. There is moreover, elasticity in this wood and so the toys wet). When the bridegroom reaches the residence of his to be wife,
do not easily break even if they fall on the ground from considerable the Toran is generally hung at the entrance of her house. This custom
height. Formerly Bhils used to fetch the wood from the forest around is marriage is common to all the communities Rich or Poor, Royal or
24 kilometers from Udaipur. Tribal, Brahmin or Shudra. This Toran is like a flat, thin wooden
ii.) Lac and Lacquer: Lac is a dark red transparent resin curst frame of a specific design. On the topmost is a peacock in the centre
which gathers on twig of certain trees notably sal (Shorearobusta) and small beautiful birds are adorned in the left and right side of the
and dhak (Huteafrondosa) Toran. 6
iii. Colours: Paints required for colouring the articles are 3. Puppets:
prepared by the craftsmen themselves. The pigments employed are The tradition of the puppets is nearly 2000 years old. The State
sulphur, white lead mercury, Prussian blue, lamp black and indigo. of Mewar is considered the origin of these puppets. The place Bassi is
The basic colours are made of organic colours like harital, goguli, famous for creating a lot of puppets. Every household prepares nearly
hinglu, hara matt in painting woodwork 2 of Bassi. 400 hundred puppets annually. These puppets have generally round of
oval shape of face and the features are painted on its in a very prominent
iv.) Kewara Leaves (Pandanus of Screw-Pine) Kewara is a
manner. The eyes are too big and bulging, the ears are big and the lips
flowering plant with strong sweet smell. The leaves of this plant are
are open as though speaking. The eyes of the puppets are very
required by the craftsmen to give finish to the coloured products.
expressive and their face representative the natural and spontaneous
Kewara grows in abundance in the marshes that surround the town of
feelings of the normal walk of life of the folks. They have hands and
Udaipur.
legs too which are made very simple. But these puppets are draped in
v.) Tools and Implements: The major tools required in the best costumes according to the role they have to play in the Puppet
woodcraft are : (a) Sand Paper of various gradations like superfine, Show. All these puppets present the cultural life of the folk in various
fine, coarse etc for smoothening surface of articles (b) Kharad, which ages.
136
4. Small Stools (Bajot): It is made by the Suthar (carpenter) community in Mewar, this
There has been a tradition in Rajasthan to welcome the guests way the deity comes to the devotee rather than the devotee going to
and made them sit down and eat food served in a Thali which is the temple. The storytellers unfold the multiple panels of the Kavad as
placed on a small stool called Bajot in front of them individually. These they recite stories and genealogies of their4 patrons (Jajmans) spread
Bajos are generally a square shape and they are beautifully carved and across Rajasthan and adjoining states. The patrons commission images
painted. It is also called Pithika. of themselves in the Kavad and are represented riding of their choices,
be it a plane, an elephant, a camel or a bullock cart. The experience of
5. Pillar (Manakthamb):
travel in the unfolding and the recitation of the stories is akin to
In the marriage ceremonies, there are the wooden Pillars performing a pilgrimage.
(Manakthamb) all 4 pillars are erected around the place where yajna
is performed and some rituals take place to marry the couple. These Kavad making is a dying art
pillars have Birds and Peacocks on them and are very artistic and The basic structure of Kawad is made of medium, soft, low
beautiful to look at. density woodusually of adusal, meetha neem or salar. 8 This
6. Blocks : woodcraft of preparing Kavad is a fast disappearing tradition. Due to
modern means of communication and transportation, the life style of
Some cubes or pieces of wood are engraved on one side with
people in Rajasthan and elsewhere has changed immensely. Hence,
certain pattern or design which has to be printed on any piece of
the practice of story narration has diminished and the traditional Kavads
cloth. In this way the wooden blocks are made at Bassi and are sold
are no longer sustainable as the sole medium of income. So the people
to be used in printing the cloth material which is so popular not only
in India but in several foreign countries also like the Ashok prints, have started making smaller Kavads as a decorative piece or gift items,
Barmeri prints, and Sanganeri prints. which still fetch them some buyers.
Now these craftsmen have started making Kavads as teaching
7. Swings:
aids with alphabets A to Z and other elementary school topics. They
Swings of various sizes and designs are made in Bassi. They
are experimenting with different stories of other religions as well.
all have different kind of purpose to solve. It is used in many homes
However the demand for the wood-work of Bassi (especially Kavad)
of the rich and people of royal families. Some are used as swings that
is still much smaller than the expectations.9 The traditional Kavads do
are tied on trees in gardens on the occasions of Teej festival and
attract customers and its demand is not a problem but they find difficult
when fairs are held. Special kinds of swings are made to be installed
to reach to market directly and have to sell it to middle men at a very
in temples on the occasion of the festival of Janmashtmi. Some small
low cost.Now the demand ismore for the small version of traditional
swings are also made for the new born babies.7
Kawad.10
8. Kavad Miniature temples:
Some wood temples which are very small in size, also known Conclusion:
as portable miniature shrines are also made at Bassi. These miniature Although, my paper casts a sweep over the rich handicrafts of
temples find place in the home of rich and famous other than the Mewar the woodwork of Bassi specially Kavads, sincere efforts
people of the royal families. Kavad is a traditional visual story-telling have been made but this attempt, I humbly agree, is a drop in the
device having religious connotions. Kavad is a portable wooden temple/ ocean to highlight the pathetic and grave concern of the artisans.
shrine that has visual narratives on its multiple panels that are hinged India has been promoted as Incredible India and Shining
together. Many a times, these hinged panels depict the Epics of India, but the people who toiled hard to give the country a place in
Ramayana and Mahabharata. These panels open and close like doors the world map are however not Shining. These craftsmen are fighting
simulating the several thresholds of a temple. The visuals are those of hard for their livelihood, health, education and safety of their family
Gods, goddesses, saints, local heroes and the patrons. members. Illiteracy of artisans, Non-availability of raw material, their
137
low level of income, use of old and obsolete tools and equipments are
some of the major issues to be dealt with. Our government and NGOs
are already sensitive on this issue and efforts are going on for the
upliftment of artisans and craftsmen. They should set up co-operative Zardori : A traditional Art-An overview
stores for the handicraft products. Art and Craft Mela held at with special reference to rajasthani
Shilpgram, in Udaipur every year, should be upgraded into an
International Crafts Mela. Indeed it has rightly been remarked. So Painting and Handictrafts
much to do and so little is done. Shalini Singh
References: Zardozi, a Persian embroidery is made up with two terms 'Zar'
1. Dinker, Dr. Ramdhari Singh, 1956, Sanskriti ke Char Adhyay, Lokbharti meaning gold 'dozi' meaning embroidery. This Vintage metal
Publication, Allahabad, Preface, pg xi embroidery uses pure gold silver threads. Pure gold was beaten into
2. Ranjan, M.P., and Aditi Ranjan, Crafts of India Handicrafts in India, fine metal taar (thread) that was used to embroider motifs on silk,
COHANDS, 2007, pg118. satin and velvet. This would be further enhanced with the addition of
3. Rajasthan Sujas, pg 923.
4. Bhalla, Dr. L.R., Samayik Rajasthan, pg.453
precious gems such as diamonds, emeralds, and pearls, which would
5. Ibid, pg 453 be sewn into the fabric as part of the embroidery. The most prevalent
6. Bhanawat,Dr. Mahendra Singh, Sanskriti ke Rang, Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal, zardozi elements segments of dabkaa, a tightly wound spiral metal,
Udaipur,1979, pg 28. Kora, a heavier and darkar dabkaa a square sided dabkaa that is wiry
7. Bhati, Ram Singh, Research workUnpublished, Rajasthan Lok Parampara and erratic in appearance, sitaaras, round sequins, glass and plastic
Mein Kawad Chitran Ka Kalatmak Evam Takniki Adhyayan, pg 65 beads and kasab, silver or gold-plated silver thread. Zardozi which id
8. Ranjan, M.P., and Aditi Ranjan, Crafts of India Handicrafts in India,
COHANDS, 2007, pg118.
commonly known as salme sitare ka kam. Agra, Jaipur, Lucknow,
9. Mathesan, S.A. and Roloff Beny, RajasthanLand of Kings, Frederick Muller Delhi, Benares and Bareilly are the hubs for original handmade zardozi.
Limited, London,1984, pg59. When asked which places he considers, are the best, Mohammad
10. Ibid , pg 59 says "They are all good! I would say each place has its own style and
Also visited the following areas for detailed information use of techniques. In Bareilly the work is clean and basic, in Delhi and
a. Lok Kala Mandal Museum, Udaipur Jaipur the zardozi work tends to be more grand and heavy. Agra mein
b. Prachya Vidya Pratishthan, Jodhpur and Udaipur
c. Bagore ki Haveli Museum, Udaipur
alag se technique istamaal karte hain (In Agra different techniques are
used)."1 Gold has been used in fabric decortion in a variety of ways;
painting the fabric with gold and silver pigment, decorating the fabric
with embroidery and applique, weaving variegated patterns luxurious
with gold or silver given in so on. The oldest documentery evidence
of this art might have been found in Vedic age. Rig Veda mentioned
some words atka, drapi, pesas indicating sewn gaements. The term
atka means a garment embroideres with gold thread.2 In Mahabharat
the king of Kamboja presented Yudhishtara with many kinds of animal
skins and woolen blankets embroidered with thread of gold. 3 In
Valmiki's Ramayana there are many evidence of gold thread work.
The Epic speaks about Maharajatvasas4 the clothes embroidered with
gold and silver tread. These references indicate beyond doubt that
gold silver thread work on costumes were part of opulent tradition
138
during epic period. There are some more evidences given in other painting, and Ajmer painting, Kota Painting, Jaipur painting styles.
texts like Jatakas, Jain literatures, Ajanta and Ellora paintings also. In Marwar painting in Jodhpur style late 16th century painting
Many references have been found in travelers' accounts describing (depiction of dress) were influenced by Mughal culture.7 Zardozi was
the existence of the gold embroidery tradition from 4th century B.C. used in mughal attires as main art form. In 'Bhagwat' written in 1610
onwards. Megeasthenes and Strabo writes, "contrary to their simplcity Arjun and Krishna's dresses were depicted in Mughal attires.8 Due to
in general they like to adorn themselves with apparels embroidered Mughal influence zardozi work was used in those dresses. Same as in
with gold".5 The full fledged form of zardozi was introduced to India Ajmer painting male were illustrated in mughalai Jama with zardozi
by Turkish in Sultanate period. During the regin of Mohammed Bin work.9 In Bundi painting zardozi representation in female's dress (sone
Tughlaq, zardozi became popular dress of the court and courtly nobles.6 ki buti) is depicted.10 In Kishangarh painting female dresses 'choli' and
Ibnbatuta and Amir Khusaro also give some description in their writings. ' Lehnga' were ornamented with 'Belbute' of zari and gota.11 there are
It flourished in India during the 17th century under the patronage of some references in Dungarpur fresco painting royal and elite males
Mughal emperor Akbar. Typical taste of groups of partronds brought and femeles were well dressed up. Their costumes were decorated
variation in forms and style. The royalty and nobility were richly with chikankari, zardozi and their footwear are made in makhmal fabric
represented attired in gold and jewels as well horses, elephants, and with ari-tari (Zardozi) works.12 Another reference is given in Kota
camels were depicted with richly embroidered saddles. Under the rule fresco painting at Bada Mahal, Kota. There is a lady wearing lehnga
of Aurangzed, the royal patronage stopped and this led to the decline decorated with zardozi wrok in 'buti design.13 Photo given in 'Splendour
of the art. During the 18th and 19 th century, the art suffered. The local of painting' by Jaysingh Niraj, two ladies sitting in Bikaner style painting
artisans who were learings skills in the factory known as "Tiraj and a dashara darbar Jodhpur style painting, cushion (Masnad) carpet
despensed to Punjab and Rajasthan due to rise of Industrialisation. are embellished with this vintage art.14 Some example are also seen in
With this migration new centers are developed in various cities like Dhundhar fresco painting where male figures wearing turban with
Jaipur, Jodhpur, Lucknow, Banaras, Agra. Since Rajasthan has rich zari wrok are adorned.15In miniature painting of Udaipur City elephant
cultural herihage most of which are reflected in costume and and horses caparisons and canopies are adorned with this traditional.
embroideries of various region of the State. Metal embroidery is very Some of really good pictures are given in 'Marwar painting-A History
popular in different way in Rajasthan, found its partron in royalty. of the Jodhpur Style' where we can see the work of Zari in male and
They preferred gorgeous graments embroidererd in gold and silver female attire, 'masnad' Horse saddle, tent, footwears.16 Milo Cleveland
because the embroidery is auspicious and very expansive. It also beach also demonstrated some figures in which this art is used, in his
represents wealth, power and importance. The royalty was so patron book 'Rajput painting at Bundi & Kota. 17 Not only in painting or
of this style of ornementation that they often employed it on a wide costumes but in handicrafts, there are seveal evidences of this vintage
renge of article other than apparel like footwear, belts, caps, cushion art also found. In Udaipur City place museum there is a hand made
and even elephant caparisons and canopies. fan (Pankha) embroidered with zardozi.18 In Rajasthani Sambhari shoes
Since we all know that Rajasthani painting is a style of Indian which is very popular are made with zardozi embroidery or Salma
painting also known as Rajput painting. Rajput Painting depicts a Sitare ka Kam.19
number of themes, events of epics, beautiful landscapes and humans. Through this article my main motive is to fetch attention towrads
Many paniting are depicted on the walls of Havelis, palaces and Forts, this traditional art form. It is part of our culture heritage and need
other place. Zardozi is very expensive art that way it was more popular considatation. A art which floiurished in medieval period and patronized
in royal families and elite classes of Rajasthan. I am giving a brief vy royal families in Rajasthan with Mughal impact. All the above
note on depiction of zardozi works mainly in male and female attires references indicates that this craft gained attention in royal as well as
and in other articles like cushion, tent, pillow, hand bages, etc in in elite class in Rajasthan. At present time Jaipur, Ajmer, Tonk, and
Dungarpur painting, Dhundhar painting, Bundi painting Kishangarh Jodhpur are important centres for this art. Jaipur has remained a center
139
of historical prominence for Zardozi (Aari tari) work. Presently Ghat

gate, Ramganj Market, Cher Darwaja, Brahmpuri, Ramgarh More and
BasBadan Pure. With the time many variations are reflected in this art.
In can be classified with these-Saccha kam-with Real gold wire, Women as Portrayed in the Folk Songs
Jodhpur Kam-with copper Plated wire and Nakli kam-with plastice
( Manoharpur town of Jaipur District)
wire. I went for a field visit in Jaipur. I asked shopkeepers 'ki yahan
zardozi ka kam kahan hota hai?. He replied "Medam zardozi ka kam to
Dr. Shobha Singh
ab koi nahi karta.Bas char darwaja me hota hai." A art form which is
Folk songs are the oldest songs of any community. They reflect
depicted in our painting, royal dress and handicraft, is not valued
peoples life, traditions and customs and are characterized by the
enough today because lack attention and importance.
spontaneity that springs from the emotions of common people arising
References out of natural surrounding. India has a tremendous variety of folk
1. Rashmi R.D. interview Mohammad Bilal, Zardozi Embroidery, The Hindu, songs which are linked to ceremonies and activities of various regions.
Chennai Edition, October 10,2012
Folk songs mirror the position of woman an integral part of the society.
2. Patniv puruhutim varadhaihya ushasankta purudha vidane starinatkan vyutum
vashana suryasya griya suddas,1, hiranyai, Rig Veda, I,1, 22, 2, 2, Max Muller, Through the study of folk songs the deeper layers of personality
Vol.I,1890,P1108; Griffith, 1973,p.83. can also be revealed, enabling glimpses of underlying seeds, motives,
3. Roy,P.C.,The Mahabharat of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyas, Voll II, Oriental attitudes and values of individuals. All the circumstances and situations
Publishing co.,p.114-115
of womens life are portrayed in the folk songs. As Coomaraswamy
4. Valmiki Ramayana, Mukhopadhyaya, B.S.,5/10/7,1983,p.1761.
5. Majumdar, R.C., Geography of Strabo, Vol.I,54,1981,p.281. has said, for our purposes even more significant than religious and
6. Gupta, Churu Smita, Zardozi: Glittering Gold Embroiadery, Delhi: Abhinav knightly culture, the product of less quickly changing conditions and
Publication,1996,p38. impressive too in its naivet, is the picture of the women of the people
7. Niraj, Jassingh, Rajasthani Chitrakala, Jaipur: Rajasthan Hindi Grasnth Akadami, which we can gather from folksong and lyric.1
1994,p38.
8. Ibid
These songs are very near to their heart and they are singing
9. Goswami, Premchandra, Bhartiya Chirakala ka Itihas, Jaipur: Panchasheel them since their childhood. If we analyse the folk songs we find that
Prakashan,1999.p72. traditionally the girl child was always discriminated right from birth.
10. Kumawat, Hemlata, Bundi Sthapatya evem Chitrakala, Jaipur: Raj. Jalwa ceremony is performed after the birth of a male child not for
Prakashan,2011,p121. female child. Various songs were sung to celebrate the birth of a male
11. Goyal, Abhilasha, Kishangarh Chitrakal,p85.
child. The following lines from a song depict feeling of a family after
12. Vohra,Mallica, Dungarpur Rajya ki Bhitti Chitrankan Parampara-samaj evem
Sanskrit, Delhu: Prakashan,2010.p188. birth of a boy.
13. Niraj, Jassingh, Rajasthani Chitrakala, Jaipur: Rajasthan Hidi Granth Akadami, A grandson is born to some,
1994.(Figure).
Lord Krishna is born to some,
14. Niraj,Jay singh, Spendour of Rajathani painting, Delhi: Abhinav Publication,1991
(Figure). Our hearts are delighted,
15. Dhadhich, Ashutosh, Dhundhar ki bhutti Chitrakala ka Itihas, Jaipur: Nirala Lord Dashratha has grandson,
Prakashan,1994,74.
16. Grill, Rosemary, Marwar painting-A History of the Jodhpur style, Mumbai: Our Lord Rama has a son,
India Book House (Figure no.37,78). Our hearts are delighted
17. Beach, Milo Cleveland, Rajput painting at Bundi & Kota, Ascona (Switzerland):
Artibus Assiae Publication. Few people sang songs on the birth of a daughter. A daughter
18. I visited City palace Museum, Udaipur in 9 February 2013. was considered to be handicap rather than a help as from the day she
was born, her parents started collecting dowry for her. In some songs
140
we find that when a woman asks her husband to get her an ornament, is expected to keep up the prestige of both houses. The songs revealed
he replies that he would have done it if she made him father of a son. the various familiar interactions between a women and her mother in
When a son is born, a woman says like this, My husband worships law, sister in law, brother in law etc. They also show interesting
me like Shiva of Kasi and I get a shawl to cover myself, and a shawl dimensions of relationship in these songs:
to spread and dainty fruit to eat. And when a daughter is born, My Beloved of my parents I never woke up before sunshine,
husband trembles like a lotus left in a pond and I get Kush to cover, And now my mother in law woke me up at midnight,
Kush to spread, and wild fruit to eat. If the girl is born after first
To grind the whole day
pregnancy than their morale became down. All of the family members
tensions increases with the growing age of their daughter.2 To throw the garbage
In another song a woman who has given birth to a pretty son is To work in fields
asked by her father in law for what penances has she got a reward. Another song
She replies: O daughter in law you became young still then there is no water
I did not disobey the mother in law. in pots,
I did not speak disrespectfully to sister in law, O mother in law Krishna is in my lap so dont force me for
grinding,
O father in law I never indulged in back biting,
O! daughter in law you are not only mother in this world,
I know no other reason
Other women are not barren
In medieval period marriages were expensive on account of
dowry and neg system and were burden on the parents. 3 During In Shringara Manjari of Bhojdev it is mentioned that the sole
marriage in Bhat ceremony the lady is too much worried about the purpose of marriage is to gain wealth, fame and progeny. 4 In her
things which her brother will take and whether they satisfy their in husbands family she is expected to perform numerous household
chores which are never ending. Every action of the daughter-in-law
laws, is clear from following lines:
was looked at, and critically evaluated by her mother in law. The
I am watching from terrace, husband was not expected to interfere in his mothers treatment to his
Grandfather brings bhat, wife. There is no one to whom young bride could appeal against her
Uncle brings bhat, stresses and strains. Folk songs provided an emotional outlet for the
suppressed feelings of the women.
Grandfather which things you bring,
Mother-in-law has full control over daughter in laws even in
Mother-in-law gives me
the royal houses. They can meet with their husbands on fix time.
Sister dont worry I have brought all the things Queens used to follow salutation to their mother in laws. 5 During
During panigrahan sanskar women sing following song: mutual letter writing they address them with great respect.6 In one of
O daughter first phera is of your grandfather, the songs, the wife tries to control and dominate her husband. She
tells her mother in law, when my husband was a baby who drank
O daughter second phera is of your uncles,
milk and played with balls, he was yours. Now he ties a turban on his
O daughter third phera is of your maternal uncles, head and races horses. Now he is mine.
O loving in the fourth phera you became alien The folk songs of women discussed above gives the impression
This shows that daughter became alien for parents after her that in patriarchal family she does not enjoy equal status. These songs
marriage. A girl begins to belong to another house after her marriage, tell us about her longings and wishes, her frustrations, and the
but her attachment with her parents home does not cease to exit. She predicaments that accompany different facets of her life. In these
141
songs we see that a daughter is so dearly loved and her going away
can be heart ending but at the same time once she get married she
cannot visit her parents without a proper invitation.
References: Jat Community Identity and Issues of
1. Anand K. Coomaraswamy,Status of Indian Women,The Dance of Shiva, Asia
publishing house, Bombay, 1948, pp.132-33
Gender in Western Rajaputana
2. Kagdon ki bahi, Bikaner rampuriya records, v.s. 1815 Dr. Etee Bahadur
3. Sharma G.N., Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan(1500-1800 A.D.), Laxmi Narayan
Agarwal, Agra, 1968, p.115 The history of women involves looking at existing records with
4. Bhatia Pratipal, The Paramaras, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1970,
a fresh insight on gender. Besides,traditional sources also, are to be
p.287
5. Yadav Santosh, Unnisvi aur bisvi shatabdi main striyon ki sthiti, Printwell looked at from a new angle.Greater use is to be made of records
publishers, Jaipur, 1987, p.7 dealing with common place events and private life which tended to be
6. Kota record, Jnani Tahir, Serial no. 1888, 1882, 114 neglected because of their insignificance.Literary sources frequently
discounted by traditional social history as being too disjointed and
unreliable are also very rich in material. Oral records - things seen
from the angle of the participants as they are experienced - are
extremely important for women, whose lives are lived in a private
sphere ignored by the written word.
With the sources available to me, I choose to present the theme
of regulation of female sexuality and analysis of marriage family and
sex scandals. What appears is that understanding gender relations is
closely linked to the history of scandals through scandals individual
involved in it become the site of the various contending discourse on
morality, about appropriate, way of satisfying desire, about the role
of family elders in it and about the control of property. This will not
be a linear chronological reading of the past. Unlike political narrative
history, this will deal with the specific theme and examine its working
in relation to caste structures, state, and the durbars attitude, as well
as the subjective experiences and responses of women within these
contexts.
The question remains as to why the theme of sexuality is at all
necessary in a discussion on historical change. The methods and
conceptions developed by social historians have helped, to
conceptualize family relationships and sexuality as historical
phenomena, providing for the valuation of such experience. In studying
gender relations historically, there is the need to problematize the issue
of sexuality. What is thought to be the nature of female sexuality?
What qualifies as sexual deviance? How is gender expressed through
bodies and how does this get transcribed into social structures and
142
social relations between the sexes? How did controls operate.In placing economic interaction, provided rulers of commensal relations and ritual
the relations between the sexes at the centre of historical research the observances. In looking at the female sexuality in this society in which
intention is to encourage a possible view of history as a whole and to cultural norms are biased in favour of men it becomes essential to
attain a better and balanced understanding. examine the implication of caste for women. Caste imparts a special
character to the control exercised over female sexuality and constraints
Jat community and issues of gender
women in specific ways. As marriage provides the structural link up
The biological division of human into male and female has been
between kinship and caste a closer surveillance is accorded to the
used in history by all societies to organize social institutions. In every
marital alliances. Kinship linkages provided by marriage, give a caste
society the division of roles between the sexes has led women to rear
group its strength, recognition and leverage in wider society. Any
children. Men have used that fact to keep them tied to domesticity for
breach in these caste linkages brings down the status of not only the
much of their lives. Men have claimed that they have a separate role
immediate family but also the clan and family the entire caste group.
because of extra physical strength and agility, which naturally takes
This factor was the most potent consideration behind the enforcement
them away from domestic chores. The task of government was also
of strict caste and sexual codes. At the centre of these codes stands
appropriated by men. Men exercise authority over the household -
the female, control of whose sexuality and bestowal of this sexuality
that is, authority in matters concerned with rights and obligations.
in marriage, is crucial to patriarchal forces and their concern with
This kind of popular ideology based on biological differences has been
caste purity, caste status power and hierarchy.
used historically by men to organize unequal gender relations, and
Western Rajasthan is no exception to it. Households, homesteads, kin Rules of caste endogamy and clan exogamy came handy in, not
groups, political communities normally have male heads and a woman only to restrict the choice of mate selection but also to ensure
is usually expected to have a male guardian, a kinsmen if she is not reproductive purity. Jats of Western Rajasthan strictly practiced caste
married, a husband if she is married, who is supposed to protect her endogamy and clan exogamy. For purposes of marriage certain
interests and is considered to be responsible for any offence that she prohibited degrees of kinship have to be avoided. A person is not
may commit. permitted to marry into his or her caste Got, nor with the mothers,
nor with the fathers mother, nor usually with the mothers mother.
The poor soil quality, the aridity and harsh environment with
The Got rules in effect prohibit marriage with first cousins of either
high winds made the outdoor work of agriculture exacting in parts of
parallel or cross variety.
Wesren Raputana.1 The nature of agricultural operations compelled
the Jat men and women to share the burden of hard work. Women did Village Exogamy among the Jats
contribute their labour during the Rabi harvest. Even while at home Culturally, therefore, incest as a category of sexual and marital
every spare moment of the Jat woman was used for productive restrictions is used as a wider social category to embrace not only
purpose. This included embroidery work (kasida), dyeing using lal real sister but also classificatory sistersboth within and outside the
and kaisulacolour. The Jat woman of village Ladni, GorayaDugoliand caste, i.e. those belonging to the village. This kind of classificatory
the villages of Nagaur were known for Kasida work. The women of intra-village kinship relation could be noticed in the state order which
Lukarwere known for their sarees, made from block palai. 2 These expressly prohibited visits of daughters and sisters, to houses of
productive skills were such that they could be pursued within the Mahajans and Brahmans without any valid reasons.3 The use of kin
confines of home. To some extent this demarcation created by terms like daughter and sister in the state document not only
Rajasthan, social institution of home and outside activities, made reveals the status of women within the village but also shows the how
women a minor and men important in the peasant community of Jats. the village women were to be treated by the men folk of the village.
This kind of sexual division of labour led to the creation of a system This also explains the presence of village exogamy, among the Jats.
of social relations dominated by males. The norms of such a biased The tabooed relationship is those of kin position, of kin grouping, and
cultural life were more or less based on caste system, as it regulated in some of the villages of Western Rajasthan, the presence of such
143
fictional ties of kinship lead to the establishment of an individual bond murder, the eloping couple was perceived to have committed the crime
with another man as brother or with a woman as sister. of adultery and of breaking the classificatory kin relation bond. The
lack of response from the womans in-law and the mans family could
Concept of Honour among the Jats
be due to the dishonour, brought to them by elopement and what they
Intra-village marriage was never considered as it meant an
considered adultery. In cases of elopement of the Panchayat of village
approval of incest and therefore resisted, but this did not prevent
Dohmanidecided that the eloping couple should be penalized and
clandestine sexual relations not infrequently occurring between
punished after capture.8 Elopements were violently condemned because
classificatory or village brothers and sisters. A case involving an
these were generally village affairs and transgressed the rules of village
unmarried girl and her illicit relationship with four classificatory
exogamy. If a Jat boy and a Jat girl of same village were caught
brothers came up before the Durbar for hearing. In this document,
eloping they were severely reprimanded.9 Elopements were condemned
we come across a case of illicit intra-village affair. This girl, the
as they violated the incest taboos. Larger number of cases of
accused, was married within the caste to a boy from a different
elopement staged by the young for their sexual fulfilment contradicts
village.4 After marriage when the girl reached husbands house, it was
the idealized norms of behaviour set.
discovered that the girl was pregnant. On enquiries, it was found that
the girl was having sexual relations with four boys of her village before Elements of Patriachy
marriage. The girls father was called before the panch to give an Jats most of the time when they are not required to be on work
explanation. 5 The Durbar condemned the relationship and punished outside confined their women to home, without any property rights
the culprits along with the family. The greatest danger to the ideology and completely under the guardianship can be noticed in a petition,
of honour comes from the female. According to elders of the where the Jat requests the panchayat to provide for his daughter, a
Rajasthan villages a female dishonours her family/clan/caste and house and the Panchayat provided not only a home but also a Jat
community by her conduct. This concept of honour and honourable guardianship. This document is a petition by Sanchor Jat for getting
conduct is considered to be a commonly shared ideology, which guides the custody of his daughter from another Jat. Since Sanchor Jat was
the social behaviour of people in the whole of Western Rajasthan. unable to feed and provide for his daughter, the girl sought home and
Jats attached a lot of importance to honour as can be seen in refuge with another Jat. After a gap of some years, the Sanchor Jat
the case of Duvaldarof Rajgarh, who petitioned the Durbar to find a appealed to the durbar to get his daughter back. The durbar decided
home for his daughter or to suggest as to what should be done to her. to imprison the Sanchor Jat for neglecting his paternal duties and
The Jat was in a dilemma because his daughter had eloped with a Jat allowed the girl to stay with whom so ever she liked as long as that
and unfortunately, the boy died and she had to return to her father. person could feed and provide her. Sometimes, the durbar intervened
The girl, it was said, by eloping, had brought dishonour to the family positively as far as gender relations were concerned as was in the
directly, and to the clan indirectly, hence the father was unwilling to case mentioned above. 10 The ideology of female guardianship was
keep her anymore. 6 This petition clearly underlines the supremacy of essentially an ideology of control. It was closely tied up with the
honour over the natural bonds of love and kinship. question of control of female sexuality among the Jats of Western
Apart from the above instance, there are numerous instances Rajasthan. Consequently,miscegenation (mixing of castes) as well as
of elopement. In the SanadParwanaBahi, of V.S.1829, we come hypogamy(union between women of a higher caste and men of lower
across an interesting case of elopement and adultery. A married woman caste) was severely condemned.11 Caste endogamy marriages were
along with her paramour murdered her husband and eloped. While sought to affirm and maintain caste status. Consequently, even though
eloping they took along the boy who had seen them eloping. the rules of caste purity were breached by men from agriculturist
Surprisingly, it was the boys father who petitioned the Durbar for castes (mostly in their secondary association),12 women were never
locating his absconding son. None of the womans in-laws or the allowed to break the caste rules. A tacit acceptance of Hypergamous
paramours family came forward to petition. 7 Besides committing union (where the man is of higher caste than the woman) was noticed
144
among Jats, while hypogamous unions were strictly prohibited. The Kacheri Merta, R.AsojSud 7, Sanivar, RS.A-B.O. Also see SanadParwanaBahi,
persisting low female ratio to male has greatly contributed towards Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1829, Bahi No. 12, p. 71,R.S.A.B.O.
10. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1900, Bahi No. 106, p.
keeping the pressure on women to maintain caste endogamy.
321, MitiAsadSud 6, R.S.A.B.O.
Patrilineal descent, made Patrilocal residence the rule among 11. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1898, Bahi No. 102, p.
Jats. To illustrate the above rule of residence the petition mentioned in 347, Asad Sud 12, Somwar, R.S.A.B.O.
SanadParwanaBahi. V.S.1850 could be used. Jat Jindiya, son of Pema 12. For secondary association of Jat men, see, SanadParwanaBahi,
of village Khichala, had married the daughter of sewa of village Silwana. Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1829, No.12, p. 71, Asoj, Sud 4, Budhwar,
R.S.A.B.O.
Problem arose, when Jindiyabecome severely indisposed and sent for Also see, SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record Jodhpur, VS. 1892,
his wife to attend to her nursing obligations. She never responded to No. 101, p. 49, MitiAsoj Bud 3, R.S.A.B.O.
his pleas despite repeated summons, and continued to reside at her Also see, SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1898, No. 102,
maternal home, Pihar. The matter came for hearing at Kacheri and p. 106, MitiChaitSud 5, R.S.A.B.O.
it penalized the father of the daughter for his negligence of duty, with Also see, Kagada Raj Bahi, Bikaner, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1881, No. 50, p. 17,
a fine of Rupiya fifty one.13 The Durbar fined the girls father, because R.S.A.B.O.
Also see, Pitniya Re Khalsa Re Bahi Mahindra, V.S. 1835, R.S.A.B.O
he failed to respect the rights of Jat Jindiya over his wife. 13. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record V.S. 1850, No. 55, p. 19,
In a patriarchal society, having patrilineal descent and Patrilocal KacheriNagaur, Miti Posh Bud 8, Somvar, R.S.A.B.O. Also see,
residence, Jat Sewa was bound to send her back to her house, failing SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record V.S. 1897, p. 49, Bahi, No. 101,
which he was punished. One noticeable aspect of the decision given MitiAsoj Bud 3, R.S.A.B.O.
by Kacheri was that it punished the father instead of the girl or the
wife of Jindiya. This was so because in a patriarchal set up, it was the
male who was made responsible for the activities of female. A simple
issue of negligence of duty on the part of wife, came to kacheri,
because, Jindiya felt aggrieved as his rights over his wife was challenged
by his wifes father. The decision in favour of Jindiya also bears out
the point that wife came under the guardianship of her husband after
marriage and the father was not to be display any sort of overt, control
over the daughter.
References
1. Fagon, PJ. Settlement Report of the Khalsa Village of the Bikaner State, R.S.A.B.O.
1893.
2. Report MardumShumhari Raj Marwar, p. 60, op. cit. 1891.
3. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1898, Bahi No. 102, p.
347, Miti AsadSud 12, Somvar, R.S.A.B.O
4. Suva Bahi, TahsilBhadra, No. 25, V.S. 1930, p. 3, R.S.A.B.O.
5. Ibid.
6. BahiKagadaRi, Bikaner, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1878, Bahi No. p. 148, Kati Bud
6, R.S.A.B.O
7. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record V.S. 1829, No. 12, Bahi 71,
AsojSud 4, Budhwar, R.S.A.B.O.
8. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1829, Bahi No. 12, p. 71,
R.S.A.B.O.
9. SanadParwanaBahi, Jodhpur, Rampuria Record, V.S. 1829, Bahi No. 12, p. 83,
145
Later on, it was given to Maharao Bhim Singh I of Kota state by

Farrukshiyar in recongnition of his help and support.6 Peshwa Baiji
Rao attacked on Kota. Maharao Durjan Sal came here and took shelter
Gagraun - A Juncture of Bhakti - Sufi in this strong fort.7 Gagraun had been a mint place during the period
of Jhala Zalim Singh.8 After the independence, it bacame an integral
credence in medival Malwa part of the Jhalawar district of Rajasthan.
Dr. Yaqub Ali Khan I
Saint Peepaji Saint Peepa belonged to the ruling family of
The Gagraun fort and village is considered one of the most
Gagraun, the Kheechi Chauhan. His father Krodh Singh (Kadwa Rao)
ancient forts and among the places of strategic importance in
was the king of Gagraun. His mothers name was Ganga Bai.9 There
Rajasthan. It is situated on a minor part of the Aravali hills and on the
are different opinions about the birth of Peepaji. After a careful study
confluence of the sacred rivers - Kali Sindh and Ahoo. It is not only a
of Gagraun Vanshawali, Cunningham came to the conclusion that Peepa
place of historical importance but at the same time it remained a
ruled over Gagraun between 1360 to 1385 A.D.10 Parshuram Chaturvedi
common center (confluence) of the two great cultures - Hindu and had had calculated the birth of Peepa between 1408-1414.11 According
the Muslim. The spiritual aspects of the both the two great religions to Macauliffe12 and Furchuerr13 Peepa was born in 1425 AD. Nabhaji
flourished at this juncture or confluence of rivers. Bhaktivad and has given the birth period of Peepa in his Bhaktmal between the second
Sufistic traditions of both the religions flourished here under saint half of the fifteenth century and first half of the sixteenth century.14
Peepa, the able spiritual successor Hamiduddin Gagrauni alias Mithe According to Nabhaji saint Peepa was a disciple of Ramanand and a
shah alias Sarkar - i- Malwa of the Chishtiya order, earlier founded in contemporary of Kabir. But all the followers of Peepa after examining
India by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti. It was a coincidence that both all the evidences came to a conclusion that saint Peepa was born in
saints founded and propagated their ideas in the same period fourteenth 1323 AD as Cunningham has mentioned in his records.15 It is said that
century. Due to the efforts of these great saint, Gagraun is considered he came to the throne on 1360 AD and ruled for many years. His reign
one ot the sacred places, a confluence of the bhakti and sufi traditions was known for peace and prosperity. In spite of all achievements,
in medieval Malwa. wealth and power, he was not at peace. He was not pleased with this
It is considered to be a place of archaeological and historical position as he was keen to attain spiritual aggrandizement and to cultivate
importance.1 Nainsi has given a vivid description of its greatness and the mystic habits of rendering service to the people at large as serve
antiquity. 2 In the Imperial Gazetteer of India there is reference about to God. A higher calling prompted him to abduct the throne and became
its antiquity supporting the Puranic traditions. The village Gagraun is a recluse. He abdicated the throne in favour of his nephew, Kalyan
believed to be very ancient and it is said to have been called gagashter Rao and became a monk. From a king he simply became Peepanand,
after gargachari the purhoit of Lord Krishna who was living there a disciple of contemporary and most celebrated saint, Ramananda.16
while another scholars says that it was named after the Hindu Being a young man of spiritual disposition with leaning towards
astronomer Garg or Gargratpur. 3 Persian historians as Muhammad the sublime teachings of bhaktas and sadhus who has started contacting
Bihamid Khani, Nizamuddin Ahmad and Badauni named it as Kakroon Peepaji, as Ramanandi traditions (parmpara) would have believe, there
in their respective annals. Sultans of Delhi as well Sultans of Malwa is no reason to disbelieve that Peepa who was an ardent believer of
and Gujarat tried to capture it time to time.4 Few of them failed while Shakti got the earliest impression of the bhakti cult from Shaiksh
few of them succeeded in their mission. During the reign of Akbar Hamiduddin Mithe Shah, Sardar-i-Malwa, sitting at a stones throw
Gagraun was an important administrative centre, holding the position distance from his residence.17
of Sarkar under the Suba of Malwa, comprising of eleven Parganas or Those days Varanasi was hub of spiritual India and any Yugh
Mahals.5 Upto the death of Aurangzeb, it remained under the Mughals. purush like ramanand would have his name and fame spread to the
146
length and breadth of this vast land through the yatris in the course of Peepas teachings. Peepa taught nirgunwad, opposed sagunwad and
few weeks of fortnights only. So when the first bhakta mandali came emphasized implicit obedience to the master. While speaking of the
to Gagraun as recorded by Nabhaji in his Bhaktmal, they must have necessity to lead a good moral life, he condemned sexual immorality,
already heard the spiritual leaning of the king of Gagraun (Rao Peepa) a life given to wine and woman and love of gold to which his caste
which brought them all the way to an out of the way place like his men were so addicted in those times as has said.21
capital fort. And when they came, they found him not only hospitable, Peepas teachings on the great principles of Ahimsa is of great
which is the attitudes of all the Indians towards saints-Jains, Muslims, significance in the history of the Chauhans in general and the Rajasthani
Buddhists and Hindus-but attentive to their spiritual principles and Bhakti movement in particular. Peepa was not only a saint or a bhakt,
practices. His mind was already made up towards Vaishnava Bhakti like his counterparts, Kabir, Raidas and Sen but he was like Dhanna
marg as opposed to Gyana or Karma marg, when the Devi gave him Jat, a Rajput Kshatriya and a thinker who not only fought against the
signs in a dream. A visit to Varanasi followed and shiksha-diksha took evils of hinsa, untouchability and karma-kand but would like in Rajput
place there. Peepaji in due course of time developed Vairagya (aversion brotherhood to have a little less of fighting activities. Peepa was not a
to worldly life of king).18 radical like Kabir, he tried to follow the middle path like the great
Living at Gagraun he developed a very high stage of devotion Kshatriya Gautam Buddha.22 He suggest a fifth Varna for his case men
and established a Vaishnava bhakti center where he urged his spiritual for those who would not prefer to adopt the military career. He called
master, Ramanandji to have a visit to Gagraun. Ramanand came to it is sharmik varna in between Vaishya and the Shudra Varnas after
Gagraun with his forty followers going to Dwarika and gave sanyas- which there was to be no caste, all high and low born were the worthy
diksha to Peepa along with his devoted wife Sita Solanki who remained sons of Rama (Brahma) in the entire worls.23 All classes, irrespective
the life-long companion in Peepas life of self abnegation and wandering of their castle and creed, flocked to his math (monastery). All the
in a state of Brahmcharya. Passing a month there, Ramanand desired seven castes worked under a common roof and common guru or
to move towards Dwarika, at the same time Peepa also requested to preceptor for the common welfare of society. These were revolutionary
join him along with his wife. He was permitted and made the darshan teachings, indeed Peepa Kheechi was instrumental in spreading the
of Lord Krishna and Dwarika. Ramanand with his followers came principles of brotherhood and humanism in western India.24
back of Kashi while Peepa and his wife stayed there. Living there Jani-Sufi influence of his times in general and the inspiration
someone told them that the real Dwarika is under the sea, they dipped that he may have taken from the Kheechiwara Sufi in particular, made
into the deep sea and when they came back, they have with them him such an ardent supporter of mercy to the dumb animals under the
chhap and chhalla. From that day started, it is said, the practice of additional influence of Ramanandi Vaishanava Bhakti that he would
branding the fourfold accessories of the chhap, viz., shankh, chakra, like the Lion, the king of the forest, than whom there could be no
gada padam on the bhuja (arm above the elbow) of the pilgrims in the greater carnivorous animals, to give up his bloody diet and take to be
Peepa math built in the memory of this Rajput Kheechi saint of vegetarianism. The incident had a significant value for the vegetarians
Gagraun.19 Kheechi saint, Peepa by organized efforts short of founding of his age. So Nabhadas has taken special care to record it as late as
a panth of his own brought Rajasthan and Western India on the Bhakti the 16th century when Vaishnav bhakti had taken deep roots in India.25
map of India which is future remained the religion of all lovers of According to Peepavanshi Rajput Darzi traditions, Peepa had a fancy
humanity. The vaccum caused by Brahmanism was filled by the lower for labour through needle and thread which he himself practiced.26
classes on one hand and by members of ruling class like Peepa who This reminds us the anecdote that somebody presented to Baba Farid,
was caring for birth right of a Rajput set the supreme example of self a pair of scissors which he declined to accept for, said the Shakih,
abnegation and steeping down in favour of his heir-presumptive, joined give me a needle and piece of thread, I have came to join, not to cut.
the rank and file of his former royts. As Raidas has sung.20 Knife is an instrument for cutting and needle for sewing together. 27
Truth, non-violence, love and labour are the four principles of Besides his the Rajputs, there are a number of non-Rajput Peepa
147
panthis or Peepavanshis as they call themselves, spread throughout during the regin of Khalji Sultans.34 He was a native of Kannauj. His
the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. It is gratifying to read their pamphlets fathers name was Syed Azizuddin. From the childhood he was very
that they abstain from the following evils: of liquor, meat, gambling, much keen to attain spiritual aggrandizement and to cultivate the mystic
stealing, prostitution, adultery and hunting as the seven commandments habits of rendering service to the people at large as service of God.
of Peepa. Peepa did not establish a gaddi, the Peepa brotherhood are He made extensive journeys in search of a spiritual master and lastly
comparatively free from aberrations noticeable among certain panths became the disciple of Syed Alauddin.35 He came to Ajmer and rendered
governed by a mahant. The Peepavanshi intermarry themselves, they services to the shrine of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti for twenty years
cremate their dead on the pyre.28 There is no place for idol worship in and performed the duties of sweeping and watering to the dargah of
the Nirgunwad of Ramanand and Peepa Vaishnava bhakti, but as time the great saint. It is said that in a dream to Shaikh, Khwaja appeared
passed, succeeding generations, away more and more from the period and said that I am happy from yours services and asked him to leave
of Peepa, have erected many Peepa temples with images of Peepa for Gagraun, the land of Kheechi rulers, to propagate the Sufism in
places therein. It is said that Peepa died in Chaitra Shukla Pratipada, Malwa and settled there.36 He came to Gagraun near about in 1323 or
Samvat 1441 (1384 AD).29 The main temple of Peepa is situated at 1326 AD.
Gagraun located at the juncture of two rivers-Kali Sindh and Ahoo. Shaikh Hamiduddin Mithe Shah encamped at a gate of outer
There are so many manuscripts giving information about the saint wall of the fort Gagraun. Shaikhs miracles have been recorded in a
Peepa.30 It is a matter of fact that some poems have been included in modern report. He arrived at a time when the Kheechis just had bloody
the holy Guru Grath Sahib.31 encounters with the Khalji forces in Bilasgarh, Ramgarh-Railawan and
II Gagraun and interceded on behalf of some victim of Kheechi himsa, a
Shaikh Hamiduddin Mithe Shah Gagraun was not only a center Turk or a pro-Turk which to be basis of the local traditions preserved
of the Vaishnavi Bhakti traditions but at the same time Sufi traditions in a one sided and distorted vision. This is the second instance and
were also prevailing there. The sufi traditions were founded there by perhaps the last in which a sufi saint used the two fold weapon of
Shaikh Hamiduddin Mithe Mahabali Alias Sarkar-i-Malwa. It is a matter truth and ahimsa.37 In Gagraun there was a community of Bholanath
of fact that it was simply a co-incident that bhakti cult and sufi and Kanphata Jogis who disputed with Shaikh Hamiduddin to prove
traditions were founded in Gagraun in the same century, i-e 14th century the superiority of their faith but through his spiritual powers, he brought
AD. The land of Gagraun and its surrounding areas proved too much them to his side and the cause of Sufism was considerable promoted
fertile for the development of the both cults. During the period of even in this isolated pocket of the Jogis.38 There are so many miracles
Shaikh Nizamudding Aulia, the Chishti order was spread in Gujarat, associated with the Pir of Kheechiwara. Among them-to made alive to
Malwa, Rajputana and Central parts of India sub-continent which were a dead dog of Jogis, to made alive to a trader, to give blessings for a
the sphere of work of Peepa.32 Before the birth of saint Peepa, Shaikh birth of a male issue to the ruler of Toda Rai Singh-are the same
Hamiduddin Mithe Shah came toe Gagraun 33 and settled there important miracles.39 The sufistic traditions set by Shaikh Hamiduddin
permanently. Kheechi Chauhan of Gagraun who had their roots in Mithe Shah symoblised the highest ideals of spiritual elevation, of
Nagaur (Jayal-Bhadnana) and may be supposed to have been in contact philanthropy and human fraternization, of love and tender care to the
with Ajmer too specially in the period of Tughlaq Sultans, were no affiliated and indigent of realization of the material and moral needs of
strangers to the saints of the sufi sampradaya so as to lodge Pir Mithe the devotees, the visitors and the common men and his Khanqah became
at their very door. a rallying center for persons drawn from all quarters of life, castes,
creeds, classes and communities. His Khanqah was the central point
Shaikh Hamidduing Mithe Mahabali is regarded as one of the
from which consummate spiritual teachers sailed forth to preach the
most popular sufi saint in the Hadauti and Malwa region. He was
gospel of trugh, love and kindness, human brotherhood and service
destined to carry on the mission of his spiritual master and he attained
to mankind.40
much popularity in this region. It is said that the saint came to Gagraun
148
About the tomb in which Shaikh Hamid lies buried, the day, 176, 177, 216, A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. 5, P. 928-929,
contemporary accounts relate that it was designed and built by the Tabqat-i-Akbari-Nizamuddin Ahmad, Vol. III, P 617.
4. Medieval Malva, P 332. Sher Shah and his times-Qanungo, P.
Shaikh himself. He had asked to his Hindu disciple, Chand Mahtar to
5. Ain-i-Akbari-Abul Fazl, Vol II, P. 120
design the planning of the tomb after the model of the shrines of 6. Kota Rajya Ka Itihas M.L. Sharma, Vol. I, P. 277
Mecca and Madina. The expenditure on the construction of the tomb 7. Malwa in Transition Raghubir Singh, P. 263
was borne out by another Hindu disciple of the sheikh, Modi by 8. Rajputana-ka-Itihas-J.S. Gehlot, Vol. II, P. 30
sirname.41 Shaikh Hamiduddin died in 753 AH (1353AD) and was buried 9. Saint Peepaji Narendra Chaunan, P. 7-9
10. Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. 2. P. 301
in that mazar which was built in his life time.42 He was a zealous
11. Utter Bharat Ki Saint Parmpara-Parshuram Chaturvedi, P. 324.
preacher of humanity and brotherhood. A large number of people were 12. The Sikh Religion-Meacauliffe, Vol. 6, P. 111
attracted and inspired by the spiritual powers and divinely endeared 13. An Outline of religious literature in India-Furucherr, P. 230.
popularity enjoyed by the Shaikh. He was visited by innumerable persons 14. Bhaktmal-Nabhadas, P. 508.
related to commerce and administrative matters and those in pursuit 15. Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 2. P. 302
of spiritual solace and both Hindu and Muslim paid their homage to 16. Influence of Islam of Idnian Culture-Tara Chand, P. 144
17. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History AH. Nizami, P 99
him. His name is justly credited with having done remarkable work to 18. Ibid, P. 99-100.
boost the moral values and traditions and to regenerate the spiritual 19. Peepa Vani-Sanklan Tatha sampadan, PL. Sahgal, 210
life of the people, promote the cause of Sufism in a wide region 20. Peepa Vani, P. 237
surrounding his Khanqah and the shrine that enkindled a strong fire of 21. Ibid, P. 240
love in the hearts of the devotees. The great saint was the Pir of 22. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History P. 101
23. Peepa Vani, P 213.
Kheechiwara par excellence for we find his takiyas (resting places)
24. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 105
and places of austerities (Samadhi) throughout the radius of fifty miles 25. Peepa Vani, P. 225
all round Gagraun.44 26. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 107
27. Fawaid-ul-Fuad-Mir Khurd. P. 226
III 28. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 107
It is a matter of fact that both the saint ere contemporary and 29. Peepa Bhakti Prakash, P. 190
there may be some possibility that both had seen to each other. Peepas 30. Madhyakalin Rajasthan Main Dharmik Andolan-Pema Ram, P. 80
Samadhi, faces the north, the directions of Peepas fort mansion and 31. Sant Kavya, P.R. Chaturvedi P. 116
the village where Pir Mithe Shah lies buried as if to have the two great 32. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 98
33. List of Objects of antiquarian interest in Malwa, A.S.I., 1903, P. 20
spiritual protectors of Gagraun in eternal communication with each
34. Tazkirah Syed Hamiduddin, P. 8
other. The meeting ground of the twin Sufi Bhakri reformers of the 35. Iqtibas-ul-Auliya-Mohd. Husaain, P. 6
14th century raised the banner of Qaumi Ekta. Mithe Shah and Peepa 36. Khazinat-ul-Auliya, Vol. I. P. 446
are giving the message of peaceful living and humanism (Payam-i- 37. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 103
Insaniat). The period of these saints was a glorious epoch not only in 38. List of Objects of antiquarian interest in Malwa, A.S.I., 1903, P 20
the cultural history of Rajasthan but also Hindustan, for never before 39. Iqtibas-ul-Auliya-Mohd. Hussain, P. 15 : Tazkirah Syed Hamiduddin, P. 19
40. Sufi movement in Rajasthan in Rajasthan during the medieval period-Y.A. Khan,
had there been such a spontaneous and fruitful upheaval of religious
P 201
life.45 41. Tazkirah Syed Hamiduddin, P. 33
References 42. Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan-Z.A. Desai, P
1. Rajputana-Ka-Itihas-J.S. Geholt, Vol. II, Page 29 43. Sufi movement in Rajasthan in Rajasthan during the medieval period-Y.A. Khan,
2. Mutha Nainsi-Ri-Khyat-Nainsi, Vol. I, P. 102-103 P. 201
3. The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 12, P. 122, Taikh Raj Kota Munshi Mool 44. Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History, P. 99
Chand (Urdu) PartI, P. 144 Maathir-i-Mahamudshahi, 134-139, Medieval Malwa 45. Social Life in medieval in Rajasthan-G.N. Sharma, P 240
149
the description of the upheaval of 1857 as the First National War

of Independence is inaccurate because the idea that India is a nation did
not exist in 1857. The idea that India is a nation emerged in the late
Reflections on the Upheaval of 1857 nineteenth century and flowered only in the early years of the twentieth
in Rajasthan century. Yes, the idea of the fundamental cultural unity of India (Bharata
bhumi )7 has been a part of our mental make up since ancient times,8 and
Professor Shankar Goyal
our ancestors had always been great patriots, but the concept of
nationalism as different from patriotism became popular with the
Was the Upheaval of 1857 a Mutiny or the First National War of emergence of nation states in Europe in the twelfth century and the belief
Independence ? in the concept of national self-determination{that is, the ideal that it is
The upheavel of 1857 is one of the major events of not only the the right of those who regard themselves a nation to determine their own
history of Rajasthan but also of the history of India.1 From the very political future{is only as old as the French Revolution of 1789, before
beginning historians, belonging to the school of colonialists and which the right of a ruler to determine the political future of his kingdom
nationalists both, tried to understand its causes. The colonialists from was generally conceded. The popularity of the ideal of national self-
Col. G.B. Malleson to Sir John William Kaye explained it as a popular determination in Europe in the nineteenth century led, on the one hand,
mutiny initiated by the frustrated Indian sepoys,2 while nationalist to the dismemberment of the multinational Austrian and Ottomon empires
historians such as V.D. Savarkar, S.N. Sen, Tarachand and many others and, on the other, to the unification of Italian and German nations which
have mutatis mutandis opined that it was a war fought for the independence were till then divided into various states many of which were part of the
of India.3 According to R.C. Majumdar, however, the movement of 1857- Austrian empire. They were also scattered among various other
58 comprised several distinct elements such as a mutiny of sepoys, nationalities as well. When the British imposed their hegemony in India
sporadic outbursts of civil commotion, organised outbreaks by predatory they unconsciously brought with them many modern political ideals such
tribes, and popular revolts, in some cases partaking the character of as democracy, equality, rule of law and the concept of national self-
legitimate warfare.4 ""But as there was no coherence among them, each determination. But it took a pretty long time for the ideal of national self-
being limited in extent and objectives, and as there was no definite plan, determination to find its roots in this country, for when the very concept of
method or organisation, it can not be regarded as a national rising, far Indian nationhood (as distinct from "India' as a cultural unit) did not exist
in this country how there could exist the concept of national self-
less a war of independence, which it never professed to be.''5
determination ? As is well-known, it was mainly Mahatma Gandhi who
The 150th year of this event was celebrated quite recently in 2007 made our countrymen conscious of our nationhood and also raised the
throughout the country under the patronage of the Government of India demand of national self-determination for the Indians. That is why we
which believes that it was the First National War of Independence. It has call him the Father of our Nation. That is also the reason why before the
also caused many scholars to raise their eyebrows, specially in south latter half of the nineteenth century the British are found fighting in India
India, for they rightly ask why no such celebration was thought of for the against the Sikhs, Rajputs, Marathas, etc., or against the regional
bicentenary of the Vellore Mutiny in 2006 or for the bicentenary of the kingdoms or tribes, and not against the Indian nation. Therefore, I feel
South Indian Rebellion of 1800-1801which is also regarded by some as that the outbreaks against the British authority, which occurred from the
the First War of Independence.6 Leaving aside the question of regional late eighteenth and to the middle of the nineteenth centuries, were mostly
bias which some of our friends in the northern part of the country may local, at best regional. The upheavel of 1857 was certainly comparatively
raise while examining this issue, I feel that on purely academic grounds more widespread but it was also not national in character. If we keep in
150
mind the vast dimensions of the Indian sub-continent vis-a-vis the administrative nomenclature for a great territorial circle which included
comparatively limited area of the influence of the upheaval of 1857 and eighteen native states (Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Alwar, Jaipur,
the motives of its leaders which were mostly personal or dynastic, it can Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karauli, Bundi, Kota, Jhalawar, Pratapgarh,
hardly be described as a war for Indian independence. Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Sirohi, Kishangarh and Tonk), two
Here, it may be recalled that the only ideal which was the common chiefships (of Shahpura and Lawa) and the British district of Ajmer-
motive force among the sepoys (but only among the sepoys) who Merwara.
participated in the upheaval of 1857 was in a way religious. As is well- Roughly speaking, in shape, Rajasthan is an irregular rhombus
known, both Hindu and Muslim sepoys were motivated by the threat to with its salient angles of the north, west, south and east especially joined
their respective religions posed by the cartridges which they thought by the extreme outer boundary lines of the districts of Bikaner, Jaisalmer,
were smeared with the fat of cows or pigs. Whether their belief was right Banswara and Dholpur. Further, it is bound on the west by Sind, and on
or wrong is immaterial; what is material is that it provided them a motive, the north-west, north and north-east by the Punjab. On its eastern frontier
religious in nature, for their cause. As regards the leaders of the there lie Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior while its southern boundary touches
upheavel{royal personages, jagirdars, etc., {they certainly had nothing the limits of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. This whole area with minor
to do with the cartridges; their anger against the British was a consequence modifications became after 1947 the present-day state of Rajasthan of
of the various felt wrongs done to them. As regards the common people, the Union of India.
their grievances were of miscellaneous nature. It will be too much to
assume that their anger against the British was caused by the enslavement Rajputana States under the British Paramountcy
of their country by the White people, except in a general way. Thus, The rulers of the various states of Rajasthan, in utter confusion
neither the sepoys and masses and nor the rulers and jagirdars were and helplessness caused by incessant Maratha incursions and
inspired by any high ideal{certainly not by the ideal of national self- depredations, accepted the protective umbrella of the East India Company
determination even if they regarded themselves a nation, which they in the first quarter of the nineteenth century.12 By the beginning of the
obviously did not. The spirit to defend their religion which initially kindled nineteenth century, the East India Company was sufficiently well
the fire was also soon extinguished. It is against this scenario that the entrenched in India. During the governor-generalship of Lord Wellesley
events connected with the upheaval 1857 in Rajasthan may be studied, the guiding principles of the British paramountcy were further elucidated
for the nature of the upheaval of 1857 in Rajasthan was not very different through the policy of "Subsidiary Alliances'.13 It was clearly understood
from other parts of the country. by the Company that Britian was to be recognized as the "paramount
power' by the "native princes' (that is, the Indian rulers). In the case of
Political Geography of Rajasthan Rajasthan, individual treaties were entered into between the states and
Before we discuss the outbreak of the upheaval of 1857 and its the British East India Company between 1803 and 1923. In 1803 treaties
spread in the princely states of Rajasthan, let us make a brief survey of were signed with Bharatpur and Alwar followed by Dholpur in 1806.
the political geography of the region at that time. The term "Rajasthan', Lord Hastings, who became the Governor-General of India in 1813,
the abode of the princes, it a Sanskritized form of the dingal word brought Wellesley's "Subsidiary System' into ample play, and the bulk of
Rayathana.9 In the pre-British days it neither formed a single political the treaties with the states of Rajputana were concluded during Hasting's
unit nor was known by any single common name. The first mention of governor-generalship. Kishangarh, Karauli and Kota (it was then spelt
Rajasthan as a compact land of the princes occurs in an inscription of V.S. as Kotah) signed treaties of "Subsidiary Alliance' in 1817. Mewar and
1765 (1708 A.D.).10 In the familiar dialect it is also termed Rajwada, Marwar signed them in January 1818, Bundi in February 1818, Bikaner
the country of the Rajas.11 In the British days Rajputana was an in March, and Jaipur in April 1818. Thereafter, treaties with Banswara,
151
Pratapgarh and Dungarpur were finalized towards the end of 1818. Thus, In 1832 a durbar was held at Ajmer (of which the British had
by the end of 1818 practically all the states situated in the present-day gained possession from the Marathas in 1818) for the various rulers of
Rajasthan region (with the exception of Sirohi, which signed the treaty in the Rajputana area (which Jodhpur's Maharaja Man Singh did not attend).
1823) were in treaty relationship with the British. These treaties broadly The Rajputana princes reiterated their reliance on the friendship of the
(with some minor differences) bound the ruler of each signatory state to East India Company for the maintenance of law and order in their
acknowledge the British supremacy or "paramountcy', leave their respective states. At this durbar, following consultations with the rulers
external relations as well as disputes to be settled by the British, and not of the region, the then Governor-General of India, Lord William Bentinck,
indulge in aggressive acts against other states.14 Thus, they were made an announcement. He declared that all the states of Rajputana had
expressly forbidden from indulging in the inter-state rivalries of the region. been placed under the charge of a single political authority, to be known
In return, the British were committed to protect each signatory state as the "Agent to the Governor-General for the states of Rajputana and
against external attacks and internal revolts by "recalcitrant' nobles and Commissioner for Ajmer'. (The term was soon abbreviated to "AGG').
royal relatives, as had become common in the immediately preceding He was headquartered at Ajmer, which was also the administrative centre
period. The British were also committed towards potecting the interests of the British administered territory or "province' of Ajmer-Merwara.
of the rulers and their heirs and successors, and to non-interference in the Under him were the various Residents and Political Agents who were
internal affairs of the signatory states. By these treaties each contracting accredited to diverse states, or groups of states. In April 1856 the
princely state was also mutatis mutandis committed to providing troops headquarters of the AGG was changed from Ajmer to Mt. Abu, a new
to the British according to its means and abilities, whenever these were hill-station town.
so requisitioned. Further, the states of Jaipur, Mewar, Marwar, Kota, Gradually but steadily in Rajasthan the British Political Agencies
Bundi, Dungarpur, Banswara and Pratapgarh were each required to pay became a powerful and effective media in controlling the affairs of the
tribute in varying amounts to the British. states through constant interference and espionage.15 Such political
The years that followed the establishment of Pax Britannica interference was closely interwoven with the economic problems faced
encouraged a process of transformation of the traditional administrative, by the various states.16 One of the most important provisions of the treaties
legel, revenue-related structures and machinery within the different of 1817-18, which had financial implications of perpetual nature, was
states. Along with this, occurred the "modernization' and "Westernization' the amount of tribute payable to the British Government. After a lapse of
of certain socio-economic practices, education, medical and health care, time the states started feeling its burden as it became beyond their capacity
communication networks, and the personal lives of the elite of Rajputana to pay. This invited the British interference in the internal affairs so much
in the different states. Other changes included the coming of railways, so that securities in the form of territories were insisted upon in lieu of the
postal facilities, etc., and the establishment of judicial and other tribute. Another problem was the payment for the legions maintained by
institutions patterned on "Western' and British India models. the British for the protection of the native states. The states, time and
In the majority of these states, British-inspired policies came to again, protested against such expensive establishments and expressed
bear their influence on matters concerning tariffs, fiscal policies, forests, their inability to pay for them. These financial burdens resulting in the
irrigation, health care, social reforms, etc. The practice of sati, slavery, heavy borrowings by the states caused greater indebtedness and reduced
infanticide, etc., were among the "customs' that came to be stopped during their capacity to pay off these debts which again invited the British
the course of the nineteenth century. The stoppage of some of these intervention, for in some cases, the loans were advanced on the guarantee
practices created dissatisfaction among the masses eventually helping of the British. Another problem was the question of transit and custom
in the outbreak of the upheavel of 1857. duties levied by the states which the British Government wanted first to
152
diminish and later to abolish altogether to promote British trade interest, Lakshmidan and others composed their songs on the exploits of these
thus knocking at the very source of income of most of the states. bandits.24 Maharaja Ratan Singh of Bikaner was praised by the bards of
Rajasthan as he did not hand over Jawahar Singh to the British while
People Resentment Expressed in Popular Literature Maharaja Takhat Singh of Jodhpur was condemned because he
As is generally believed, most of the rulers of Rajasthan states surrendered Dungji to the British. So bitter was the criticism of Takhat
were of the view that their rights and privileges will be best protected Singh that he had to take back Dungji from the British and keep him in his
under the British. Therefore, their treaties with the British concluded in personal custody.25
1818 or thereabouts were generally considered a boon directly for them The anti-British trend in the bardic literature reached its height
and also for the people. But very soon this myth exploded and the during the upheaval of 1857 in Rajasthan. Bishan Singh of Gular and
discontent against the East India Company became widespread at least Kushal Singh of Auwa, who took active part in the upheaval, captured the
among the people due to various reasons like the abolition of sati system, poetic fancy of the bards who tried to immortalize them for their heroic
the prohibition of infanticide, the reforms introduced in marriage customs, resistance put up against the British troops.26 The songs composed on
economic exploitation and unemployment. Thakur Kushal Singh's fight against the British contingent are sung even
The anti-British feelings of the people found expression in the today during the Holi festival in Marwar.27
poems of various writers during that period.17 For example, Kaviraj Thakur Kesari Singh of Salumbar, Thakur Jodh Singh of Kotharia
Bankidas, the court-poet of Maharaja Man Singh of Jodhpur, condemned and the Thakur of Amet, all belonging to Mewar, helped the mutineers
the slavish mentality of contemporary princes and exhorted the people in and gave shelter to the heroes of the upheavel like Thakur Kushal Singh
general to take up arms against their alien masters.18 He spoke very of Auwa, Nana Sahib, his guru Khakhpuri and his followers and thus they
highly of the Jat Raja Ranjeet Singh of Bharatpur who gave stubborn fight became objects of poets' imagination and much literature flowed in their
to the British. He expressed his shock at the cowardice of the ruling praise.28
princes of Jodhpur, Jaipur and Udaipur. The resentment against the British A careful scanning of the bardic literature, which is full of eulogies
was so great that the poets paid high tribute to such persons who disliked for all such persons who actively participated in the upheavel of 1857 or
the surrender of the Rajput princes. The poet named Raghodas praised helped the mutineers directly or indirectly, reveals that whatever might
the indomitable courage of Rawat Kesari Singh of Salumbar who refused have been the attitude of the ruling princes towards the British, the masses
to agree with the Maharana of Udaipur when the latter allowed the British had sympathy for the anti-British elements. The dissatisfaction against
to have complete control over the Mewar administration.19 Another poet the British was rampant.
named Dulji condemned the jagirdar of Dungarpur who made a common The poems of the period, no doubt, contain an exaggerated account
cause with the British on the deposition of Maharawal Jaswant Singh.20 of the exploits of the anti-British warriors, yet the truth remains that they
People's resentment was also expressed in popular songs sung by represent the feelings, sentiments and views which the people of that age
the women-folk in the state of Jaipur.21 The songs reveal the resentment had for the British rule and their reaction to the policy of the Company
over the occupation of Sambhar by the British in 1835 on the plea that towards the princely states of Rajasthan. As the mirror of the society,
they were maintaining the Shekhawati Brigade with a view to establishing literature helps us to understand the society, in which it is produced. The
law and order in the Shekhawati region.22 In the first half of the nineteenth poems composed during the first half of the nineteenth century reveal
century the contemporary poets composed songs in praise of even bandits, that the surrender of the princes of Rajasthan to the East India Company
anti-social elements like Dungji, Jawaharji and Chimanji because their was by and large not approved by the people nor were they enamoured
activities were mainly against the British. 23 Girvardan Ujjwal, by the British influence in the region. The people resented the economic
153
exploitation29 and unemployment brought about by the British rule in its Lawrence, who kept his headquarter at Ajmer, shifted the European
wake. families from Nasirabad to Ajmer. Due to his precautionary steps Ajmer
continued to remain the focal point for guarding the interests of the British
Events Connected with the Uprising of 1857 in Rajasthan in Rajasthan.
As here we are concerned with the events of the upheaval of 1857
The Maharana of Mewar on hearing the uprising at various parts
in Rajasthan,30 it is not necessary for us to describe in detail the anger
of the country wrote letters to his chiefs, rulers and the adjoining chiefs of
caused among the sepoys by the rumours, true or false, connected with
Malwa, who had earlier been under Mewar state to render their maximum
the story of greased cartridges and the events connected with the outbreak
help to the British administration. At that time Capt. Showers was the
of the mutiny at Meerut and Delhi. In brief, the uprising was to start on
Political Agent in Mewar. By a proclamation he assured the refractory
31st May, 1857. But it became difficult for a group soldiers of the Meerut chiefs that their grievances would be fully exam ined after the end of the
Cantonment to swallow the taunts of some ladies for their maltreatment mutiny, and that they should not disturb peace. The succession cases of
by the firingi military officers as punishment for their refusal to use the Amet, Bijolia and others were kept pending. Chundawat Kesari Singh of
greased cartridges. In anger the mutineous sepoys started the mutiny Salumbar, who was not on good terms with the Maharana, assured him
prematurely. They marched in hundreds from Meerut to Delhi, took in that he was not against the Maharana in such a grave crisis.
their custody the city of Delhi, and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar, the
At Neemuch,32 Col. Abbot finding disaffection rife, administered
Emperor of India.
an oath to the sepoys, making them swear by the holy Quran (regarded as
At the time of the outbreak of the mutiny there were six sacred by the Muslims) and Gangajala, that is water of the Ganges,
contonments of the Company forces in Rajasthan{Nasirabad, Kota regarded as sacred by the Hindus, to remain loyal. He himself swore by
Contingent at Deolee, Neemuch, Jodhpur Legion at Erinpura, Bhil Corps the Bible expressing his implicit trust in them (June 2, 1857). Even then
at Kherwara and Mer Regiment of Beawar. The total number of the the mutiny broke out at Neemuch on June 3, 1857. Capt. Mac Donald's
sepoys at all these places taken together was not more than five thousand. efforts to safeguard the treasury failed and the mutineers plundered it
They were all Indians; but for a few officers there were no Europeans and took away Rs. 1,77,000. All the Europeans residing there were
soldiers at all in the whole of Rajasthan. This point is significant, for it frightened and ran away. Their movable assets were carried away by the
proves that the Indian sepoys were suppressed by the British mostly with mutineers. On receiving this news, on the advice of Capt. Showers, the
the help of the Indians themselves. Also, there was as yet no railway line Maharana sent Mewar troops to Neemuch. They rescued the European
connecting this region with Calcutta, Bombay or Delhi; the railway line fugitives, who were taken to Udaipur and lodged in Jag Mandir Palace.
from Calcutta came upto Kanpur only. Capt. Showers himself proceeded to Neemuch. After arranging safety
On receiving the information of outbreak of mutiny at Delhi and there he left for Deolee, leaving a part of the army under Arjun Singh.
Meerut the public excitement increased in Rajasthan. G.S.P. Lawrence, The mutineers of Neemuch reached Deolee, ransacked the cantonment
the AGG, who was then at his summer retreat in Abu, issued an appeal to and captured its guns and ordnance.
all the ruling princes of Rajasthan on May 23, 1857 to extend their A detachment of the Jodhpur Legion, which was headquartered at
fullest cooperation to the British Government, preserve peace within Erinpura Cantonment, was sent to Mount Abu where it revolted. Other
their own borders and not give any sort of help to rebels. He also took Erinpura-based troops also marched against Abu but were unable to take
necessary steps to protect the British province of Ajmer. However, in it, and all of them were driven back with the support given to the British
Nasirabad31 the situation worsened as the Bengal infantry posted there by the Sirohi ruler and his state forces. The remaining soldiers of the
revolted and killed several European officers on May 28. George Jodhpur Legion at Erinpura also rose up in arms, and joining with soldiers
154
from Deesa and the troops of various jagirdars of Mewar and Marwar, the Europeans to Sirohi. Maharaja Takhat Singh of Jodhpur also sent
moved towards Narnaul, en route for Delhi. But they were also beaten Anar Singh to help him.
back near Narnaul by the British troops led by Col. Gerard. In the state of Marwar,34 the Thakur of Auwa, Rao Raja Kushal
Soldiers of Kota based at Neemuch willingly followed the lead of Singh, became by accident a rallying point for numerous opponents of the
a Risaladar of the Kota state troops, Pathan Mehrab Khan of Karauli, and British.35 Auwa is a small town near Marwar Junction. On September 9,
of Lala Jai Dayal, who was in the service of the Kota state. They killed 1857 Anar Singh, the Commander of the Marwar state troops, was slain
the British Political Agent Major C.E. Burton, and took over the capital along with his retinue. George Lawrence invaded Auwa to extirpate the
city of their state. For a while the ruler, Maharao Ram Singh, was forced rebels from the area. On September 18 in a sharp engagement Monck
to keep to his palace because his pro-British sympathies. But by the end Mason, the Political Agent of Jodhpur, was killed. George Lawrence was
of March 1858 the British forces finally suppressed the Kota uprising. In defeated and had to retreat to Nasirabad. Kushal Singh sent his trusted
Dholpur also ruler's authority was set aside between October and agents to Delhi on October. 10, with several soldiers and other thakurs.
December 1857, after some 4,000 to 5,000 anti-British troops from But these were defeated near Narnaul. The thakurs and other notable
Gwalior and Indore took control, forcing him to agree to their demands. leaders ran away from there and went to the hilly areas of the Mewar.
His authority could be reasserted only in December 1857 with the help On the arrival of the Bombay troops, George Lawrence again
of military assistance from the ruler of Patiala. invaded Auwa which captured the same with little difficulty on January
Meanwhile, troops serving under the Nawab of Tonk33 marched 24, 1858. Thakur Kushal Singh was tried by a Commission. He was
to Delhi to join hands with the forces of Emperor Bahadur Shah II. In the pardoned by Lord Canning. Later, in 1868, his son Devi Singh got the
Bharatpur and Dholpur areas too there was action against the British. jagir back.
Firoz Shah, the leader of rebels, rose to power in Malwa and a Besides Kushal Singh of Auwa, several other jagirdars and nobles
reward of Rs. 10,000 was proclaimed for his arrest. He beheaded Capt. came out against their state's ruler for following pro-British and pro-
Tukar and hanged his head on the gate of Mandsaur. Capt. Read was also modernization policies. Among them were included the thakurs of Asop,
slain. The chief of Begun extended necessary help to the European Gular, Alneawas, Lambiya, Bata, Bhivaliya, Radawas, Bajawas,
fugitives of Mandsaur. Khejarla, Roopnagar, Lasani and Asind. There were others also. For
The reports were received that the Muslim officers of Nimbahera instance, upon learning of the anti-Company uprising, Rawal Shiv Singh
were in sympathy with Firoz Shah. The place was, therefore, captured by of Samod (in Jaipur state) offered nazar (that is, token of allegiance and
Capt. Showers (September 20, 1857) forcing Firoz Shah to retreat. One homage) to the Emperor, Bahadur Shah II.
of his officers, Kasim Khan Bilayati, moved against Pratapgarh. The Another jagirdar of the Jaipur state Rao Raja Fateh Singh of
Maharawal killed him with 80 other persons, cut off the head of Kasim Uniara, in the beginning refused to provide the British forces pursuing
Khan and sent it to Neemuch. Tantia Tope's soldiers, supplies and permission to enter the town of
A similar disturbance took place at Erinpura. Capt. Hill, the Uniara in January 1859. But later on under duress from the British, he
Commanding Officer, was then at Abu. Capt. Black, the Second in agreed to their main demands. However, even then he refused to
Command, was at Nasirabad and only Lieutenant Connolly, the Adjutant, surrender the local men who had fired upon Lieutenant M. Burd and
and some Sergeants with their families were at Erinpura. Thus, at that Lieutenant Anderson. In other areas also some jagirdars provided
time, sufficient forces were not available at Abu. But Capt. Hill and other supplies and shelter to rebellious Company soldiers and to Tantia Tope.
officers succeeded in compelling the mutineers to retreat. Maharao of In the Kota state popular resentment was more intense.36 In June
Sirohi sent Niamat Ali Khan to for their assistance. He brought back all 1857 Major C.E. Burton, the Harauti Political Agent, was on duty at
155
Neemuch. The Maharao informed him to remain there for some time in defiance of state orders, told his subordinates to supply provisions the
more and return only when he had regained the confidence of his troops. self-willed troops of Tonk state marching to join the Mughal emperor at
On October 12, Burton came to Kota city with Nand Kisore, the Kota Delhi. Ordinary villagers of parts of Jaipur state offered provisions and
Agency Vakil. He urged that the Poorbia and Muslim troops be disbanded cattle to soldiers who came from Nasirabad Cantonment. Many of the
as these men were responsible for uprising in Neemuch. On October 15, Poorbia and Muslim troops, particularly those serving in the state forces
1857 some soldiers from Narayan and Bhawani regiments invaded the of Tonk, Kota, Jaipur and Jhalawar, actively helped the rebels and Tantia
Kota Residency and killed Burton and his two sons along with some Tope's troops.
others. The Maharao could not prevent the mutineers as there were only The Banswara town was captured by the mutineers on December
a few Rajput soldiers and jagirdars available in Kota at that time. It 11, 1857. The Maharawal had to take shelter in the hilly areas. However,
made the rebels very powerful in the area. By January, 1858 they occupied soon after the forces from Neemuch, Ratlam and other areas came forcing
the Kota city and the Maharao was detained as a prisoner in his own the mutineers to escape.
palace. The Maharawal of Dungarpur,37 for whom the Bhil populace had
George Lawrence immediately contacted Bundi and Jhalawar much respect, visited the Kherwara Cantonment and remained encamped
states to send their troops, but they expressed their inability probably for four months there. This helped in keeping the Bhil populace under
because they had deep rooted animosity with the Kota family. Therefore, control.
the necessary military help was sought from Maharaja Madan Singh of Tantia Tope visited Jaipur, Banswara, Tonk and Mewar states.
Karauli. It achieved success in taking possession of Kota city and managed Among the jagirdars of Rajasthan who helped Tantia Tope were included
to hold it till the British troops under the command of Major General H.G. Rawat Kesri Singh of Salumbar and the Rao of Kotharia (both from the
Roberts attacked Kota in March, 1858. Roberts succeeded in establishing Mewar state). Tantia Tope and his troops were provided free provisions
peace in the area. at Salumbar on December 14, 1858. Similarly, the Bhil jagirdars Onkar
A Commission was constituted to inquire into the charges of the Rawat of Mowri Khera and Dalla Rawat of Sadulpur (in Banswara) had
murder of Burton. Lord H.G. Roberts was its Chairman while Lt. Col. previously supplied Tantia Tope with food, etc. in March, 1858 during
Holmes, Capt. R. Morrison, Capt. W.F. Eden and Capt. (later Lt. Col.) the course of Tantia Tope's march through Banswara's territory. They
E.C. Impey were its members. The Commission came to the conclusion later joined Tantia Tope, along with 4,000 Bhils, when he took the field
that the Maharao had no part in the murder of Burton. However, the against British forces near Pratapgarh on December 24, 1858. The British
British Government held the Maharao guilty of negligence in his duties eventually forced Tantia Tope out of Rajputana in January 1859.38
in saving the life of Burton and others, and as a mark of displeasure the In the "Mewar Hill Tracts' area, local Bhils united under the Bhil
salute of the Maharao was reduced from 15 to 11 guns. chief of Pahara in an attempt to destroy the Kherwara Cantonment
In Jaipur, Maharaja Ram Singh actively assisted the British (headquarters of the Mewar Bhil Corps), which was used by the British to
Government during the mutiny. He sent 5,000 troops under the command keep the Bhils in check. Taking advantage of the situation, the Meenas of
of Faiz Mohammad which remained posted at Mathura and Gurgaon. He Kherar looted the British troops and stores.
also gave asylum to the family of Capt. Eden and other European officers.
The Bikaner state also sent its forces at Hansi, Sirsa and other towns. Observations on the Attitude of the Rulers, Nobility and Common
The Maharaja himself went in person to Bhadara. People of Rajasthan to the Mutiny
In Sirohi, the Thakur of Rohwa revolted against the ruler. In Jaipur The willingness with which the Indian rulers helped the British
state the local administrator or amil (also ziledar) of Hindaun, Isur Das, during the mutiny throws welcome light on the psychology of the Indian
156
princes. On May 23, 1857 the AGG called upon the rulers of Rajasthan conditioned by their attitude to the ruler of the state concerned. The
to intercept rebel fugitives and collect their own troops on the borders of rebellious thakurs at Jodhpur, it was argued, had been annoyed with
their states so as to be available, in case of need, for help to the British. Takhat Singh; the British action in destroying the fortifications of Auwa,
The rulers were quite willing to help, their willingness increasing in Gular and Alneawas thakurs was in retaliation for the defeat of Lawrence
proportion to their hope of gaining some advantage. The rulers of Marwar, and for having supported the Jodhpur Legion. The thakurs would not
Mewar and Bikaner needed the British patronage in a greater degree have been restored to their jagirs if they had been found guilty of rebelling
than others. Takhat Singh of Jodhpur had offered help on May 21, even against the British. Salumbar, Bhinder, Amet and Para thakurs sat on the
before the AGG had asked for it on May 23. He was, as he himself put it, fence. Rawal Shiv Singh remained confined to Samod while the thakurs
"heart and soul ready to give' assistance since he was facing serious of Kishangarh and Roopnagar gave help to the family of the Auwa Thakur
opposition of his nobility. He was entrusted with the duty of keeping the but they did not come out openly against the British.
communications open between Beawar and Pali. By June 1857, the troops Here, a more detailed reference to the conduct of Kushal Singh,
of Alwar, Bharatpur, Jaipur and Jodhpur were cooperating with the British. the Thakur of Auwa, may be made, for some historians such as N.R.
The ruler of Bikaner took the field personally on the side of the British, Khadgawat have described the rebellion of the Auwa Thakur as an
the rulers of Karauli and Jaipur came next in showing their support to the outcome of his general dissatisfaction against the British.39 Khadgawat
British. Ram Singh of Jaipur provided protection to Major Eden's family has argued that Kushal Singh's dissatisfaction was not so much against
and other Europeans by housing them in the palace. He kept open the the Maharaja of Jodhpur as it was against the British. But in Marwar, the
road between Agra and Ajmer and placed his forces, around 6,000, at thakurs of Gular, Alneawas, Asop and Auwa had disputes with Maharaja
the disposal of Major Eden. The ruler of Karauli provided troops for the Takhat Singh for many years. In a message the Thakur had sought the
relief of Kota ruler and for the safety of the Delhi Cantonment. Maharana intervention of the Political Agent in his dispute with the Jodhpur ruler.
Swarup Singh of Udaipur ordered his chiefs and officers to help the British Prichard, who was at Jodhpur at that time, also says that Auwa's quarrel
army, rescued about 40 Englishmen, women and children from the was with his own sovereign and not with the British Government.40 In the
clutches of rebels and kept them in the Jag Mandir Palace. He asked the account sent in 1858, the AGG considered the Thakur as "having rebelled
Girassia chief to protect the British post at Kherwara. against the Maharaja'. Even in July 1858, the combination of the chiefs
In his report on 1857 in Rajasthan, the AGG took a liberal view of against the Maharaja was continuing which shows that they were basically
the helplessness of such rulers as could not render effective help to the anti-Maharaja and not anti-British.
paramount power. The inability of the Bharatpur ruler in rendering much Later also, the Auwa Thakur appealed frequently to the AGG for
help was explained away by its geographical contiguity to Agra-Mathura the restoration of his jagir, unlawfully confiscated by Maharaja Takhat
region. Though the bulk of Dholpur army and some chief officers joined Singh. After exchange of letters with the British, Kushal Singh surrendered
the rebels, the AGG argued that if the ruler had the power, he would had unconditionally to them at Neemuch on August 8, 1868. He pleaded not
come forward "as the other Rajput princes had done'. The major portion guilty of the murder of Capt. Mason. A court of enquiry was instituted at
of Tonk army went over to Delhi to fight as jehadees, yet the British Neemuch which held that the available evidence did not prove the Auwa
found nothing objectionable in the attitude of the Nawab and praised him Thakur guilty either of giving asylum to the murderers of Capt. Mason or
for his loyalty. The ruler of Jodhpur was considered totally unable to help of acting as a leader of the rebels against the British Government. It
the British. The Sirohi ruler, in whose territory the Jodhpur Legion had recommended his unconditional acquittal which was accordingly granted
rebelled, was praised for not showing any sympathy with the rebels. on November 16, 1860. Thus, it seems that the rebellion of the Auwa
As regards the jagirdars, the British felt that their conduct was Thakur was neither a part of the outbreak of 1857 nor was it motivated
157
by the anti-British feelings. Commission which was appointed under Roberts for fixing the
It was only in Kota that a revolt bordering on popular rebellion responsibility for the murder of Major Burton held the Maharao not guilty
took place. The Kota Contingent had been ordered to march to Agra on of the murder of Burton but he was held responsible for it. He was,
May 19, 1857. It was employed in Mathura district where it rebelled on therefore, punished by reducing his salute from 15 to 11 guns.
July 4, 1857 and marched to Delhi with Neemuch rebel soldiers. Maj. Conclusion
Burton, the Political Agent at Kota, had left for Neemuch with some
Thus, to me it seems that the movement of 1857 was not a war
troops after the rebellion of the local army on June 3. Burton decided to fought for the independence of India because :
go back to Kota but his return was delayed by the Kota ruler who was not
sure about the internal situation. He reached Kota on October 12, 1857. (1) Till the middle of the nineteenth century the concept of India as
a nation and also the ideal of national self-determination had
In his meeting wih the ruler on October 14, he advised the latter to give
not emerged in this country.
punishment to the local leaders{Jai Dayal and Mehrab Khan{who had
been spreading rebellious ideas. But the next morning the army rebelled (2) As regards the situation in Rajasthan, it is obvious that the
and killed Burton along with his sons. The Maharao did not or could not rulers of its princely states remained wholly loyal to the British.
come to the help of Burton. Some suspected him of collusion with the (3) As regards the jagirdars, they saw the mutiny mostly, if not in
rebels while others felt that he was helplessly confined in his own palace. every case, from the angle of ruler-feudal relationship and
For the next five months, Kota, including the fort and the royal palace, utilized the opportunity provided by it to revive the feudal power
remained under the control of the rebels. against the authority of the rulers. They were only rarely
inspired by larger patriotic sentiments.
The official historian of Kota, M. L. Sharma, writing at the instance
of the durbar, chose to misrepresent the character of the outbreak at Kota (4) So far as the common man is concerned, he was more directly
and gave it a communal colour. Sharma41 has repeatedly argued that the concerned with the oppressive behaviour of the jagirdars and
Rajputs had remained loyal and it was the Muslims, predominant in the the ruler of the state in which he lived. The policies of the British
Kota army, who had rebelled. According to M.S. Jain,42 this postulation affected him but only indirectly and through the state ruler and
is not correct for we find that as many as 4 regiments of infantry, 500 jagirdars. For him all these three { the British, state ruler and
cavalry troops, 300 artillery men and 5,000 police personnel had local jagirdars { were oppressors but he usually had a soft
corner for the state ruler and local jagirdars because of the tribal
rebelled. If most Rajput chieftains and troops were loyal to the Maharao,
and caste affiliations; in the case of the British he did not have
the latter should not have been reduced to utter helplessness for about
this bond of affinity. Be that as it may, in view of the facts
five months. The appeals of the Maharao to the Karauli chief and to the
delineated above, I believe that the mutiny of 1857 can not be
British, and his signing an agreement wih the rebels in which he accepted regarded as a national movement in the context of Rajasthan
full responsibility for events (in which he had no hand) would be also.
meaningless if the support of his Rajput soldiers were available to him.
Actually, the rebels could force the Maharao to sign the agreement, Jain References
rightly argues,43 because the people of Kota were with the rebels against 1. There is a vast literature on the subject, both published and unpublished, and
the British. According to the AGG, the town was abandoned to plunder by numerous official records, mostly in the National Archives of India and the
Commonwealth Relations Office (formerly India Office) Library, London.
our that is, (Company's) troops for 5 days. It shows that in the British 2. Among significant works on the mutiny of 1857 in India from the point of
perception the whole population of Kota had participated in the revolt view of the colonialist historians are included: Sir John William Kaye, A
and hence had to be given exemplary punishment. The Inquiry History of the Sepoy War in India, Vol. I, 9th edn., London, 1880 and Vols. II
158
and III, 4th edn., London, 1878; Col. G.B. Mallesson, History of the Indian Study of Jaipur (1818-1835)', PRHC, Jaipur Session (1968), Jaipur, 1969,
Mutiny, Three Vols., Vols. I and II, 2nd edn., London, 1878 and Vol. III, pp. 129-34; idem, "British Diplomacy in Mewar (1818-1828)', PRHC,
London, 1880; idem, Indian Mutiny of 1857 (With Portraits and Plans), 3rd Udaipur Session (1969), Jaipur 1970, p. 150; K.N. Pannikar, "Charles
edn., London, 1906. Metcalfe and the Policy of Non-Interference of Rajputana', Journal of the
3. Among more important works on 1857 from the nationalist point of view Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research (hereafter referred to as JRIHR ),
include: V.D. Savarkar, The Indian War of Independence, 1857, London, Jaipur, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 1976, pp. 13 ff.
1909, and 10th edn., New Delhi, 1986; S.N. Sen, Eighteen Fifty-Seven, 16. Vide P. R. Shah, "The Other Side of the British Influence on Marwar (A Case
New Delhi, 1957; Tarachand, History of Freedom Movement in India, 4 Study in Territorial and Economic Losses)', PRHC, Ajmer Session (1972),
Vols., New Delhi, 1961-1976. Also see K. K. Datta, Reflections on the Jodhpur, 1973, pp. 109-16.
" Mutiny ', Calcutta, 1967 and Shireen Moosvi (ed.), Facets of the Great 17. For details cf. R.P. Vyas, "Anti-British Feelings Amongst the People of
Revolt 1857, New Delhi, 2008. Rajasthan (1818-1857) : An Appraisal of Contemporary Bardic Literature',
4. R.C. Majumdar (ed.), British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Part I, PRHC, Pali Session (1974), Jodhpur,1975, pp. 115-21; idem, Adhunika
Bombay, 1963, p. 638. Also see his The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of Rajasthan ka Brihat Itihasa, Vol. 2, op. cit., pp. 58-78; Zahoor Khan Mehar
1857, Calcutta, 1957. and S.S. Gahlot, Rajasthan : Svatantrata Andolana ka Itihasa, Jodhpur, 1992,
5. Ibid. pp. 38-43.
6. Cf. Gopalakrishnan (ed.), The South Indian Rebellions (Before and After 18. In Gora Hatja, ed. N.S. Bhati, Jodhpur, 1956, p. 54; Shankar Goyal, Khyats
1800), Chennai, 2007 and more particularly the following articles published and Allied Works of Historical Genre, New Delhi, 2017, p. 21.
therein : S. Muthiah, "The Khan Sahib's Rebellion', pp. 9-21; K. Rajayyan, 19. Quoted by R.P. Vyas, in PRHC, Pali Session (1974), p. 117.
"The South Indian Rebellion 1800-1801: The First War of Independence in 20. In Gora Hatja, pp. 92-93.
India', pp.22-32; idem, "The Vellore Mutiny, 1806', pp. 33-41. 21. Vyas, op. cit.
7. Vide R. K. Mookerji, The Fundamental Unity of India, Bombay, 1954. The 22. Ibid.
book was first published in London as far back as 1914. In it Mookerji has not 23. In Gora Hatja, p. 100.
dwelt upon the important evidence of the fundamental unity of India furnished 24. Vyas, op. cit., p. 118.
by the social and religious institutions of the country, but has confined his 25. N. R. Khadgawat, Rajasthan's Role in the Struggle of 1857, Jaipur, 1957,
attention mainly to its geographical basis. pp. 102-03. Cf. also Zabar Singh, "The Trial of Doong Singh and the British
8. See V. S. Agrawala, Bharata ki Maulika Ekata, Allahabad, 1954. Attitude Towards It', in PRHC, Pali Session (1974), Jodhpur, 1975, pp. 122-
9. Abhayavilasa, f. 4a. 29; Prakash Vyas, "Rajasthani Kranti se Purva British Satta ke Prati Jana-
10. The Sardar Museum, MS, Jodhpur. See the relevant lines. Akrosha', in Rajasthan ka Svatantrata Samgrama (Dr. R.P. Vyas Felicitation
11. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or, The Central and Western Volume), ed. Zahoor Khan Mehar et al, Jodhpur, 1998, pp. 12-13; H. S.
Rajput States of India, Vol. I, edn. Douglas Sladen, London, 1960, p. 1. The Bhati, "Svatantrata Senani Dungi-Jawaharji Sambandhi Navina Tathya', in
two volumes of this work were first appeared from Great Britain in 1829 and Svatantrata Samgrama men Rajasthan ka Yogadana, ed. R.P. Vyas, Jodhpur,
1832 respectively. 2004, pp. 24-28.
12. For details cf. also M.S. Jain, "A New Look at the Establishment of British 26. Vyas, in PRHC, Pali Session (1974), p. 118.
Suzerainty in Rajputana', in the Proceedings of the Rajasthan History Congress 27. In Gora Hatja, p. 64.
(hereafter referred to as PRHC ), Jaipur Session, 1968, Jaipur, 1969, pp. 28. In Khadgawat, op. cit., p. 123. Also see V. K. Vashishtha, "British Policy
125-29; R. P. Vyas, Adhunika Rajasthan ka Brihat Itihasa, Vol. 2, Jaipur, Towards the Proscribed Thakurs of Rajputana During the Hegemony of East
1995,pp. 1-57; F.K. Kapil, Rajputana States (1817-1950), Jodhpur, 1999, India Company', in PRHC, Jaipur Session (1968), Jaipur, 1969, pp. 135-44.
pp. 11-36. 29. In Gora Hatja, p. 125.
13. Vide A.C. Banerjee, "The Subsidiary System in Rajputana', Indian Historical 30. For a detailed study of the events connected with the uprising of 1857 in
Quarterly, Calcutta, March 1947, pp. 85ff. Rajasthan vide I. T. Prichard, The Mutinies in Rajpootana, London, 1860,
14. Also see Kalu Ram Sharma, "Political Influence of British Paramountcy in and Ajmer, 1976; N. R. Khadgawat, op. cit.; K. S. Saxena, The Political
Rajasthan', PRHC, Jodhpur Session (1967), Jaipur, 1968, pp. 191-94. Movements and Awakenings in Rajasthan (1857-1947), New Delhi, 1971;
15. Vide U. C. Chaturvedi, "Nature of British Influence in Rajputana : A Case M. S. Jain, Concise History of Modern Rajasthan, New Delhi, 1993; idem,
159
Rajasthan Through the Ages, Vol. III, Bikaner, 1997; R.P. Vyas, Adhunika
Rajasthan ka Brihat Itihasa, op. cit.; Prakash Vyas, Rajasthan ka Svadhinata
Samgrama, 2nd revised edn., Jaipur, 1997 and Ram Pande (ed.), Rajasthan
men 1857: Eka Jana Andolana, Jaipur, 2008.
31. Also cf. Hari Shankar Bhargava, "Uprising at Nasirabad Cantonment in 1857', jktLFkku esa iqjkro
in PRHC, Ajmer Session (1975), Jodhpur, 1976, pp.87-90; Vinita Parihar, vkflQ gqlSu ,oa vkQrkc gqlSu
"The Mutiny at Nasirabad', in Ram Pande (ed.), op.cit., pp. 193-97.
32. Vide Hari Shankar Sharma, "Neemuch Documents and the Upheaval of 1857',
in PRHC, Ajmer Session (1972), Jodhpur, 1973, pp. 99-102. iqjkro ekuo vrhr ds mu i{kksa dks mtkxj djus dk ,d l'k ek/;e gS
33. Cf. also P. R. Shah, "Tonk and the Struggle of 1857', in JRIHR, Jaipur, Vol. 3, ftuds laca/k esa fyf[kr lk{;ksa ls dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrh gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk esa
No. 2, June 1966, pp. 47 ff.
34. See Nirmala M. Upadhyaya, "Mutiny and Marwar', in JRIHR, Jaipur, Vol. 8, iqjkro 'kCn vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds vkfdZ;kWykWth (Archaeology) 'kCn ds i;kZ;okph
No. 3, September 1971, pp. 1 ff. ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkfdZ;kWykWth 'kCn ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds ^vkfdZ;ksl*
35. For a detailed analysis on the fight of Auwa also cf. M.R.D. Mehta, "An (Archaios) rFkk ^yksxksl* (Logos) 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk 'kkfCnd
Unpublished Account of the Uprising of 1857', in PRHC, Jodhpur Session vFkZ gksrk gS & îqjkru Kku* (ik.Ms;] 1992)A izkjaHk esa iqjkro ds vUrxZr mUgha
(1967), Jaipur, 1968, pp. 137-38; Zabar Singh, "Observations on the Fighting
of Auwa', in PRHC, Jaipur Session (1968), Jaipur, 1969, pp. 144-50; R.P. vo'ks"kksa vFkok oLrqvksa dks fy;k tkrk Fkk] tks iqjkrkfod mR[kuu (Excavation)
Vyas, Role of Nobility in Marwar, New Delhi, 1969, pp. 114-69; V.K. esa izkIr gksrh FkhaA fdarq dkykarj esa iqjkro ds vUrxZr mu lHkh oLrqvksa dks lfEefyr
Vashishta, Rajputana Agency, Jaipur, 1978, pp. 270 ff.; K.L. Rajpurohit, fd;k tkrk gS] ftuls ekuo ds lkaLd`frd vkpj.k dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldsA blds
Svadhinata Samgrama men Rajasthan ki Ahutiyan (1805-1947), Jodhpur,
1993, pp. 43-67; B. K. Sharma, "Analysis of Causes of the Revolt of Ahuwa
vUrxZr vfHkys[k (f'kykys[k] LraHk ys[k] rkezi= ys[k] xqgk ys[k] ewfrZ ys[k)]
Thakur in 1857', in Ram Pande (ed.), op.cit., pp. 198-203. flDds] eqgjsa] ewfrZ;k] 'kSyfp=] fp=dyk (izkxSfrgkfld fp=] rkez ik"kkf.kd fp=]
36. Rajpurohit, op. cit., pp. 71-77. ,sfrgkfld fp=)] fofHkUu Lekjd (Hkou] eafnj] Lrwi] LraHk] pSR;] fogkj vkfn)
37. According to some, Dungarpur was the first state in Rajasthan which rose in ,oa mR[kuu esa izkIr fofHkUu iqjko'ks"k tSls e`n~Hkk.M] midj.k] vkHkw"k.k] f[kykSus
armed revolt against the British as early as 1825 and 1844 (Mahesh Purohit,
"Rajasthan men Svatantrata Samgrama ki Pahli Chingari Dungarpur se', in vkfn vkrs gSaA iqjkro dks i;ZVu ls vyx ugha j[kk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd bfrgkl ,oa
Some Aspects of Rajasthan History and Culture, ed. Pema Ram, Banasthali, iqjkro ,d&nwljs ds ijLij iwjd gSa vkSj Ik;ZVd eq[;r% ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ij Hkze.k
2002, pp. 30-40). dks tkrk gSA og ,sfrgkfld oLrqvksa ,oa Lekjdksa ds ek/;e ls vrhr ls ,d
38. For the role of Tantia Tope in the struggle of 1857 in Rajasthan see Prakash
Vyas, "Rajasthan men 1857 ki Kranti men Tantia Tope ki Bhumika' , in
jksekapdkjh laca/k tksM+rk gSA Hkkjr esa vkus okys fons'kh Ik;ZVdksa esa izR;sd rhu esa ls
Svatantrata Samgrama men Rajasthan ka Yogadana, ed. R.P. Vyas, op. cit., ,d Ik;ZVd jktLFkku dsoy blh dkj.k ls vkrk gS fd ;gk ij Hkjiqj ,sfrgkfld
pp. 29-36. lEink gSA Ik;ZVu ij 'kks/k dk;Z dj jgs fofHkUu ys[kdksa us ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dks
39. Khadgawat, op.cit., pp. 35-38. eksU;wes.Vy gsfjVst (Monumental Heritage) dgdj pkj Jsf.k;ksa&ckS Lekjd]
40. I.T. Prichard, op. cit., pp. 231-32. Cf. also S.K. Purohit, "1857 ke Viplava
men Auwa Thakur Kushal Singh ki Bhumika', in Svatantrata Samgrama men fgUnw Lekjd] Hkkjrh;&bLykfed Lekjd ,oa os Lekjd tks ;wjksfi;u ,oa fczfV'k
Rajasthan ka Yogadana, ed. R.P. Vyas, op.cit., pp. 15-23; S. S. Bais, "1857 laLFkkvksa ls tqMs+ gq, gSa] esa ckVk gSA bfrgkldkj bUgsa izkphu Hkkjr] e/;dkyhu ,oa
ka Svatantrata Samgrama aura Marwari Samanta', in Ram Pande (ed.), vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds Lekjd dgrs gSa (O;kl] 2008)A vr% Ik;ZVu ds {ks= esa iqjkro
op.cit., pp. 164-71. dk dkQh ego gSA orZeku esa xzkeh.k ,oa {ks=h; Ik;ZVu dks cgqr ego fn;k tkrk
41. M. L. Sharma, Kota Rajya ka Itihasa, Vol. II, Kota, 1939, pp. 604-05.
42. M. S. Jain, Concise History of Modern Rajasthan, New Delhi, 1993, p. 57. gSA blds vUrxZr izeq[k uxjksa ,oa ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds vykok fdlh Hkh {ks= ds
43. Ibid., pp. 57-58. vkarfjd Hkkxksa ds bfrgkl o LkaLd`fr dk ifjp; izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA
;fn ge iqjkro dks bl fo"k; ls tksMs+ rks fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fd;s x;s iqjkrkfod
losZ{k.kksa (Archaeological Survey) ,oa mR[kuuksa (Excavations) dks blesa
160
j[kk tk ldrk gSA jktLFkku esa vkus okyk Ik;ZVd ;gk dh iqjkrkfod] ,sfrgkfld] jktLFkku esa bl dky dk lw=ikr gksrk gSA uo ik"kk.k dky ds midj.kksa dk vkdkj
/kkfeZd] lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks ns[kdj vfHkHkwr gks tkrk gSA jktLFkku izkxSfrgkfld NksVk vkSj dkS'ky ;q gks x;k FkkA jktLFkku esa ;s midj.k mn;iqj ds ckxksj rFkk
n`f"V ls le` gSA ;gk izkphu lH;rkvksa ds vo'ks"k dbZ LFkkuksa ij ik;s x, gSaA ekjokM+ ds fryokM+k uked LFkkuksa ds mR[kuuksa ls izkIr gq, gSa (uhjt t;flag]
iqjkro ds ego dks jktLFkku ds Ik;ZVu ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu dky ds iqjkLFkyksa ds 1989)A
vk/kkj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gS& (2) fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk
(1) izkxSfrgkfld dky (Pre-History) fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk fo'o dh mUur lH;rkvksa esa ls ,d FkhA Hkkjrh; iqjkro
fofHkUu v/;;uksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd nf{k.kh&iwohZ jktLFkku esa izkfruwru dky losZ{k.k us 1920 o 1934 ds chp eksgutksnM+ks ,oa gM+Iik esa mR[kuu dj fla/kq ?kkVh
esa ekuo fuokl djrk FkkA ywuh] cukl] pEcy vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds lH;rk dks [kkst fudkyk FkkA ;g lH;rk Hkkjrh; egk}hi esa bZ- iw- 2300 ls 1500
rVorhZ {ks=ksa esa ik"kk.k ;qxhu midj.kksa dh izkfIr bls izekf.kr djrh gS (lDlsuk] ds chp Qyh QwyhA bls ^gM+Iik laLd`fr* dgk tkrk gSA lu~ 1947 esa Hkkjr
1991)A e#LFkyh; {ks=ksa esa Hkh ik"kk.k ;qxhu dqN vo'ks"k fey tkrs gSaA izkxSfrgkfld foHkktu ds QyLo:Ik fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds nksuksa dsUnz ikfdLrku esa pys x,A vr%
dky dks rhu izeq[k Hkkxksa esa ckVk tk ldrk gS& vc iqjkrofonksa us Hkkjr esa bl lH;rk ds LFky [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;kA 1960 ds
iqjkik"k.k dky (Paleolithic of Early Stone age)%& n'kd esa Hkkjrh; iqjkro losZ{k.k dh vksj ls c`toklh yky ,oa ckyd`".k Fkkij us
jkTkLFkku esa bl ;qx ds midj.kksa dks loZizFke Hkkjr ljdkj ds Hkw&xHkZ foHkkx guqekux<+ ftys esa ?kX?kj (izkphu ljLorh) unh ds ck;sa fdukjs ij fLFkr dkyhcaxk
ds lh- ,- gSDdV us t;iqj ,oa bUnzx<+ ds vklikl ls [kkst fudkys Fks] ;g gLr uked iqjkLFky dk mR[kuu djk;kA ;gk ij mR[kuu esa tqrs gq, [ksr ds izek.k feys
dqBkj (Handaxe) Fks] tks vc Hkkjrh; laxzgky; dydkk esa miyC/k gSaA dqN gSaA fo'o Hkj esa gq, mR[kuuksa eas izkIr [ksrksa esa ;g izFke gS (ikuxfM;k] 1996)A
le; ds ckn lsVudkj dks >kykokM+ ftys esa iqjkik"k.k dky ds midj.k feys FksA iqjkrofonksa ds vFkd iz;klksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa Lora=rk ckn ls orZeku rd fla/kq
fiNys nks n'kdksa ls Hkkjrh; iqjkro losZ{k.k] nDdu dkWyst iwuk] jktLFkku jkT; ?kkVh lH;rk ds 1500 iqjkLFky [kksts tk pqds gSaA ;s iqjkLFky eq[;r% xqtjkr]
iqjkro ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx vkfn laLFkkvksa us bl laLd`fr dks ;kstukc rjhds ls jktLFkku] mkj izns'k] d'ehj esa gSaA bu iqjkLFkyksa ds QSyko dk {ks=Qy 15 yk[k
mn~?kkfVr djus esa egoiw.kZ ;ksx fn;k gSA jkTkLFkku esa izeq[k ufn;ksa ,oa mudh oxZ fd-eh- gSA jktLFkku esa xaxkuxj] guqekux<+ ftyksa esa bl lH;rk ds iqjkLFky
lgk;d ufn;ksa es fdukjs tSls vtesj] HkhyokM+k] fpkkSMx+ <+] t;iqj] Hkjriqj] >kykokM+] feyrs gSa (vxzoky] 2007)A
tkykSj] ikyh] Vksad vkfn ftyksa esa bl laLd`fr ds izek.k izkIr gq, gSa (feJk] (3) vkgkM+ ;k cukl laLd`fr vFkok rkez&ik"kkf.kd laLd`fr
2007)A csMp + vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa dh miR;dk ls fuEu iqjkik"kk.k dky ds ftl le; iatkc] fla/k] xqtjkr rFkk mkjh jktLFkku esa fla/kq lH;rkiw.kZ :Ik
vkStkj feys gSaA bl {ks= esa uxjh rFkk fpkkSMx+ <+ ls fuEu iqjkik"kk.k dky ds midj.k ls O;kIr Fkh ml le; nf{k.kh&iwohZ jktLFkku esa ftl LkaLd`fr dk mn; gqvk og
feys gSaA
vkgkM+ ;k cukl vFkok rkez rkez&ik"kkf.kd laLd`fr ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA bl
e/; ik"kk.k dky (Mesolithic or Late Stone age) lH;rk dk irk lcls igys mn;iqj esa fLFkr vkgkM+ vFkok vk?kkViqj uked LFky ls
fiNys 15 o"kksZa ls jktLFkku Hkw izns'k ij e/;ik"kk.k ;qxhu LFky dkQh la[;k pyrk gS (lDlsuk] 1991)A bls rkez&ik"kkf.kd laLd`fr blfy, dgrs gSa] D;ksafd
esa miyC/k gq, gSa ;gk ij e/;ik"kk.k ;qxhu iqjkLFky t;iqj] mn;iqj] HkhyokM+k] blesa ik"kk.k midj.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk rkez midj.k Hkh feyrs gSa rFkk blds izeq[k
vtesj] Vksad] dksVk] >kykokM+ vkfn gSaA bl ;qx dk lcls le` LFky ckxksj gSA iqjkLFky cukl ,oa mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds vklikl fodflr gq, FksA vkgkM+
dsoy blh iqjkLFky dk {kSfrt mR[kuu fd;k x;k gS (lDlsuk] 1991)A (240 40* mkjh v{kka'k ,oa 730 50* iwohZ ns'kkUrj) uked Vhys dk mR[kuu nDdu
uo ik"kk.k ;qx (Neolithic age) dkWyst&iwuk] esyckWuZ fo'ofo|ky;&vkWLVsfy;k rFkk iqjkro ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx
uo ik"kk.k dky gh og le; Fkk] tc ekuo us LFkk;h jguk] d`f"k djuk] jktLFkku }kjk MkW- ,p-Mh- lkadfy;k ds usr`Ro esa gqvk FkkA ;|fi blls iwoZ 1952&54
Ik'kqikyu ,oa e`n~Hkk.M cukuk lh[k fy;k FkkA vkt ls yxHkx nl gtkj o"kZ iwoZ ds chp jRupUnz vxzoky us ;gk mR[kuu djk;k FkkA blds vykok rkez&ik"kkf.kd
161
laLd`fr esa izeq[k :Ik ls dk;Fkk laLd`fr] ekyok laLd`fr] tksoZs laLd`fr eq[; gSaA fofHkUu iqjkLFkyksa ls feys gSaA ;s ik= vtesj] Hkjriqj] /kkSyiqj] HkhyokM+k] t;iqj]
dk;Fkk laLd`fr ds izeq[k iqjkLFky f=iqjh (ftyk tcyiqj)] ,j.k (ftyk lkxj)] >qU>qUk] Vksad] mn;iqj vkfn ftyksa ds iqjkLFkyksa ls feys gSaA bl ik= ijEijk dks ekS;Z
mTtSu ,oa dk;Fkk (ftyk mTtSu) izeq[k gSaA vkgkM+ laLd`fr esa vkgkM+] ckykFky] dky ls tksMk+ tkrk gSA bl ik= ijEijk ds dkye dks 500 bZ- iw- ls 100 bZ- iw- ds
ckxkSj] fxyw.n vkfn iqjkLFky eq[; gSaA orZeku esa vkgkM+ laLd`fr ds jktLFkku esa e/; j[k ldrs gSaA
vtesj] HkhyokM+k] fpkkSMx+ <+] /kkSyiqj] Mqaxjiqj] t;iqj] Vksad] mn;iqj vkfn ftyksa esa (7) 'kqax&dq"kk.k dkyhu iqjkLFky
100 ls vf/kd iqjkLFky [kksts tk pqds gSa (feJk] 2007)A
'kqax oa'k dh LFkkiuk 185&84 bZ- iw- esa iq";fe= 'kqax us vafre ekS;Z lezkV
(4) xs:;s jax ds e`n~ik=ksa okyh laLd`fr (OCP) c`gnzFk dh gR;k djds dh FkhA dq"kk.k oa'k dk izFke lezkV dqtqy dnfQll (15
;g laLd`fr lOkZizFke gfLrukiqj ds fUkEure Lrj ls izkIr gqbZ FkhA jktLFkku esa bZ- ls 65 bZ-) Fkk (Fkkij] 1988)A jkTkLFkku esa 'kqax&dq"kk.k dkyhu iqjkLFky HkhyokM+k]
xs:;s jax ds e`n~ik= jktLFkku ljdkj ds iqjkro ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx ds funs'kd t;iqj] lhdj] vtesj] vyoj] Hkjriqj] Vksad vkfn ftyksa esa feys gSaA
Jh jRu pUnz vxzoky ds funsZ'ku esa uksg (Hkjriqj) ds mR[kuu ls izkIr gq, tks bl ik= mi;qZ izdkj ls jkTkLFkku esa Ik;ZVu ds LFkyksa esa fofHkUu iqjkrkfod iqjkLFkyksa
ijEijk dh nf{k.k&if'peh lhek dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA bl ik= ijEijk dh frfFk dks j[k ldrs gSaA bu iqjkrkfod LFkyksa dks xzkeh.k Ik;ZVu ls fo'ks"k :Ik ls tksM+
1300 bZ- iw- vkdh xbZ gS (lDlsuk]1991)A bl ik= ijEijk ds izeq[k iqjkLFky ldrs gSa D;ksafd vf/kdka'k iqjkLFky xkoksa ds djhc gh gksrs gSaA ;|fi dqN iqjkLFky
Hkjriqj] t;iqj] >qU>qUkw] lhdj vkfn ftyksa esa fLFkr gSaA bl laLd`fr ds jktLFkku esa lajf{kr LFkyksa ds :Ik esa ?kksf"kr fd;s tk pqds gSa] tSls dkyhcaxk vkfnA
vc rd yxHkx 130 iqjkLFky [kksts tk pqds gSaA fofHkUu iqjkLFkyksa ds vykok jktLFkku ds fofHkUu ftyksa ;Fkk mn;iqj] chdkusj]
(5) fpf=r /kwlj e`n~Hkk.M laLd`fr (PGW) t;iqj] Hkjriqj] Mhx] cwnh] fpkkSMx+ <+] dqaHkyx<+] e.Mksj] vkesj] tkykSj] ds nqxZ ,oa
fla/kq lH;rk ds var o ,sfrgkfld dky ds vkjaHk rd dk le; iqjkrofonksa jktegy izfl gSa] ekm.V vkcw dk nsyokM+k tSu eafnj] j.kdiqj dk tSu eafnj]
dh n`f"V esa va/kdkj ;qx (Dark age) dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl dky ds e/; dksbZ ckyksrjk ds fudV ukdksMk+ eafnj] vtesj esa [oktk eqbuqhu fp'rh dh njxkg]
Bksl lk{; izkIr ugha gks lds FksA fdarq iqjkfonksa dks izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds [ktqjkgks 'kSyh ds esuky o jkex<+ Hk.M nsojk o vV: ds eafnj vkfn izfl Ik;ZVu
mR[kuu ls /kwlj fpf=r e`nHkk.M (PGW) izkIr gq, gSaA loZizFke ch-ch- yky dks LFky gSa (ukVk.kh]1999)A
gfLrukiqj ds mR[kuu ls ;s ik= feys FksA gfLrukiqj esa fpf=r /kwlj ik= ijEijk dh lanHkZ
frfFk 1100 bZ- iw- ls 800 bZ- iw- ds e/; fu/kkZfjr dh xbZA yky us bl ik= ijEijk Agrawal, D.P. 2007, The Indus civilization: An Interdisciplinary Prespective, New
dks egkHkkjr dky ls tksM+k gSA buds vykok jktLFkku esa /kwlj fpf=r e`n~Hkk.M Delhi, Aryan Books International.
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fLFkr iqjkLFkyksa ls feys gSaA bl laLd`fr ds vc rd yxHkx 120 iqjkLFky [kksts tk Aryan Books International.
pqds gSa (Misra, 2007)A Misra, V.N. 2006, A Gazetteer of Archaeological sites in Rajasthan (from Paleolithic to
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(6) mkjh dkyh pedhyh e`n~Hkk.M ijEijk (NBPW) ukVk.kh] izdk'k ukjk;.k] 1999] jktLFkku fuekZ.k ds ipkl o"kZ] Hkkx&2] t;iqj] iksbUVj ifCy'klZ
;g ik= [k.M loZizFke r{kf'kyk es mR[kuu ls lu~ 1934 esa izdk'k esa vk, uhjt] t;flag vkfn] 1989] jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] t;iqj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh
ikuxfM;k] ch-,y-] 1996] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] t;iqj] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml
FksA bu ik=ksa ij ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh ped gS rFkk ;s ik= [k.M izkjaHk esa mkjh Hkkjr
ik.Ms;] t;ukjk;.k] 1992] iqjkro foe'kZ] bykgkckn
ds gh iqjkLFkyksa ls feys FksA Qyr% ekWVhZej Oghyj ,oa d`".knso us bldk uke dkyh lDlsuk] vk'kqrks"k] 1991] jktLFkku dk ,sfrgkfld iqjkro] t;iqj] lkfgR;kxkj
pedhyh e`n~Hkk.M ijEijk (Norhen Black Polished Ware) fd;k FkkA fdarq Fkkij] jksfeyk] 1988] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ubZ fnYyh] jktdey izdk'ku izk-fy-
ckn esa ;s e`n~Hkk.M lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa o ikfdLrku esa feys gSa vkSj buds jax Hkh O;kl] jkds'k dqekj] 2008] Ik;ZVu mn~Hko ,oa fodkl] t;iqj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh
vyx&vyx izdkj dk gaS (ik.Ms;] 1992)A bl ik= ijEijk ds ik= jkTkLFkku esa Hkh
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,f'k;k ls Hkh feys gSA dkyhcaxk iqjkLFky dks 3000 bZlk iwoZ ekuk tkrk gSA bl
csyukdkj ij rhu vkd`fr;k fo|eku gSaA ck;ha vksj ls izFke vkd`fr ds flj ij nks
pksfV;k c/kh gSaA f}rh; vkd`fr ds flj ij ckyksa dk ,d tqM+k c/kk gqvk gSA r`rh;
dkyhcaxk ls izkIr VsjkdksVk ij Jh jke ,oa nsoh lhrk vkd`fr ds ?oZ Hkkx esa ekuokd`fr ds flj ij ckyksa dk ,d tqMk+ c/kk gqvk gS rFkk
dk iqjkrkfod lk{; ,oa fofo/k rkez dyk v/kksHkkx 'ksj dh i'kq vkd`fr esa n'kkZ;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd izFke nks vkd`fr;ksa
iqjklkexzh ds lkFk fpfr (vkgr) eqnzk, ds j{kkFkZ rhljh vkd`fr dk v/kksHkkx cy'kkyh 'ksj dh vkd`fr esa crk;k x;k gSA
t+Qj mYykg [kk mDr e`.k izfrek ,oa fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij vafdr ekuo&vkd`fr ds
gkFk o vxqfy;ksa dh cukoV] iq#"k vkd`fr ds flj ij c/kk twMk+ ,oa efgyk vkd`fr
ds flj ij c/kh nksuksa pksfV;ksa esa ,d:irk ,oa lekurk gSA ;g ,d 'kks/k ijd rF; gSA
fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa dk izpyu dky 600&200 bZloha iwoZ ekuk tkrk gSA
,oa Photo Page - Fig. 9.51 a-j.
ck;ha vksj ls nsoh lhrk ,oa Jh jke dk dkyhcaxk ls feys VsjkdksVk

ij 5000 o"kZ izkphu iqjkrkfod lk{; ck;ha vksj ls nsoh lhrk Jh jke ,oa Jh y{e.k dk izkphu fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij
2600 o"kZ izkphu iqjkrkfRod lk{;
mDr e`.k izfrekvksa (VsjkdksVk) esa ,d iq#"k ,oa ,d efgyk dk vadu gSA
efgyk vkd`fr dks iq#"k ds ck;ha vksj (okekax) [kM+h eqnzk esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl mDr eqnzk, J.N.S.I. LXII-III 2000-01 ds i`"B la[;k 24 ls 28] rFkk
izdkj e`.k izfrek esa nsoh lhrk dks Jh jke ds ck;h rjQ [kM+s gq, crk;k x;k gSA nsoh tQj mYykg [kka dh iqLrd ^,sfrgkfld eqnzk,* laLdj.k o"kZ 2005 flDdk ekad
lhrk ds flj ij ckyksa dh nks pksfV;k c/kh gqbZ gSa] ckyksa dh pksfV;k dks lqUnj :i ls la[;k (6 o 7) esa izdkf'kr gSaA
xwFkdj ck/k j[kk gSA nsoh lhrk us vius nksuksa gkFkksa dks lh/kh eqnzk esa uhps dj j[kk gSA jktLFkku esa jS<] uxj (Vksd
a )_ fojkVuxj (cSjkB)] bLekbyiqj] lkaHkj] tlUniqjk
Jh jke ds flj ij ,d tqMk+ c/kk gqvk gSA Jh jke us viuk nk;k gkFk ij dj j[kk (t;iqj)_ uxjh (fpkkSM)+ _ egok nso th (cwnh)_ vkgkM+ (mn;iqj)_ uksg (Hkjriqj)_
gS rFkk ck;k gkFk uhps dh vksj gSA Jh jke dk eq[ke.My Hkh ck;ha vksj nsoh lhrk dh xqjkjk (lhdj) vkfn fofHkUu LFkkukssa ij iqjkrkfRod mR[kuu ;k la;ksxo'k ?kjksa] [ksrksa
rjQ ns[krs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd nksuksa ck;k vksj ns[k jgs gSaA esa [kqnkbZ djrs le; Hkkjrh; eqnzk bfrgkl ds izkphure fpfr (vkgr) yxHkx
esjk ;g er gS fd izFke iq#"k vkd`fr ds flj ij dsoy ,d twMk+ c/kk gSA ;s 7180 flDds feys gSaA fgUnw /kkfeZd ekU;rk ds vuqlkj ijEijkxr :i ls ,oa izkphu
Jh jke gSaA okaekx efgyk vkd`fr ds flj ij nks pksfV;k c/kh gqbZ gSaA ;s nsoh lhrk gSaA dky ls nks iq#"kksa ds lkFk ck;sa (okekax) gkFk dh rjQ [kM+h efgyk ds vadu dks
fgUnw /kkfeZd ekU;rk ds vuqlkj ijEijkxr :i ls ,oa izkphu dky ls ,d iq#"k nsoh lhrk] Jh jke ,oa Jh y{e.k ds :i esa ns[kk o igpkuk tkrk jgk gSA bu fofHkUu
vkd`fr ds lkFk ck;sa gkFk (okekax) dh rjQ [kM+h efgyk ds vadu dks nsoh lhrk nQhuksa esa bl izdkj dh 135 eqnzk feyh gSA Hkkjr ds vU; {ks=ksa ds nfQ+uksa ls Hkh bl
ds :i esa ns[kk o igpkuk tkrk jgk gSA ;s e`.k izfrek dkyhcaxk ls feyh gSA bldk izdkj dh eqnzk, izkIr gqbZ gSaA2
vkdkj yxHkx 8 X 6 lsUVh ehVj gS ,oa mDr csyu ds vkdkj ds ;U= ij e`.k vkgr flDdksa ij tkWu ,yu us bUgsa ^Fkzh eSu*3 ,oa MkW- ijes'ojh yky xqIr us
izfrekvksa dk dkyhcaxk laxzgky; dh iqjkiaftdk esa bUnzkt+ la[;k 9734 ij ntZ gSA bUgsa ^rhu ekuokd`fr;ka*4 fy[kk gSA esjk ;g er gS fd ;g ^Fkzh eSu* ughaa gaS] cfYd nks
bldk vkdkj yEckbZ esa 20 feyhehVj ,oa xksykbZ 12 feyhehVj ds yxHkx gSA1 bl iq#"k ,oa ,d efgyk vkd`fr gSA bl izdkj bu flDdksa ij ^Fkzzh eSu* esa chp dh
izdkj fly~bu~fMdy~ (orZqykdkj@csyu ds vkdkj dk) eksgu&tksnM+ks ,oa osLV vkd`fr Jh jke dh gS] buds ck;sa gkFk dh rjQ nks pksfV;ksa vFkok rhu twM+ksa okyh
163
vkd`fr nsoh lhrk dh gS] tks izR;sd flDds ij Jh jke ds okekax ij gh n'kkZ;h x;h feyrk gSA bl izdkj dh lw;Z ds vadu okyh 300 ls vf/kd fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa
gSA nf{k.kh Hkkjrh; {ks= ds vejkorh gkWMZ esa Hkh bl izdkj dh eqnzk, izkIr gqbZ gSaA dh igpku gks pqdh gSA
yxHkx 300 ls vf/kd vyx&vyx izdkj ds fpfr (vkgr) flDdksa dh Jh guqqeku~ th dks Hkxoku~~ Jh jke ds lEeq[k ueu eqnzk esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
igpku gks pqdh gSA bu lHkh izdkj ds flDdksa ij lw;Z ds fp dk vadu feyrk gS] blds vfrfjDr flDds ij ioZr ds nks fVyksa ds chp esa tM+h&cwVh dk vadu gSA
ysfdu Jh jke (rhu ekuo vkd`fr;ksa) ds vadu okys 9 izdkj ds fpfr (vkgr) ^^nf{k.ks y{e.kks ;L; okes p tudkRetk A iqjrks ek#fr;ZL; ra oUns
flDdksa ij lw;Z dk vadu ughaa gSA bu flDdksa ij lw;Z ds LFkku ij Jh jke dk vadu j?kquUnue**AA31AA7
gSA D;ksafd Hkxoku~ Jh jke Lo;a lw;Zoa'kh FksA blfy;s Jh jke ds vadu okyh vFkZ %& ftudh nk;ha vksj y{e.k th] ck;aha vksj tkudh th (lhrkth)]
eqnzkvksa ij lw;Z dk vadu 9 izdkj ds fuEukafdr fpfr (vkgr) flDdksa ij ughaa vkSj lkeus guqeku~ th fojkteku gaS] mu j?kqukFk th (Jh jke) dh eSa oUnuk djrk gwA8
fd;k x;k gSaA Jh jke ds vadu okyh eqnzkvksa ij lw;Z dk vadu fuEukafdr rkfydk eqnzkvksa ij nsoh&nsorkvksa dk vadu fo'o Lrj ij vfr izkphudky ls gh ns[kk tk
esa 9 izdkj ds fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij ughaa fd;k x;k gSa%& (Qyd&1 o 2)5 ldrk gSA izkphudky ds xzhd eqnzkvksa ij viksyks] T;wl] ,aFksuk vkfn nsoh&nsorkvksa
dk vadu dj /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr dh x;h gSA9 dq"kk.kdkyhu eqnzkvksa
ij gsfyvkWl] ehjks] ekvks] ,Fk'kks] ukuk10 vkfn nsoh&nsorkvksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k
gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa xqIrdky dks eqnzk bfrgkl dk Lo.kZ ;qx dgk tkrk gSA
leqnzxqIr ds n.M/kj izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ds vxzHkkx ij jktk dks vfXuosfndk11 esa
vkgqfr nsrs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA xqIrdky dh eqnzkvksa ds i`"BHkkx ij nsoh12 (y{eh)]
dkfrZds;13 nsork vkfn dk vadu feyrk gSA b.Mks&llSfu;u eqnzkvksa ds i`"BHkkx ij
vfXuosfndk14 dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA izfrgkj 'kkldksa us vkfn&ojkg ds eqnzkvksa dk
izpyu djk;kA xkaxs;no izdkj ds eqnzkvksa ij prZqHkqth iklu y{eh dk vadu
fd;k x;kA v'okjksgh ,oa o`"kHk izdkj ds eqnzkvksa ij uUnh dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
blh izdkj eqfLyedky ds eqnkz vksa ij dyek ,oa [kyhQkvksa ds uke fy[kokdj
/kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gS] vr% Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds izkphure
fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij nsoh lhrk] Hkxoku~ Jh jke ,oa Jh y{e.k ds lkFk Jh
mDr rkfydk la[;k&izFke esa ekad la[;k (1) (2) (3) ij 'kM~jp] lw;Z] guqeku th dk vadu ik;k tkuk fgUnww /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr ekuk tk
,oa rhu igkfM+;ksa ij vZ pUnzek dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA 'ks"k nks fp ekad la[;k ldrk gSA bl fo"k; ij îqjklEink* o"kZ 2010&11 iqjkro ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx]
(4) o (5) izR;sd ukS izdkj ds flDdksa ij vyx&vyx vafdr gSAa rkfydk la[;k&f}rh; t;iqj esa 'kks/k i= izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA
esa izFke rhu fp ekad la[;k (1) (2) (3) Jh y{e.k] Jh jke ,oa nsoh lhrk ds dkyhcaxk {ks= ls MkW- ,y- ih- VSlhVksjh }kjk lu~ 1916&17 bZ- esa [kksts x;s
gSaA bl izdkj nksuksa rkfydkvksa esa bu ukS izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ij (1) (2) (3) 'kM~jpdz] rFkk laxzgky; esa iznf'kZr izkxSfrgkfld rkez midj.kksa dk fooj.k dqy 18 ftuesa rhj
lw;Z] ,oa rhu igkfM+;ksa ij vZ pUnzek ds LFkku ij Jh y{e.k] Jh jke ,oa nsoh Qyd&2] eNyh idM+us dk dkVk&2] eudk&1] vxwBh (NYyk)&3] NSuh@cs/kuh@
lhrk dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa rkfydkvksa esa ekad la[;k (4) o (5) ds fp dhy&5] ,oa eqnzk,&5 iqjkiaftdk esa ekad la[;k 2237 ij ntZ gSaA buesa ekad
,d lkeku j[ks x;s gSaA6 la[;k 14 ls 18 fpfr (vkgr) eqnzk, gSaA foHkkxh; ^dq"kk.kdkyhu flDdksa dh
mDr nksuksa rkfydkvksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd Jh jke ds vadu okyh mDr ukS izn'kZuh* o"kZ 2015 ds czks'kj esa i`"B la[;k 8&9 ij bu izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA15 ;g
izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ij lw;Z dk vadu ugha fd;k x;k gSA mDr ukS izdkj dh eqnzkvksa dks fpfr (vkgr) eqnzk, laxzgky; dh MkW- ,y- ih- VslhVksjh mR[kUu nh?kkZ ds Vsfcy
NksMd + j 'ks"k vU; lHkh izdkj dh fpfr eqnzkvksa ij lw;Z dk fp vko';d :i ls 'kksdsl esa iznf'kZr gSaA bl izdkj dh eqnzkvksa ij vafdr fpksa dks Mk- ijes'ojh yky
164
xqIr us ^Hkkjr ds iwoZdkfyd flDds* iqLrd esa i`"B la-&31 o 32 ij nf{k.k iapky ladsfrd fyfi ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk FkkA ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; lkaLd`frd ekU;rk dh
(tkaxy) izns'k ls izkIr gksuk izdkf'kr dj j[kk gSaA n`f"V ls bu fpksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkuk vR;Ur 'kks/k dk fo"k; gSA mi;qZDr
fo'ys"k.kksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,] blh vk/kkj ij bu eqnzkvksa ds izpyu dky dk
fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkuk mfpr jgsxkA esjk ;g fouze er gS fd buesa ls igyk fp jkT;
dk] nwljk fp jktk dk] rhljk fp {ks= dk] pkSFkk fp ea=h rFkk ikpok fp
Vdlky ,oa /kkfeZd vfHkO;fDr dk |ksrd gSA ;g er lgh izrhr gksrk gSA eqnzkvksa ij
vafdr ikpksa fpksa ds lewg vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk bu lkadsfrd
fpksa ds lewgksa dh vyx&vyx igpkuk] O;k[;k vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA mi;qZDr
iqjkrkfRod lk{; ,o miyC/k rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij izkphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr
ds xkSjo'kkyh oSHko ,oa ijEijkvksa dks fo'oLrj ij izdk'k esa ykus ds fy;s mi;ZqDr
flDdksa ,oa VsjkdksVk ds vk/kkj ij le; fu/kkZj.k djuk ,d 'kks/kijd fo"k; gSA
mijksDr lk{; ,oa rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa dk izpyu dky
2000&1000 bZloh iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mi;qZDr iqjkrkfRod lk{; ,o miyC/k rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Jhjke dk ;g vfr lUnHkZ
izkphu iqjkrkfRod lk{; gks x;k gSA dkyhcaxk iqjkLFky dk dky 3000&2000 bZlk 1. Shri B.B. Lal- Excavations at Kalibangan The Harappans (1960-1969) Part-I,
iwoZ fu/kkZfjr gSA bl dky esa fyfi dk fodkl ugha gqvk FkkA dsoy fpksa ds vk/kkj Published by The director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath,
New Delhi Photo Page - Fig. 9.51 a-j.
ij lezkV] {ks=h;rk] Vdlky ,oa /kkfeZd vfHkO;fDr vkfn dh tkudkjh vketu dks 2- Hkkjrh; eqnzk ifj"kn~ ds vad la[;k&LXII-III 2000-01 esa i`-&24 ls 28 (PLs. VII-VIII)
nh tkrh jgh gksxhA blfy, dkyhcaxk dh e`.k izfrek (VsjkdksVk) dk dky 3- tkWu ,yu , dsVykWx vkWQ fn bf.M;u dkWbUl bu nh fczfV'k E;wft;e] i`- Ix
3000&2000 bZlk iwoZ ,oa fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa dk dky 600&200 bZlk iwoZ 4- MkW- ijes'ojh yky xqIr ^Hkkjr ds iwoZdkfyd flDds* esa i`-&67-
fu/kkZfjr gSA bu ekuo vkd`fr;ksa dh lekurk ds vk/kkj ij Jhjke dk ;g vfr izkphu 5- bfrgkl ,oa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr v/;;u dsUnz] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj ds 15 osa
iqjkrkfRod lk{; miyC/k gks x;k gSA jk"Vh; lsehukj fnukad 23&24] tuojh] 2015 ds lkjka'k foojkf.kdk esa izdkf'krA
dkyhcaxk (guqekux<+) ls MkW- ,y- ih- VSlhVksjh }kjk izkphu fpfr (vkgr) 6- Rajasthan History Congress Proceeding Volume- XXIX ds i`- 197&205 ij izdkf'krA
7- jkej{kkLrkss=e~ xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqjA
eqnzkvksa dh izkfIr egoiw.kZ gSA bl rF; ,oa lk{; ls Li"V gS fd ;gk feys vo'ks"kksa
8- jktLFkku ds izkphu flDds laLdj.k o"kZ 2005 esa vfUre i`"B ij ifjf'k"V ^v* rFkk
ds vk/kkj ij dkyhcaxk lH;rk dks iwoZ gM+Iik&dky (izh&gM+Iik) 2400&2250 bZ- ,sfrgkfld eqnzk, laLdj.k o"kZ 2013 esa flDdk e la[;k&9] i`"B la[;k&106&107
iw- rFkk gM+Iik dky (vyhZ&gM+Iik) 2200&1700 bZ- iw- nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k ns[ksaA
x;k gSA rkez lkexzh ds lkFk îzkphu fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvkas* dk feyuk vkgr 9- MkW- ijes'ojh yky xqIr Hkkjr ds iwoZdkfyd flDds esa i`"B la[;k&100
eqnzkvksa dh iqu% frfFk fu/kkZj.k esa lg;ksxh fl jgsxkA mDr dykiqjklkexzh ls 3000 10- ogh] i`"B la[;k&211
bZloh iwoZ fodflr Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA blds 11- ogh] i`"B la[;k&258
v/;;u ls bfrgkl ys[ku esa egoiw.kZ lg;ksx feysxkA 12- ogh] i`"B la[;k&266&69
13- ogh] i`"B la[;k&270
lalkj esa lcls izkphu eqnzk, fpksa okyh eqnzk, dgha tk ldrh gSaA ;s eqnzk,
14- ogh] i`"B la[;k&304
fyfi ds fodkl ls iwoZ dh gSaA izkphu dky esa /kjrh ij euq"; ds nSfud thou ls 15- foHkkxh; dq"kk.kdkyhu flDdksa dh izn'kZuh o"kZ 2015 ds czks'kj esa i`"B la[;k 8&9 ij bu
tqM+h lHkh egRoiw.kZ pht+sa fpfr (vkgr) eqnzkvksa ij Vafdr gSaA bl vk/kkj ij esjk izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA
;g fouez fuosnu gS fd eqnzkvksa ij fyfi ds fodkl ls iwoZ bu fpksa dk Vad.k
165
tgkxhj ds 'kklu dky eas esokM+ eas fuokl djus okys >kyk gjnkl us 'kkgh
tukuk[kkuk dh dqN efgykvkas dks Hkhykas ls cpk;k FkkA ftlls izlUu gksdj tgkxhj
us gjnkl >kyk dks jko dh mikf/k ls lEekfur djrs gq, mUgas pkSegyk dk ijxuk
>kykokM+ ftyk dk izkphu dLck xax/kkj iznku fd;kA gjnkl >kyk us xax/kkj dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA lu~ 1629 bZ- eas
MkW- iz.ko nso >kyk gjnkl ds iq= jktk ujgjnkl >kyk }kjk unh ds fdukjs fufeZr nqxZ eas yEcs le;
rd rglhy dk;kZy; pyrk jgkA8 bl nqxZ ds nks }kj Fks ftleas HkSjksiksy n'kZuh; jgk
>kykokM+ ftyk eq[;ky; ls nf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk esa yxHkx 125 fdyksehVj gSA bl }kj ds ikl gh tSu efUnj eas izfrf"Br ewfrZ;ksa ij fo-la- 1330] 1352] 1524]
nwj ekyok dh lhek ls feyk izkphu dLck xax/kkj fLFkr gS] tks orZeku esa iz'kklfud 1572 ds y?kq ys[k gSA ftlds vkxs c<+us ij lu~ 1251 bZ- ds jko dYg.k dk
n`f"V ls rglhy eq[;ky; gSA pkSegyk jsyos LVs'ku ls 5 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij f'kykys[k gS] ftlls dLcs dh le`f dk vkHkkl feyrk gSA nqxZ ds vUnj ujgjnkl
pEcy dh lgk;d unh NksVh dkyhfla/k ds fdukjs 23056* mkjh va{kk'k vkSj us >kykvkas dh dqynsoh fo'oUr ekrk ds efUnj dk Hkh fuekZ.k djok;kA buds jkT;
75041* iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds chp leqnz ry ls 1498 QhV dh pkbZ ij fLFkr1 ;g ds vUrxZr lkr ijxus xax/kkj ds jkT; eas vkrs FksA ftuls dqy okf"kZd vk;
dLck egkdkO; dky ls vius bfrgkl dks lehd`r djrk gSA bl dLcs dh LFkkiuk 400000@& FkhA ujgjnkl }kjk fufeZr ;g nqxZ xax/kkj uxj ds ps iBkjh {ks= ij cuk
ds fo"k; esa dqN fdaonfUr;k izfl gSA izFke fdaonUrh ds vuqlkj bls xaxkiq= Hkh"e gSA tgk ls pkjksa dh vksj pkSdlh dh tk ldsA nqxZ dh nhokjsa rFkk cqtsZ vkt Hkh lqn`<+
xkaxs; us clk;k vkSj blh vk/kkj ij bldk uke xax/kkj dgyk;kA2 nwljh fdaonUrh ds gSA mUgksaus blds vUnj fo'oUr ekrk ds efUnj ds vfrfjDr jkt ifjokj ds fuokl gsrq
vuqlkj dSjo uked jktiwrkas us bl xax/kkj dks vius xq: xaxkZpk;Z dks tkxhj esa fn;k HkO; egykas dk fuekZ.k Hkh djok;kA jktegy vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ujgjnkl
FkkA3 ,sfrgkfld izek.kksa ds vk/kkj ij bl dLcs dk uke xaxZjkV Lohdkj fd;k tk ds mkjkf/kdkjh Jh n;kynkl >kyk us vius NksVs Hkzkrk jk?konso ds lkFk mTtSu ds
ldrk gS4 D;kasfd blds lehi cgus okyh unh dk uke xxZjk feyrk gSA bldk fudV /keZr eas gq, izfl ;q esa 'kkgh lsuk dh vksj ls Hkkx fy;k FkkA ftldk usr`Ro
mYys[k eUnlkSj ds vkSfydj oa'kh; jktk fo'ooEeZu ls lEcfU/kr foe laor~ 480 tks/kiqj ujs'k egkjktk tloUrflag us fd;k FkkA rRi'pkr~ vkSjaxtsc ds ledkyhu
(lu~ 423&24 bZ-) ds ;gk ls izkIr f'kykys[k esa feyrk gSA5 blesa ukjeu ds ea=h jkor izrkiflag >kyk ;gk ds 'kkld gq,A lu~ 1670 bZ- muds LoxZokl ds ckn muds
e;wjk{k us ;gk ,d efUnj cuok;k FkkA blh vfHkys[k esa xax/kkj dk uke xxzkZV~ crk;k iq= jkor ekynso us 'kklu fd;kA ;g nksuksa 'kkld /keZijk;.k] nkuo`fk ls vksrizksr jgs
x;k gSA ;g bl dLcs ls izkIr blds bfrgkl dk izkphu vfHkys[kh; lk{; gSA gaSA ekynso us lu~ 1702 bZ- esa txUukFkiqjh dh rhFkZ ;k=k Hkh dh] rFkkfi lu~ 1695
eUnlkSj dk ;g jktk xqIr lezkV dqekj xqIr ds ledkyhu FkkA xax/kkj ls izkIr ,d bZ- ds muds rhu rkezi=kas ls vkl&ikl ds czk.kkas dks Hkwfe nku djus ds mYys[k
vU; f'kykys[k ds vuqlkj ;g uxj fo- laor~ 1308 (lu~ 1251 bZ-) esa jko dsYgu feyrs gSA blds vfrfjDr bu 'kkldksa us xax/kkj jkT; esa vusd ckofM+;ksa] rkykckas
ds vf/kdkj esa FkkA ;g jko dsYgu dkSu Fkk] blds fo"k; esa dqN Kkr ugha gks ldk ,oa dqvksa dk fuekZ.k djok;kA dkykUrj esa xax/kkj ds vf/kdka'k {ks= ij /kkj ds
gSA ml le; Hkh bl uxj dk uke ^xxZjkV* gh FkkA6 xax/kkj dh izkphurk dk vuqeku ijekj ;k iaokj jktkvkas dk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir gks x;k] vkSj xax/kkj jkT; esa dqy 10
vkt Hkh blds iqjko'ks"kkas ls lgt feyrk gSA dLcs ds iwohZ fdukjs ij nkSyrflag xko gh cpsA ckn esa ;g ;'koUr jko gksYdj ds vf/kdkj eas pyk x;kA ftldh vksj
>kyk }kjk fufeZr nylkxj rkykc ds ikl 17oha 'krkCnh ds lrh pcwrjs gSaA bUgha eas ls lu~ 1801 bZ- rd >kyk eks[keflag vkSj mlds iwoZtksa us 'kklu fd;kA blds ckn
,d Lekjd pcwrjk >kyk n;kynkl dk gSA ftUgksaus vius NksVs HkkbZ jk?konkl ds lkFk gksYdjkas dks okf"kZd f[kjkt nsus ls euk djus ds dkj.k eks[keflag ls xax/kkj jkT; Nhu
yxHkx 100 ls vf/kd dh lsuk lfgr lu~ 1658 bZ- ds /keZr;q esa ohjxfr ikbZ FkhA dj dksVk jkT; dks lu~ 1807 bZ- esa bZtkjs (Bsds) ij ns fn;k x;kA dksVk ds eqlkfgc
vcqy Qty ds vuqlkj lezkV vdcj ds 'kklu dky eas ;g dLCkk ekyok lwcs ds >kyk tkfyeflag us ;gk ds iz'kklu gsrq vius fiz; lsukuk;d esgjkc [kk dks fu;qDr
dksVM+h fiM+kok ljdkj ds vUrxZr ,d egy ;k ijxuk FkkA ml le; bldk uke fd;kA vaxsztkas us tc gksYdj dks ijkLr fd;k rc xax/kkj izns'k fczfV'k ljdkj ds
xaxjkj FkkA eqxy 'kklu dh vksj ls bl {ks= ds 'kklu gsrq bl dLcs eas 700 iSny ,oa vUrxZr vk x;kA ftls lu~ 1817 bZ- esa >kyk tkfyeflag dks fi.Mkjh mUewyu esa
200 ?kqMl + okj lSfud jgrs Fks] rFkkfi bldh okf"kZd vk; 10]66]683 nke FkhA7 mYys[kuh; lsok gsrq eUnlkSj esa gqbZ lfU/k ds vuqlkj ns fn;k x;kA lu~ 1819 bZ- ls
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;g dksVk jkT; dk vfHkUu vax cu x;kA9 lu~ 1827 bZ- esa dksVk jkT; dh vksj ls ekyok dh dkyh feV~Vh dh xq.kokk vkSj l?ku o`{kkas ds dkj.k xax/kkj dk izkfrd
lwjtey gkM+k xax/kkj nqxZ ds fdysnkj FksA ftUgkasus nqxZ ds vUnj Jh tkudh oYyHk okrkoj.k blds fodkl eas lcy lgk;d jgk gksA vkt Hkh ;g {ks= vQhe ds
efUnj dk fuekZ.k djk;kA 1838 bZ- esa >kykokM+ jkT; ds fuekZ.k ds le; ;g {ks= mRiknu ls lEiUurk dks izkIr gSA izkphu dky esa bl dLcs esa tgk ,d vksj tSu]
>kykokM+ jkT; ds vUrxZr vk x;kA10 leklr% ;qx;qxhu xax/kkj dk bfrgkl eas oS".ko] 'kkDr lEiznk; dk izHkwr izHkko jgk gSA ogha e/;dky eas oS".ko ,oa 'kSo HkfDr
le;≤ ij cgqfo/k :i ls mYys[k feyrk jgk gSA lu~ 1820 bZ- ds ,d mYys[k ds lkFk&lkFk lwQh lUrkas dh ok.kh Hkh eq[kfjr gqbZ gSA uD'kcUnh flyflys ds lwQh
ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ;gk dh le`f f'k[kj ij Fkh] rFkkfi dLcs esa dqN tkSgfj;ksa dh lUr ckck Qtyqhu dh xqQk 'kjhQ xax/kkj ds nf{k.k eas NksVh dkyhfla/k unh ds
Lo.kkZHkw"k.kkas dh izfl nqdkusa Fkh] vkSj dLcs dh dqy tula[;k dk vuqeku 1500 fdukjs l?ku o`{kksa ds e/; fLFkr gSA ftl ij fo'kky njxkg cuh gqbZ gSA ;|fi bu
edkuksa ds gkssus ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA11 lwQh lUr dk uk rks ;gk tUe gqvk vkSj uk e`R;qA fdUrq mUgksaus xax/kkj dh /kjrh ij
iqjkrRo'kkfL=;ksa ds fy, Hkh xax/kkj dLck vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jgk gSA duZy 37 o"kZ dBksj bZ'ojh; lk/kuk esa O;rhr fd;sA ckck Qtyqhu lu~ 1886 bZ- esa xax/
VkWM] tkWu esYdkWe] MkW- oh-,l- okd.kdj] MkW- ';ke lqUnj fuxe] MkW- ts-,u- kkj igqpsA ;g njxkg pkSegyk jsyos LVs'ku ls dqy 4 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA
lDlsuk tSls izkP;fo|kfon~ ;gk dk losZ{k.k dj pqds gaAS 12 ekyok ds vU; iqjkrkfRod njxkg ds eq[; }kj dk cqyUn njoktk o mldh ph&ph ehukjas lUr dh
LFkykas dh Hkkfr xax/kkj Hkh rkeze;qxhu cLrh ds :i esa igpkuk tk ldrk gSA foe cqyfUn;ksa dks crk jgh gSA njxkg ds vUnj dh vksj ,d bcknrxkg cuh gqbZ gSA
fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu ds iwoZ mikpk;Z MkW- ';ke lqUnj fuxe us viuh losZ{k.k ftlds lkeus rhu eaftyh bZekjr gSA tgk ij ds [kqyh efLtn dks vdcjh efLtn
fjiksVZ13 esa ;g lEHkkouk O;Dr dh gS fd xax/kkj dk laca/k dk;Fkk mR[kuu ls izkIr dgk tkrk gSA vdcjh efLtn ds uhps 'kkg Qtyqhu vgen jgvySg dh ,d vksj
iqjko'ks"kksa ds leku gks ldrk gSA ftldh izkphurk bZ- iwoZ 2000 rd fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ NksVh efLtn cuh gqbZ gSA ftlds ikl vkSjrksa ds izkFkZuk djus ds fy, ,d dejk cuk
gSA14 Vhys ds izFke fuEu Lrj ij mUgas ;gk dkys vkSj yky e`nHkk.M izkIr gksus yxrs gqvk gSA bl dejs ds uhps ,d xqQk cuh gqbZ gS] ftlesa efgykvksa dk vUnj tkuk euk
gSA mudh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ;g ik= ftudk le; bZ-iw- 1800&2000 rd ekuk x;k gSA bldks xqQk 'kjhQ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd ckck ds 24 ?k.Vs
gS] ewyr% cukldkBk] vkojk] eukSVh] uoknkVksyh vkSj ukxnk vkfn ls izkIr e`.kik=kas ;kns bykgh eas gh fudy tkrs FksA njxkg ds vUnj ,d cqtZ cuk gqvk gS] tgk vkids
ls lkE; j[krs gSA xax/kkj mR[kuu ds izFke Lrj ls gh ekyok ds yksdfiz; dkys eqjhn fe;k uoha [kM+s gksdj ?k.Vksa bcknr djrs FksA vkt Hkh ml cqtZ eas ,d tkuekt
fpf=r yky ik= izkIr gksus yxrs gSA ;s ik= Hkh vU; iqjkLFkykas ls izkIr ik=kas dh Hkkfr (uekt i<+rs le; fcNkus okyk diM+k) j[kk gqvk gSA bl cqtZ ds vUnj dbZ yksx
vyar gSA mR[kuu ds f}rh; Lrj ij ,u-ch-ih-MCY;w- izkIr gksrs gSaA bl Lrj ls vkt Hkh [kM+s gksdj izkFkZUkk djrs gSA cqtZ ds ckgj ,d cM+k lk gky o jlksbZ ?kj cuk
FkksMk+ ij ekyok] tksjos izdkj ds e`nHkk.M izkIr gksrs gSA lhekUr mkjh ekyok esa gqvk gS tks tkbjhuksa ds Bgjus dk LFkku gSA jlksbZ?kj ds ikl ls ij tkus dh lhf<+;k
budh izkfIr mYys[kuh; ,oa >kykokM+ ftyk ds fy, xoZ dh ckr gSA r`rh; Lrj ij cuh gqbZ gS] tgk ls cgqr lqUnj n`'; fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSA dkyhfla/k unh dh cgkoV
LysVh ,oa yky crZu izkIr gksrs gSA bu crZuksa dk le; MkW- dSyk'k pUn tSu us NBh vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds ,l 'kCn dh rjg fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ;gk ls fn[kus okyh unh dh
'krkCnh iwoZ bZlk iwoZ dk ekuk gSA MkW- fuxe dks bl Lrj ij vU; Hkn~ns eksVs Hkwjs jax xgjkbZ dkQh gSA dgrs gS NIifu;k ds vdky ds le; Hkh unh esa bl txg ikuh Hkjk
ds pkdkj vUudwikas ds /oalko'ks"k izkIr gq, Fks tks ledkyhu vU; iqjkcfLr;kas dh jgk FkkA njxkg ds vUnj gh [kkudkg cuh gqbZ gS] tgk njxkg desVh dh vksj ls
Hkkfr gSA bl Lrj ds Bhd ij ,d dxkj ij cMs+ vkdkj okyh ekS;Z;qxhu bZaVsa fn[kkbZ xjhcksa ;kf=;ksa ,oa tkbZjhuksa ds Bgjus o [kku&iku dk izcU/k fd;k tkrk gSA15
iM+rh gSA ftudk vkdkj 16**x10**x3** rFkk 16**x9**x3**gSA xxZjk unh us ck<+ fj;klr dkyhu y{ehukjk;.k efUnj ;gk ds fuokfl;ksa dh vkLFkk dk dsUnz
ds rst cgko }kjk xax/kkj ds ftu Vhyksa dks dkVk gS mudk lw{e voyksdu djus ij jgk gSA jkekuqt lEiznk; ls laca/k j[kus okys bl efUnj ds iV~Vs ;gk ds ewy fuoklh
rkezk'e;qxhu laLfr ds iqjko'ks"k MkW- fuxe dks feys FksA vLrq mUgkasus muds uhps Hkh xkSM+ ifjokj ds ikl >kykokM+ esa lqjf{kr j[ks gaAS 16 xax/kkj dLcs vkSj vkl&ikl ds
Vhyksa ds vUrjky esa iqjko'ks"k gksus dh lEHkkouk viuh fjiksVZ esa O;Dr dh gSA xax/kkj {ks= ds lkekftd thou eas ;gk pS= ,oa 'kjn dh iwf.kZekvksa ij yxus okys esys dk
dh bZaVksa ls ,d nhokj ds n'kZu gksrs gaS] ftlds ij 'kqaxdkyhu Lrj izkIr gksrk gSA fo'ks"k egRo jgk gSA uojkf= esa HkfDrHkko ls iw.kZ jkeyhyk ,oa jko.k o/k dk vk;kstu
ftlesa idkbZ xbZ feV~Vh ls ,d ekuo flj izkIr gqvk FkkA dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha gS fd ;gk ds yxHkx 10000 fuokfl;kas ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jgrk gSA leklr% xax/kkj
167
dLck gkM+krS h ,oa ekyok ds laf/k LFky ij vofLFkr ,d vufr[;kr i;ZVu dsUnz gSA
tgk dh /kkfeZd] izkfrd] lkekftd fo'ks"krk,as mYys[kuh; gSA ;gk dk nylkxj17]
jktegy] tSu efUnj] y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] njxkg] xqQk 'kjhQ vkfn i;ZVdksa ds
vkd"kZ.k ds dsUnz gks ldrs gSaA vfHkys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij iwoZ&e/;dky esa jktLFkku
lUnHkZ dk jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd thou
1- tkWu ekyde] , esek;j vkWQ lsUVy bf.M;k] Hkkx&2] la- 3] i`- 402 eqds'k dqekj 'kekZ
2- ,l-vkj- [kku] >kykokM+ jkT; dk bfrgkl] dksVk o"kZ 2010 i`- 28
3- fn jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j Hkkx&2] i`- 216 iwoZ e/;dkyhu jktuhfrd fLFkfr&iwoZ e/; dky esa jktra= dk fodsUnzhdj.k
4- ';kenkl&ohj fouksn] f}rh; Hkkx] f}rh; [k.M] i`- 1466
gks x;k FkkA dsUnz esa izR;sd foHkkx fo|eku Fkk ftldk ea=h mldh ns[k&js[k djrk
5- iz.ko nso] ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLd`frd ys[k] t;iqj 2011] f}rh; la- i`- 57
6- ch-,u- <kSf.M;ky] fMfLVDV xtsfV;j >kykokM+] 1964 bZ-] i`- 286
FkkA lkjs jkT;ksa dks izkUrksa esa ckV fn;k x;k Fkk ftlds izcU/k ds fy, izkarifr jktk dh
7- vcqy Qty] (vuq- ,p-,l- tkjsV)] vkbZus vdcjh] Hkkx&2] i`- 220 vksj ls fu;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA g"kZ] xqtZj izfrgkj rFkk iky jkT; HkqfDr esa caVs FksA izkUr
8- ,uqvy fjiksVZ vkWu fn ofdZax vkWQ jktiwrkuk E;wft;e vtesj] i`-&2 esa lq'kklu esa turk esa jktfu"Bk cuh jgrh vkSj dsUnzh; 'kklu lqn`<+ jgrk FkkA Hkwfe
9- , DysD'ku vkWQ VhVht] ,UxstesaV~l ,.M lun~l] Hkkx&3] i`-&333 dj rFkk vU; VSDl izkUrh; jkt/kkuh esa olwy djus ds ckn 'kklu O;; dkV dj 'ks"k
10-- , DysD'ku vkWQ VhVht] ,UxstesaV~l ,.M lun~l] Hkkx&3] i`-263&64 dsUnzh; ljdkj dks Hkst fn;k tkrk FkkA xgM+oky ys[kksa esa egkj 'kCn xko ds eqf[k;k
11- tkWu ekyde] , esek;j vkWQ lsUVy bf.M;k] Hkkx&2] la- 3] i`- 402 ds fy, iz;qDr feyrk gSA1
12- Dyjo 1996&97 (LoxZt;Urh fo'ks"kkad) okf"kZd if=dk] jktdh; Lukdkskj egkfo|ky;]
vfHkys[kksa ls gesa jktuSfrd thou ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu lwpuk,a miyC/k gksrh
>kykokM+] i`- 26] 27 ij gjh'k Jaxh dk ys[kA
13- ';ke lqUnj fuxe] xax/kkj dh izkphurk (mR[kuu fjiksVZ)] foe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu] i`-
gS tks jktuSfrd bfrgkl ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA vfHkys[kksa ls gesa fofHkUu
1&5 jktoa'kksa dh mRifk] oa'k o`{k] jktkvksa }kjk dh xbZ fot;sa] iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh
14- bf.M;u vkfdZ;ksykWth] , fjO;w 1955] i`- 11&14 O;oLFkk vkfn lwpuk, miyC/k gksrh gSA jktLFkku esa miyC/k gksus okys ys[ksa esa ;s lHkh
15- iz.ko nso funsfZ 'kr ,oa csuthj [kkue fyf[kr ,e-fQy- vizdkf'kr y?kq 'kks/k izcU/k >kykokM+ izdkj dh jktuSfrd lwpuk, gesa miyC/k gksrh gSaA jktoa'kksa dh mRifk fo"k;d
jkT; esa lwQhokn] dksVk fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk i`- 86&94 vfHkys[kksa ds mnkgj.k ds :i esa dDdqd dk ?kfV;kyk ys[k fy;k tk ldrk gSA2 bl
16- yfyr 'kekZ] >kykokM+ bfrgkl laLfr vkSj i;ZVu] mTtSu] o"kZ 2010] i`- 39 vfHkys[k esa izfrgkj oa'k dh mRifk ds fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS fd j?kqoa'kh jke dk
17- pUnzef.kflag (la-)] izksVsDVsM eksuwesUV~l vkWQ jktLFkku] t;iqj 2002] i`- 55 izfrgkj (}kjiky) mldk HkkbZ y{e.k FkkA vr% y{e.k ds oa'kt izfrgkj dgyk,A
bl izdkj izfrgkj oa'k dk lEcU/k lw;Zoa'kh y{e.k ds lkFk tksMu+ s ds vfrfjDr ;g Hkh
dgk gS fd izfrgkj jktiwr oa'k dk ewy iq#"k gfj'kpUnz czk.k FkkA bl czk.k dh
czk.k iRuh ls mRiUu lUrku izfrgkj czk.k gqbZ rFkk {kf=; iRuh Hknzk ls mRiUu
lUrku izfrgkj jktiwr gqbZA blh izdkj pkSgku jktoa'k ds fo"k; esa lsokM+h ls miyC/
k egkjk.kk jRuiky ds rkezi=3 esa dgk x;k gS fd bUnz dh vk[k ls ,d iq#"k fudyk
ftlls pkgeku (pkSgku) oa'k pykA bl izdkj pkSgkuksa dh mRifk fo"k;d vfXudq.M
dFkk ls fHkUu rF; ;g vfHkys[k izLrqr djrk gSA blh izdkj ekjokM+ ds jkBkSMk+ sa dk
lEcU/k Hkh vfHkys[kksa }kjk dUukSt ls LFkkfir gksrk gS rFkk bUgsa lw;Zoa'kh Hkh crk;k x;k
gSA bl lEcU/k esa jkoy txeky dk uxj vfHkys[k n`"VO; gSA bl vfHkys[k esa dgk
x;k gS fd lw;Zoa'kh dUukSft;k jkBkSM+ lhgk o lksux us viuh ryokj dh 'kfDr ls
168
[ksM+ ij vf/kdkj fd;kA blh izdkj chdkusj ds nqxZ dh izrhyh ij miyC/k egkjk.kk dh ukFk iz'kfLr] ,dfyaxth10 fpkkSM+ dk pkyqD; dqekjiky dk vfHkys[k (lu~
jk;flag dkyhu ys[k4 Hkh bu jkBkSM+ksa dks lw;Zoa'kh Bgjkrk gSA bl izdkj jktLFkku ls 1150 bZ-) esa foLrkjiwoZd lEcfU/kr uxjksa dk o.kZu miyC/k gksrk gS blls ;qx fo'ks"k
miyC/k vfHkys[kksa ls fofHkUu jktoa'kksa dh mn~Hko fo"k;d tkudkjh izkIr dh tk dh uxj fuekZ.k ;kstuk ,oa uxjksa ds oSHko dks le>k tk ldrk gS pkSjos xzke (mn;iqj
ldrh gSA ftyk) esa miyC/k laor~ 1330 ds vfHkys[k11 ls gesa phjok xzke dh fLFkfr rFkk clh
iwoZe/;dkyhu lkekftd fLFkfr&jktuSfrd thou ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd gqbZ n'kk fo"k;d lwpuk,a feyrh gSA ml le; ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa xzke fdl izdkj clrs
thou ls lEcfU/kr egoiw.kZ lwpuk,a Hkh gesa vfHkys[kksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA5 izR;sd o.kZ Fks rFkk os fdu izdkj ?kkfV;ksa rFkk o`{kksa ls f?kjs jgrs Fks] muesa rkykcksa o [ksrksa dh D;k
ds vUrxZr fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dk mYys[k gesa vfHkys[kksa esa izkIr gksrk gSA jktiwrksa dh fLFkfr jgrh Fkh vkSj muesa efUnj fdl izdkj xkao ds thou ds vax gksrs Fks vkfn
dbZ ,slh tkfr;ksa dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gS tks orZeku esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA ;k rks os fo"k;ksa dk bl vfHkys[k }kjk vPNk cks/k gksrk gSA jfl;k dk N=h dk vfHkys[k ls
tkfr;ka yqIr gks pqdh gSa ;k mudk :i vR;f/kd cny x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s iky nsyokM+k ,oa ukxnk uxjksa dk foLr`r fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSA
ds lrh Lekjd vfHkys[kksa esa bl izdkj dh tkfr;ksa feyrh gSA vfHkys[kksa esa lekt fgUnw o.kZ O;oLFkk esa dk;LFk dk uke izkphu le; esa ugha feyrk] tks bl ;qx
dh 'kkfUr ,oa lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk ds fo"k; esa Hkh vR;Ur euksjatd rF; feyrs gSaA esa fof'k"V tkfr ds :i esa fo|eku FksA dk.ks ds erkuqlkj] NBh lnh ls iwoZ /keZ'kkL=ksa
ukMksy ls izkIr lu~ 1141 bZ- ds ,d vfHkys[k6 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd /kkyksi xzke dks esa dk;LFk dk uke ugha vkrk] ijUrq fiNyh Le`fr;ksa esa budk uke feyrk gSA12 izkphu
vkB okMks esa ckaVk x;k Fkk izR;sd okMZ esa nks&nks czk.kksa dk pquk fd;k x;kA bu o.kZO;oLFkk esa 'kwnz pkSFkh tkfr ekuh tkrh jgh] ftudk lsok djuk gh eq[; dk;Z FkkA
izfrfuf/k;ksa ds e.My dk e/;d ihiyokM+k ls fuokZfpr nsokbp dks cuk;k x;kA fiNyh Le`fr;ksa ds dkj.k irk pyrk gS fd fookg ds dkj.k rFkk dekZuqlkj lekt esa
bUgksaus fu'p; fd;k fd xzke ds iap pksjh dk irk yxkus esa lg;ksx nsaxsA bl fu.kZ; 'kwnzksa dh dbZ mitkfr;ka gks x;h FkhaA iwoZe/;dky esa vusd mitkfr;ksa ds dkj.k
ij xzkeokfl;ksa dh lk{kh Hkh nh x;h gS rFkk vfHkys[k esa ;g Hkh dgk gS fd ;g ys[k lekt esa Hkh fHkUurk vkus yxh FkhA bl ;qx ds nkui=ksa esa laLdkjksa ds uke ;FkkLFkku
dk;LFk Bkdqj isFkM us xzkeokfl;ksa dh bPNk ls fy[kk gSA bl izdkj lekt ds yksxksa vk tkrs gSaA iz'kfLr;ksa esa tkrdeZ] ukedj.k] miu;u] fookg rFkk Jk ds uke vkrs
esa viuh O;oLFkk ds fo"k; esa tks tkx`fr Fkh] mldk lgh fp= gesa fey tkrk gSA dqN gSaA ukedj.k rFkk Jk ds le; Hkwfenku esa nh tkrh FkhaA firì{k ds vekoL;k dks
vfHkys[kksa esa jhfr&fjoktksa dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA dgha&dgha izlaxo'k vkHkw"k.kksa nku nsus dk vusd LFkkuksa ij o.kZu vkrk gSA ys[kksa esa budk o.kZu ioZ.k Jk feyrk
dk Hkh mYys[k fey tkrk gSA vfHkys[kksa esa lrh&izFkk fo"k;d lkexzh i;kZIr ek=k esa gSA vr,o tUe ls e`R;qa i;ZUr eq[; laLdkjksa dk o.kZu ys[kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA leLr
feyrh gSA gesa ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd lrh&izFkk ek= {kf=;ksa esa gh ugha oju~ czk.kksa laLdkjksa esa fookg iz/kku ekuk x;k gSA Le`fr xzaFkksa esa bl fo"k; ij vR;f/kd fopkj
o oS';ksa esa Hkh izpfyr FkhA lrh izFkk ds fo"k; esa ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd lrh fd;k x;k gSA iwoZe/; esa lxks= rFkk lizoj esa Hkh fookg vekU; gks x;k] tks vkt Hkh
dsoy ifr dh e`R;q ij gh ugha oju~ iq= dh e`R;q ij eka lrh gks tkrh FkhA bl izdkj lekt esa izpfyr gSA czk.k vU; o.kZ dh dU;k ls vuqyke fookg djrk jgkA ,d
,d lrh Lekjd vfHkys[k fla?kksfM+;ksa dh ckjh] tks/kiqj esa miyC/k gSA7 lrh Lekjd iz'kfLr esa o.kZu vkrk gS fd czk.k gfj'kpUnz us czk.k dU;k ds vfrfjDr {kf=;
vfHkys[k fookg dh flFkfr ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA lfr;ksa dh la[;k ls cgq iRuh dU;k ls Hkh fookg fd;k FkkA13 iky rFkk lsu ys[kksa esa ,sls mYys[k feyrs gSaA 'kwnz
fookg dh izFkk dk Kku gksrk gSA lkFk gh miifRu;ksa (iklokuksa) ds vfLrRo dh izFkk dU;k ls vuqykse fookg dfy oT;Z ekuk x;k gSA14
dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA iwoZe/; dkyhu f'k{kk dh fLFkfr&Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa iwoZ e/;
vfHkys[kksa esa gesa xzkeksa ,oa uxjksa dk Hkh o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS ftlls xzkeksa ds dky dk ;qx ,d fo'ks"k LFkku j[krk gSA 'kkldksa rFkk rRdkyhu fo}kuksa dk /;ku
clus dh ;kstuk ,oa uxj ;kstuk o uxjksa ds oSHko dk Kku gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ lkfgR; dh o`f dh vksj yxk FkkA ;|fi ,dN= jkT; dh dYiuk QyhHkwr u gks
ukMksy ls izkIr laor~ 1198 fo- ds vfHkys[k8 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd /kkyksi uked xzke ik;h rFkkfi vius NksVh lhek esa gh jktk dfo;ksa] ys[kdksa dks vkJ; nsdj lkfgR;&l`tu
vyx vyx okMksa (okMks) esa foHkkftr FkkA bu okMks ds esjhokM+k] MhikokM+k] esa lgk;rk igqpkrs jgsA dqN 'kkldksa us Lo;a ys[kuh mBkdj lkfgR; dh vfHko`f dh
ihiyokM+k vkfn uke Hkh fn;s x;s gSa uxjksa dk foLr`r fooj.k Hkh vfHkys[kksa esa rFkk f'k{kk ds izlkj esa ru] eu vkSj /ku yxk;k FkkA ;g ,slk ;qx Fkk tc Hkkjr D;k]
miyC/k gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vksfl;ka ds laor~ 1013 ds vfHkys[k9] laor~ 1028 mlls ckgj Hkh lkfgR; dk izlkj fd;k x;k vkSj vusd xzaFk vuwfnr fd, x,A
169
Hkkjrh; iafMrksa us usiky] frCcr] e/; ,f'k;k rFkk phu esa lkfgR; dks izlkfjr fd;kA vFkok tSu /keZ ls lEcfU/kr gks ldrk gSA16 jktLFkku esa ckS /keZ ds vfLrRo dh
mlh dk Qy gS fd Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds dqN vewY; jRu mu ns'kksa esa feyrs gSa ftudks lwpuk vU; lk/kuksa ls vo'; izkIr gksrh gS] ysfdu vfHkys[kh; lk{; rks bl fo"k; esa
eqlyekuksa us Hkkjr esa u"V dj fn;k FkkA iw.kZr% ekSu gSA vfHkys[kksa ls tSu /keZ ds foLrkj ,oa mUufr ds lEcU/k esa i;kZIr
iwoZe/; dkyhu ukjh dh fLFkfr & ukjh lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA lkaLd`frd lwpuk, feyrh gSA jktLFkku esa vR;f/kd ek=k esa tSu eafnj izkIr gq, gSa rFkk vf/kdka'k
okrkoj.k] ikfjokfjd lajpuk vkfn ds QyLo:i le;≤ ij ukjh dh fLFkfr esa efUnj vfHkys[k ;qDr gSA blls Li"V gS fd jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ dks i;kZIr yksdfiz;rk
fof'k"V mrkj&p<+ko gksrs jgs gSaA ^^;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs] jeUrs r= nsork** dgdj izkIr gqbZ rFkk LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dh Hkh bl /keZ ds izfr ln~Hkkouk jgh FkhA jktLFkku esa
izkphu dky esa ukfj;ksa dh iwtk dh xbZA mls vR;Ur izfrf"Br o lEekutud LFkku fgUnw /keZ vR;f/kd izcy jgk gSA LFkkuh; vfHkys[kksa esa vkjEHk ls gh fgUnw /keZ ds
izkIr FkkA og osn ea=ksa dh l`"Vk Fkh rks mifu"kn~ ds rRoKku dh Kkrk ,oa 'kkL=kFkZ vfLrRo dk mYys[k feyus yxrk gSA ?kkslq.Mh f'kykys[k esa] tks jktLFkku esa izkIr
djrh fonq"kh Hkh ekuh xbZA ijUrq /khjs&/khjs mldh xfjek dh mTToy T;ksfr /kwfey izkphure vfHkys[kksa esa ls ,d gS] fgUnw /keZ dk mYys[k gSA bl vfHkys[k esa voes?k
gksus yxhA iwoZ e/;dky esa cgqiRuhozr ds vusd mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA nks dU;kvksa ls ;K o oklqnso (Hkxoku fo".kq) rFkk ukjk;.k okVd ds fuekZ.k dk mYys[k gqvk gSA17
fookg dh ckr lk/kkj.k ekywe iM+rh gS] ftldk o.kZu ys[kksa ls Hkjk iM+k gSA buds mijkUr izR;sd ;qx esa 'kSo ,oa oS".ko nksuksa erksa ds vfHkys[k izpqj ek=k esa
xkgM+oky jktk xksfoUnpUnz dh pkj ifRu;ka Fkh rFkk xksxknso psfn dh lkS fL=;k FkhaA miyC/k gksrs gSaA
ml lEcU/k esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd jktk lHkh dks ysdj iz;kx x;k rFkk ogk mlds cqpdyk (tks/kiqj) f'ko rFkk fo".kq ds eafnj vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj lu~ 815
ejus ij fL=;k lrh gks x;haA vUrZtkrh; fookg ds lkFk Hkkstu dk Hkh iz'u mBk;k tk esa ukxHk f}rh; ds Lofo"k; esa fufeZr gq,A os vis{kkd`r cgqr lh/ks lkns Hkou gSA
ldrk gSA czk.k vU; tkfr;ksa dk Hkkstu ;k ty ugha xzg.k djrs FksA tks yksx f=jFk xHkZx`g ds ij NksVs yfru f'k[kj cus gSaA f'ko eafnj ds lkeus dsoy eq[k
pk.Mky dk ikuh ihrs Fks muds fy, izk;f'pr dk fo/kku Le`fr xzaFkksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA prq"dh gS] ij fo".kq eafnj eas jaxeaMi Hkh gSA f'ko eafnj ds Hknzksa esa x.ks'k gfjgj vkSj
iwoZe/;dky esa /kkfeZd thou & iwoZe/;dky esa fofHkUu /kkfeZd erksa ds ikoZrh dh ewfrZ;k fo|eku gSA eq.Mkuk (tks/kiqj) f'ko eafnj (825 bZ-) dk xHkZx`g
dkj.k bB;ksx vkSj ra=&ea= dk [kwc izpkj gks x;k FkkA 'kkDrer ds dkj.k rkaf=d f=jFk gS] ftlds Hknzksa ij x.ks'k rFkk vU; nsoh nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;k vafdr gSA eafnj
dk;Z c<+ x;s FksA ea= ds lgkjs lQyrk dh vk'kk dh tkrh FkhA ys[kksa esa rks ;gk rd ds vax gS iapjFk] xHkZx`g rFkk eq[kprq"dhA Hknzksa ij x.ks'k rFkk dkfrZds; dh ewfrZ;k
o.kZu feyrk gS fd jktnjckj esa Qfyr T;ksfr"k dh x.kuk ds fy, ,d fo}ku fu;qDr vafdr gSA vksfl;ka ,oa vkHkkusjh ls Hkh x.ks'k dh izfrek, feyh gSA ihiyk ekrk
fd;k tkrk FkkA ml le; vf/kd dk;Z ea= ds lgkjs fd, tkrs FksA rkcht iguuk] vksfl;ka esa x.ks'k vkSj dqcsj ds lkFk egf"kZ efnZuh dh ewfrZ gSA18 [kaMsys uked LFkku
b"Bflf ds fy, cfynku] Hkwr] Mkfduh ij fo'okl] fnDikyksa dh iwtk fofHkUu :i ij bZ- 807 dk ,d f'kykys[k feyk gS tks bl LFkku ij fLFkr vZukjh'oj ds eafnj
ls gksus yxh FkhA tgk rd lekt esa pfj= dh ckr gS Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk pfj= lnk ls esa yxk gqvk FkkA ;g eafnj vkt ugha jgk gSa ij f'kykys[k dh f'kyk vc Hkh lqjf{kr
gh mTToy rFkk iz'kaluh; jgk gSA fonsf'k;ksa us Hkh mldh iz'kalk gh dh gSA iwoZe/ gSA bl ys[k esa dqy 11 iaf;ka gSA bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k /kwlj tkfr ds vkfnR; ukx
;dky esa eqlyeku ;kf=;ksa us Hkkjrh; bZekunkjh rFkk U;k; dk o.kZu fd;k gS vkSj uked egktu us djok;k FkkA [kaMsy ds ikl /khjoj uked izkphu xkao gSA mlls
lR; Hkk"k.k dh fo'ks"krk crykbZ gSaA fudys gq, egktuksa dk oa'k /kwlj uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blh {ks= dk ldjk; dk
vfHkys[kksa ls /kkfeZd thou ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk,a i;kZIr ek=k esa izkIr gksrh 'kadjk ekrk dk f'kykys[k cM+k izkphu gSA bls eafnj ds eaMi fuekZ.k ds le; 'kadjk
gSA yksxksa dh /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh i;kZIr vfHkO;fDr vfHkys[kksa esa gqbZ gSA vfHkys[kksa ds eafnj esa yxk;k x;k FkkA ;g fookfnr f'kykys[k gS ftldh frfFk ij fo}kuksa esa
esa gesa fofHkUu /keks dh fLFkfr] /kkfeZd f;kvksa] /keZ LFkkuksa fuekZ.k] /kkfeZd nku dk;Z xgjk erHksn gSA vks>k ds vuqlkj ;g fo- 749 dk] HkaMkjdj ds vuqlkj fo- 879 dk
vkfn fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk, i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gksrh gSaA LFkkuh; vfHkys[kksa gS vkSj ,fixzkfQ;k bafMdk esa bls laikfnr djus okys MkW- NkcM+k ds vuqlkj ;g fo-
ls jktLFkku esa ftu /keks ds vfLrRo dk gesa cks/k gskrk gS] muesa ckS /keZ dk uke ugha 699 dk gSA eafnj bl frfFk ds iwoZ cuk gksxkA eafnj esa nsoh 'kadjk dh fut eafnj esa
gSA ;|fi uxjh vfHkys[k esa vk;s gq, 'kCnksa ^^l (osZ) Hkwrkuka n;kFksZ** vkSj rk ewfrZ izfrf"Br Fkh vkSj mlds ik'oZ esa nksuksa vksj x.ks'k vkSj dqcsj dh ewfrZ;k FkhaA bl
(dkfjrk) ds vk/kkj ij ;g vuqeku vo'; yxk;k tkrk gS fd ;g ys[k ckS /keZ ls f'kykys[k esa loZizFke x.ks'k dh Lrqfr dh x;h gSA jktLFkku esa vusd tSu eafnj gSa tks
170
vius mRd`"V LFkkiR; vkSj lqUnj ewfrZ dyk ds dkj.k cM+s fo[;kr jgs gSaA vusd tSu Lrqfr izkIr gksrh gSA dbZ ys[kksa esa vusd nsorkvksa dk mYys[k ,d lkFk Hkh feyrk gSA
f'kykys[kksa us jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dh <dh ijrksa dks m?kkM+k gSA tSu lzksrksa dk eksVs rkSj mnkgj.k ds fy, izrkix<+ ls izkIr laor~ 1003 ds vfHkys[k esa32 lw;Z] nqxkZ] f'ko vkfn
ij fuEufyf[kr :i ls foHkktu fd;k tkrk ldrk gSA20 (1) iqjkrRo] (2) lkfgR; vusd nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr nh x;h gSA blh izdkj jko tSrk ds jtykuh vfHkys[k esa33
(3) fonsf'k;ksa ds ;k=k o`rkarA f'kykys[k lwpuk iznku djus ds fy, gekjs lokZf/kd Hkh x.kifr] ljLorh vkfn dbZ nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr xkbZ xbZ gSA iwoZe/;dkyhu
fo'oluh; lzksr gSA jktLFkku ds fofHkUu Hkw&Hkkxksa ls ,sls lSadM+ksa f'kykys[k [kkst vfHkys[kksa ds v/;;u ls ;g Hkh fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd jktLFkku ds jktkvksa esa /
fudkys x;s gSaA gtkjksa ,sls f'kykys[k iwoZdky esa fo}kuksa }kjk izdk'k esa yk, x, gSaA kkfeZd djrk ugha Fkh cfYd /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk FkhA esokM+ ds egkjk.kk
loZizkphu tSu f'kykys[kksa tks jktLFkku esa feyk gS og ikapoh 'krh bZ- iwoZ dk vkjEHk ls gh 'kSo erkoyEch Fks] ysfdu fpkkSM+ nqxZ esa miyC/k oS".ko ,oa tSu eafnj
cMyh vfHkys[k gSA vks>k dk fopkj Fkk fd bl vfHkys[k esa egkohj laor~ 84 vfHkys[kksa ,oa tSu dhfrZ LrEHk ds vfHkys[kksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd mu 'kkldksa us
(ikapoh 'krh bZ- iwoZ) frfFk vafdr gSA21 MkW- jktcyh ik.Ms; us Hkh bl ekU;rk dk oS".ko ,oa tSu /keks dks Hkh laj{k.k iznku fd;k FkkA xksMo+ kM+ ds pkSgku vfHkys[kksa ls
leFkZu fd;k gSA22 MkW- fnus'kpUnz ljdkj cMyh ik"kk.k ys[k dks bruk izkphu ugha Hkh bl rF; dh iqf"V gks tkrh gSA bu 'kkldksa us tSu /keZ dks laj{k.k iznku fd;k FkkA
ekurs gSaA23 vkjafHkd vfHkys[kksa esa ewy :i ls nl ls ckjgoha 'krkCnh ds ys[k vkrs gSa vksfl;ka ,oa ?kfV;kyk ds vfHkys[kksa ls Li"V gS fd izfrgkj 'kkldksa us Hkh tSu /keZ dks
tks jktLFkku ds nf{k.k&if'pe Hkkx ls vf/kd izkIr gq, gSa] vkSj ewy:i ls O;fxr laj{k.k iznku fd;k FkkA ;g lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk 'kkldksa rd gh lhfer ugha Fkh oju~
gSaA ijorhZ dky ds f'kykys[k pkuksa] LrEHkksa] ewfrZ;ksa (/kkrq ,oa iRFkj) ij mRdh.k turk esa Hkh O;kIr FkhA
gSA os laLd`r izkd`r ,oa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa fyf[kr gSA dHkh&dHkh fefJr Hkk"kk dk lanHkZ
Hkh buesa iz;ksx ns[kk tkrk gSA24 njk (dksVk) ls izkIr vfHkys[k esa of.kZr ^flfils.k 1- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] Hkkx&11] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 49
le.kh* dks fo}ku tSu Je.k fHk{kq ls tksM+rs gSaA25 blds vfrfjDr jktLFkku esa tSu 2- tuZy vkWQ n jk;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh 1895] i`- 516
ys[kksa dh izkfIr dk le; 10oha 'krh bZ- gS] tcfd ;g ekU;rk LFkkfir gS fd 10oha 3- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 11] i`- 38
'krkCnh ls iwoZ gh jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ dk izHkko lqizfrf"Br gks pqdk FkkA bl izdkj 4- tujy vkWQ n ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky (U;w lhjht)] [k.M 16] i`- 279
ds LFky] tks 10oha 'krkCnh ls iwoZ tSu /keZ ls lEc Fks] mudh foLrkj ls lwph dbZ 5- ukgj] tSu ys[k laxzg] Hkkx 1] i`- 192
xzaFkksa esa izkIr gksrh gSA26 6- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 9] i`- 159] [k.M 11] i`- 39
7- e;ad] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 219
oS".ko vfHkys[kksa esa oklqnso] dSVHkfjiq27] eqjkfj] vkfnojkg] ojkg vkfn uke 8- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 9] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 39
izkIr gksrs gSaA bUgha ukeksa ls vfHkys[kksa ds vkjEHk esa vfHkoknu fd;k x;k gSA blh 9- iw.kZpUnz ukgj] tSu ys[k laxzg] Hkkx 1] i`- 788
izdkj 'kSo vfHkys[kksa esa Hkxoku f'ko dks vfHkoknu fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ laor~ 10- Hkkouxj bfLI'ku Hkkx 2] i`- 69&72] ukxjh izpkfj.kk if=dk Hkkx 1] i`- 256&59
742 fo- ds e.Mksj esa vfHkys[k dk vkjEHk ^^ ue% f'kok;** ls fd;k x;k gSA28 11- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 27] i`- 285&92] fotUuk vksfj;sUVy tuZy] [k.M 11] i`-
blh izdkj 'kadj ?kk vfHkys[k ds vkjEHk esa Hkh f'ko dh oUnuk dh x;h gSA 155&62
dY;k.kiqj ys[k esa ^^ LofLr iz.kE; 'kadj dj pj.k eu% f'kjksfHk%** 'kCnksa ls f'ko 12- dk.ks] ih-oh-] /keZ'kkL= dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] i`- 75
dh Lrqfr dh xbZ gSA29 13- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] Hkkx&18] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 95
14- dk.ks] ih-oh-] iwoksZDr] i`- 451
f'ko ds lkFk 'kfDr dh mikluk Hkh ;gk gksrh jgh gSA bl fo"k; esa vfHkys[kh; 15- mik/;k;] oklqnso] iwoZ&e/;dkyhu Hkkjr (7oha lnh ls 12oha lnh rd) mkjHkkjr dk
lk{; i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gSA laor~ 646 bZ- (laor~ 703 fo-) ds lkeksyh lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] Hkkjrh&HkaMkj] iz;kx] laor~ 2009] i`- 172&314
vfHkys[k30 esa vj.;okfluh nsoh ds eafnj ds fuekZ.k dk mYys[k gSA laor~ 1056 ds 16- 'kekZ] MkW- xksihukFk] jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds lzkrs ] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`-
fd.klwfj;k vfHkys[k esa dY;k;uh] dkyh] Hkxorh vkfn nsoh Lo:iksa dh Lrqfr dh 43
x;h gSA blh izdkj txr esa fLFkr nsoh ds eafnj ds vfHkys[kksa esa Hkh nsoh dh Lrqfr 17- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.Mdk [k.M 14] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 25
dh x;h gSA31 vksfl;ka ds lfp;k; ekrk ds eafnj esa miyC/k vfHkys[kksa esa nsoh dh 18- lqtl lap; esa d`".k nso dk ys[k] i`- 1013
171
19- ,fixzkfQ;k bafMdk] Hkkx&XXXIV] i`- 159&163

20- vks>k] Hkkjrh; fyfi ekyk] i`- 2&3
21- tSu] dSyk'k] tSfuTe bu jktLFkku] v/;k; 1] i`- 1
22- ik.Ms;] MkW- jktcyh] bf.M;u isfy;ksxzkQh] i`- 120 eRL; {ks= ds izeq[k vfHkys[kksa
23- ljdkj] fnus'k pUnz] lysDV balfIlu] i`- 89
24- lksekuh] vkj-ch-] tSu balfI'ku vkWQ jktLFkku] fnYyh] 1993] i`- 66 dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u
25- ojnk] Hkkx&21] la[;k 4] i`- 3&4 lquhy nk
26- lksekuh] vkj-ch-] tSu balfI'ku vkWQ jktLFkku] fnYyh] 1993] i`- 58
27- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk [k.M 4] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 31 vrhr ds v/;;u dks vf/kd izekf.kd cukus rFkk ?kVukvksa dh lR;rk dh
28- ,MfefuLVfs Vo fjiksVZ vkfdZ;ksykWftdy fMikVZeUs V] tks/kiqj 1934] i`- 5 iqf"V ds fy, iqjkrRo dh Hkwfedk oSlh gh gksrh gS tSlh ds okn dks lqy>kus esa lk{kh
29- tuZy vkWQ bf.M;u fgLVh] [k.M 35] Hkkx 1] i`- 73&74
dhA gekjs vrhr dks xgjkbZ ls ns[kus ds lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu i{kksa ij vUrn`Zf"V Mkyus
30- ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk Hkkx 29] vkfdZ;ksykWftdy losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] 1983] i`- 189
31- vks>k] ckalokM+k jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 38] Mwaxjiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 55 ds ms'; ls iqjkrRo ,oa fcUnqvksa ij Hkh izdk'k iM+rk gS ftls lkfgfR;d lzksr dHkh Hkh
32- ,U;wvy fjiksVZ vkWQ jktiwrkuk E;wft;e vtesj 1914 mtkxdj ugha dj ldrs] lkFk gh iqjko'ks"k&dyko'ks"k ml le; ls lh/ks tqMs+ jgrs gSa]
33- ekaxhyky O;kl ê;ad*] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 292&93 vr% budk v/;;u bfrgkl dks oSKkfudrk iznku djrk gSA ekuo ys[ku dyk ds
fodkl dh dgkuh Hkh mruh gh izkphu gS ftruh fd fp=dyk dh] D;ksafd fp= gh
os izFke vk/kkj Fks ftuls fyfi dks viuk "kk&dky izkIr gqvkA bl izdkj izkxSfrgkfld
ekuo dk uoik"kk.k ;k ik"k.kdky ls fyfi ds fodkl dh dgkuh dks le>k tk
ldrk gSA bl dksfV ds fp=ksa esa euq"; dh ml fyfi dk iwokZHkkl feyrk gS] ftls
fp=kRed fyfi uke fn;k tkrk gSA1 Hkkjr esa fyfi dk fodkl dc gqvk\ rFkk dSls
gqvk\ ;g iz'u orZeku voLFkk esa lk{;ksa ds vHkko esa fufoZokn ugha gSA oSls rks Hkkjr
esa fla/kq okfl;ksa us fyfi dk fodkl dj fy;k Fkk ysfdu bldk Lo:i D;k Fkk
bldk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, Jh xq.kkdj eqys us fy[kk gS&^^ge bl fu.kZ; ij igqaprs gS
fd fla/kq fyfi esa 'kq v{kjekykRed gS vkSj u 'kq Hkkokfp=kRedA yxHkx 250
ladsrksa okyh ;g fyfi ,d fefJr ;kstuk gh gks ldrh gSA blesa dqN Hkko ladsr gks
ldrs gSa] dqN v{kj ladsr gks ldrs gSa vkSj dqN o.kZ ladsr gks ldrs gSA ge tkurs gS
fd rkez;qx dh dksbZ Hkh Kkr fyfi o.kZekykRed ugha gSA ykSg ;qx dh 'kq:vkr gksus
ij gh o.kZekykvksa us tUe fy;k gSA2 bl izdkj fla/kq fyfi ds ckjs esa vHkh dqN Li"V
ugha gS vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr esa fyfi dk fodkl dh dgkuh dks le>us esa
cM+h dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
izfrgkj ;qx esa jktLFkku dk vf/kdka'k Hkw&Hkkx izfrgkjksa ds v/khu jgkA [ksM+k]
dY;k.kiqj3] rlbZ] jktksx<+] c;kuk] dkek ls izfrgkj dkyhu cM+s f'kykys[k feys gSaA
bu ys[kksa ds v/;;u ls vyoj {ks= esa czkh fyfi ds fodkl dks vklkuh ls ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA vyoj {ks= ds bu ys[kksa esa fNis /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ,oa
iz'kklfud rFkk lkaLd`frd rF;ksa dks le>us esa vklkuh gksrh gSA
172
ekS;Z ;qxhu ys[k & vyoj {ks= dh jkt/kkuh cSjkB ls Hkh v'kksd ds nks ys[k Lohdkj dh tk; rks ys[k dk le; 788 bZ- izkIr gksrk gSA ys[k esa g"kZ laor~ dk
izkIr gq, gSaA ,d ys[k dydkk&cSjkB ;k Hkkczw y?kq f'kykys[k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk mYys[k ,d jkspd rF; gS D;ksafd jktLFkku esa g"kZ laor~ dk mYys[k djus okys
gSA f}rh; ys[k Hkhe Mwaxjh4 uked igkM+h dh rygVh esa ,dkUr esa ,d fo'kky izLrj f'kykys[kksa dh la[;k de gh gSA vfHkys[k dk iwoZ esa fou;] fjlpZj rFkk ,ihxzkfQ;k
[k.M ij [kqnk gSA Hkheth dh Mwxjh ij [kqnk f'kykys[k ;fn jktekxZ ij Fkk rks bl bf.M;k esa izdk'ku gks pqdk gSA12
fcUnq dks feykus okyk iFk bUnzizLFk (fnYyh) esa ;equk ikj fxjhdSyk'k ls Jh dkek dk izFke ys[k & dkek esa ,d vksj vfHkys[k izkIr gqvk gSA vfHkys[k
fodkliqjh tkrs le; iM+us okyh igkM+h gS D;ksafd ;gk Hkh v'kksd dk ,d xkS.k dk izdk'ku if.Mr Hkxokuyky banjth us 1881 bZ- esa bf.M;u ,UVhDosjh esa fd;k
f'kykys[k feyk gSA5 gSA vfHkys[k dh Hkk"kk laLd`r rFkk fyfi 8oha 'krkCnh dh czkh fyfi gSA ys[k
[ksM+k dY;k.kiqj dh eqnzk & [ksMk+ dY;k.kiqj (ftyk vyoj) ls ,d e`.k izkphu xqykch ik"kk.k ls fufeZr] LrEHk ij Vafdr gSA ys[k ds ijh ,d pko`fk gS
eksgj izdk'k esa ykbZ xbZ gSA bl eqnzk dk le; bZ-iw- dh izFke 'krkCnh ls igys dk rFkk mldk nk;ha vksj dk fgLlk u"V gks pqdk gSA
ekuk x;k gSA ys[k esa egk (izFke iafDr)] HkfV~V;a (f}rh; iafDr)] dVdja (r`rh; ys[k esa 'kwjlsu oa'k ds 7 'kkldksa dk iz'kfLr iw.kZ mYys[k fd;k gSA JhQDd
iafDr) mfYyf[kr gSA tks ;g Li"V djrk gS fd ;g dVdja (lSU; ladU/kkoj) ds ftldh eghf"k nsf;dk Hkh ftlls dqyHkV~V mRiUu gqvk] mlus nzafx.kh uked efgyk
egkHkV~V (lsukifr@;ksk) dh eqnzk gSA eqnzk esa nk;ha vksj f}irkd cuh gqbZ gSA6 ls fookg fd;k FkkA muds iq= vthr us vIljkfiz;k ls fookg fd;kA vkBoha iafDr esa
fot;x<+ ys[k & vyoj {ks= ds lhekUr izns'k fot;x<+ (c;kuk ds ikl) muds iq= nqxZHkV~V dk mYys[k gS ftls xq# ds izfr vkKkdkjh crk;k gSA mldk
ls feys ;wi LrEHk7 tks fot;x<+ nqxZ ds vUnj nqxZ ds nf{k.kh nhokj ds fudV ,d oPNqfYydk ls fookg gqvkA budk iq= nqXxZnkek uked ohj Fkk] ;g izfriy ;q dks
fof'k"V LFkku ij [kM+s yky cyq, iRFkj ls fufeZr ,dk'e LrEHk ij vafdr gSA mn~r crk;k gSA bldh iRuh ofPNdk Fkh (iafDr 17) ftlls Jh nsojkt dk tUe
pcwrjs ds ij LrEHk dh apkbZ 26*3** gSA ys[k LrEHk ds nf{k.k Hkkx dh vksj gqvkA nsojkt (iafDr&23) dk fookg xaxk ds leku ifo= ;fKdk ls lEiUu gqvk
vafdr gSA ;g yEcor :i ls iwjs LrEHk ij vafdr gS rFkk ij iBuh; gSA ;g ftldk iq= oRlnkeu FkkA vfHkys[k dk egRo bl n`f"V ls gS fd blesa nqXxZnkek dh
lEHkor% vius ewy LFkku ij ugha gSA vf/k"Bku ij nsoukxjh (10oha&12oha 'krh) iRuh ofPNdk }kjk ,d fo".kq eafnj ds fuekZ.k dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA blds vykok
fyfi esa Jh ;ksxh czk lkxj dk vadu rFkk blds uhps fo-la- 1008 dk vLi"V oRlnkeu dh iRuh dks fp=dyk esa ikjaxr crk;k gSA
vadu ;g ladsr nsrk gS fd blh le; ;g LrEHk ;gk LFkkfir djok;k FkkA8 ys[k dkek dk f}rh; ys[k & dkek ds nwljs ys[k dk izdk'ku oh-ih- fejk'kh us
ofjd dqy ds fo".kqo/kZu uked jktk dk gSA ;g 'kCn o vad nksuksa esa frF;kafdr gSA ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k esa fd;k gSA13 ys[k dk izkfIr LFky dkek ls 1@2 ehy iwoZ esa
ys[k esa laor~ fo'ks"k dk mYys[k ugha ijUrq izkfIr LFkku o ys[k 'kSyh ds vk/kkj ij bls fLFkr ,d cM+s dwi ls izkIr gqvk gS tks xksdqy ds oYyHkyky th egkjkt ds vf/
ekyo vFkok foe laor~ esa j[kuk lehphu gksxkA bl vk/kkj ij bZ- lu~ 371&72 kdkj {ks= esa FkkA vfHkys[k esa nsorkvksa dks vyx&vyx frfFk;ksa dks fn;s x, nku dk
vFkok bZ- lu~ 372&76 gksxhA frfFk ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ofjd fooj.k gSA ftu frfFk;ksa dk vfHkys[k esa mYys[k gS] os o"kZ 180 ls 279 ds e/; gSaA
fo".kqo/kZu leqnzxqIr dk lkeUr FkkA9 ys[k fdlh lEiznk; fo'ks"k ls lEc u gksdj oh-oh fejk'kh us tks vafre frfFk i<+h gS og 299 gSA14 ;s frfFk;k lEHkor% g"kZ laor~
ek= iq.Mjhd ;K ds ;kfKd LrEHk (;wi) dh LFkkiuk dk ys[ku gSA ys[k esa dh gSA vfHkys[k esa tks ckrsa egRo dh gSa] os fuEu gSa&^^ml {ks= esa 'kSo izHkko vf/kd
fo".kqoZu ds firk ;'kkso/kZu] muds firk ;'kksjko rFkk buds firk O;k?kzjkr dk FkkA 'kSo izHkko ds lkFk pkeq.Mk] fo".kq o nsoh eafnj dk Hkh ogk gksuk Li"V gksrk gS
mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA tks bl {ks= ds fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds lkeatL; iw.kZ fuokl dh vfHkO;fDr
rlkbZ dk f'kykys[k & rlbZ vyoj ftys ds Hkjriqj jktekxZ ij vyoj ls gSA eafnj dh O;oLFkk ds fy, xksf"B;ksa dk ,d lewg15 fu;fer :i ls eafnj dh
yxHkx 35 ehy nwjh ij fLFkr gSA ;|fi rlbZ vc ,d lk/kkj.k vk/kqfud xzke gS] ns[kjs[k] flanwj] izdk'k gsrq vk; ds mi;ksx dk mkjnkf;Ro iw.kZ djrh gSaA**
ijUrq f'kykys[k dh ;gk ls izkfIr bl {ks= ds ,sfrgkfld egRo dks bafxr djrk gSA dkek dk r`rh; ys[k & 1958 esa ,l-,l-vkbZ- dh if'peh o`k 'kk[kk us ;g
f'kykys[k fodVkd{kj vFkkZr~ dqfVyk (U;wudks.k) okyh 'kSyh esa eqfnzr gSA10 f'kykys[k ys[k [kkstkA ys[k pkSjklh [kEc efLtn dh ckgjh nhokj ij yxk gSA vfHkys[k esa 23
esa ys[k esa frfFk dk mYys[k o"kZ 182 ds :i esa gqvk gSA11 ;fn ;g frfFk g"kZ laor~ dh iafDr vafdr gSA 4 ijh iafDr bruh {kfrxzLr gS fd mUgsa vklkuh ls i<+k ugha tk
173
ldrk gSA ys[k dh Hkk"kk laLd`r gS rFkk i| fy[kk x;k gSA fyfi 8oha lnh dh fl ys[k ij gky gh esa MkW- vkj-,y- feJ }kjk ,d iqfLrdk24 dk izdk'ku fd;k x;k gS
ekr`dk 'kSyh esa gSA ys[k esa fi.Mnku ds Le`fr Lo:i eafnj]16 ckoM+h rFkk dwi ds ftlesa ys[k ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij fo'ys"k.kkRed fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA
fuekZ.k dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA eafnj] fuekZ.k xksf"Bdksa dk ln~dk;Z cryk;k gS ijUrq ys[k foxzgjkt ds le; fo-la- 1030 esa fy[kok;k x;k FkkA vfHkys[k ds
ys[k esa iq=ksa }kjk vius ekrk&firk ds fi.Mnku Lo:i nks /kkfeZd dk;Z lEiUu djuk 'yksd 45 esa djf.kdFkh:d ds iq= /khjukx dks iz'kfLr djus okyk crk;k gSA
;g ladsr djrk gS fd eafnj rFkk ckoM+h fuekZ.k lEHkor% mu Hkkb;ksa ds }kjk djok;k vfHkys[k dh fyfi 10oha 'krkCnh dh dqfVy fyfi gh gS Hkk"kk laLd`r gS rFkk ;g i|
ftudk mYys[k 7oha rFkk 10&11 iafDr esa vkrk gSA bl izdkj eafnj fuekZrk vuqekur% esa fy[kk x;k gSA bl izdkj foxztjkt ds bl ys[k esa rkSej pkSgku la?k"kZ] dkSy
bZ'kku ds iq= FksA lEiznk; ds bfrgkl rFkk eafnj dh HkO;rk ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA lkFk gh pkSgkuksa dk
jtksjx<+ esa izfrgkjksa ds nks egoiw.kZ f'kykys[k gSaA izFke17 fo-la- 979 dk rFkk bl le; ftl {ks= ij vf/kdkj Fkk] mldk uke vuUr izns'k ds :i esa feyus dh
f}rh;18 1016 dkA izFke ys[k esa tSu eafnj dk mYys[k gS ogha f}rh; ys[k esa lwpuk Hkh bl ys[k ls izkIr gksrh gSA
y{kqds'oj egknso ds eafnj ds [kpZ gsrq fn, x, nku dk fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA lanHkZ
blds vykok fo-la- 1010 dh vfHkfyf[kr fouk;d izfrek dk Hkh dfua?ke us 1- jk;] ,l-,u-] Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi ,oa vfHkys[k] 1997] i`- 2
mYys[k fd;k gSA19 ,d vU; fouk;d izfrek ftldh pj.k&pksdh ij Hkh ys[k 2- eqys] xq.kkdj] Hkkjrh; fyfi;ksa dh dgkuh] 1974] i`- 127
mRdh.kZ gS orZeku esa jktdh; laxzgky; vyoj dh n'kZd nh?kkZ esa iznf'kZr gSA 3- ys[kd dk izkX/kkjk] vad 15 esa izdkf'kr 'kks/k ys[k
fo-la- 979 dk ;g ys[k20 dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls egoiw.kZ gS&/kkfeZd] lkfgfR;d] 4- Hk.Mkdj] Mh-vkj-] v'kksd] 1989] i`- 223
okLrqfo|k ds egRo ,oa HkwdEi rFkk okLrqdkjksa dh lwpuk vkfn ds lanHkZ esaA ys[k 5- xks;y] Jhjke] uUn ekS;Z lkezkT; dk bfrgkl] 1993] i`-228
lEizfr laxzgky; ubZ fnYyh }kjk lajf{kr gSA vfHkys[k ik"kk.k nks [k.Mksa esa foHkDr gS 6- vkfdZ;ksyksftd losZ vkWQ bf.M;k] ftYn&6] i`- 59
7- yhV] MkW- tkWu QsFkQqy] Hkkjrh; vfHkys[k laxzg] [k.M&3] 1974] i`- 316
bldk vkdkj yxHkx 79 ls-eh-x50 ls-eh- gSA vfHkys[k orZeku esa dqN v{kjksa dks
8- ogh] i`- 318
NksMd+ j cgqr vPNh voLFkk esa lqjf{kr gSA ys[k dh Hkk"kk laLd`r gS rFkk cM+h lko/ 9- fou; if=dk] vyoj vad] 1969] i`- 43
kkuhiwoZd vyad`r x| 'kSyh esa jpk x;k gSA vfHkys[k dk izkjEHk ftusUnz 'kkafrukFk dh 10- fjlpZj okWY;we 2] i`- 54&55
iz'kalk ls gksrk gSA21 'kkafrukFk ds ykaNu e`x dk mYys[k gksus ds dkj.k bl ftu eafnj 11- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXVI(i)] 1965] i`- 49&52
dks 'kkafrukFk dk Lohdkjk x;k gSA orZeku [k.Mj (eafnj ds xHkZx`g) esa ftu dh 12- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXVI(i)] 1965] i`- 53
fo'kky ysfdu [kf.Mr [kM+h gSA vfHkys[k dh ewfrZ ds fy, êgkdk;* 'kCn dk 13- ljdkj] fnus'k pUnz Fkzh bafLI'ku kWe dkeka] ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] mijksDr] i`- 54
iz;ksx izfrek dh bl fo'kkyrk ds dkj.k gh fd;k x;k gSA tSu eafnj gksus ds lkFk 14- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] iwoksZDr] 1965] i`- 189&198
ftu vkpk;Z lwjlsukpk;Z jkT;iqj esa gksus dh iqf"V bl ys[k ls gksrh gSA blls ;g Li"V 15- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;w&3] i`- 62
gksrk gS fd jkT;iqj 'kSo/keZ dk dsUnz gksus ds lkFk tSu /keZ dk Hkh dsUnz FkkA okLrqdkj 16- ,-,l-vkbZ- fjiksVZ&VI] 1871&72] i`- 125
17- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXIX] 1972] i`- 189
loZnso us bl eafnj dh xks"Bh ds lnL; ,oa JkfUor HkDrksa dh vksj ls lwjlsukpk;Z
18- 'kekZ] n'kjFk] vfyZ pkSgku Mk;usLVht~] i`- 23&24
ds }kjk dh tkus okyh iwtk ds fy, v{k;uhfo ds :i esa lefiZr fd;kA22 19- ikBd] MkW- fo'kqkuUn] mkj Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd bfrgkl] laLdj.k 2002] i`- 169
foxzgjkt dk fo-la- 1030 dk g"kZfxjh ys[k & vyoj {ks= esa pkSgkuksa ds 20- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXIX] 1972] i`- 195
izkjfEHkd bfrgkl ls tqMk+ vfHkys[k fo-la- 1030 dk foxzgjkt dk ys[k gSA bl ys[k 21- ogh] i`- 196
dk izFke izdk'ku MkW- fey us fd;k ysfdu ys[k dh vLi"V Nki ds dkj.k fey dk 22- feJ] MkW- vkj-,y-] n g"kZ LVkWu bfUlfI'ku] 1999] i`- 23
ikB 'kq ugha FkkA blds ckn izks- ,Q- dhygkWuZ us bldk izdk'ku fd;k FkkA lcls 23- ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.M;k] okWY;we&XXXIX] 1972] i`- 192
vafre ikB MkW- Hk.Mkjdj us izLrqr fd;k FkkA23 tks iwoZ ds ikBksa dh rqyuk esa fuf'pr 24- feJ] MkW- vkj-,y-] iwoksZDr] i`- 25
:i ls Js"B Fkk ijUrq dbZ 'yksdksa ds Hkk"kkUrj iw.kZr% lgh ugha gSA g"kZfxfj ds bl
174
ifjokj dh fLFkfr cM+h vuqdwy FkhA jkT; dh vO;oLFkk ds dkj.k ujs'kksa ds vkilh
vke.kksa ds vykok pksj] Mkdq] yqVsjksa dk Hkh iw.kZ vkrad Fkk] lsuk vkSj iqfyl ds
fo'kky rFkk O;ofLFkr laxBu ugha FksA vr% ,d cM+s la;qDr ifjokj dh vko';drk
iwoZe/;dkyhu esokM+ dh ewfrZdyk esa ifjyf{kr Fkh] tks lqxerk ls j{kk djsaA esokM+ esa fLFkr ukxnk ds lkl&cgq efUnj ck Hkkx dh
ukjh thou (9oha ls 11oha 'krkCnh) rkdksa ,oa vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj ds ujFkj Hkkx esa nks la;qDr ifjokj dh
MkW- gsesUnz pkS/kjh ewfrZ;k vafdr gSA2
(2) nkEiR; laca/k % L=h&iq#"k dk ;kSu lEcU/k thou dk izkFkfed vk/kkj
esokM+ esa fLFkr iwoZe/;dkyhu efUnj (9oha ls 11oha 'krkCnh) esa izeq[k gS] ij vafre ughaA dkZO; vkSj Hkkouk blds mPprj vk/kkj gS] ftuds izHkko ls ;kSu
efUnj vkgkM+ fLFkr fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+ fLFkr y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] xaxksn~Hko lEcU/kksa dks Hkh lkFkZdrk vkSj egRo feyrk gSA iwoZ e/;dky esa iRuh dks x`g
f'koky;] jRus'oj f'koky; 'kksHkkxiqjk] vfEcdk efUnj txr ,oa fo".kq efUnj Lokfeuh dk ntkZ izkIr FkkA nEifk dh dYiuk esa ifr&ifRu nksuksa x`g ds la;qDr vkSj
(lgL=&cgq) dk efUnj ukxnk gSA bu efUnjksa esa mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;k lkekftd ,oa leku :i ls vf/kdkjh gksrs FksA vkgkM+] xaxksn~Hko ,ao lkl&cgw efUnj ds e.Mksoj
ykSfdd thou ds lkjs y{k.kksa dks n'kkZrh gSA eSaus bl 'kks/k i= esa ewfrZdyk ds ek/ Hkkx ,ao vkUrfjd Hkkxksa es dbZ izse ls o'khHkqr ewfrZ;ksa dk vadu gS] tks nkeiR;
;e ls 9oha ls 11oha 'krkCnh (iwoZ e/;dkyhu) ds chp esokM+ esa lkekftd thou lac/kksa dks vfHktkxj djrh gSA3 ifr&iRuh ds izse lEcU/k vPNs FksA ifr O;kikj vkfn
dh izeq[k vk/kkj LrEHk ukjh thou dks [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ds fy, ckgj tkus ij iRuh dks vius lkFk ys tkrk FkkA ?kj dks lkt&laHkkyus] /kkfeZd
d`R;ksa ds vuq"Bku] lEiw.kZ x`gLFkh ds fujh{k.k dk dk;Z] ifr ds vkKkuqlkj x`gLFkh
iwoZ e/;dkyhu ewfrZdyk esa ukjh thou dk Hkkj&ogu rFkk vko';drk iM+us ij mfpr ijke'kZ nsuk vkfn dk;Z iRuh }kjk gksrs
izkphudky ls gh jktLFkku esa ikfjokfjd thou ds izrhd feyrs gSa] tks FksA4 bu lHkh efUnjksa es ikfjokfjd thou ds fofHkUu dk;ks dks dykdkjksa us cMh+
dkyhcaxk] vkgkM+] ckxksj] bloky] uBkjk dh iky vkfn iqjkLFkyksa ds mR[kuu ls dq'kyrk ls ewfrZ;ks ds ek/;e ls mdsjk gS] tSls vkgkM+ ds ehjk fo.kq efUnj esa
Li"V gSA esokM+ esa iwoZ e/;dkyhu fufeZr efUnjksa ij mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;ksa esa ikfjokfjd iRuh }kjk ifjokj dks funsZf'kr djrs gq,5 ukxnk ds lkl&cgw efUnj esa ?kh ihlrs gq,6]
thou ds fofHkUu ?kVd ds n`'; lqjf{kr gSA blh ikfjokfjd thou ds lanHkZ esa vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj esa nks efgykvksa dks ngh eFkrs gq, n'kkZ;k gSA7 blh
ckjhdh ls ns[ksa rks dkSVfEcd thou dh l`tukRed izo`fk dks thfor j[kus dk Js; rjg vfEcdk efUnj txr dh ewfrZ;ksa esa ikuh dk crZu flj ij fy;s gq, efgyk8]
ukjh dks gSA Lusg] izse] okRlY;&Hkko] vkd"kZ.k] ykyu&ikyu] /keZ&logu] vkfFkZd ikuh fiykrs gq,9 rFkk dksBh esa vukt Hkjrs gq, efgykvksa dk vadu10 bl ckr dh
thou esa Hkkxhnkjh vkfn xq.kksa dk lekos'k L=h LoHkko esa fufgr gS] blfy, izkphudky tksjnkj iqf"V djrs gS fd ifjokj dks lapkfyr djus esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk cgqr gh
ls vc rd /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk esa fL=;ksa dk LFkku loZnk egRoiw.kZ jgk egRoiw.kZ FkhA
gSA bl ;qx ds f'kykys[kksa ,oa lkfgR; esa dqVqEc iz.kkyh esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dh deh
fookg
ugha gS] lkFk gh esokM+ dh ewfrZdyk bl i{k dk tksjnkj leFkZu djrs gq, fl djrh
gS fd iwoZ e/;dkyhu ukjh dh Hkwfedk dkSVfEcd thou iz.kkyh ds /kkfeZd ,ao lkfgfR;d lzksrksa ds vuqlkj izkphudky esa vkB izdkj ds fookgksa dk izpyu
lkekftd lksikuksa esa egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA FkkA iwoZ e/;dky esa Hkh blesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha vk;k FkkA gfjHknz dh n`f"V ls
fookg dk ms'; thou ds iq#"kkFkksZa dks lEiUu djuk FkkA x`gLFk thou dk okLrfod
ewfrZdyk esa ifjyf{kr ukjh thou dh fo'ks"krk, ms'; nku&nsuk] nso&iwtk djuk ,oa eqfu/keZ dks izJ; nsuk gSA lk/kqvksa vkSj eqfu;ksa dks
(1) la;qDr ifjokj % gfjHknzds fo'ys"k.k ds vuqlkj vkRelj{k.k ,oa vkRe nku nsus dh f;k x`gLFk thou ds fcuk lEiUu ugha gks ldrh gSA11 xaxksnHko~
fodkl dh Hkkouk us lekt esa fookg vkSj ifjokj dh laLFkk dks mRiUu fd;kA1 f'koky; vkgkM+ esa f'ko&ikoZrh ds fookg dh ewfrZ gS] tks ifj.k; laLdkj12 ds ca/ku
ekr`&Lusg] fir`&izse] nkeiR; vklfDr] vizR;izhfr vkSj lgofrZdk ifjokj ds eq[; dks bafxr djrh gSA vkgkM+ ds fo".kq efUnj] ukxnk ds efUnj] vfEcdk efUnj esa <sjksa
vk/kkj gSA iwoZ e/;;qx esa fons'kh vke.k gksus yxs Fks] ,sls ifjfLFkfr esa la;qDr izse lEcU/kksa dks n'kkZrh ewfrZ;k gSA
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bl dky ds efUnj esa mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;ksa esa ikfjokfjd uksd&>kasd ds cgqr lkjs ekStwn gS] tks vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dks bafxr djrs gSaA
vadu gSA vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj ds ujFkj Hkkx ds lkekftd thou ds iSuy (1) d`f"k ,oa i'kqikyu&vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj ds f'k[kj Hkkx ds
esa ,d ewfrZ Qyd es ukjh&iq#"k dks dqN lquk jgh gS] vkSj iq#"k dku ij gkFk j[ks gq, uhps lkekftd thou ds iSuy esa efgyk, ?kj ds dke ds lkFk&lkFk i'kqikyu ds
gS]13 ,d vU; Qyd esa iq#"k L=h dks eukus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA14 ogh izes h&izfs edkvksa dk;Z esa Hkh layXu gS]24 vkgkM+ ds y{eh ukjk;.kefUnj esa efgyk ds gkFk esa
dh vaB[ksfy;ksa ds vadu Hkh gSaA15 nkaryhuqek d`f"k dk midj.k gSA 25
iwoZe/;dkyhu L=ksrksa ds vuqlkj cgqfookg dh izFkk bl ;qx esa FkhA jktk yksx (2) jaxkbZ&NikbZ&vkgkM+ ,d rkez&ik"kf.kd laLd`fr gS vkSj mR[kuu ds
cgqr&lh fL=;ksa ls fookg fd;k djrs FksA vyc:uh ds vuqlkj ck.k iq#"k pkj nkSjku ,sls e`nHkk.M izkIr gq, gS] tks jaxkbZ&NikbZ ds dk;Z dks bafxr djrs gSaA lkFk gh
fL=;ksa ls] {kf=; rhu ls] oS'; nks ls ,oa 'kqnz ,d L=h ls fookg dj ldrk FkkA16 vkgkM+ unh ds rV ij pkuksa ds e/; izkphu dqf.M;ka cuh gqbZ gSA26 ftldk mi;ksx
gfjHknz viuh dFkkvksa esa iq#"kksa ds ,dkf/kd fookg gksus dh ckr dbZ LFkkuksa ij djrk jax ?kksyus ,oa diM+s&fHkxksus esa fd;k tkrk FkkA laHkor% ;g ijEijk izR;{k ,oa ijks{k
gSA ukxnk ds lkl&cgw efUnj esa dbZ ewfrZ Qydksa es ,d iq#"k ,oa nks ukjh gS] 17 tks pyrh jghA lk.Ms'oj vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj vkgkM+ ,d O;kikfjd dsUnz Hkh FkkA
,dkf/kd ukjh gksus dk ladsr djrh gS] ogh dykdkj us bl izFkk dks dqjhfr crkuss dk jaxkbZ&NikbZ lEcfU/kr ewfrZ;k vkgkM+ ds fo".kq efUnj esa feyh gSA vkgkM+ ds ehjk
iz;kl Hkh ,d ewfrZ Qyd ds ek/;e ls fd;k gS] ukxnk ds lkl&cgw efUnj esa iq#"k (fo".kq) efUnj ds ujFkj Hkkx ds ,d ewfrZ Qyd esa ,d Me gS] ftlesa L=h vius
ds lkFk vkfyxu eqnzk esa ,d ukjh gS] ogh nwljh rjQ eqag fd;s gq, ,ao viuk gkFk
nksuksa gkFkksa ls diM+ksa dks fgykus ;k jax ?kksyu dk dk;Z dj jgh gS27 ogh blh iSuy es
flj ij j[ks gq, ukjh 'kk;n bl izFkk ij 'kksd O;Dr dj jgh gSA18
rhu vkd`fr;k ,d i ij iznf'kZr gS] chp es estuqek vkd`fr j[kh gS] ftl ij ,d
ekr`&:i esa ukjh oL= fcNk gqvk gS vkSj nk;ha ,oa ck;ha vkSj cSBh fL=;k oL= dh NikbZ dk dk;Z dj
bl dky esa lekt esa ekrk dk in cgqr gh ifo= vkSj izfrf"Br ekuk tkrk jgh gSA28
FkkA of'k"B lw= ds vuqlkj mik/;k; dh rqyuk esa vkpk;Z] nl xquk izfrf"Br gSA (3) ykSg dk;Z&esokM+ [kfut dh n`f"V ls lEiUu jkT; jgk gS&izkphudky ls
vkpk;Z ls lkS xquk izfrf"Br firk gS] vkSj firk ls lgL= xquk izfrf"Br in ekrk dk gh vkgkM+] bZloky] tkoj vkfn ykSg o /kkrq deZ dk izeq[k dsUnz jgk gSA iwoZ e/;&
gSA19 ekrk gksus ds lkFk gh L=h dk ?kj esa LFkku vkSj izfr"Bk nksuksa cgqr c<+ tkrs FksA dkyhu iqjkLFky bZloky ls yksgs xykus dh Hkf;ka izkIr gqbZ gSA vkgkM+ rkez /kkrq ,oa
ukxnk] vkgkM+ 'kksHkkxiqjk esa fufeZr efUnjksa esa okRlY; izse dks n'kkZrh <sjksa ykSg&deZ ls fufeZr midj.kksa ds fy, fo[;kr jgk gSA iwoZ e/;dkyhu ewfrZdyk bl
ewfrZ;k gS&vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj esa ek dh xksn esa cSBk cPpk Lruiku dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk blesa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh n'kkZrh gSA vkgkM+ ds
eqnzk esa gS] lkFk gh blh ewfrZ es ,d ckyd ek dh lkM+h idM+ dj ij p<+us ds fy, ehjk (fo".kq) efUnj ds ujFkj Hkkx ds ,d ewfrZ Qyd xkfM+;k&ykSgkjh dk;Z dks
ykykf;r gSA20 'kksHkkxiqjk fLFkr ds jrus'oj f'koky; efUnj esa ckyd Lruiku ds ifjyf{kr djrh gSA f'kYi esa Li"V /kksduh] gFkksMk+ ] vkSj laMklk utj vk jgk gSA29
fy, ek ls dg jgk gS] ogh ek eqg >qdk, gq, cM+s I;kj ls mls nqykj jgh gSA21 vkgkM+ ftles rhuksa vkd`fr;ksa esa ck;ha rjQ cSBh L=h us laMkls }kjk fdlh oLrq dks idM+
ds y{eh ukjk;.k efUnj esa ek us ,d gkFk es Vguh dks idM+ j[kk gS] ogh nwljs gkFk j[kk gS] nk;ha vksj okyh L=h /kksduh pyk jgh gS] chp esa iq#"k ds gkFkksa esa gFkksM+k gS]
ls ckyd dks ij [khap jgh gSA22 vfEcdk efUnj txr esa ek ds xksn esa ,d cPpk tks ihVus dh voLFkk esa gSaA ,d vU; Qyd es NSuh] gFkksM+k fy;s vkd`fr;k gS]
gS] ogh nwljk iq= ueu dh eqnzk esa cSBk gSA23 ,slh okRlY; n`';ksa dh Jà[kyk bu eafnjksa ftlesa cak;h vksj cSBk&iq#"k ds ikl ihVus okyk midj.k gS rFkk nk;ha vksj cSBh L=h
esa cM+h la[;k esa gSA us vius ,d gkFk }kjk fdlh uqdhyh NSuhuqek oLrq dks idM+ j[kk gSA30
vkfFkZd thou esa lgHkkfxrk (4) uV&uVuh&dykdkj viuh vkthfodk pykus ds fy, viuh dyk dk
iwoZ e/;dky esa ukjh ikfjokfjd thou dks pykus ds fy, iq#"kksa ds lkFk izn'kZu djrs Fks] ftlesa ukjh dh Hkwfedk iq#"k dks gkSalyk vQtk;h ds :i esa jgrh
lg;ksxh cu dj dk;Z djrh FkhA bl ckr dk leFkZu esokM+ dh efUnj&ewfrZdyk FkhA blh rjg dh ,d Qyd txr ds vfEcdk efUnj es gS tgka uV&urZdh esa
djrh gSA ukxnk] vkgkM+ vkSj txr esa efUnjksa es mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;ksa ds dbZ ,sls f'kykin efgyk eathjs ctk dj iq#"k dks mRlkgh dj jgh gSA31
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(5) efnjk lsou& txr ds vfEcdk efUnj es dbZ egRoiw.kZ vdu tks ladsr djrk gSA ewfrZ;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ukjh lkM+h dk mi;ksx djrh FkhA ftls d/kZuh ls
ewfrZf'kYi es cstksM+ mnkgj.k gS] ;s ewfrZ;ka efnjk lsou dh gS] ftlesa iq#"k ds gkFkksa cka/krh Fkh rFkk ij rd flj dks <drh Fkh] Lruksa dks diM+ksa ls <d dj mls ihB ls
NksVk&lk ik= gS vkSj efgyk ds gkFk esa cksryuqek ik= gS] tks iq#"k ds ik= esa rjy cka/k ysrh Fkh] dbZ ewfrZ;ksa ds L=h ifj/kku esa lkM+h dks uhps rd yVdk dj ij
inkFkZ (e|) Mky jgh gSA32 ;g f'kYi rRdkyhu le; esa efnjk lsou rFkk bl {ks= da/kksa ;k flj rd ys tk;k tkrk Fkk] Lruksa dks NksVh dapqdh ls <dk tkrk FkkA bl ;qx
esa efnjk O;olk; dh rjQ ladsr djrh gS] vkSj bl O;olk; esa lg;ksxh ds :i esa esa fL=;k izk; ygaxs dk mi;ksx djus yxh Fkh] tks ^?kk?kjk* ds uke ls izfl gSA40
efgyk dh Hkwfedk Hkh bafxr gksrh gSA 33 ewfrZ;ksa dks ns[kdj yxrk gS fd os'k&Hkw"kk esa vyadj.k] NikbZ vkSj dlhns dk
f'k{kk ,oa ukjh dke bl dky esa izpfyr gks x;k FkkA txr dh L=h ewfrZ;ksa ls yxrk gS fd dspqadh
oSfnd laLd`fr esa lg f'k{kk ,oa L=h f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku Fkk34A ;g oSdfYid FkhA ukxnk dh ewfrZ;ksa esa lk/kkj.k Lrj dh fL=;ksa dh os'kHkw"kk dk irk
LFkku iwoZ e/;dkyhu lkfgR; ,oa ewfrZdyk esa Hkh ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA dkO;ehekalk pyrk gS] tks lkM+h dks /kksrh ds vuq:i igurh Fkh rFkk v/kks oL= dk mi;ksx djrh
iq#"kksa ds leku fL=;ksa dh lekurk dks Hkh n'kkZrk gSA xkFkk lIr'krh vusd fonq"kh FkhA ogh txr ds vfEcdk efUnj es mRdhZ.k vIljkvksa ,ao ukf;dkvksa dh ewfrZ;ka
fL=;ksa dk mYys[k djrk gSA dkyhnkl dk vfHkKku 'kadyqre rFkk ekyrh ek/ko ds mPpLrjh; ifj/kkuksa dh vksj ladsr djrh gSA41
ukVdksa esa fL=;ksa dh Hkwfedk rRdkyhu le; esa L=h f'k{kk dh vksj ladsr djrh gSaA
L=h&vkHkw"k.k
xq# ek ds :i esa laLd`r ds izfl dks"k ^vejdks'k* us mik/;k;] mik/;k;h ,oa
vkpk;kZ 'kCn Hkh vk;s gSaA35 jRUks'oj f'koky; 'kksHkkxiqjk] vkgkM+ dk y{eh Ukkjk;.k eafnj] txr dk
vfEcdk efUnj ,oa ukxnk dk efUnj dh ukf;dkvksa ,oa lk/kkj.k fL=;ksa ls Kkr gksrk
esokM+ esa iwoZ e/;dkyhu ewfrZ;ksa esa vusd ,sls n`'; vafdr gS] tks L=h f'k{kk
gS fd esokM+ dh ukjh lkSUn;Z izseh jgh gS rFkk vkHkw"k.kksa dk mi;ksx 'kjhj ds gj vax ds
,oa xq#&dqy ifr esa xq# ek ,oa L=h f'k{kk dks n'kkZrs gSaA vkgkM+ ds ehjk (fo".kq)
fy, djrh FkhA lkfgfR;d L=ksrksa ds vk/kkj ij fL=;k lksus&pknh] eksrh vkSj jRu ds
efUnj ds ujFkj Hkkx esa xq# ek ds lkeus f'k"; gS] ftUgsa] muds }kjk funZsf'kr fd;k tk
vkHkw"k.kksa esa :fp j[krh Fkh vkSj lk/kkj.k fL=;k dakls] ihry] rkack] dkSMh+ ] lhi vkSj
jgk gSA36 ogh blh iSuy esa nks f'k";k,] xq# dks Luku djok jgh gSA 37 blh rjg ;gh
ewaxs dk mi;ksx djrh FkhA vkHkw"k.kksa esa dVad] ds;qj] d.kZHkw"k.k] dq.My] eqDrkoyh]
,d Qyd esa xq# ds lkeus iqLrdklu gS] L=h lkeus cSBh gS] Tkks iqLrd dks i<+us ,oa
le>us dk dk;Z dj jgh gSA38 uqiqj] dUBkHkj.k] dfVlw=] jRutfVr eqdqV vkSj f=yksdlkj jRukoyh vkfn FksA42
;s lkjh f'kYi vadu esokM+ esa L=h&f'k{kk dh vksj ladsr djrs gSa ijUrq ds'k foU;kl
dkykUrj esa bl fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk;k vkSj ;g flkUr izfrikfnr fd;k tkus yxk esokM+ ds bu efUnjksa dh L=h&ewfrZ;ksa ls vkHkkl gksrk gS] ds'k foU;kl ds
fd fL=;ksa vkSj 'kqnzksa dks fo|kH;kl ugha djuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh lkFk lekt esa vusd :i FksA ds'kksa dks tqMs ,oa osf.k;ksa }kjk iz'kkflr fd;k tkrk FkkA43 buesa iq"i]
cky&fookg dh izo`fk us tUe ys fy;kA blds ihNs iq[rk dkj.k fons'kh vke.k ifk;ksa ,oa eksfr;ksa dh yM+ksa ls lqlfTtr fd;k tkrk FkkA txr] jRus'oj ,oa ukxnk
pkSFkh 'krh ls iwoZ bl ns'k esa gksus yxs FksA fons'kh vkkUrk lSfud Hkkjrh; fL=;ksa ds dh ukf;dkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa es gj ukjh ij vyx&vyx fMtk;u ds ds'k&foU;kl gSA
lkFk fookg lEcU/k LFkkfir djus ds bPNqd jgs gksxs rFkk Hkkjrh; viuh dU;kvksa dks ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ?kaVksa ifjJe ds ckn bl rjg dh ds'k jpuk gks ikrh gksxhA
cpkus esa iz;Ru'khy jgs gksaxs rks LoHkkor% ekS;Z ;qx ds i'pkr~ L=h f'k{kk dh ijEijk ds'k&foU;kl dh fofo/krk dk ewyk/kkj rRdkyhu ukxfjdksa dh lq:fp ,oa dyk
{kh.k gksus yxh vkSj iwoZ e/;;qx rd vkrs&vkrs eUn iM+ x;h] ijUrq laHkzkr ,oa mPp foykl dk ifj.kke FkkA ds'kksa esa lqxfU/kr ekyk, vkx: /kqi ls ds'kksa dks lqxfU/kr Hkh
dqyksa dh fL=;k osn&'kkL=ksa ,oa vU; fo/kkvksa dh f'k{kk izkIr djrh FkhA39 fL=;k djrh FkhA44
L=h ifj/kku txr es vfEcdk efUnj es dykdkjksa us ds'k foU;kl dks bl rjg mdsjk gS
vkgkM+ ukxnk] txr vkSj 'kkSHkkxiqjk ds efUnjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa es ukf;dkvksa] fd fdlh Hkh ukf;dk dh ds'k foU;kl dh fof/k] fdlh vU; ukf;dk dh ds'k
vIljkvksa ,oa lk/kkj.k fL=;ksa esa ifjyf{kr igukok iwoZ e/;dkyhu ifj/kkuksa dh vksj foU;kl dh fof/k ls esy ugh [kkrh gSA blds vykok esa lkSUn;Z ds fu[kkjus ,oa
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laokjus ds fy, ukjh dkap dk mi;ksx djrh Fkh] rFkk ekax Hkjus esa n`'; Hkh gj efUnj 5- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
esa feyrs gSaA45 6- ogh
7- ogh
laxhr ,oa u`R; 8- vfEcdk efUnj] txr] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
esokM+ dh yfyr dyk ;Fkk ewfrZdyk] fp=dyk LFkkiR;] u`R; ,oa laxhr 9- ogh
vius dYiuk tU; ;FkkFkZ] lkSUn;Z] dykxr vkd"kZ.k ,oa ek/kq;Z ds dkj.k fo[;kr jgs 10- ogh
gSA vkyksP;dkyhu efUnjksa esa mRdh.kZ fp= oYyfj;ksa ,oa fp= iksa ij laxhr ,oa u`R; 11- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] gfjHknz ds izkd`r dFkk lkfgR; dk vkykspukRed ifj'khyu]
ds n`'; rRdkyhu lekt esa laxhr dyk ds izfr yksxksa dk vuqjkx dks iznf'kZr djrs i`-&372
12- xaxksn~Hko f'koky;] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
gSA fp= iksa ij fL=;ksa dh vkd`fr;ksa dks u`R; dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa ,oa fofo/k ok|
13- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
;U=ksa ds lkFk mRdh.kZ fd;k gSA 14- ogh
lkFk gh dykdkj us ;U=ksa dks lapkfyr djus] u`R; dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa dks 15- fo".kq efUnj (lkl&cgw) ukxnk] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
lEcfU/kr Hkkoksa dks lkFk mRdh.kZ fd;k gSA bu ewfrZ;ksa esa fL=;ksa ds gkFkksa esa ok|;U= esa 16- d;kmeqnnhu] vgen] (2003)] Hkkjr&vyc:uh] r`rh; laLdj.k] fnYyh] i`-&230
,d rkjk] rEcqjk] oh.kk] lq/khj ok| ckalqjh] 'kgukbZ] uxkM+k] eànx] eathjs ifjyf{kr gks 17- fo".kq efUnj] (lkl&cgw) ukxnk] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
jgs gSa] tks iwoZ e/;dkyhu ukjh dh vfHk:fp dks n'kkZrs gSaA 46 18- ogh
19- fo|kyadkj] lR;dsr]q Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk iwoZ e/;;qx (600&1200)] jktiwrdky] fnYyh]
/kkfeZd thou ,oa ukjh i`-&362
izkphu dky ls gh ukjh dk yxko bZ'oj dh vkLFkk ds izfr jgk gSA iwoZ e/ 20- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkkuA
;dkyhu ewfrZdyk ds ;s vo'ks"k rRdkyhu ukjh ds /kkfeZd thou dks iq"V djrs gSaA 21- jrus'oj f'koky;] 'kksHkkxiqjk] vkgkM+
txr ds vfEcdk efUnj ds ,d ewfrZ Qyd esa ukjh ds gkFk esa iwtk dk Fkky gS]47 22- y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] vkgkM+
ukxnk ds efUnj ds ,d ewfrZ Qyd ukjh ds gkFk esa de.My gS]48 ogh blh efUnj 23- vfEcdk efUnj] txr] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
24- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
es ,d ewfrZ vadu xq# iqtk dh vksj ladsr djrs gSa] ftlesa ukjh dks xq# ds pj.kksa esa
25- y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] vkgkM+
crk;k gSA49 26- pkS/kjh] gseUs nz (2013)] mn;iqj dh ewfrZdyk es vfHkO;Dr ikfFkZo txr] fgek'kq ifCyds'ku]
bl rjg ds f'kYi bu lHkh efUnjksa esa fo|eku gSA bl dky rd vkrs&vkrs mn;iqj
ukjh dks ekr` 'kfDr esa viuk;k tkuk yxk] lIr ekr`dk ds lkjs :i bu lkjs efUnjksa esa 27- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
fo|eku gSA izLrqr 'kks/k ys[k esa eSaus viuh lhek ijEijkxr lkekftd tu&thou esa 28- ogh
ukjh thou rd j[kh gSA mlesa ukjh ds fofo/k :i ;Fkk u dsoy ikfjokfjd Lrj rd 29- ogh
oju~ 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd igyqvksa dks n'kkZus esa lgk;d gS vkSj bfrgkl 30- ekyh] fo".kqizdk'k] (2004)] esokM+ es ewfrZdyk] t;iqj] i`-&105
31- vfEcdk efUnj] txr] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
dks iq"V ,oa izekf.kd djus esa gekjs fy, lgk;d gSA
32- ogh
lUnHkZ 33- ekyh] fo".kqizdk'k] (2004)] esokM+ es ewfrZdyk] t;iqj] i`-&105
1- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] gfjHknz ds izkd`r dFkk lkfgR; dk vkykspukRed ifj'khyu] 34- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] iwoksZDr] i`-&377
i`-&370 35- foa|kydkj] lR;dsr]q (2011)] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk iwoeZ /;;qx (600&1200)] jktiqrdky]
2- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku fnYyh] i`-&364
3- fo".kq efUnj] (lkl&cgw) ukxnk+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku 36- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
4- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] iwoksZDr] i`-&370 37- ogh
178
38- ogh
39- fo|kyadkj] lR;dsrq] (2011)] iwoksZDr] i`-&366A
40- 'kekZ] xksihukFk] (2014)] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] bDdhloka laLdj.k] t;iqj
41- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] vfEcdk efUnj] txr] fo".kq efUnj] ukxnk+] y{ehukjk;.k efUnj] jkor eYyhukFk ds jktuSfrd dk;Z (1340 ls 1399)
vkgkM] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
Jh vpykjke pkS/kjh
42- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] gfjHknz ds izkd`r dFkk lkfgR; dk vkykspukRed ifj'khyu]
i`-&374A
43- 'kekZ] xksihukFk] (2014)] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] bDdhloka laLdj.k] t;iqj] 89 ,sfrgkfld ijEijk ds vuqlkj ekjokM+ dh Hkwfe ij ,d uohu 'kfDr ds :i
44- 'kkL=h] useh'kj.k] (1964)] iwoksZDr] i`-&370A esa jkBkSM+ksa dk izFke pj.k 13oha 'krkCnh ds mkjkZ esa 'kq: gqvkA e# izns'k esa jkBkSM+
45- vfEcdk efUnj] txr] mn;iqj] jktLFkku tkfr ds izFke uk;d jko lhgk FksA ftUgksaus ekjokM+ {ks= esa jkBkSM+ jkT; dh uhao
46- fo".kq efUnj] vkgkM+] fo".kq efUnj] ukxnk+] vfEcdk efUnj txr] y{ehujk;.k efUnj] MkyhA blh oa'k ds 'kkld vkLFkku us ekyk.kh ds [ksM+ {ks= dks viuh jkt/kkuh
vkgkM] +mn;iqj] jktLFkku cuk;kA rRi'pkr~ [ksM+ yEcs le; rd jkBkSMk+ sa dh jkt/kkuh jghA blh oa'k ds vkxs
47- fo".kq efUnj] (lkl&cgw) ukxnk+] mn;iqj] jktLFkku dh ihf<+;ksa esa jko ly[kk gq,A ftuds N% iq= gq,] muesa eYyhukFk T;s"B iq= Fkk] tks
48- ogh egsok dk 'kkld cukA bl {ks= ij eYyhukFk dk vf/kdkj gksus ds dkj.k ;g Hkw&Hkkx
49- ogh
ekyk.kh ds uke ls izfl gqvkA fl iq#"k eYyhukFk ds tUe ds ckn jkBkSMk+ sa ds
bfrgkl esa ,d u;k eksM+ vk;k vkSj vkxs pydj ekjokM+ esa LFkk;h lkk (tks/kiqj
jkT; dh LFkkiuk) dk;e djus dk liuk lkdkj gqvkA
jkoy eYyhukFk dk thou ifjp;&eYyhukFk dk tUe ,d ;ksxh ds ojnku
ls ipinjk ds fudV xksiM+h xkao esa gqvkA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ly[kk ds iq= ugha gksus
ds dkj.k og fpafrr jgus yxkA mlus viuh O;Fkk ;ksxh dks crkbZA dqN le; O;rhr
gks tkus ds ckn ;ksxh ds vk'kh"k ls ly[kk ds pkj iq= gq,A cM+s iq= dk uke ukFk
;ksxh ds dFkukuqlkj eYyhukFk j[kkA mlds tUe gksrs gh ly[kk dh HkkX; js[kk,a
izdk'kueku gks mBhaA ,slk izfl gS fd eYyhukFk ds tUe gks tkus ds ckn mldh
^vkaoy Hkwfe esa xkM+us ds fy, [kM~Mk [kksnk x;k ml le; ogka Lo.kZ eqnzkvksa ls Hkjk
,d cM+k ik= (p:) feykA blls ly[kk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj vk;kA
eYyhukFk dh ek ds ckjs esa [;kr&xzaFkksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu er feyrs gSaA mn;Hkk.k
paikor dh [;kr esa mls izfrgkj jk.kk :iM+k dh iq=h dh larku crk;k gSA tks/kiqj
jkT; dh [;kr vkSj ckadhnkl dh [;kr bl dFku dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA uS.klh dh
[;kr esa ckn esa tksMh+ xbZ jko lhgk ds oa'ktksa dh foxr esa eYyhukFk dk tUe
eqtiky esgktksr pkSgku dh iq=h ls gksuk fy[kk gS tks Bhd izrhr ugha gksrkA jkoy
eYyhukFk ds tUe ls lEcfU/kr ,d nksgk yksd izpfyr gSa tks fuEu gSa&
laor ponks fpyksrjks] lqn Kko.k eklA
ly[kkor tUeh;ks fljs] izdV eky izdklA
eYyhukFk dks ?kqMl + okjh djus] rhj] deku o ryokj pykus vkfn ;q ds rkSj
179
rjhdksa dk izf'k{k.k fn;k x;k vkSj og dqN le; esa gh bl fo|k esa izoh.k gks x;kA fd;k tSlk fd cknj <k<h iz.khr ohjoka.k xzaFk ls irk pyrk gSA eYyhukFk us
12 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa mlds firk dk lk;k mB x;k blfy, og egsok esa vius pkpk eqlyekuksa ds 13 nyksa dks ijkLr dj viuh 'kfDr dk ifjp; fn;kA bl lEcU/k esa
dkUgM+ns ds ;gk tkdj jgkA dkUgM+ns us izfrfnu dk osru fuf'pr dj mls vius ;gk ;g in izfl gS&rsjs rqaxk Hkkaft;k ekyk ly[kk.khA
j[kkA dkUgM+ns vius Hkrhts eYyhukFk ds O;fDrRo ls dkQh izHkkfor gqvkA eYyhukFk ;q esa fot;h gksus ij mldh izfr"Bk esa o`f gqbZ vkSj mldh dhfrZ pkjksa vksj
ds fcuk mls ,d ?kM+h Hkh pSu ugha vkrk FkkA og lkFk esa cSBdj Hkkstu djrk o QSy xbZA dbZ Hkksfe;k vkSj xjkfl;k vkfn yksx mldh lsuk ds vax cu x,A
vk[ksV ds le; mls vius lkFk ys tkrkA eYyhukFk us lkspk fd jkoth ml ij brus ?kM+lh HkkVh dk egsok vkxeu & tSlyesj ds izFke lkds ds le; HkkfV;ksa us
esgjcku gS] bldk ykHk t:j mBkuk pkfg, HkkX; vktekus dh ?kM+h ,d fnu vk gh ;g fopkj fd;k fd leLr HkkVh ekjs tk,axsA ihNs jgs gq, jkT; dks gLrxr djus
xbZA ,d fnu tc os f'kdkj dj ykSV jgs Fks rks eYyhukFk us dkUgM+ns ds oL= dk Nksj okyk dksbZ thfor jguk pkfg,] blfy, mUgksaus pkykdh ls dke fd;kA ,d eqnsZ dks
idM+ dj dgk fd /kjrh dk dqN fgLlk esjs uke djsa rks iYyw NksMw+xkA ;|fi ysdj pkj O;fDr mls mBkdj fudysA bl izdkj pkj O;fDr ?ksjs ls fudyus esa lQy
dkUgM+ns us egsok dk rhljk fgLlk mls nsus dk vk'oklu fn;k ijUrq eYyhukFk dks gq,A ftlesa ,d eqnsZ ds :i esa ?kM+lh FkkA uS.klh dh [;kr esa bldk foLr`r fooj.k
fo'okl ugha gqvkA mlus dgk fd vHkh fy[kr dj jktiwrksa dh tekur fnyok,a rks feyrk gSA [;kr esa fy[kk gS fd ewyjkt vkSj jrulh tc (1314 bZ-) lkdk dj
iYyw NksMwaxkA bl ij dkUgM+ns us ogha rhljs fgLls dh fy[kr dj nh vkSj egsok dke vk, rc viuk oa'k j[kus ds fy, jrulh ds iq= /kM+lh dks dekyhu dks lqiqnZ
vkdj mlds caV dk Hkw&Hkkx lqiqnZ dj fn;kA dj fn;kA ewyjkt us x<+ ds ?ksjko ds le; dykyhu dks ixM+h&cny HkkbZ cuk;k
eYyhukFk dk jkT;kfHk"ksd & jko f=Hkwouflag dks ijkLr djds eYyhukFk FkkA tSlyesj fot; dj tc dekyhu ckn'kkg ds ikl vk;k rc diwj ejgBs us
egsok ds jktflagklu ij 1340 bZ- esa vklhu gq, ,oa jkoy dh inoh /kkj.k dh bl ?kM+lh dks lkSaius dh lkjh ckr crk nh] bl ij dekyhu us /kM+lh vkfn pkj yM+dksa
volj ij jkT; ds leLr jktiwr ljnkjksa us mlds vkf/kiR; dks Lohdkj fd;kA dks ogk ls fudky fn;kA os ukxkSj tkdj #ds ijUrq ckn'kkg ds Qjeku ds vuqlkj
lEiw.kZ jkT; esa buds jkT;kjksg.k ,oa vkf/kiR; dh lwpuk igqapkbZ xbZA blh volj ij ukxkSj ds gkfde us mudks dSn dj fy;kA og /kM+lh dks ckn'kkg ds le{k mifLFkr
HkkbZ fcjknjh ds yksx Hkh buds lkFk lfEefyr gks x,A ftlls eYyhukFk dh 'kfDr djus ds fy, pykA ekxZ esa tc og uekt i<+us yxk ml le; /kM+lh us ekSdk
LokHkkfor :i ls c<+ xbZA ns[kdj mldk o/k dj fn;k vkSj v'ok:<+ gksdj pkewa igqapkA vius HkkbZ;ksa dks ogha
lSfud vfHk;ku & jkoy eYyhukFk us viuh vkUrfjd fLFkfr etcwr djus NksM+dj ?kM+lh vius Hkk.kts esxyns dks igqapkus ds fy, vkcw x;kA ogk ls ykSVrs
ds i'pkr~ vius vkl&ikl ds Hkksfe;ksa ds {ks=ksa ij vf/kdkj dj vius jkT; dk le; egsos esa vkdj ,d ekyh ds ?kj esa BgjkA egsok dk jkoy eYyhukFk dk iq=
foLrkj fd;kA iM+kSlh jkT;ksa ij vf/kdkj djds vfHk;ku ls iwoZ jkoy us jkT; foLrkj txeky f'kdkj tkrs gq, m/kj ls fudyk rc ?kM+lh us txeky dks ns[kk ijUrq mlus
gsrq viuh lsuk dk xBu fd;k ,oa blh lSU; cy dh lgk;rk ls vius izfr}af};ksa ds iz.kke ugh fd;kA txeky us jkoy eYyhukFk ls dgk] vius xkao esa dksbZ jktiwr
{ks=ksa ls dj olqyuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA iM+kl S h {ks=ksa ls dj olqyuk jkoy dh fot; vk;k gSA ;k rks og xaokj gS ;k fdlh jktoa'k dk gSA jkoy us mldk irk yxok;k rks
dk |ksrd gSA Kkr gqvk fd og tSlyesj ds HkkVh jrulh dk iq= gSA mldks cqykdj cM+s vknj
egsok dk vke.k & HkaMkjh QStpan dh cgh esa fy[kk gS fd eYyhukFk us lRdkj ds lkFk vius ikl j[kk vkSj txeky dh iq=h dk fookg mlds lkFk dj
Hkksfe;ksa dks ekjdj ,d cM+s {ks= ij vf/kdkj dj fy;k fQj mlus vkl&ikl dh fn;kA ikap&eghus ds ckn mlus jkoy eYyhukFk ls dgk fd vkidh vkKk gks rks eSa
/kjrh esa ywVekj dh rc turk us mldh iqdkj vykmhu ls dhA bl ij ckn'kkg dh 'kkgh lsok esa tkdj viuk jkT; vftZr djus dk iz;kl d:aA jkoy eYyhukFk us [kq'k
lsuk egsok ij vkbZA eYyhukFk fot; jgkA ,slk gh o.kZu tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr esa gksdj mls fonk fd;kA ?kM+lh us vius vuqpjksa ls QykSnh ds lehi fdjM+k ds ikl
Hkh feyrk gS] ijUrq vykmhu f[kyth rks eYyhukFk ds cgqr igys gqvkA vr% c/kkM+k xzke esa fu;qDr fd;k vkSj Lo;a nl HkkfV;ksa o nks pkj.kksa dks lkFk ysdj
vykmhu dh p<+kbZ dk o`rkUr diksy&dfYir gh yxrk gSA oLrqr% fnYyh ds ckn'kkg dh lsok esa mifLFkr gqvkA ckjg o"kZ rd lsok dh ijUrq dksbZ ifj.kke ugha
ckn'kkg dk vke.k egsok ij ugha gqvkA eYyhukFk dh c<+rh gqbZ 'kfDr tc fudykA ,d ckj ckn'kkg 'ke'kqhu fnYyh ij p<+ vk;kA ?kM+lh ds lsod HkkVh
vkl&ikl ds jkT;ksa dks pqukSrh nsus yxh rks xqtjkr ds 'kkld us ml ij vke.k tSpan ds ikS= vkSj ny ds iq= yw.kx us ckn'kkg ds gkFkh dh lwaM dkVdj viuh
180
ikgqjh esa Mky nhA ?kM+lh gkFkh ds nkar idM+ dj vackM+h esa ?kql x;k vkSj ckn'kkg dk vteky ,oa jkenso ihj us ;g LFkku vius fuokl gsrq ekaxk rc jkoy eYyhukFk us
eqdqV Nhu fy;kA tc fnYyh ifr dks bldk irk yxk rks mlus ?kM+lh dh bPNkuqlkj bldk vkf/kiR; vteky dks ns fn;kA blds i'pkr~ jkenso raoj us iksdj.k dks
mls tSlyesj dk jkT; nsus dk Qjeku fy[k fn;kA bl izdkj ?kM+lh tSlyesj ysus esa vkckn djok;kA dqN le; i'pkr~ jkenso ds HkkbZ ohjenso us viuh Hkrhth dk
lQy gqvkA mlus viuk vej djus ds fy, ?kM+lhlj tyk'; cuk;kA fookg jkoy eYyhukFk ds iksrs txeky ds iq= gEehj ls dj fn;kA ckn esa iksdj.k
flokuk ij vkf/kiR; & tlksy jh rokjh[k ds vuqlkj egsok ds if'pe dh mldks ngst esa ns fn;kA bl izdkj iksdj.k ij eYyhukFk ds oa'k dk vkf/kiR;
vksj vejdksV rd ds {ks= dks ywV&ikV djds ogka ls cgqr lkjk /ku izkIr fd;kA LFkkfir gks x;kA
mlds ckn jkoy us egsok dh lhek ij fLFkr flokuk ij vke.k fd;kA ml le; dksVM+k ds gb;ksa dks ijkLr djuk & egsok ds mkj&if'pe esa gh dksVM+k
flokuk ij rqdks dk vkf/kiR; FkkA bl le; fnYyh dk 'kklu detksj gks x;k FkkA uked LFkku ij gb;ksa ,oa iksgM+ksa dk vkf/kiR; FkkA muds v/khu ukS fdys Fks tks mudh
bl vO;oLFkk dk ykHk mBkdj mUgksaus flokuk dks egsok dk vax cuk fy;kA bl 'kfDr dk vk/kkj FksA muds ,oa egsok ds Lokeh ds e/; HkSal ds fookn dks ysdj ;q
fot; ls muds jkT; dh nf{k.kh&iwohZ lhek dk foLrkj gks x;kA gks x;kA jkoy us iksgM+ksa ,oa gqb;ksa dks ijkLr djds viuk opZLo LFkkfir fd;kA bl
ckM+esj ij vkf/kiR;&uS.klh us vius xzaFk foxr esa jkoy eYyhukFk dks fot; ls egsok dh lhek ij fLFkr dksVM+k jkBkSMk+ sa ds vkf/kiR; esa vk tkus ls ml
ckM+esj dk Lokeh crk;k gSA blls bl {ks= ij muds fot; izekf.kr gksrh gSaA blh fn'kk ls Hkh jkT; dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr gks xbZA
{ks= ds dqN xkao jkoy us vius NksVs HkkbZ ohje dks HkkbZ caV esa fn;s FksA bl fot; ls cgsyok ds lkFk lEcU/k & egsok ds mkj esa bZnk jktiwrksa dk jkT; Fkk ftldh
egsok ds if'pe esa lhek dk foLrkj gks x;kA jkt/kkuh cgsyok FkhA bnk jktiwrksa dk ml {ks= esa O;kid izHkko FkkA jkoy eYyhukFk
mkjh lhek dk foLrkj & egsok dh mkjh lhek lEHkor% lkyksMh+ uked ds le; ml LFkku dk Lokeh jk.kk mejM+k FkkA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd jk.kk us egsok ds
LFkku rd FkhA lhek dh lqj{kk gsrq ogka ij Fkk.kk LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk ftl ij Lokeh ds c<+rs gq, izHkko ds o'khHkwr gksdj mudk vkf/kiR; Lohdkj dj fy;k gksxkA
jkoy us vius Hkrhts pwaMk dks fu;qDr fd;k FkkA ;g Fkk.kk vR;Ur egoiw.kZ Fkk bnk ljnkj us jkoy dh pkdjh Lohdkj dj yh Fkh ,oa egsok ds njckj esa lnSo
O;kikfjd ekxZ ij bldh vofLFkfr us blds egRo esa vkSj vf/kd o`f dj nh FkhA mifLFkr jgrk FkkA bl izdkj egsok ds mkj esa fLFkr cgsyok ds Lokeh }kjk pkdjh
bl Fkk.ks ij fu;qfDr ls ;g mtkxj gksrk gS fd jkoy us ;gka rd ds {ks= ij fot; Jh dj ysus ls ml vksj ls egsok dk lqjf{kr gks tkuk LokHkkfod Hkh FkkA
gkfly djds bl vksj vius jkT; dk foLrkj dj fy;k FkkA eYyhukFk ds vafre fnu & o`koLFkk esa eYyhukFk vLoLFk jgus yxsA
nf{k.kh lhek dk foLrkj & jkoy us vius jkT; ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr {ks= ij LokLF; ykHk gsrq dkQh nku&iq.; fd;k x;k ijUrq dksbZ ykHk ugha gqvkA eYyhukFk
Hkh viuk opZLo LFkkfir fd;k Fkk ;g {ks= pkSgkuksa ds izHkko {ks= esa Fkk] mUgksaus ogka ds us vius iq=ksa dks cqykdj dgk fd brus fnu rd rks gsek dh fgEer ;gka vkus dh ugha
leLr Hkksfe;ksa dks vius v/khu dj fy;k FkkA blfy, os lHkh muds vuq;k;h gks x;s gqbZ ijUrq esjs e`R;q ds ckn egsok vk tk;sxkAA ,slk dksbZ ohj jktiwr gS tks fd gsek dks
FksA mUgha esa pkSgkuksa dh dkEify;k 'kk[kk dk dqEHkk Fkk tks lkapkSj ds dkEiyk uked ekjus dk iz.k ysA blds fy, txeky dk iq= dqEHkk rS;kj gqvk rc eYyhukFk us
xkao dk lokeh FkkA og egsok ds vkf/kiR; dks ekurk FkkA blds vk/kkj ij gh ;g dqEHkk dks ryokj o dVkjh lkSaidj ?kksMk+ iznku fd;k ftlus gsek dks ekjdj viuh
dgk tk ldrk gS fd egsok dh lhek lkapkSj rd igqap xbZ FkhA izfrKk iwjh dhA egsok ij eYyhukFk ds vafre le; esa eqlyekuksa us vke.k fd;k
mkjh&iwohZ lhek dk foLrkj & jsm ds vuqlkj jkoy ds HkkbZ lksfHkr us muds ml le; eYyhukFk dh MksMh;kyh xkao ds ikl muls eqBHksM+ gqbZ vkSj ogha vius
vkns'k ij vksfl;ka uked LFkku ij jkBkSMk+ sa dh fot; irkdk QgjkbZ] bl fot; ls v'o lfgr MksfM;kyh ds igkM+ksa esa yqIr gks x;sA muds ihNs jk.kh #ikns lrh gks xbZ
izlUu gksdj jkoy us vksfl;ka vius HkkbZ lksfHkr dks ns fn;k FkkA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS ftl izdkj ehjka ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd og yksi gks xbZ vkSj mldh e`R;q frfFk
fd jkBkSM+ lhek dk foLrkj vksfl;ka rd gks x;k FkkA dk vc rd dksbZ izek.k ugha feyrk gS mlh izdkj eYyhukFk dh e`R;q dh frfFk ds
iksdj.k ds lkFk lEcU/k & egsok ds mkj&if'pe iksdj.k fLFkr Fkk] ftl ckjs esa lqfuf'pr tkudkjh ugha feyrh gSA jsm vkSj txnh'kflag xgyksr us fofHkUu
ij iwoZ esa iaokjksa dk vkf/kiR; Fkk ,oa ckn esa ;g LFkku mtM+ x;k ,slk izrhr gksrk gS rF;ksa dk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr~ eYyhukFk ds fu/ku dk le; fo-la- 1456
fd ;g {ks= egsok ds Lokeh us vius vf/kdkj esa dj fy;kA blds ckn dqaoj Lohdkj fd;k gSA
181
lanHkZ
1- mn;Hkk.k pkaikor jh [;kr] i`- 5
2- tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;kr] i`- 31
3- ckadhnkl jh [;kr] i`- 5 ,oa 113 esokM+&eqxy la?k"kZ esa xksxqUnk {ks= dh Hkwfedk (egkjk.kk
4- uS.klh jh [;kr] i`- 30] 281] 282] 284
5- ohjHkk.k i`- 8 ls 18
mn;flag o egkjk.kk izrki ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
6- fxanksyh jh ckr egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k tks/kiqj xzaFkkd 1123 vt; eksph
7- jsm ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`- 59
8- ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr] Hkkx&1] i`- 21 ls 22 esokM+ lEiw.kZ jktLFkku esa lokZf/kd xkSjo'kkyh] egRoiw.kZ vkSj mPp Js.kh dk
9- eqfUn;kM+ jh [;kr] i`- 29 jkT; gSA blesa Hkh fof'k"V LFkku nks 'kkldksa dk gS] ftUgksaus esokM+ ds bfrgkl dks ,d
10- QqVdj [;kr] jk-'kks-la- xzaFkkd 13506 fof'k"Vrk iznku dh os Fks&egkjk.kk mn;flag o egkjk.kk izrkiflagA ftUgksaus rRdkyhu
11- jktLFkku ds xzaFkksa dk losZ{k.k Hkkx&1] i`- 29
Hkkjr ds lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld eqxy lezkV vdcj dh v/khurk dks vLohdkj
12- ekjokM+ js ijxuk jh foxr Hkkx&2] i`- 291
13- jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh xazFkkad 13504 djrs gq, eqxy 'kfDr dk lkeuk fd;k vkSj cgqr lhfer lalk/kuksa o {ks= ds ckotwn
14- ekjokM+ jk bfrgkl Hkkx&1] i`- 291 eqxy lsuk ls yksgk fy;k vkSj esokM+ dh vku&cku&'kku dks cuk;s j[kkA
15- HkkafM;kokl jh cgh bl la?k"kZ esa mu nks egkiq#"kksa ds O;fDrxr xq.kksa ds lkFk ,d egRoiw.kZ rF;
16- xqjkalk pkSikfu;ksa i`- 45 Hkh bl la?k"kZ vkSj lQyrk dks cuk;k j[kk og gS&^HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr o {ks=A esokM+
17- n`"VO; ekykth jh efgek dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dks egkjk.kk mn;flag vkSj [kkldj egkjk.kk izrki us bl izdkj
18- ekjokM+ jk ewy bfrgkl jkedj.k vklksik
19- ekjokM+ jkT; dk bfrgkl txnh'kflag xgyksr] i`- 78
iz;ksx fd;k fd ,d u;s bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k dj ldsa vkSj rRdkyhu loZ'kfDreku
20- lUr f'kjksef.k jk.kh #ikns vkSj eYyhukFk] Mh-ch- {khjlkxj] i`- 6 rkdr dks jksdus esa lQyrk izkIr dh vkSj esokM+ dks foftr j[kkA*1
21- Hkwjflag jkBkSM+ jktLFkku esa jkBkSM+ lkezkT; dk mn; ,oa foLrkj] i`- 73 esokM+ dh HkkSxksfyd fof'k"Vrk esa vjkoyh ioZrekyk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
22- ekyk.kh ds xkSjo&xhr] i`- 12] 13 gS vkSj bl ioZrekyk esa egRoiw.kZ {ks= ^xksxqUnk* {ks= gSA2 xksxqUnk xko mn;iqj ls 35
23- <k<h cknj ohjok.k la- jkuh y{eh dqekjh pwaMkor] i`- 3 ls 16 fdeh nwj mkj if'pe fn'kk esa fLFkr gS] tks viuh HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj
24- tlksy dh rokjh[k] i`- 32] 33
vofLFkfr ds dkj.k egkjk.kk mn;flag }kjk esokM+ dh vLFkk;h jkt/kkuh cuk;k x;k
25- ekyk.kh dk bfrgkl] i`- 32] 33
26- tloar m|ksr] i`- 55
vkSj egkjk.kk izrki }kjk leLr xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz LFky cukdj eqxyksa ds fo#
27- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] f}rh; Hkkx] la- 802 la?k"kZ esa iz;ksx fd;k gksxkA xksxqUnk {ks= esa igkM+h {ks= dh vf/kdrk ds dkj.k ladjs
ioZrh; ekxksZa] njksZa ftu ij }kj cukdj jkLrksa dks can Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bu
igkM+ksa ij pkSfd;k cuk dj leLr {ks= dh tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
bu {ks=ksa esa ?kksM+s o gkfFk;ksa ij lokj gksdj vkuk eqf'dy gS vkSj ij ls
vke.kdkjh tjk lh gypy dks vklkuh ls ns[k ysrs gSa vkSj bu ij rhjksa] iRFkjksa vkfn
ls geyk dj nsrs Fks vkSj bu ladjs ekxksZa ls taxyksa esa foyqIr Hkh gks tkrs gSaA bl {ks=
esa vkfnoklh&Hkhy tkfr Hkh cgqrk;r esa feyrs gSa ftUgksaus egkjk.kk mn;flag o izrki
dh iwjh enn dh vksj bl {ks= esokM+ dks foftr j[kkA bl izdkj xksxqUnk {ks= dh
egkk dks ns[kdj xksxqUnk ds egRoiw.kZ LFkyksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS tks fuEu gS&
182
1- mn;flag }kjk esokM+ dh jkt/kkuh yEch NksVh&eksVh ?kkfV;ksa dks ikj dj pkjksa vksj igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjh ,d xqQk gS] ftls
1570 bZ- esa fpkkSM+ nqxZ ds iru vkSj eqxy vkf/kiR; ds ckn egkjk.kk ek;jk xqQk@gjM+ dgk tkrk gSA ;g xqQk gYnh?kkVh ls 6 ehy if'pe esa gS vkSj eksMh
mn;flag esokM+ dh jktLFkkuh lkefjd o lSfud :i ls egRoiw.kZ {ks= dh ryk'k gsrq o pksjckoM+h xko ds e/; fLFkr gSA
fxokZ igkfM+;ksa dks pqukA mn;iqj uxj dh LFkkiuk] fdUrq lkefjd o lSfud n`f"V ls ;g xqQk gYnh?kkVh ;q ds le; lSfud vkokl@Nkouh o 'kL=kxkj ds :i
mi;qDr LFky dh ryk'k esa os dqEHkyx<+ Hkh x;s] tks esokM+ dh iqjkuh jkt/kkuh Hkh esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh vkSj blesa fllksfn;k jktoa'k dh dqynsoh dh ewfrZ o /kw.kh fo|eku
jg pqdk gS] fdUrq og Hkh lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls mi;qDr ugha yxkA blds ckn xksxqUnk gSA bl xqQk dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ps&ps igkM+ksa ls 10&12 ehy nwj
{ks= dk p;u fd;kk tks igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk vkSj ljyrk ls fn[kkbZ Hkh ugha nsrk gSA O;fDr Hkh ;gk ls utj vk ldrk gS fdUrq bl xqQk dks 10&12 dne nwj [kM+k
vkl&ikl ds {ks= ls pkbZ ij fLFkr gS] ftlls 'k=q ij vklkuh ls vke.k O;fDr Hkh ugha ns[k ikrk gSA blds vUnj djhc 200 yksx vklkuh ls cSB ldrs gSaA
gks ldrk gS vkSj ljyrk ls ,d ls nwljh txg tk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g {ks= igys bZMj
(5) /kksfy;k th igkM+] egy o jk.kk xko
ds jkBkSMk+ sa dh vafre pkSdh ds :i esa fLFkr Fkk vkSj egkjk.kk mn;flag o izrki ds
le; ;g xko [kkyls esa FkkA xko ds nf{k.k esa orZeku jktjk.kkvksa ds iqjkus o u;s xksxqUnk rkykc ls vk/kk ehy nwjh ij fLFkr ^jk.kk xko* o mlds nf{k.k esa 1
egy fLFkr gSA /kkj.kkuqlkj bu egyksa dk mkjh&iwohZ Hkkx tks ckn esa jfuokl o ehy nwj /kksfy;k th igkM+ fLFkr gSA bl igkM+ dh rygVh esa dqN [k.Mjuqek egy
jktjk.kk ds jgus gsrq gS] og egkjk.kk mn;flag ds le; Hkh fo|eku FkkA ;gk egkjk.kk fLFkr gS] ftUgsa jk.kk egy o dksVh dgrs gSaA blds mkj fn'kk esa fo'kky eSnku gS]
mn;flag 1568&1572 bZ- rd xksxqUnk esa jgs o e`R;q gqbZA ftls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa êky* dgk tkrk gSA jk.kk xko o egy egkjk.kk izrki }kjk tc
Hkh xksxqUnk ij eqxy vke.k gksrk rks os ifjokj lfgr /kksfy;k th igkM+ dh rygVh
(2) mn;flag dh e`R;q o Nrfj;ka esa bl xko esa vk tkrs FksA tc vdcj Lo;a Hkh xksxqUnk vk;k rc egkjk.kk dk iwjk
xksxqUnk esa gh egkjk.kk mn;flag n'kgjs ij chekj gq, vkSj 28 Qjojh 1572 ifjokj ;gh lqjf{kr FkkA xko dk uke Hkh jk.kk xko blhfy, iM+k gSA blh {ks= esa
bZ- esa 42 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mudk LoxZokl gqvkA mudk nkg&laLdkj u;s egyksa ls Bhd jkfu;k@lkearh fL=;k fuokl djrh Fkh vkSj ;s lkjs egy o dksV tks orZeku esa
nf{k.k esa 2 ykx dh nwjh ij rkykc ds iBkjh Hkkx ij fd;k x;k] ftldh iky Lo;a [k.MgjkoLFkk esa gSA muds jfuokl FksA
egkjk.kk izrki }kjk cka/kh xbZ FkhA rkykc ds iBkjh Hkkx ij mudh o dqy iq#"kksa dh
Nrfj;k vkt Hkh fo|eku gSa vkSj cM+h Nrjh egkjk.kk mn;flag dh gSA blh {ks= esa ,d izpfyr yksdxkFkk Hkh gS] ftlesa ?kkl&Qwl dh jksVh dks ,d
oufoyko }kjk egkjk.kk ds iq= ds gkFkksa ls Nhudj Hkkx tkuk vkSj iq= dks jksrk ns[kdj
(3) jktfryd LFky jk.kk dk eu fopfyr gksuk vkSj eqxy la?k"kksZa dks vkSj Hkh rhoz djuk izpfyr gSA
iqjkus egyksa ls mkj fn'kk esa 1 QykZax dh nwjh ij egknso th dk eafnj o blds vfrfjDr ;gk lkeUrksa ls ppkZ o jktuhfr cukus gsrq /kksfy;k igkM+ gS] ftldh
ckoM+h gSA bl eafnj izkax.k esa ,d pk pcqrjk gS ftl ij pkj [kEHkksa ij Nrjh cuh ijh pksjh ,dne likV gS vkSj ogk Hkh ,d /kw.kh gS vkSj vkl&ikl ds {ks= ij
gqbZ gSA vius b"Vnso egknso dks lk{kh eku dj mudk jkT;kfHk"ksd gksyh ioZ ij vklkuh ls utj j[kh tk ldrh gSA
esokM+h ljnkjksa }kjk fd;k x;k vkSj ckn esa xksxqUnk ds jktegyksa esa gqvkA bl izdkj buds vfrfjDr xksxqUnk {ks= ds vkl&ikl esa ephUn xko (/kw.kh o egy)]
eqxyksa ls la?k"kZ gsrq esokM+ o lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ohjksa dk ohj f'kjksef.k
jksfgM+k xko (taxy nqxZ)] mcs'oj th] deyukFk] vkojx<+ dh igkfM+;ksa] gfjgj
egkjk.kk izrki esokM+ ds jktoa'k ij LFkkfir gq, vkSj uohu bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
eafnj (cnjk.kk)] HkkseB dk iBkj (xksxqUnk ls dqEHkyx<+ ds e/; dk iBkj) tjxk th
(4) ek;jk xqQk dk igkM+ vkfn egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld o i;ZVu {ks= ekStwn gSA bl izdkj xksxqUnk o
gYnh?kkVh dks tkus okyk ekxZ xksxqUnk ds iwoZ esa igkM+h jkLrksa esa gSA bu igkM+ksa mlds vkl&ikl dk {ks= tks mn;iqj&gYnh ?kkVh&dqEHkyx<+ ds e/; esa vkrk gS vkSj
dks ^yke* dgk tkrk gSA ^yke* ds ladjs jkLrksa dks yka?kdj Hkwrkyk xko dk ?kkVk ikj pkjksa vksj ls foLr`r p<+kbZ ikj dj vkuk iM+rk gSA tgk ls gYnh?kkVh 11 ehy nwj iwoZ
djrs gq, gYnh?kkVh tk;k tkrk gSA ^yke* yka?kus ds ckn iwoZ esa yxHkx ls 1 ehy fn'kk esa vkSj dqEHkyx<+ 20 ehy nwj mkj if'pe fn'kk esa gSA
183
bl {ks= esa gh egkjk.kk mn;flag }kjk vkeus&lkeus ;q djus dh jktiwr lanHkZ

iz.kkyh dks NksMd
+ j ;q dh ifr ^xksfjYyk ifr* dk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj igkM+h 1- laiknd nsohyky ikyhoky] egkjk.kk izrki Le`fr xzUFk] lkfgR; laLFkku] jktLFkku fo|kihB]
{ks=ksa dk Qk;nk mBk dj 'k=q ij Hkjiqj izgkj fd;kA izrki us gYnh?kkVh ;q esa mn;iqj] 1969
Hkkjrh; vVkfod iz.kkyh ;q liZO;wg dk iz;ksx fd;kA 2- 'kekZ] ukjk;.k yky] egkjk.kk mn;flag] enj bf.M;k ifCyds'ku] fnYyh] 2009
3- Hk] jktsUnz 'kadj] esokM+ ds egkjk.kk vkSj 'kga'kkg vdcj] LQfVd laLFkku] t;iqj] 2002
eqxy lezkV vdcj }kjk egkjk.kk izrki dks laf/k okrkZ gsrq ny Hkstsa os Hkh 4- O;kl] xksiky oYyHk] esokM+ dk lkekftd o vkfFkZd thou] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj]
xksxqUnk esa gh izrki ls feys FksA ftuesa 1572 bZ- vxLr esa tyky [kk] 1573 vDVwEcj 1994] izFke
esa Hkxoarnkl o ckn esa jktk VksMjey vkfn egRoiw.kZ njckjh o dwVuhfrd xksxqUnk esa 5- xxZ] nkeksnj yky] 'kkgtgkukek] lkfgR; lkxj] 2009] izFke
izrki ls feys fdUrq izrki dh Lora=rk dks laf/k ls >qdk ugha ldsaA dqN fo}ku~ jktk 6- jk.kkor] lTtuflag] ds- ,l- xqIrk] Lo:iflag pq.M+kor] egkjk.kk izrki ls lEcfU/kr LFkku
,oa lzksr] egkjk.kk izrki Lekjd lfefr] fpjkx izdk'ku] 2002
ekuflag dh eqykdkr dks Hkh xksxqUnk esa ekurs gSaA ekuflag 1573 bZ- esa xqtjkr gksrs 7- lTtu flag jk.kkor] egkjk.kk izrki vkSj esokM+
gq, bZMj ls Mwaxjiqj ls mn;iqj vk;k o dqN xksxqUnk vkuk Hkh crkrs gSaA 8- nsohyky ikyhoky] xkSfjYyk ifr
Qjojh 1615 bZ- dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk esokM+&eqxy laf/k Hkh fo}ku xksxqUnk esa 9- ih-,y- esukfj;k] izrki ds le; ds dfri; iqjkrkfRod lk/ku
gksuk crkrs gSaA tgkxhj ds dky esa 'kgtknk [kqjZe ('kkgtgk) dk f'kfoj Hkh xksxqUnk 10- ds- ,l- xqIrk] egRoiw.kZ dwVuhfrd LFky % xksxqUnk
11- 'kekZ] pUnz'ks[kj] ;qxU/kj izrki] vadqj izdk'ku] mn;iqj] 2011
esa FkkA tgk egkjk.kk vejflag us eqxy&esokM+ laf/k ij gLrk{kj fd;s FksA 16 eqgjZe
lu~ o tywlh o"kZ 1024 crk;k x;k gS tks 3 Qjojh 1615 bZ- crkrh gSA
esokM+ ds O;kikj dk izeq[k dsUnz Hkh xksxqUnk esa gh FkkA izeq[k O;kikfjd
ekxZ&cwanh ls ekaMyx<+&[keuksj] xksxqUnk] ikujok&bZMj rd tks cEcbZ cUnjxkg tkrk
FkkA 'kgtknk [kqjZe dks mlds firk tgkxhj ds fo# fonzksg dky esa lokZf/kd
lg;ksx esokM+ ls feyk vkSj [kqjZe }kjk 1628 esa Lo;a dks eqxy lezkV ?kksf"kr Hkh
xksxqUnk esa fd;k x;k ,slk fo}ku ekurs gSaA lezkV vdcj Lo;a eksgh&eankfj;k gksrs gq,
xksxqUnk vk;k o dqN fnuksa rd jgk fdarq egkjk.kk izrki mlds gkFk u vk ldsa vkSj
fQj og ogk ls Mwaxjiqj&cklokM+k pyk x;kA
gYnh?kkVh ;q ds ckn ekuflag us xksxqUnk vf/kdkj Hkh fd;k egkjk.kk izrki
dks canh cukus gsrq fdarq tu lg;ksx ds vHkko esa eqxy lsuk Hkw[kh ejus yxh vkSj cpk
gqvk jln Hkh Hkhyksa }kjk fNu fy;k x;k vkSj ekuflag dks [kkyh gkFk tkuk iM+kA
xksxqUnk {ks= ds fo'oluh; o LokehHkDr taxyh tkfr Hkhy o xjkfl;k tks eqxy
lsuk dh [kcj vkuu&Qkuu esa izrki dks o <ksy ctk dj vkSj b'kkjksa ls ,d ls nwljs
xko rd [krjs dh lwpuk nsrs vkSj dqN gh ?kaVksa esa 100&150 dksl nwj Hkh igqp tkrs
FksA fnu&Hkj esa vjkoyh ds ,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd [kcj igqpk nsrs bl tkudkjh
ls izrki viuk iM+ko 5&7 fnu iwoZ gh gVk nsrs FksA bl izdkj xksxqUnk o vkl&ikl dk
{ks= esokM+ ds bfrgkl o vktknh ls fy;s egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA bl {ks= us esokM+ ds
egkjk.kkvksa dks vku&cku&'kku cuk;s j[kus esa enn dhA
184
mijksDr le; esa ls uhps of.kZr le; Hkh 'kkfey ugha gksxk
1- ;g Hkh /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd o"kkZ rq esa ;q ugha gksrs FksA
egkjk.kk izrki dkyhu vkfFkZd fLFkfr 2- xehZ esa eqxy lsuk esokM+h izns'k dh xehZ dSls lgu dj ldrh Fkh bldk
fooj.k cnk;wauh] tks gYnh?kkVh ;q esa ekStwn Fkk bl izdkj dh gSA ^^m".kdky ds
MkW- bZ'ojflag jk.kkor e/; ds bl fnu xehZ bruh iM+ jgh Fkh fd [kksiM+h ds Hkhrj ext Hkh mcyrk FkkA
,sls le; yM+kbZ izkr%dky ls e/;k rd pyhA ml le; yw vkx ds leku py
HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls esokM+ rhu izkfrd {ks=ksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA (1) jgh Fkh] gekjs lSfudksa esa pyus fQjus dh 'kfDr u jgh FkhA**
ioZrh; Hkwfe (2) iBkjh; Hkwfe vkSj (3) eSnkuh Hkwfe
iBkjh; HkwfeesokM+ dk iBkjh; Hkkx fprkSM+ ls csxw] fctksfy;ka] ekaMyx<]
ioZrh;vjkoyh ioZr dh NksVh vkSj cM+h kà[kyk,sa esokM+ izns'k ds lEiw.kZ
tgktiqj] HkSaljksM+x<+ ls dksVk&cwanh jkT;ksa vFkkZr~ vk/kqfud dksVk laHkkx dh if'peh
{ks=Qy esa fc[kjh gqbZ gSA jkT; ds {ks=Qy dk 3@4 rhu pkSFkkbZ Hkkx ds bl {ks= dks
lhek rd QSyk gqvk FkkA ;g {ks= LFkkuh; cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa ijeky ds uke ls
eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa es ckaVk tk ldrk gSA
tkuk tkrk gSA lg iBkj mit dh n`f"V ls esokM+ dk lEiUu Hkkx jgkA bl {ks= esa
(v) mkj&if'peh vjkoyh kà[kykvtesj dh vksj ls fnosj ds fudV vkfFkZd ykHk okyh vQhe dh [ksrh cgqrk;r ls gksrh jgh gSA {ks=h; lEiUurk ls
esokM+ izns'k djus okyh kà[kyk if'peh&nf{k.k esa ekjokM+ jkT; vk/kqfud tks/kiqj vkdf"kZr gksdj ejkBksa us Hkh ckj&ckj blh vksj vfre.k fd;s FksA ijUrq ;gka dh
laHkkx ds fdukjsfduksj gksrh gqbZ esokM+ dh nf{k.kh lhek rd QSyh gqbZ gSA blh Hkwfe dh fLFkfr ds Qyr% ejkBksa dks ;krk;kr laca/kh dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k
bykds esa vjkoyh dh loksZPp pksVh ^tjxk dk igkM+* fLFkr gS Js.kh ds ioZrksa esa dbZ FkkA
ladjs vkSj rax ekxZ fLFkr gS] ftUgsa LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ûky* dgk tkrk gSA bu ukyksa esa
eSnkuh Hkwfemkj esa [kkjh unh ls dksBkjh unh ds e/; izkfrd Hkwfe rFkk
nslwjh] >hyokM+k vkSj gkFkh xqMk+ dh uky tks/kiqj jkT; vkSj esokM+ ds e/; vkokxeu
cukl unh ls nf{k.kh oU; izns'k rd QSyh Hkwfe esokM+ dk eSnkuh izns'k dgykrk gSA
ds fy;s iz;ksx gksrh jgh FkhA blh Hkw&Hkkx ls jkT; ds dsUnzh; izos'k dks mitk cukus
bl {ks= dks esokM+ dh Hkk"kk es êky* dgk tkrk gSA esokM+ dh ?kuh vkcknh okyh
okyh ufn;ka fudyrh gSA bl ioZrh; {ks= esa vf/kdrj Hkhyksa dk fuokl jgk gSA1 ;g
cfLr;ka blh {ks= esa vofLFkr gSA bu cfLr;ksa esa jktiwr] czk.k rFkk egktu tkfr;ksa
tkfr ioZrh; mit vkSj okyjk f"k vFkkZr~ taxy ds lw[ks o`{kksa o ?kkl dks tyk dj
ds lkFk gh f"k O;olk;h tkfr;ksa esa tkV] Mkaxh] /kkdM+ vkfn vf/kd jgrs FksA4
[kkn cukuk rFkk blh ds cht fNVd dj o"kkZ esa idus nsukA2 bl {ks= esa dqEHky<+]
lk;jk] xksxwUnk] >kM+ksy bR;kfn LFkku tu&thou ds izeq[k ds dsUnz FksA 'kkgckt [kka vDVwcj 1577 bZ- esa esokM+ dh rjQ jokuk gqvkA 3 vizsy 1578
(c) ;g ioZrh; kà[kyk;g ioZrh; Hkkx [kku ,oa [kfut] vkS"kf/k;ksa rFkk bZ- dks mlus dqEHkyx<+ ij vf/kdkj fy;k vkSj yxHkx vkB ekg ckn Qrgiqj lhdjh
ykSV x;kA5 blds ykSVus ds i'pkr~ yxHkx flrEcj&vDVwcj 1578 bZ- dks Hkkek'kkg
bekjrh dk"B dh n`f"V ls lEiUu jgk gSA bl Hkkx esa jkT; ds nf{k.kh Hkkx dh vksj
vkSj rkjkpan us jkriqjs ls fudydj llSU; ekyos ds ckn'kkgh bykds ij /kkok cksyk
cgus okyh ufn;ksa esa xkserh] ekgh rFkk okdy unh eq[; gSA ;g izns'k iqu% exjk]
vkSj ogk ls iPphl yk[k #i;s ,oa nks gtkj vk'kfQZ;k naM Lo:i olwy djds jk.kk
esoy rFkk NIiu uked mi{ks=ksa esa foHkDr gS mn;iqj ds vkl&ikl okyk {ks= exjk]
ds ikl pwfy;k eqdke ij igqap dj HksaV dhA6 bl cM+h jkf'k ls lSfud ,oa
okdy unh ds ikl okyk HkkseV] xkserh unh ds iwohZ Hkkx esa esoy rFkk xkserh ls
iz'kklfud O;; dh O;oLFkk esa cM+h enn feyhA
ekgh unh ds e/; dk {ks= NIiu dgykrk jgk gSA eso] eh.kk vkSj Hkhy tSlh
vkfnokfl;ksa dh cfLr;ksa ds lkFk bl {ks= esa lywEcj] pkoaM] vkxsuk] ikujok] tqMk+ eqxyksa dks vkfFkZd gkfu igqapkus dk iz;Ru
o tokl ds vkl&ikl lH; tkfr;ksa dh cfLr;ka Hkh fo|ekuk jgh FkhA3 1576 ls 1586 rd eqxyksa }kjk vf/kr igkM+h {ks=ksa dks iwjh rjg mtkM+us
mijksDr ioZr kà[kyk,a esokM+ jkT; ds fy, nf{k.k] if'pe rFkk mkj dh vksj rFkk ogka dksbZ [ksrh ckM+h ugha gksus nsus dh uhfr viukbZA vFkkZr~ gkfu eqxyksa dh lsuk
lhek j{kd dk dk;Z djrh FkhA ,sls esa dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS fd xehZ ds efguksa dks gksrh jgh ;gka fo'ks"k /;ku ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd izrki ds v/khu {ks= esa f"k dk;Z
esa eqxy lsuk dSls yM+h gksxh vFkkZr~ ugha yM+hA ugha jksdk x;k gSA blfy, ogka [kk|kUu fuckZ/k :i ls lIykbZ gks jgk FkkA blds
185
foijhr izrki ds vkns'kksa ds mYya?ku djus okyksa dks fcuk fdlh fgpfdpkgV ds ekSr lkFk mudk ihNk djrs Fks fd ikap ckj ,slk gqvk ds mUgsa Hkkstu dj ysus rd dk le;
ds ?kkV mrkj fn;k tkrk FkkA blh ds ifj.kkeLo:i eqxyksa ds lkFk yM+kbZ;ksa esa ugha fey ldk vkSj cuk&cuk;k mUgsa NksM+ nsuk iM+kA ,d le; mldh jkuh vkSj
leHkwfe okys izns'k ds mtM+ tkus ds lkjk ns'k fcuk crh dk fpjkx ds leku gks x;kA iq=&o/kq us taxyh vUu ds vkVs dh dqN jksfV;k cukbZ rFkk izR;sd ds Hkkx esa ,d&,d
tgk vUu dh [ksrh gksrh FkhA ogka ?kkl mx vkbZ] eq[; jkLrksa ij daVhys ccwys [kM+s gks jksVh vkbZA vk/kh rRdky [kkus ds fy, vkSj ckdh vxyh ckj Hkkstu ds fy,A fopkjksa
x, vkSj cfLr;ksa esa f'kdkjh tkuoj ?kwweus yxsA esokM+ ds e/; esa gksdj tkus okyk esa Mwck izrki mUgha ds lkFk cSBk gqvk Fkk fd mldh iq=h dh n;&os/kh phRdkj us mls
O;kikfjd ekxZ cUn gks x;k D;ksafd eky ywVk tkus yxkA7 pkSadk fn;kA ,d taxyh fcyko >iV dj mldh iq=h dh jksVh mBk ys x;k Fkk] ftl
gYnh?kkVh ;q ds iwoZ izrki ds dCts ds iw.kZ ioZrh; izns'k ds lkFk dh dqN ij og {kq/kkrqj dU;k fpYykus yxhA rc rd izrki dk /kS;Z dnkfi fopfyr ugha
eSnkuh o iBkjh Hkw&Hkkx Hkh FkkA gqvk FkkA ;q&{ks= esa vius iq=ksa vkSj lacaf/k;ksa dks vius lkeus gh dke vkrs ns[kdj
Hkh og dHkh fo{kqC/k ugha gqvk Fkk] D;ksafd og dgk djrk Fkk fd ^jktiwrksa dk tUe
izrki dk igkM+ksa esa fuokl vkSj rRlaca/kh ,sfrgkfld izokn blfy;s rks gksrk gSA* ijUrq Hkkstu ds fy;s vius cPpksa dh fpYykgV us mls grk'k dj
gYnh?kkVh ds ;q ds le; izrki dks xksxwUnk ds vius fpjifjfpr jkeegy fn;k vkSj mldh n`<r+ k fLFkj ugha jg ldhA*9
NksM+us iM+s Fks] vkSj vxys o"kZ 'kkgckt [kka dh izFke p<k+bZ ds le; dqaHkyesj ds HkO;
vius izk.k&I;kjs cPpksa vkSj dqVqfEc;ksa dh bl n;uh; fLFkfr ls cgqr gh
jktegy Hkh VwV x,A mn;iqj ds fo[;kr fo'kky jktHkou rc rd iwjs cu Hkh ugha
{kqC/k gksdj] tuJqfr ds vuqlkj rc ,d ckj izrki vdcj dh v/khurk Lohdkj djus
ik, Fks] vkSj lkefjd fLFkfr ds dkj.k rc ogka jguk laHko Hkh ugha FkkA bl izdkj lu~
dks izLrqr gqvkA vdcj dks tc bl laHkkouk dh lwpuk feyh rks og cgqr gh izlUu
1578 ds izkjaHk ls gh izrki rFkk mlds lkjs jkt&ifjokj dks o"kksZ rd fujarj igkM+ksa esa
gqvk vkSj bldh ppkZ chdkusj ds 'kkld jk;flag ds NksVs HkkbZ rFkk jktLFkkuh ds
gh ,d txg ls nwljh txg ?kwers jguk iM+kA pko.M esa uofufeZr lk/kkj.k] dke&pyk
lqfo[;kr dfo i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ ds lkeus mlus dhA i`Fohjkt us bl lwpuk dks feF;k
Hkouksa esa LFkk;h fuokl rd ;gh fLFkfr cjkcj cuh jghA tSlk fd ij fy[kk tk
rFkk fujk/kkj gh crk;k vkSj vdcj ds vkxzg ij lgh ckr dk irk yxkus ds fy,
pqdk gS nks&rhu ckj izrki dks esokM+ NksM+dj lqdqVqEc vU;= Hkh tkuk iM+k FkkA bu viuk fo'ks"k nwr izrki ds ikl HkstkA ml nwr ds gkFk i`Fohjkt us Lojfpr nks lksjBs
vkB o"kks esa 'kkgckt [kka vkSj txUukFk dNokgk dh p<+kbZ;ksa ds le; tc&tc 'kkgh dks fy[k HkstsA muds mkj esa izrki dh vksj ls rhu nksgs fHktok;s x,] ftUgsa ikdj
lsuk us izrki rFkk mlds jkt&ifjokj dk ihNk fd;k] rc&rc mUgsa fo"ke ladVksa dk i`Fohjkt dks iw.kZ larks"k gqvk] rFkk izrki dh iz'kalk esa rc mlus ,d xhr fy[kkA10
lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA8
Li"V gS fd VkWM dk rRlaca/kh lkjk fooj.k vkSj izkphu dkO;ksa dk o.kZu
izrki vkSj mlds ifjokj ds bu foifkiw.kZ fnuksa dk] fo'ks"kr;k tc 'k=q lsuk vfrjaftr gSA rFkkfi mUgsa fcYdqy dkYifud vkSj feF;k ugha dgk tk ldrkA taxy
mudk fujUrj ihNk djrh Fkh] duZy tsEl VkM us vius izfl xzUFk ^,uYl vkWQ esa cSBs ckyd ds gkFk ls taxyh fcyko dk jksVh Nhu ys tkuk cgqr gh LokHkkfod
jktLFkku* esa cgqr gh n;Li'khZ o.kZu fd;k gS] og fy[krk gS ?kVuk gS] tks taxy fuokfl;ksa ds thou esa izk;% gksrh gh jgrh gSA11
ô"kZ chrrs x;s] izR;sd o"kZ ds lkFk lk/ku ?kVrs x;s vkSj foifk;ksa c<+rh xbZA bu izoknksa dks ysdj eq[;r% nks Hkwysa gks tkrh gSA ,d rks bl izdkj ds ladV
mls (izrki dks) lcls vf/kd fpark vius ifjokj dh gh Fkh fd dgha mues ls dksbZ izrki dks bus&fxus voljks ij] vkSj og Hkh izR;sd ckj FkksMs+ gh le; rd >syus iM+s
'kkgh lsuk dh idM+ esa u vk tk,] D;ksafd dbZ ckj os 'k=q&lsuk ds gkFkksa esa iM+us ls FksA ijUrq ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd izrki dk lkjk thou ,slh gh ladV dh fLFkfr esa
cky&cky cps FksA ------- ijUrq bu lkjs fodV ladVksa esa Hkh izrki dk /kS;Z loZ/kk chrk] tks lgh nwljs] ladV ds bu fooj.kksa ls ;g Hkh fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkrk gS fd
vfMx jgkA-------- izrki dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr cgqr gh n;uh; Fkh vkSj viuh lsuk dk fuokZg Hkh mlsd
^fdUrq dqN ,sls volj vk,] tc vius ls Hkh vf/kd fiz; O;fDr;ksa ds d"Vksa fy, vlaHko gks x;k FkkA Hkkek'kkg }kjk izrki dks izpqj laifk HksaV fd, tkus dh
us mls dqN&dqN fopfyr dj fn;kA mu igkM+h dUnjkvksa esa Hkh mldh fiz;rek jkuh dgkuh ls Hkh bl /kkj.kk dks fo'ks"k cy feyk gSA ijarq ladV ds le; dh dfBukbZ;ksa
lqjf{kr ugha Fkh] vkSj gj izdkj ds lq[k&lk/kuksa esa iyus ds vf/kdkjh mlds cPps vkSj vHkko dks izrki dh xjhch dk lgh izek.k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA os vHkko rFkk
Hkkstu ds fy, mlds pkjksa rjQ jksrs jgrs Fks] D;ksafd vR;kpkjh eqxy ,slh n`<+rk ds dfBukbZ;ka taxy igkM+ esa ?kweus ds dkj.k Fkh_ dsoy /ku&O;; ls os nwj ugha gks
186
ldrh FkhaA esokM+ jkT; ds mPp inkf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj iz/kku eaa=h ds :i esa Hkkek'kkg izrki us esokM+ bykdksa esa eqxy Fkkuksa ij ncko c<+kus gsrq vke.k fd;sA blh izdkj
vkSj mlds firk Hkkjey us 'kklu vkSj dks"k dh tks lqO;oLFkk dh FkhA mlh ds esokM+h {ks= esa eqxy ncko c<+us ij iM+kl S h jkT;ksa ij izrki us vke.k rst fd;s FksA
QyLo:i jkT;&dks"k esa tks izpqj /ku ,d= gks x;k FkkA vko';drk iM+us ij mlh bl dkj.k eqxy lsuk iM+kl S h jkT;ksa ls esokM+h ,oa esokM+h bykds ls iM+kl
S h jkT;ksa esa
dks lqyHk dj Hkkek'kkg us izrki dh mYys[kuh; lsok dh FkhA ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh lgk;rkFkZ tkus esa O;FkZ le; cckZn djsa rFkk blh le; de lSfudksa dh mifLFkfr esa
gS fd ;s lkjs izokn mlh le; ds gSa] tc 'kkgckt [kk vFkok txUukFk dNokgk ds mudh jln ,oa 'kL= ywVus dk dk;Z fd;kA blls Hkh esokM+h yksxksa dh [kk|kUu ,oa
vke.kksa dks foQy djus ds fy, izrki dks taxyksa dk vkJ; ysuk iM+k Fkk vkSj 'kL= iwfrZ gqbZ FkhA
ihNk djrs gq, eqxy lSfudksa ls cp fudyus ds fy, izrki dks ckjackj viuk 7- vjkoyh ds ioZrksa dh fo'ks"krk muds f'k[kjksa ij feyus okyh cM+h&cM+h
fuokl&LFkku cnyuk iM+rk FkkA12 dUnjk,a gS] ftuesa ek;jk dh xqQk] ephu dh xqQk] tkoj dh xqQk vkfn ;s danjk,a
D;k egkjk.kk izrki dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr detksj Fkh\ ftldks le>us ds fy, gh izrki ds lSU; nyksa ds xqIr fuokl dk dke djrh Fkh] ftuesa 200&500 O;fDr
,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ,oa lkefxz;kas dk v/;;u&fo'ys"k.k djus ij ge ikrs gSa fd ,d lkFk jg ldrs Fks vkSj ftuls fudy dj ,oa uhps mrj dj os eqxy lsuk ij
1- egkjk.kk dqaHkk vkSj laxzkeflag (lkaxk) vkfn esokM+ ds egkjk.kkvksa us vkdfLed /kkos cksyrs FksA mudk ihNk djuk ,oa mudk Vksg ikuk 'k=q lsuk ds fy,
nwj&nwj rd fot; dj cM+h laifk lafpr dh FkhA dfBu FkkA bUgha dUnjkvksa esa jktdh; /ku] 'kL=&vL= vkfn ds HkaMkj lqjf{kr jgrs
FksA ;s vkikr dky esa fuokl LFkku Hkh jghaA ;gka ls lqjf{kr vUu&'kL= vklkuh ls
2- fpkkSMx+ <+] dqHkayx<+ vFkok vU; fdlh Hkh nqxZ ls 'k=q dks dHkh Hkh
vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa esa Hksts tk ldrs FksA lkFk gh Nkikekj ;q }kjk 'k=q dh jln vius
nzO;&[ktkuk gkFk ugha yxkA [kfut dh lqO;oLFkk Hkkek'kkg vkSj mldk firk Hkkjey
fy, mi;ksx esa ysuk vkSj 'k=q dks mlds mi;ksx ls ofpar djus dk dk;Z Hkh gks tkrk
esokM+ ds lPps LokfeHkDr lsod cudj djrs jgs FksA
FkkA
3- egkjk.kk izrki vkSj vejflag ds le; eqylekuksa ls yxkrkj yM+kb;ka gksus
8- MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM+ us egkjk.kk izrki us lacaf/kr ,sfrgkfld nLrkost
ds dkj.k prqj ea=h Hkkek'kkg jkT; dk [ktkuk lqjf{kr LFkkuksa esa xqIr :i ls j[kok;k
uked 'kks/k vkys[k16 esa fuEufyf[kr rkez i= izrki }kjk fn;s tkus dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
djrk Fkk] ftldk C;kSjk og viuh ,d cgh esa j[krk FkkA mUgha LFkkuksa ls vko';drkuqlkj
tks rkack i= cfgM+k ftjksDl izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj esa laxzfgr ls fy;s x;s gSaA
nzO; fudkydj og yM+kbZ dk [kpZ pykrk FkkA vius nsgkUr ds iwoZ vius mi;qZDr
rkez i= dk fooj.k
cgh viuh L=h dks nsdj dgk fd blesa jkT; ds [ktkus dk C;kSjsokj fooj.k gS]
blfy;s bldks egkjk.kk ds ikl igqapk nsuk]13 bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd izrki dks /ku (1) xkao cyhpksa ([keuksj) dk rkezi= psr lqnh 5 la- 1891] cfgM+k ikuk 74
dh deh ugha FkhA (2) xkao xksn;k.kk (>kM+ksy&mn;iqj) dk rkez i= Hkknok on 15 la- 1895]
cfgM+k ikuk 176
4- mkj esa dqEHkyx<+ ls yxkdj nf{k.k esa "kHknso ls ijs rd yxHkx 145
fdeh- yEck vkSj iwoZ esa nsckjh ls yxkdj if'pe ls fljksgh dh lhek rd 112 (3) xkao >kM+ksy (mn;iqj) dk rkez i= Hkknok onh laor 1892] cfgM+k ikuk 219
fdeh- pkSMs+ igkM+h izns'k us izrki ds fy;s vfots; izkfrd nqxZ dk dke fd;kA (4) yk[kksyk (lgkM+k&HkhyokM+k) dk rkez i=] vklk<+ lqnh 19 la- 1891] cfgM+k
ftlesa cgqq;k;r ls miyC/k ikuh] mRiknu vkSj Qyksa us [kk|kUuksa dh deh ugha vkus ikuk 534&35
nhA14 (5) xkao >kM+ksy (mn;iqj) rkez i=] Hkknok lqn 4 la- 1892] cfgM+k ikuk 609
5- esokM+ dh lhek lVs gq, jkT;ksafljksgh] bZMj] Mqaxjiqj] ckalokM+k] cwUnh] (6) xkao xksn;k.kk (mn;iqj) dk rkezi=] cfgM+k ikuk 615
ikyh vkfn jkT;ksa dks vius izHkko esa j[kdj eqxy jkT; ,oa esokM+ ds chp e/;orhZ (7) xkao xksn;k.kksa (>kM+ksy&mn;iqj) dk rkezi= vklkst onh] 6 la- 1892
jkT;ksa (cQj LVsV) dh Hkkafr mi;ksx fd;k] bl dkj.k eqxy vke.k ls lqj{kk ,oa cfgM+k] ikuk 617
vko';drkuqlkj O;kikj }kjk jln 'kL= vklkuh ls izkIr djus esa vklkuh jghA15 (8) xkao xksn;k.kk] >kM+ksy o ouiqj (mn;iqj) dk rkez i=] vklkst onh 8 la-
6- iM+kl
S h jkT;ksa ij tc Hkh eqxy lSfudksa us vke.k fd;k] rc egkjk.kk 1892] cfgM+k ikuk 618
187
(9) xkao xksn;k.kk (>kM+ksy&mn;iqj)] Hkknok lqnh 5 la- 1892] cfgM+k ikuk 619 (4) gYnh?kkVh ;q ds ,d o"kZ ckn 1577 bZ- esa ia- pikf.k feJ }kjk
izrki Le`fr xzaFk17 esa fn;s x;s rkez i=ksa dk o.kZu ^fo'ooYyHk* uked xzUFk dh jpuk bl vksj ladsr djrh gS fd izrki us esokM+ dh
(1) xkao laFkk.kk (dqEHkyx<+&jktleUn) dk rkezi=] Hkknok lqnh 5] jfookj la- HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj f"k] Hkwfexr ty] Qlyksa dh chekfj;sa ,oa moZjd
1633 vkfn ij izkjEHk ls gh iw.kZ /;ku fn;k FkkA
(2) xkao egh (eksgh dkadjksyh) dk rkezi=] Hkknok lqnh 6 eaxyokj] la- 1633 9- egkjk.kk izrki ds i'pkr~ 1614 bZ- esa egkjk.kk vejflag us ckn'kkg
tgkaxhj ds lkFk lfU/k dh ml le; 'kkgtgka [kqjZe ls eqykdkr djus ij ,d yky
(3) xkao ihiyh (dkadjksyh) dk rkezi=] Hkknok lqnh] 11 jfookj] la- 1633 mldks utj fd;k] tgkaxhj ds vuqlkj ^mldk ewY; 60000@& #i;s vkSj rkSy vkB
(4) xkao e`xs'oj (ckyh] ikyh) dk rkezi=] QkYxqu lqnh 5] la- 1639 Vkad FkkA og igys jkBkSM+kS ds jktk jko ekynso ds ikl FkkA mlds iq= pUnzlsu us
(5) xkao cka/k.k dk rkez i=] vklkst cnh 7 la- 1645 viuh vkifk ds le; mls jk.kk mn;flag dks csp fn;k FkkA19 rqtqds tgkaxhjh ds
(6) xkao iMsj (tgktiqj&HkhyokM+k) dk rkez i=] dkrh lqnh 15 la- 1645 vuqlkj 1616 bZ- esa 'kkgtknk [kqjZe nf{k.k dks tkrs gq, ekxZ esa mn;iqj BgjkA ml
(7) xkao Mk;yk.kk (nslwjh ikyh) dk rkez i=] vklkst lqnh 15 la- 1651 le; jk.kk us 'kkgtkns dks 5 gkFkh] 27 ?kksM+s vkSj jRuksa rFkk jRutfVr tsojksa ls Hkjk ,d
Fkky utj fd;k] ijUrq 'kkgtkns us dsoy 3 ?kksM+s ysdj ckdh lHkh phtsa okil dj
mijksDr rkezi=ksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEu fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldrs gSaA
nhA20 vejflag ds T;s"B iq= d.kZflag jktxn~nh ij cSBk mlus lkjk le; vius mtM+s
(1) egkjk.kk izrki us 1576 bZ- ls 1594 bZ- rd ds lkr rkez i= tkjh fd;sA gq, bykdksa dks vkckn djus esa yxk;kA blds ckn egkjk.kk txrflag us yk[kksa #i;s
vU; izrki }kjk iznk 9 rkez i= 19oha 'krkCnh esa esokM+ egkjk.kkvksa }kjk yM+kbZ esa [kks yxkdj txUukFk (txnh'k) dk efUnj cuok;k vkSj mldh izfr"Bk esa yk[kksa #i;s
tkus ls iqu% iznku fd;s x;sA izrki dkyhu bu rkezi=ksa ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd yxk;sA mlus dYio`{k nku lfgr cgqewY; nku fd;sA ftuesa lSadM+ksa gkFkh] gtkjksa
;q dky esa Hkh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk lqpk: :i ls py jgh FkhA ?kksM+s vkSj cgqr ls xkao nku fd;sA21 izkjEHk esa og izfro"kZ viuh tUe fnol ds fnu
(2) 16 rkezi=ksa esa xkaoksa dh fLFkfr dks ns[kus ls irk pyrk gS fd izrki }kjk pkanh dh rqyk djrk FkkA22 1648 bZ- ls izfr o"kZ ml volj ij lksus dh rqyk djus
7 rkezi= esokM+ ds igkM+h {ks= >kM+ksy ds] 2 dqEHkyx<+ ds vkl&ikl o eq[;r% yxkA23 mldh nku'khyrk cgqr gh izfl gSA mlds ckn mlds iq= jktflag }kjk
xksn;k.kk xkao ds 5 rkezi= gSA 'ks"k ,d&,d rkezi= gh vU; xkaoksa dk gSA bl ,dfyaxth esa fd;k x;k jRuksa dk rqyknku24 leLr Hkkjr ds jRuksa ds rqyknku dk ;gh
vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd izrki ds le; >kM+ksy ds czk.kksa dk /keZ vuq"Bkuksa ,d izkphu fyf[kr izek.k feyk gSA mlus jktleqnz uke dk izfl rkykc cuok;k
esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gS] lkFk gh izrki dk >k<+ksy o vkojx<+ ds vkl&ikl jguk Hkh ftlesa 10507584@& #i;s O;; gq,A25 egkjk.kk mn;flag] izrkiflag vkSj vejflag
buls izekf.kr gksrk gSA rkezi=ksa ds xkoksa dks uD'ks ij ns[kus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd izrki dks rks lEifk lafpr djus dk le; ugha feyk] d.kZflag us mtM+s jkT; vkckn fd,A
dk 'kklu esokM+ ds igkM+h {ks= esa >kM+ksy&dqaHkyx<+ ds vkl&ikl {ks= esa Fkk] ogha egkjk.kk txrflag ,oa jktflag dks ckgj ls dksbZ cM+h lEifk ugha feyhA vr% ;g
ekjokM+ dh vksj xksMokM+k {ks= ftlesa ckyh ds ikl e`xs'oj vjkoyh ioZrksa ls tqMk+ izekf.kr gksxk fd ;g lkjh laifk dqaHkk vkSj lkaxk dh laxzg dh gqbZ Fkh vkSj egkjk.kk
Fkk] esa Hkh izrki dk izHkko {ks= jgkA izrki dk ufugky ikyh gksus ls bl ij izHkko {ks= izrki ds le; T;ksa dh R;ksa fo|eku FkhA
dks vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh cukrk gSA esokM+ ds eSnkuh {ks= ds rkezi=ksa esa HkhyokM+k ds 10- vkojx<+ ,d ,slk LFkku gS tgka izrki ds i'pkr~ laHkor% dksbZ fuekZ.k ,oa
lgkM+k rglhy ds yk[kksyk xko o tgktiqj rglhy ds iaMsj xkao ds rkezzi= ds f"k ugha gqvk D;ksafd ,slk foifkdky izrki dks NksMd + j dsoy egkjk.kk jktflag ds
v/;;u ls izrki dl izHkko {ks= cwanh jkT; dh lhek rd dk gksuk ik;k tkrk gSA18 le; gh vk;k Fkk] tks vYidky ds fy, FkkA ;gka ij esjs }kjk fd;s x;s losZ esa ikap
(3) esokM+ egkjk.kkvksa }kjk lkeUrksa dks iV~Vs dbZ ckj tgka vU; fdlh dk rkykc] ,d ckoM+h dk fuekZ.k izrki }kjk djok;k x;k FkkA ftlls ;gka fuokl djus
vf/kdkj gksrk] ogka ns fn;k tkrk FkkA ftls iV~Vsnkj }kjk fot; djuk gksrk FkkA ijUrq okys yksxksa dks vklkuh ls vdky esa Hkh ty miyC/k gks tkrk FkkA dbZ LFkkuksa ij
rkezi= czk.k] pkj.k HkkV vkfn tkfr;ksa dks ,sls LFkku ij nsus dk gh izko/kku Fkk tgka es<+cUnh dj NksVs&NksVs [ksr rkykc ls lVs izrhr gksrs gSA tgka rkykc [kkyh gksus ij
esokM+h vf/kdkj {ks= gksrkA f"k dh tkrh gksxhA29 lkFk gh blds vkl&ikl dk {ks= f"k ds fy, mi;qDr gSA
188
[kk|kUuksa dk egRo /ku ls Hkh vf/kd gS D;ksafd fodV fLFkfr esa rRdky [kk|kUu dh 7- VkWM r ,ukYl] ftYn 1] i`- 388&89
vko';drk gksrh gSA30 uS.klh }kjk 17oha lnh esa esokM+ ds HkkSxksfyd o.kZu esa Hkh ty 8- MkW- j?kqchjflag] egkjk.kk izrki] i` 47&48
,oa vUu mRiknd {ks=ksa dk vPNk izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA 9- ogh] i`- 48
10- ogh] i`- 48&49
11- izrki us vius lwa/kk fuokl dky esa ,d ckoM+h cuokbZ FkhA31 rkjkpUn 11- ogh] i`- 49
Hkkek'kkg dk NksVk HkkbZ izrki ds le; xks<okM+ dk gdhe FkkA mlus lknM+h ds ckgj 12- ogh] i`- 49&50
ij ckjknjh vkSj ikap eaftyh ckoM+h cuok;h FkhA og cM+s vehjkuk BkB ls lknM+h esa 13- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] i`- 464
jgrk FkkA rkjkckoM+h dk f'kykys[k la- 1654 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd mlds lkFk 11 14- MkW- nsohyky ikyhoky] egkjk.kk izrki egku] i`- 107 o 110
fL=;ka lrh gqbZ FkhA mldks laxhr] LFkkiR; vkSj lkfgR; ls vR;Ur vuqjkx FkkA og 15- ogh] i`- 111
dykdjksa vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa dk vkJ;nkrk FkkA32 izrki ds BkV&ckV ls egkjk.kk dh 16- MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM+] egkjk.kk izrki ls lacaf/kr ,sfrgkfld nLrkost] ehjk;u o"kZ 2]
vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk vkadyu vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA pko.M ds egy] vad 2] twu&vxLr 2008] i`- 88&102
17- MkW- nsohyky ikyhoky] izrki Le`fr xzUFk] jktLFkkuh x|] iqjkrkfRod lkexzh [k.M] i`-
pkSiky] ?kqMl+ ky] pcwrjS o lSfudksa ds jgus dh cLrh] pkeq.Mk ekrk dk efUnj]
22&29
rkykc ,oa dwaMA blds lkFk dh jksfgM+k] mcs'oj] /kksfy;k th ds egy] ephUn] 18- MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM+] egkjk.kk izrki ls lacaf/kr ,sfrgkfld nLrkost] ehjk;u o"kZ 2]
tkojekyk ,oa lwa/kk vkfn LFkkuksa ij le;kuqlkj izrki us dbZ fuekZ.k dk;Z djok, vkSj vad 2] twu&vxLr 2008] i`- 101&102
fuokj fd;kA ;fn bu lHkh LFkkuksa ij cus fuekZ.k dk;ksZ ds [kpZ dks dqy feykdj 19- rqtqds tgkaxhjh jkstlZ r (vaxzsth vuqokn)] ftYn 1] i`- 285
ns[kk tk, rks fuf'pr gh blesa cgqr vf/kd O;; gqvk FkkA ftlls ,d LFkku ij HkO; 20- ogh] 345
jktegy cuk;s tk ldrs FksA 21- txUukFk jk; ds efUnj dh iz'kfLr] 'yksd 110&11
22- jktiz'kfLr egkdkO;] lxZ 5] 'yksd 34
12- egkjk.kk izrki ,oa muds ifjokj dks vUU dh jksVh [kkuh iM+h] taxyh
23- ogh] 'yksd 35&36
fcyko }kjk jksVh fNu ysuk bu dkj.kkas ds vk/kkj ij izrki dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Bhd u 24- mDr rqyknku dh iz'kfLr] 'yksd 18 mn~/k`r_ vks>k] ohj f'kjksef.k egkjk.kk izrkiflag] i`- 43
gksus dk vkdayu mfpr ugha gSA 'kks/k i= esa blds fuokj.k dk iwoZ esa foLr`r o.kZu 25- jkt iz'kfLr] lxZ 21] 'yksd 22
fd;k x;k gSA ;gka ij bl ckr ij /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k tk jgk gS fd ,slh fLFkfr;ka 26- vks>k] ohj f'kjksef.k egkjk.kk izrkiflag] i`- 44
dc cuh] tc izrki dk yxkrkj ihNk fd;k x;k vkSj mudks ckj&ckj LFkku cnyus 27- MkW- ds-,l- xqIrk] egkjk.kk izrki (dqaHkyx<+ ls pko.M)] i`- 99
ds dkj.k Hkkstu djus esa Hkh fnDdr gqbZA ;g dky 'kkgckt [kka }kjk 3 vizsy 1578 28- MkW- j?kqchjflag] egkjk.kk izrki] i`- 49
esa 33 dqEHkyx<+ fot; ls yxkdj txUukFk dPNkok dk 1586 bZ-34 esa d'ehj ykSVus 29- jk.kkor] xqIrk ,oa pw.Mkor] egkjk.kk izrki ls lacaf/kr lzksr ,oa LFkku] i`- 226&27
rd dk gSA bu vkB o"kksZ esa tc izrki ds ikl dsoy ioZrh; izns'k gh jg x;k Fkk dqN 30- MkW- nsohyky ikyhoky] izrki Le`fr xzUFk] i`- 217&21
31- izrki n isfV;ksV] i`- 40
le; rks ioZrh; {ks= Hkh lhfer gh jg x;k FkkA ,sls le; dks j?kqchj flag us
32- rkjkckM+h dk f'kykys[k] lor~ 1654] iafDr 14_ MkW- jktsUnz HkVukxj] Hkkek'kkg ,oa Bk-
frfFkc djus fo'ks"k iz;kl fd;k gSA rkjkpUn] i`- 49] 51 o 52
lanHkZ 33- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] i`- 448
1- MkW- xksiky O;kl] esokM+ dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd thou] i`- 4&5 34- ogh] i`- 460
2- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 2] i`- 9
3- MkW- xksiky O;kl] esokM+ dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd thou] i`- 5 o ikn fVIi.kh 3
4- lh-bZ- ;Vs] xtsfV;j vkWQ esokM+] Hkkx 3] i`- 44
5- vdcjukek] Hkkx 3] i`- 218&20
6- ohj fouksn Hkkx 2] i`- 157&58
189
ujs'k :iflag tks fd 'kkgtgk ds le; mldk LokehHkDr ohj lsod Fkk] mldh e`R;q
nkjk ds i{k esa vkSjaxtsc ds fo# yM+rs gq, lkex<+ dh yM+kbZ esa gks x;hA mldh
e`R;q ds ckn mldk iq= ekuflag eulcnkj fd'kux<+ dk 'kkld cukA vkSjaxtsc dks
gkM+hjkuh lywEcjledkyhu jktuSfrd fLFkfr ekuflag dh cgu o :iflag dh iq=h dh lqUnjrk dh tkudkjh gqbZ rks mlus ekuflag
MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM+ dks cgu pk#erh ls mldk fookg djus dks dgkA1 ekuflag u pkgrs gq, Hkh
vkSjaxtsc dks euk ugha dj ldkA eu gh eu /keZ o Hk; dk la'k; ysdj fd'kux<+
egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj vkSajxtsc ds 1657 ls 1661 bZ- ds e/; 'kkfUrwioZd vk;kA mls cgu dks blls voxr djkus dk lkgl u FkkA
laca/k jgsA ,d nwljs ds izfr cM+h lko/kkuh vkSj lrdZrk ls vPNk O;ogkj cuk;s pk#erh dks mldh lgsyh ls bl ckr dk irk yx tkus ij mlus ifjokjtuksa
j[kkA ysfdu nks fojks/kh er] fopkj/kkjk] ekU;rk us vkilh dVqrk dk lw=ikr fd;kA dks Li"V dg fn;k fd eSa eqlyeku /keZ vkSj eqxy lezkV vkSjaxtsc ds lkFk fookg
jktflag ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij pyus okyk Fkk rks vkSajxtsc dV~Vj iaFkh ladh.kZ fopkjksa ls ugha dj ldrh vxj vki us ,sls izLrko dks Lohdkj dj fy;k rkS eSa viuk thou
xzflr eqlyekuA vr% nso fopkjksa o nkuo fopkjksa dk Vdjko vo'; gksuk gh FkkA vUu&ty R;kx lekIr dj nwaxhA pk#erh ds fu.kZ; ls ifjokjtu /keZ ladV esa iM+
nksuksa ds chp la?k"kZ rd igqapus ds dbZ dkj.k jgs vFkok ;ksa dgs ds dVqrk dh ifj.kfr x;sA vkSjaxtsc ls la?k"kZ dh {kerk vkSj ej feVus tSls fu.kZ; dk lkeF;Z muesa ugha
;q esa gksus rd dk lQj bl izdkj jgk jgkA fd'kux<+ ifjokj es bl foifr ij eaFku esa ekuflag ds dkdk jkeflag us lq>ko
1- fd'kux<+ dh jktdqekjh pk:erh ls egkjk.kk dk fookg (1661 bZ-)] 2- fn;k fd esokM+ ds lhlksfn;k dqy ds egkjk.kk jktflag gh ,d ,sls O;fDr gS] ftudh
9 vizsy] 1669 dk fgUnqvksa ds lHkh fo|ky;ksa vkSj efUnjksa ewfrZ;ksa dks u"V djus dk dhfrZ lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa QSYkh gSA os fgUnqvksa dh ykt j[k ldrs gSa] os ,dfyax egknso
'kkgh vkns'kA 3- jkor j?kqukFkflag pq.Mkor dk ukjkt gksdj eqxy lsok esa (3 twu] ds mikld gSa] mudh lnSo fot; gh gksrh gS] oks egkjk.kk izrki ds izikS= gS ;fn os
1669) tkukA 4- vkSjaxtsc dk fgUnqvksa ij 2 vizsy] 1679 dk ^tft;k* dj yxkus bl laca/k dks Lohdkj djs rkss ;g ladV Vy ldrk gSA2 blh ds lkFk mUgkssaus lq>ko
dk vkns'kA 5- egkjktk vthrflag dks esokM+ esa 'kj.k nsuk fn;k fd ;fn pk#erh Lo;a ,d fourh i= egkjk.kk dks fy[ks] ftlls muds fpk ij
egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj mlds iwoZtksa dk thou ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj vlj gksxkA bl ij mUgksaus pk#erh dks ,d fourh i= egkjk.kk dks fy[kok;kA mlesa
orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tu Hkkouk ,oa tu lsok dks djuk jgkA blhfy, tu ekul esa mldh nq%[kn xkFkk dks ltho fp= FkkA mlh i= esa pk#erh us lfou; izkFkZuk dh fd
muls ges'kk gh foifk esa lgk;rk dh vk'kk jghA ;gk ds 'kkldksa us Hkh mlds fy;s og rqjUr fd'kux<+ vkdj mlds fookg dj ,d {k=k.kh dh yTtk o /keZ dh j{kk
cM+h ls cM+h dqckZuh nsus esa dHkh ihNs ugha jgsA egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj Hkkjrh; Lrj ij djsaA3 blds lkFk dh jkeflag us ,d vyx i= fy[k czk.k ds lkFk mn;iqj ds
eqxy lkezkT; ds 'kfDr'kkyh ckn'kkg vkSjaxtsc dk le; lkFk&lkFk gksrk gSA vkSjaxtsc egkjk.kk ds ikl HkstkA
dh 'kklu uhfr mlds Lo/keZ] LoLokFkZ] neu] vR;kpkj] L=hihM+k] vgadkj o /ku i= okgd ls i= egkjk.kk jktflag dks feyk mls i<+ egkjk.kk ds eu ij }U}
lk/ku ds cy ij lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ij vius euksuqdwy dk;Z dj jgh FkhA mlh ds foijhr gqvkA mlds lekus nks fodYi Fks ,d rks /keZ nwljk Hk; ls /keZ iFk dks NksMu+ kA
egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj esokM+ ekul dh jhfr uhfr esa] ij ihM+k dks Lo ihM+k] ekuoh; egkjk.kk us ekuoh; /keZ iFk dks Lohdkjuk gh mfpr le>kA i= dh eU'kk ij esokM+
ewY;ksa gsrq thou U;kSPNkoj djus] LokfHkeku LodqykfHkeku] tu o tho fgrkFkZ dk;Z] lHkklnksa us Hkh fopkj fd;k vkSj fu.kZ; gqvk ds esokM+ dh ijEijkuqdwy ukjh j{kk dks
ukjh j{kk o tu ekul dks lkFk ysdj 'kklu o lsok ds iFk ij FksA vr% nksuksa foijhr Lohdkjuk mfpr gksxk vkSj mlds fy;s lEiw.k esokM+ rS;kj gSA4 mlh fopkj vuqlkj
fopkj o ekxZ esa Vdjko vo'; gksuk FkkA lywEcj jkor jruflag viuh lsuk lfgr fd'kux<+ igqpkA iwoZ ;kstuk vuqlkj
loZ 'kfDr'kkyh lezkV vkSjaxtsc us Hkkjrh; ukjh dh Lora=rk ,oa lrhRo ij fd'kux<+ ifjokj dks dSn dh Hkkafr cUn dj egkjk.kk jktflag us fookg fd;k vkSj
vk?kkr fd;kA rc egkjk.kk dks ukjh j{kk ds fy;s iqdkjk rks egkjk.kk us Lo;a o jkT; iqu% mn;iqj ykSV vk;sA5 bl ifo= dk;Z esa nks fL=;ksa dh iFk izsj.kk ekuo lekt dks
ds fgrksa dks NksM+ ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k ds izsfjr gks vkSjaxtsc dh bPNk ds foijhr dk;Z lnk izsj.kk nsrh jgsxhA pk#erh us L=h /keZ dh j{kk gsrq la?k"kZ ds ekxZ dks pquk vkSj
fd;kA gqvk ;g fd vkSjaxtsc ds ckn'kkg cuus ds dksbZ rhu o"kZ esa fd'kux<+ ds Lo- bZ'oj us mldh ykt j[khA ,d vkSj izsj.kk izalx lywEcj ds jkor jruflag dh uo
190
fookfgr gkM+h jk.kh dh gSA jkor jruflag ds fookg dks dqN gh fnuksa gq, vkSj
egkjk.kk dk fd'kux<+ fookg ds lqj{kk lsuk dk fueU=.k jruflag dks feykA
jruflag izse cU/ku vkSj dkZO; iFk ds }U} esa fopfyr gksus yxkA ?kj ls jokuxh ij
mldk eu izse cU/ku esa eqM+ dj ns[kus yxk vkSj ;q esa ejus ds fopkj ls gkM+h dk csnyk fBdkus ds vU; tkxhjksa ls jDr laca/k
izse mls HkVdkus yxkA gkM+h us ifr ds eu ds }U} dks le> fy;kA ifr dks izse iFk MkW- ujsUnzflag jk.kkor
ls dkZO; iFk ij ykus dk ekxZ Lokfgr ds LFkku ij jk"Vfgr vkSj ijekFkZ ds fy;s eku
dj rRdky viuk flj dkV dj nklh dks fu'kkuh ds :i esa ns fn;kA ftls jruflag iwoZdkfyd esokM+ jkT; dh jkt/kkuh jgs uxj mn;iqj ls yxHkx 6 fdeh
us vius xys esa cka/k dkZO; iFk ij fudy iM+kA tc rd ekuoh; ewY;ksa vkSj dkZO; mkj fn'kk dh rjQ vkgM+ uke dh unh ds if'peh fdukjs ij ,d miuxjh; cLrh
fuoZgu dh ckr gksxh rHkh gkM+h jk.kh dk R;kx izsj.kk nsrk jgsxkA vkt jk"Vh;rk ds fLFkr gS tks csnyk uke ls igpkuh tkrh gSA csnyk fBdkus ds jktiwr pkSgku ljnkj gS
yksi ds le; ,sls Hkh izsj.kk izlaxksa dh vko';rk gSA ,sls mnkgj.k lalkj esa dgha ugha vkSj mUgsa ^jko* inoh ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA csnyk fBdkus ds pkSgku ljnkj
gSA ;g bl ekVh dh iszj.kk o tu Hkkouk gSA i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds oa'kt gSa rFkk buds iwoZt ;qksa esa esokM+ ds egkjk.kkvksa dh lsok esa
egkjk.kk jktflag dk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh j{kk ds dk;Z us vkSjaxtsc o egkjk.kk jgs] ftlls bUgsa fo'ks"k lEeku izkIr gqvkA
ds e/; dVqrk dks c<+k fn;kA egkjk.kk ds bl dk;Z ls Hkkjrh; Lrj ij egkjk.kk dh iwoZdkfyd esokM+ jkT; esa csnyk ds vfrfjDr esokM+ jkT; ds vfHktkT; ra=
iz'kalk gksus yxhA gksuh Hkh Fkh D;ksafd egkjk.kk us 'kfDr lEiUu] eqxy lezkV ls ds vUrxZr vU; fBdkus Hkh Fks] ftudh Js.khokj la[;k lksyg] ckhl vkSj f='krkf/
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh j{kk ds ,sot esa 'k=qrk yhA pk#erh dk fookg dsoy fookg kd (xksy) FkhA bu rhuksa Jsf.k;ksa ds fBdkusnkjksa esa dbZ ,sls Fks tks csnyk ds fudV nwj
izdj.k ugha FkkA ;g Hkkjrh; lkaLfrd ewY;ksa] ukjh vfLerk o lEeku ds lkFk esokM+ ds jDr lEcU/kh Fks vFkok csnyk fBdkus ds NksVs Hkkb;ksa esa ls Fks vkSj mUgsa esokM+ ds
egkjk.kk ds ^fgUnqvksa lwjt* ds vyadj.k ds vuq:i FkkA ftls egkjk.kk us viuh oa'k egkjk.kkvksa }kjk vyx ls Lora= :i ls tkxhj vFkok Hkw&laink nsdj mUgsa fdlh fu/
ijEijkuqlkj dj bfrgkl esa viuk LFkku cuk;kA egkjk.kk jktflag ls vkSjaxtsc ukjkt kkZfjr Js.kh esa LFkku ,oa in iznku fd;k FkkA
gqvk] ysfdu rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa og egkjk.kk ls la?k"kZ dk ekxZ u viuk ldkA dksBkfj;k&csnyk Hkw&laink ds ,sls jDr lacaf/k;ksa] tks esokM+ esa gh vyx ls
mlus izrkix<+ ds 'kkld gfjflag ds cgdkos esa vkdj viuk ks/k u HkM+kl izrkix<+ fdlh Hkw&lEink ds Lokeh Fks rFkk mUgsa esokM+ ds 'kkld ;k egkjk.kk }kjk esokM+ ds
ds clkM+ o x;kliqj ijxus egkjk.kk ls ysdj mls nsus ds jkT;kns'k ls gh dhA lkFk gh Hkw&lEink /kkfj;ksa ;k fBdkusnkjksa dh vyx vyx Jsf.k;ksa esa ls fdlh esa dksbZ LFkku]
mlus pk#erh fookg dk Li"Vhdj.k dk i= Hkh egkjk.kk dks HkstkA ftlls nksuksa vksj in] inoh rFkk vf/kdkj ,oa e;kZnk,a izkIr Fkha] muesa lcls izeq[k LFkku dksBkfj;k dh
ls i=kpkj vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ ls nksuksa i{kksa esa lEcU/k iwoZor~ pyrs jgsA6 Hkw&lEink ds Lokeh (dksBkfj;k fBdkus ds fBdkusnkj) dk gSA dksBkfj;k ds Hkw Lokeh
lanHkZ j.kFkEHkkSj ds vafre pkSgku jktk gEehj ds oa'kt gSaA1 1526 bZ- esa Hkkjr esa eqxy jkT;
1- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx&2 i`- 438&39 dh LFkkiuk djus okys lezkV ckcj ,oa rRdkyhu esokM+ ds egkjk.kk laxzkeflag izFke
2- dsljhflag ckjgV] jktflag pfj=] i`- 38&39 (jk.kk lkaxk) ds e/; gksus okyh 1527 bZ- dh yM+kbZ esa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dks iwjk
3- dfoeku] jktfoykl] lIre foykl] i| 31&37] i`- 74&75_ VkWM] ,ukYl ,.M ,fUVfDoVht lSU; lg;ksx iznku djus ds fy, la;qDr izkUr ds eSuiqjh ftys ds vUrjcsn ls
vkWQ jktLFkku] i`-130_ dsljhflag ckjgV] jktflag pfj=] i`- 38&39 ek.kdpUn pkSgku ,oa mldk HkkbZ pUnzHkku vius 8000 lSfudksa ds lkFk vk;s FksA2
4- dsljh flag ckjgV] jktflag pfj=] i`- 38&39 ek.kdpUn ,oa pUnzHkku] nksuksa gh ml ;q esa ohjxfr dks izkIr gq,3 rFkk bu nksuksa ds
5- VkWM ,ukYl ,.M ,fUVfDoVht vkWQ jktLFkku] i`- 310_ ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx&2] oa'k/kj vius cps gq, lSU; ny ds lkFk esokM+ esa gh egkjk.kk dh lsok esa jgs4 vkSj
i`- 438&39 dfoeku] jktfoykl] lIre foykl] i| 99] i`- 80_ j.kNksM+ HkV~V] jktiz'kfLr]
izk.k&iz.k ls esokM+ jkT; ds fgr esa viuh lsok,a nsrs jgsA bl izlax esa mYys[kuh; gS
lxZ 8] 'yksd 29&30] dsljhflag ckjgV] jktflag pfj= i`- 49&60
6- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx&2] i`- 439&40 fd egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dk rhljk iq= foekfnR; tc esokM+ dk 'kkld Fkk] rks fo-
la- 1563 (bZLoh lu~ 1506) esa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag izFke (jk.kk lkaxk) ds cM+s HkkbZ
191
i`Fohjkt ds vukslj iq= cuohj us egkjk.kk foekfnR; dh fpkkSMx+ <+ esa gR;k dj nh ds 'kklu dky esa dbZ yM+kb;ksa esa Hkkx fy;kA mn;dj.k egkjk.kk jktflag dk
vkSj Lo;a esokM+ dk egkjk.k cu x;kA cuohj] D;ksafd vuf/kd`r :i ls esokM+ dk vfrfo'okl ik= FkkA esokM+ ij vkSjaxtsc ds tekus esa mlds iq= 'kkgtkns vdcj dh
'kkld cuk Fkk] blfy, og ;nkdnk ,sls f;kdyki djrk jgrk Fkk ftlls og p<+kbZ ds le; mn;dj.k us cM+h ohjrk fn[kkbZ vkSj mn;iqj esa tks eqxyksa dk 'kkgh
esokM+ dk vf/kd`r 'kkld izekf.kr gks ldsA blh izdkj ds f;kdykiksa ds vUrxZr Fkkuk Fkk] ml ij vke.k dj mlus eqlyekuksa dks ekj Hkxk;k rFkk dbZ eqxy ;kskvksa
,d ckj cuohj us Hkkstu djrs le; pkSgku iwjfc;k ek.kdpUn ds pkSFks oa'k/kj] dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkjkA mldh bl ohjrk ls izlUu gksdj egkjk.kk jktflag us mls 12
ftldk uke [kku Fkk5 dks viuk >wBk Hkkstu [kkus dk vkxzg fd;kA6 blls vizlUu xkaoksa dh tkxhj iznku dhA blh le; dksBkfj;k ek.kdpUn ds oa'k/kj mn;dj.k dks
gksdj [kku fpkkSMx+ <+ NksMd + j dqaHkyx<+ pyk x;k] tgka egkjk.kk laxzkeflag izFke feyk10 tks dksBkfj;k Hkw&laink ;k fBdkus ds uke ls esokM+ ds izFke Js.kh ds mejkoksa
(jk.kk lkaxk) dk pkSFkk iq= mn;flag dqaHkyx<+ ds fdysnkj vk'kk'kkg nsiqjk ds laj{k.k dh Hkw&laink esa ls ,d gSA mn;dj.k ds i'pkr~ mlds oa'k esa nsoHkku cq/kflag]
esa jg jgk Fkk vkSj fpkkSMx+ <+ ij viuk vf/kdkj LFkkfir djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgk FkkA Qrsgflag] fot;flag] eksdeflag] tks/kflag] laxzkeflag] dsljhflag] tokuflag]
[kku us dqaHkyx<+ igqapdj mn;flag }kjk fpkkSMx+ <+ ij vf/kdkj djus dh ;kstuk dks vjt.kflag] ekuflag gq,A ;s lHkh esokM+ ds egkjk.kkvksa dh lsok esa jgsA
'kh?kz f;kfUor djus dh dk;Zokgh izkjEHk dhA mlus fpkkSMx+ <+ esa cuohj ds lkFk dksBkfj;k dk ;g fBdkuk] ftldk laf{kIr oa'k ifjp; ij izLrqr fd;k
jgs dbZ ljnkjksa] ;Fkk&pwaMkor lkabZnkl] tXxk] lkaxk (nsox<+) vkfn dks ;g ckr
x;k gS] esokM+ esa csnyk Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa ds izFke ,oa lcls fudV ds jDr laca/kh
le>k dj fd egkjk.kk laxzkeflag izFke (jk.kk lkaxk) dk vlyh okfjl] lkaxk dk
gSA dksBkfj;k ,oa csnyk Hkw&laink ds Lokeh e'k% jko ek.kdpUn vkSj mlds NksVs
pkSFkk iq=] mn;flag thfor gS] dks dqaHkyx<+ cqyk fy;kA fQj lcus lkFk feydj
HkkbZ jko pUnzHkku ds oa'k/kj gksdj ek.kdpUn ,oa pUnzHkku ds le; ls gh esokM+ jkT;
mn;flag ds lkFk fpkkSMx+ <+ ij /kkok cksydj ogka viuk vf/kdkj dj fy;kA cuohj
dh lsok esa lkFk&lkFk pyrs vk;s FksA blh dkj.k fj;klrh dky esa dksBkfj;k ,oa
dks fpkkSMx+ <+ NksMd + j Hkkxuk iM+k vkSj bl izdkj iwjfc;k pkSgku ek.kdpUn ds
csnyk dks cjkcj lEeku izkIr FkkA
oa'k/kj ds fo'ks"k lg;ksx ls esokM+ dh jkT;xh dk vlyh gdnkj mn;flag esokM+
dk 'kkld cu ldkA mn;flag ds fpkkSMx+ <+ ij vf/kdkj djus dh iwjh dk;Zokgh esa ikjlksyh&csnyk Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa ds esokM+ esa vU; tkxhjnkjksa esa jDr
iwjfc;k [kku pkSgku dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh FkhA vr% izlUu gksdj esokM+ dk lacaf/k;ksa esa nwljk LFkku ikjlksyh Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa dk gSA ikjlksyh mn;iqj uxj ls
'kkld cuus ij egkjk.kk mn;flag us [kku dks ^jkor*7 dh mikf/k iznku dh] tks esokM+ mkj&iwoZ esa yxHkx 130 fdeh nwj fLFkr ,d dLck] tks fd iwoZdkfyd esokM+ jkT;
ds 'kkld ds ikfjokfjd jDr lacaf/k;ksa dks gh nh tkrh FkhA bl mikf/k ds lkFk ds vfHktkR; ra= ls lacaf/kr izFke Js.kh ds Hkw&laink Lokeh dh Hkw&laink dk dsUnzh;
dkSu&lh Hkwlaink iwjfc;k [kku pkSgku dks nh xbZ bldk mYys[k v|kof/k miyC/k dLck vFkok Hkw&laink jkt/kkuh FkkA11 bl Hkw&laink esa 40 xkao lfEefyr FksA ;g
,sfrgkfld lzksrksa esa ugha feyrkA fdUrq ;g vo'; Lohdkjk tk ldrk gS fd fuf'pr Hkw&laink egkjk.kk jktflag (izFke) ds 'kkludky (1652&1680 bZ-) esa iwjfc;k
:i ls dksbZ u dksbZ Hkw&lEink [kku pkSgku dks vo'; iznku dh xbZ gksxh] tks ml pkSgku jko ek.kdpUn ds NksVs HkkbZ jko pUnzHkku] ftlds oa'k/kj ckn esa esokM+ esa
le; dh ifjikVh ds vuq:i ckn esa fdlh vU; mejko ;k ljnkj dks gLrkarfjr dj csnyk Hkw&laink ds Lokeh cus] ls ikaposa oa'k/kj jko jkepUnz ds nwljs iq= dsljhflag
nh xbZ gksxhA8 pkSgku dks iznku dh xbZ Fkh rFkk mls jko dh mikf/k nh xbZ FkhA12 egkjk.kk jktflag
[kku pkSgku ds i'pkr~ rkrkj[kku ,oa mlds ckn /kekxn ek.kdpUn ds oa'k esa izFke us lywEcj Hkw&laink ds Lokeh pw.Mkor jkor j?kqukFkflag ls ukjkt gks tkus ls
gq,A mlds ckn lkfgc[kku pkSgku gqvkA lkfgc[kku] fpkkSMx+ <+ ij vdcj ckn'kkg lywEcj dh Hkw&laink Hkh dsljhflag dks iznku dh Fkh] fdUrq og lywEcj Hkw&laink
ds vke.k ds le; eqxy lsuk ds lkFk ;q djrs gq, ohjxfr dks izkIr gqvkA9 ij viuk vf/kdkj ugha tek ldkA13
lkfgc[kku dk mkjkf/kdkjh i`Fohjkt ,oa i`Fohjkt dk mkjkf/kdkjh :Dekaxn gqvkA jko dsljhflag pkSgku us egkjk.kk jktflag ds 'kklu dky esa rFkk mlds
:Dekaxn us egkjk.kk jktflag izFke ds 'kklu dky esa esokM+ vkSj eqxyksa ds chp gksus mkjkf/kdkjh egkjk.kk t;flag ds 'kklu dky (1680&1698 bZ-) esa esokM+ dh cM+h
okys ;qksa esa Hkkx fy;k ,oa 'k=qvksa dks [knsM+us esa cM+s 'kkS;Z dk izn'kZu fd;kA iwjfc;k lsok dh FkhA og dbZ ;qksa eas essokM+ dh rjQ ls yM+k Fkk ,oa 'k=qvksa dks ijkLr djus
jko :Dekaxn dk iq= mn;dj.k ftls mn;Hkku Hkh dgk tkrk gS] us egkjk.kk jktflag esa lQy jgk Fkk vkSj vUr esa egkjk.kk jktflag vkSj vkSjaxtsc ds chp tks laf/k gqbZ
192
mlesa Hkh dsljhflag dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh FkhA vU; jDr lEcU/kh
ftl izdkj LokfeHkfDr ,oa oQknkjh ls dsljhflag us esokM+ dh lsok dh] csnyk Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa ds ij mfYyf[kr jDr laca/kh esokM+ ds vU;
mlh rjg mlds oa'k/kj Hkh rRijrk ls esokM+ dh lsok djrs jgsA vr% dsljhflag ds HkwLokfe;ksa (tkxhjnkjksa) ds vykok Hkh esokM+ esa dbZ NksVs] cM+s Bkdqj fBdkusnkj jDr
mkjkf/kdkjh Hkh esokM+ ds vfHktkR; ra= ls viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk;s j[kdj laca/kh Fks] ftudk mYys[k ';keynkl laxzg] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag ,oa mlds mkjkf/kdkjh egkjk.kk Hkxorflag ds izfr iwjh LokfeHkfDr ds xzaFk ekad 23 ds pksifu;ksa esa nh xbZ oa'kkoyh esa feyrs gSaA bl oa'kkoyh ds
ds lkFk viuh lsok,a esokM+ dks nsrs jgs ,oa vius ewy iq#"k csnyk Hkw&Lokeh jko vuqlkj fla?kkM+h] Vk.Mk] dkjosMk+ ] tkon~;k] tkoY;k dk [ksMk+ ] lkdMk dk [ksMk+ ]
jkepUnz ,oa iqj[ks jko pUnzHkku dh lsokvksa dh Le`fr rktk djrs jgsA ikjlksyh ds djM~;kj] daFkkfj;k] rqeM~;k] lqjiqj] cksy [ksMk] eqjY;k] uoksryko] lriM+k] lkgkM+k]
izlax esa ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd tc dHkh csnyk Hkw&laink Lokeh ds dksbZ larku ugha dlksjflagth dk [ksMk] bZVkok] uoks [ksMk] dsjiqjk] vkdksM~;k] ?kjV~;k] lkiyk] enkj]
gqbZ] rks ikjlksyh Hkw&laink ls lacaf/kr iq#"k larku dks gh csnyk Hkw&laink ds mkjkf/ nsoxkao] lknh] dkstwnk dk [ksMk] cj[ksMk] maMok] djR;kokl] xksoY;k] esoklks]
kdkjh ds :i esa xksn fy;k tkrk FkkA14 csnyk ds ewy iq#"k jko pUnzHkku ls nlosa oa'k/ rqeM~;k] yhacMk] jk;iqj;k] HkkV[ksMk+ ] iuksY;k] xaxjkj] jk;iqj;k] lknkiqjk] eksVT;kokl]
kj jko izrkiflag f}rh; ds dksbZ larku ugha Fkh rks ikjlksyh Hkw&laink dk lkroka djR;kl] xstjks] :iiqjk] lhaxksyk] lwjrflag th dk [ksMk+ ] lhrkeksa] vj.;k] eqduiqjk]
oa'k/kj dsljhflag f}rh; dks csnyk Hkw&lEink dk Lokeh cukus ds fy, xksn fy;k lqjrk.kiqjk] tw.knk] tw.knk[ksMh+ ] lkadM+k dk [ksMk+ ] oxriqjk] ckanuokM+k] cusM~;k]
x;k vkSj og csnyk Hkw&laink dk Lokeh cukA15v QykSnh] jhNM+ks] ihiyh bR;kfn ds Bkdqj&ljnkj csnyk Hkwlaink Lokfe;ksa ds jDr
QyhpM+k&iwoZ dkfyd esokM+ jkT; ds Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa (tkxhjnkjksa) esa lacaf/k;ksa esa FksA18 bu LFkkuksa ds jDr laca/kh] tks mn;iqj o fpkkSM+x<+ ftys esa orZeku
QyhpM+k Hkw&laink ds Lokeh Hkh csnyk Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds jDr laca/kh FksA QyhpM+k dky rd fuokl djrs gSa] os iwoZdkfyd csnyk Hkwlaink Lokfe;ksa ds ogka lEiUu gksus
dh Hkw&laink dksBkfj;k Hkw&laink ds Lokeh jkor :Dekaxn ds NksVs iq= gfjukFk ds okys lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd&lkaLd`frd f;kdykiksa esa lfEefyr gksrs gSa rFkk mUgsa
oa'k/kj gSaA egkjk.kk jktflag f}rh; ds 'kkludky (1754&1761 bZ-) esa :Dekaxn viuk vxz.kh Lohdkj dj ;Fkk volj] le; cny tkus ds ckotwn Hkh viuh iqjkuh
iq= gfjukFk iq= ukFkfalg dks ;g Hkw&laink nh xbZ Fkh ,oa mls esokM+ jkT; ds ijEijk ds vuqlkj utjkuk U;kSNkoj bR;kfn fof/k fo/kku ls lEiUu djrs gSaA19
vfHktkR; ra= ds vUrxZr r`rh; Js.kh ds lH;ksa (ljnkjksa) esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k Fkk
lUnHkZ
rFkk Bkdqj mikf/k nh xbZ FkhA15c QyhpM+k ds Bkdqj esokM+ esa vkus okys jko
1- vks>k] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] f}rh; [k.M] i`- 877
ek.kdpan ds oa'k/kj gksus ls ek.kdpUn ds NksVs HkkbZ jko pUnzHkku ds oa'kt csnyk 2- efedk] o"kZ 2002] vad 37] i`- 69] csnyk fBdkus dh oa'kkoyh] i`- 5
Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds jDr lEcU/kh gS rFkk muds lHkh izdkj ds f;k dykiksa esa jDr 3- dfojkt ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx 1] 1986 (iqueqZfnzr)] i`- 364] 366_ efedk] o"kZ
lacaf/k;ksa ds :i esa lfEefyr gksrs gSaA 2002 vad 37] i`- 70
xqM+yk&csnyk Hkw&laink Lokfe;ksa ds iwoZ dkfyd esokM+ jkT; ds vU; Hkw&laink 4- vks>k] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] iwoksZDr] i`- 877
Lokfe;ksa (tkxhjnkjksa) esa pkSFks jDr laca/kh xqMyk ds Bkdqj gSaA tks iwoZdkfyd esokM+ 5- ogh] i`- 879 ikn fVIi.kh 1
jkT; ds vfHktkR; ra= ds vUrxZr r`rh; Js.kh ds lH; (ljnkj) fxus tkrs FksA 6- esokM+ esa ;g ijEijk igys ls pyh vk jgh Fkh fd egkjk.kk] lksyg] ckhl Jsf.k;ksa ls lacaf/
kr tks mejko ljnkj Hkkstudky ds volj ij mifLFkr gksrs] mUgsa vius lkFk ysdj Hkkstu
xqM+yk ds HkwLokeh ewyr% jko ek.kdpUnz ds NksVs HkkbZ ohjpUnz ds oa'kt gS16 u fd
djrk Fkk vkSj mlds fy, tks Hkkstu lkexzh ijkslh tkrh Fkh] mlesa ls Hkkstu 'kq: djus ls
dksBkfj;k ds] tSlk gqdeflag us muds }kjk laikfnr ,oa izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] Hkwiky igys FkksM+k&FkksM+k Hkkx lkFk esa Hkkstu djus cSBs mejkoksa ljnkjksa dks nsrk Fkk ftls ijlknh
ukscYl laLFkku }kjk izdkf'kr esokM+ tkxhjnkjka jh foxr esa fy[kk gSA17 xqM+yk ds nquk dgk tkrk FkkA ;g izFkk mejkoksa] ljnkjksa viuk HkkbZ viuh vkRek ls tqM+k gqvk ekuus
HkwLokeh dks Bkdqj dh inoh izkIr Fkh vkSj os csnyk Hkw&laink Lokeh ds nwj ds jDr dh izrhdkRed vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa viukbZ x;h Fkh] bfrgkl fBdkuk dksBkfj;k] eq-
lacaf/k;ksa esa ls Fks fQj Hkh esokM+ esa clus ds dkj.k csnyk Hkw&laink lEcU/kh izR;sd vfyeqn~nhu] i`- 448 (pkSgku izdk'k] i`- 199)
xfrfof/k ,oa f;kdyki esa lfEefyr gksrs Fks vkSj csnyk ,oa dksBkfj;k okyksa dks 7- mYys[kuh; gS fd iwoZdkfyd esokM+ jkT; esa vfHktkR; ra= esa jkor] jko] egkjkt] jktk]
viuk vxz.kh Lohdkjrs FksA jktj.kk vkfn miyfC/k;ka vyx&vyx Js.kh ,oa Lrj ds mejkoksa&ljnkjksa dks nh tkrh Fkh]
193
buesa ls jkor dh mikf/k egkjktk ;k 'kkld ds jDr lacaf/k;ksa ;Fkk pq.Mkorksa] 'kDrkorksa dks
gh nh tkrh Fkh] fdUrq egkjk.kk mn;flag us lkfgc[kku dks ;g mikf/k nsdj viuk jDr laca/
kh Lohdkjk] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k f}rh; [k.M] i`- 878
8- esokM+ jkT; esa mejkoksa] ljnkjksa dks nh tkus okyh Hkwlaink ds izlax esa mYys[kuh; gS fd ekjokM+ ds iz'kklu dk izeq[k dsUnz % nhoku
egkjk.kk vejflag f}rh; ds 'kklu dky (1710&1734 bZ-) ls igys esokM+ jkT; esa fdlh jkg ckuks
Hkh mejko ;k ljnkj dks LFkk;h :i ls dksbZ Hkwlaink iznku ugha dh tkrh FkhA nks&rhu o"kZ
dh le;kof/k esa ljnkjksa&mejkoksa dks nh xbZ Hkwlainkvksa dks cny fn;k tkrk Fkk udlkjnj
tokc Qgfjlr rjrhc rokjh[k esokM+ iV~Vs csnyk] i`- 18 gesa iwoZ jktiwr jkT;ksa ds iz'kklu dh eqxy lEidZ ls iwoZ dh tkudkjh
9- ogh] i`- 878 lkfgR; xzUFk] nku&i=ksa] f'kykys[kksa ls Kkr gksrh gSA mu fnuksa izR;sd jkT; dh viuh
10- nsoukFk iqjksfgr] fgLVh vkWQ esokM+] i`- 76 'kklu O;oLFkk vyx&vyx gksrh FkhA eqxyksa ds lEidZ ls iwoZ jkT; esa jktk gh
11- vlZdhu] ds-Mh-] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ n esokM+ jsthMsalh] iqueqZfnzr 1992] i`- 120 loksZifj FkkA 'kklu iztk ds fy, bZ'oj dk va'k ekuk tkrk FkkA 'kkld dk izeq[k
12- vks>k] iwoksZDr] i`- 919 dkZO; jkT; dks O;ofLFkr j[kuk ,oa iztk ds fgr dh j{kk djuk gksrk FkkA jkT; ds
13- ogh] i`- 919 vijkf/k;ksa dks jktk dh vksj ls n.M Hkh fn;k tkrk FkkA jktk iz'kklfud dk;ksZ ds
14- gqdeflag HkkVh (laiknd)] esokM+ js tkxhjnkjka jh foxr] 1993] i`- 85
vUrxZr ;q esa lsuk dk usr`Ro djrk FkkA og U;k; djrk rFkk iztk dh lqj{kk djrk
15v- ogh] i`- 85
15c- vks>k] ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] iwoksZDr] i`- 972&73 ,oa lkoZtfud fuekZ.k dk;Z djokuk] /kkfeZd mRloksa esa Hkkx ysrk FkkA iz'kklfud
16- ogh] i`- 877] ikn fVIi.kh 3 dk;ks ,oa O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr jktk ds ckn ;qojkt dk LFkku egoiw.kZ gksrk FkkA
17- gqdeflag HkkVh (laiknd)] esokM+ js tkxhjxnkjka jh foxr] 1993] i`- 86 ;qojkt ;k mkjkf/kdkjh dks ysdj jktiwr jkT;ksa esa dksbZ fuf'pr fu;e ugha FksA ;qojkt
18- ';keynkl laxzg] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] xzaFk ekad 23 ds pksifu;ksa esa dk dk;Z 'kkfUr O;oLFkk djuk rFkk jktk dks lg;ksx iznku djuk gksrk FkkA jktk dh
miyC/k oa'kkoyh ds vk/kkj ij vuqifLFkfr esa lEiw.kZ jkT; dk dk;Z Hkkj ;qojkt ij gksrk FkkA og jktk ds fdlh ;q
19- Jh Hks:flag pkSgku] fuoklh csnyk ?kkVh ls lk{kkRdkj ds le; izkIr lwpukuqlkj ds nkSjku ckgj jgus dh fLFkfr esa iz'kklu dks lapkftr djrk FkkA eqxy lEidZ ds
ckn ekjokM+ dh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa /khjs&/khjs dbZ ifjorZu gesa n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa
ftlds pyrs jktkvksa dh Lora=rk dk vUr gks x;kA dbZ jktiwwr 'kkld eqxy lezkV
ds eulcnkj cu x,A jktiwr jkT;ksa ij yxHkx iw.kZ :i ls eqxyksa dk vf/kdkj gks
x;kA jktk }kjk eulcnkj cuus ls mudk dk;Z Hkkj vR;f/kd c<+ x;k ftlds pyrs
bUgsa nksgjh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk iM+rk FkkA ekjokM+ dh 'kklu iz.kkyh dks
O;ofLFkr j[kus rFkk Lo;a ij vR;f/kd ncko ds pyrs jktiwr 'kkldksa us dbZ inksa dks
l`ftr fd;k rkfd jkT; ls lEcfU/kr dk;Z gsrq mUgsa lgk;rk fey ldsA jktk }kjk
fu;qDr in yxHkx eqxyksa dh 'kklu iz.kkyh dk feyrk tqyrk :i gh FkkA jktk dh
vuqifLFkfr esa jkT; dks bUgha vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA
ekjokM+ dk loksZPp vf/kdkjh iz/kku gh jgkA iz/kku jktk dk fo'oluh; ea=h
gksrk FkkA iz/kku jktk dks lEiw.kZ lg;ksx iznku djrk jgrk FkkA iz'kklu ls lEcfU/kr
fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj iz/kku dks izkIr FkkA iz/kku ds dk;Z vR;f/kd foLr`r gksrs Fks
ftl dkj.k mUgsa lg;ksx iznku djus gsrq dbZ vkSj vksgnksnkjksa dks fu;qDr fd;k tkrk
FkkA tSls&nhoku] gkfde] c['kh tSls in vkfn] iz/kku ds ckn nhoku dk in vkrk
194
FkkA ;g in vius vki esa egoiw.kZ in FkkA nhoku iz'kklfud dk;ks dks iz/kku ls ijxuksa ds vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ekeyksa dh f'kdk;r 'kkld ls dh tkrh Fkh] mls
fopkj foe'kZ djus ds ckn gh djrk Fkk vkSj ;g iz/kku ds fy, cgqr lEekutud ckr 'kkld rd igqpkuk nhoku dk nkf;Ro gksrk FkkA nhoku }kjk eq[; :i ls nks rjg ds
gksrh FkhA iz/kku gh nhoku dks fn'kk&funsZ'k iznku djrk Fkk vkSj mls mlh vuqlkj dk;Z n.M fn;s tkrs FkstSls tkxhj tCr djuk rFkk vkfFkZd n.M ds :i esa Hkkjh jkf'k
djuk iM+rk FkkA /khjs&/khjs nhoku ekjokM+ ds iz'kklu dk dsUnz fcUnq cu x;kA nhoku olwy djuk FkkA
dk in ewyr% eqxyksa ds izHkko dk gh ifj.kke FkkA ;g in jktiwr jkT;ksa esa eqxyksa ds ekjokM+ dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr gesa nhoku ds nks :i n`f"Vxkspj
lEidZ ds i'pkr~ izkjEHk gqvkA nhoku jktLo lEcU/kh dk;ksZa dk lcls izeq[k ,oa gksrs gSa ftlds uke gSns'k ,oa ru nhokuA ns'k nhoku dh fu;qfDr yxkrkj gksrh jgh
mPp vf/kdkjh gksrk FkkA iz'kklfud ekeyksa ,oa dk;ks ds vUrxZr jktLo dh olwyh egkjktk tloUrflagth ds 'kkludky esa fla?koh lq[key dk fooj.k gesa feyrk gSA
djuk] vk;&O;; dk fglkc j[kuk gksrk FkkA nhoku dk lEidZ lh/kk ijxuksa ds egkjktk xtflag ds le; xh izkfIr ds ckn fla?koh lq[key dks ns'k nhoku dk in
gkfde ,oa dkuwuxksa esa jgrk FkkA jktLo lEcfU/kr olwyh ds fy;s dk;Z funsZ'ku lkSaik x;kA xtflag ds ckn esa ;g in iapksyh eksg.knkl dks iznku fd;k FkkA egkjktk
djuk nhoku dk egoiw.kZ dk;Z FkkA bl dk;Z ds fy, gkfde ,oa dkuwuxksa tSls vf/ us fe;ka Qjklr dks viuk ns'k nhoku cuk;k Fkk] fQj j?kqukFk HkkVh dks ;g volj
kdkjh nhoku ij iw.kZr% fuHkZj jgrs FksA nhoku }kjk gkfdeksa dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh FkhA izkIr gqvkA egkjktk tloarflag us tkyksj ijxuk vf/kdkj djus gsrq fe;ka Qjklr dks
tSls&tSls nhoku cnyrk Fkk oSls gh gkfdeksa esa cnyko fuf'pr fd;k tkrk FkkA Hkstk ,oa os bl vfHk;ku esa lQy Hkh jgsaA egkjktk tc /kjer ;q esa O;Lr Fks rc
nhoku }kjk Hkwfe dk oxhZdj.k djokdj Hkwfe dh fdLe] iSnkokj ,oa ykHk gkfu ihNs ls fe;k Qjklr us ekjokM+ dk lEiw.kZ izca/k dj vius 'kkS;Z dks n'kkZ;k FkkA ns'k
lEcU/kh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh j[kuk vfr vko';d gksrk FkkA nhoku dks ,oa QkStnkjh nhoku tSls in ds fy, gesa eqg.kksr uS.klh dh ppkZ djuh vfr vko';d gSA uS.klh
vf/kdkjksa dk vuqHko gksuk Hkh vko';d gksrk FkkA nhoku }kjk jktLo lEcU/kh dkeksa ns'k nhoku dkQh yEcs le;dky rd cuk jgk] ftlds pyrs mlus vius nkf;Ro dk
dh tkudkjh ,oa vkdM+ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lg;ksxh deZpkfj;ksa ij fuxjkuh j[kuk vfr fuokZg fd;kA tSlyesj ds jkoy lcyflag }kjk tc iksdj.k ds vklikl ywV ekj
vko';d FkkA 'kq: djus ij uS.klh us viuh dq'kyrk ,oa prqjkbZ ls ml ij p<+kbZ dj iksdj.k esa
iz/kku ds ckn jktk }kjk nhoku dks loksZPp izkIr FkhA vFkZ foHkkx dks lapkfyr 'kkfUr LFkkfir dj viuh ;ksX;rk dk vPNk ifjp; fn;kA eqg.kksr uS.klh vius le;
djus dk nkf;Ro nhoku dk gksrk Fkk] blls lEcfU/kr ekeys ,oa /kks[kk/kM+h tSlh ?kVuk dk ,d bfrgkl iq#"k ekuk tkrk gSA
dh lwpuk iz/kku dks nsuk t:jh gksrk FkkA vijkf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa ds pyrs nks"kh O;fDr eqg.kksr uS.klh ds ckn iapksyh dsljhflag dh bl in ij fu;qfDr dh x;hA
dks jktk }kjk nf.Mr Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA eqxyksa ds izHkko ds pyrs nhoku ds vf/ ns'k fnoku ds :i esa iapksyh ,d vPNk izca/kd FkkA iapksyh egkjktk dh e`R;q rd
kdkj ,oa dk;Z 'kkgh nhoku ls iwjh rjg feyrs FksA ijxuksa ij gkfde dh fu;qfDr jktk bl in ij jgkA dsljhflag iapksyh ,d LokehHkDr rFkk fo'oluh; O;fDr FkkA
}kjk gksrh Fkh ijUrq ml ij fu;a=.k Lo;a nhoku dk jgrk FkkA gkfde nhoku ds egkjktk dh e`R;q ds ckn vkSjaxtsc dh lsok esa jgk rc ckn'kkg }kjk jkT; lEcfU/kr
funsZ'kkuqlkj dk;Z djrs FksA nhoku dks jkT; lEcfU/kr lHkh iz'kklfud dk;Z esa xqIr tkudkjh dh ea'kk j[kus ij egkjktk ds fo: tkudkjh uk nsdj ckn'kkg dk
lgk;rk djus ds fy, njksxk] eqa'kh ,oa iksrnkj tSls inkf/kdkjh Hkh gksrs FksA bu lHkh fojks/k djuk mfpr le>kA ckn'kkg }kjk nh x;h bl vkKk dk ikyu uk djus ij mls
inkf/kdkfj;ksa ij nhoku dh lnSo fuxjkuh jgrh FkhA ekjokM+ jkT; esa iz'kklfud dSn dj fy;k x;kA dqN fnu ckn Lo;a us ty R;kxdj vius izk.kksa d vkgwfr nsdj
dk;Zokgh gsrq nhoku ds uke dh eqgj Hkh ykxw dh x;h Fkh ftldk mi;ksx nhoku LokehHkfDr dk mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA egkjktk vHk;flagth ds le; nhoku in ij
dk;Zokgh ,oa fujh{k.k djus gsrq djrk FkkA bl rjg /khjs&/khjs nhoku dk in fu;qDr vf/kdkjh T;knkrj HkaMkjh tkfr ds FksA nhoku in ij HkaMkjh [kheflag dk uke
vR;f/kd izHkko'kkyh gks x;k FkkA nhoku eq[;r% xSj vijkf/kd ekeyksa lEcfU/kr Hkh vkrk gSA egkjktk vHk;flag ds le; Hk.Mkjh j?kqukFk dk nhoku ds :i esa fooj.k
fu.kZ; Hkh ysrk FkkA ijUrq vijkf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa ds pyrs mu ekeyksa esa n.M nsus dh Kkr gksrk gSA egkjktk vHk;flag tc vtesj vfHk;ku esa Fks rc Hk.Mkjh j?kqukFk us
Lora=rk izkIr FkhA nhoku }kjk n.M ds :i esa dBksj djkokl ,oa dSn fd;k tkrk Fkk egkjktk dks viuk leFkZu iznku fd;k FkkA vtesj vfHk;ku esa eqTQQj vyh [kk ls
ijUrq mls e`R;q n.M nsus dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA dbZ ckj jktk dh vuqifLFkfr esa ekeyksa la?k"kZ esa viuh 'kkS;Zrk dks n'kkZ;kA egkjktk vHk;flag us eu:i dks nhokuxh ,oa
dh lquokbZ ,oa dk;Zokgh dj ekeyksa dks fuiVkus dk dk;Z Hkh nhoku gh djrk FkkA fljksiko fn;k FkkA laor~ 1804 esa Hk.Mkjh eu:i iq= iksekflag dks nhokuxh buk;r
195
gqbZ Fkh rFkk cSBus dk lEeku igys ls gh FkkA nhokuxh ij jgrs egkjktk dh vksj ls mi;ksfxrk dks Lohdkjk tk ldrk gSA firk ds ckn iq= dh bl in ij fu;qfDr dh
gkFkh Hkh buk;r fd;k x;k FkkA Hk.Mkjh vejflag Hkh egkjktk vHk;flag dk nhoku tkrh FkhA nhoku dks mlds dk;ks dh lQyrk gsrq lEekfur fd;k tkrk Fkk tks mlds
jgkA Hk.Mkjh vejflag ,d prqj ,oa cqfeku jktuhfrK FkkA egkjktk ds lkFk fy, cgqr xoZ dh ckr gksrh Fkh ijUrq ogh xyr dk;ks esa Hkkxhnkj ,oa "kM+;a=ksa esa
vgenkckn ;q esa vfHk;ku esa odhy ds :i esa mifLFkr jgkA nks"kh ik;s tkus ij mUgsa n.M Hkh fn;k tkrk FkkA vkfFkZd n.M ds :i esa Hkkjh jkf'k Hkh
lokbZ jktk 'kwjflag ds le; eqyrk osyk ,oa tXxk vtck.kh nksuksa dks lkFk esa olwyh tkrh FkhA bl izdkj nhoku ekjokM+ dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dk dsUnz fcUnq
nhoku in ij fu;qfDr dk gesa irk pyrk gSA lwjflag ds vUr ds vUr esa Hk.Mkjh jgk] D;ksafd ijxuksa ds gkfde mlds funsZ'ku esa dk;Z djrs FksA nhoku mUgha dh
yw.kk] j?kqukFk dks viuk nhoku cuk;kA egkjktk vthrflag ds le; fla?koh c[rkojey lgk;rk ls ijxuksa dh vkenuh dh tkap dj mldk fglkc j[krk rFkk jktk dks jkT;
nhoku cukA Hk.Mkjh foynkl tc nhoku cuk rc jkT; dh fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ds dh vk; ls yxkrkj voxr djokrk ,oa 'kkfUr rFkk lqj{kk lEcU/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh
pyrs mldh gR;k djok nh x;hA egkjktk vHk;flag }kjk tc egkjktk vthrflag fuxjkuh j[krk FkkA
dh gR;k dh x;h rc blesa Hk.Mkjh j?kqukFk Hkh muds bl dk;Z esa lkFk FkkA egkjktk lanHkZ
c[rflag us nhoku dh inoh fla?koh Qrsgpan dks nh lkFk gh lkFk fljksiko ,oa 1- 'kekZ] xksikukFk] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- la- 108
ikydh Hkh buk;r dh x;hA ckn esa egkjkt c[rflag us inoh Hk.Mkjh eu:i ds iq= 2- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx izFke jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/
lqrkjke dks nh rFkk cSBus dk lEeku iznku fd;kA jkeflagth us nhoku Hk.Mkjh kiqj] 1994] i`- la- 380] 81
lokbZjke ds iq= jRuflag dks laor~ 1807 esa viuk nhoku cuk;kA egkjktk vthrflag 3- egkjkt vHk;flag dh [;kr] i`- la- 5] 35 jktLFkku vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
dh gR;k ds ckn ekjokM+ ds 'kkldksa dk Hk.Mkfj;ksa ij ls Hkjkslk mB x;k ckn esa mUgsa 4- ljdkjk ts-,u- eqxy ,MfefuLV's ku] i`- la- 27] 29] ,e-lh- ljdkj ,.M lUl] dkWydkk]
dSn dj fy;k x;kA egkjktk us lHkh Hk.Mkfj;ksa dks dSn dj fy;k Fkk] rc ckn esa 1920
5- 'kekZ dkywjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- la- 387]88 iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj]
iapksyh ykyk dks nhokuxh nh xbZA vgenkckn dh yM+kbZ esa iapksyh dh vge
2009
Hkwfedk jghA fla?koh QrsgpUn c[krflag ds nhokuxh ds le; ekjokM+ dh lsuk us 6- HkkVh ftrsUnzflag] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] i`- la- 227] 28] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj]
jkeflag ds leFkZu dks gjkdj esMr+ k ij vf/kdkj dj vius drZO; dks fuHkk;kA tks/kiqj] 2011
fla?koh QrsgpUn ds ckn dbZ o"kks rd ;g in fjDr jgkA fla?koh tks/kjk.k ,d 7- HkkVh ukjk;.kflag] ;qxiq#"k egkjktk tloUrflag] i`- la- 23] 24 jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku]
izHkko'kkyh O;fDr Fkk tks ckn esa Hkheflag dk nhoku cukA pkSikluh tks/kiqj 1984
ru nhoku ,d rjg ls egkjktk dk lfpo gksrk FkkA ru nhoku dks xqIr 8- iwokZsDr] i`- la- 25
[ktkus ds lkFk&lkFk lsuk dk lapkyu Hkh djuk iM+rk FkkA ns'k nhoku rFkk ru nhoku 9- HkkVh ftrsUnzflag] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] i`- 63] 70] 71] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj tks/
kiqj] 2011
dk viuk vyx vyx ,d ego jgkA ru nhoku dk in loZizFke [kkstk lqUnj dks
10- HkkVh foeflag] ewafn;kM+ jh [;kr] i`- 222] 23 bfrgkl vuqla/kku laLFkku tks/kiqj] 2005
fn;k x;kA egkjktk tloUrflag ds le; ;g bl in ij jgkA egkjktk tloUrflag 11- ,afxzl] izse] vHk;flag ds le; ekjokM+ dk thou] 1987] m"kk ifCyds'ku gkl] tks/kiqj
us [kkstk dks [kjhn dj viuh lsok esa mifLFkr fd;k FkkA eqg.kksr lqUnjnkl igys
gkfde in ;k ckn esa mls ru nhoku dk in fn;k x;kA ekjokM+ dbZ ijxuksa esa foHkDr
FkkA iz'kklfud lEcfU/kr ekeyksa esa nhoku dks lg;ksx nsus ,oa leFkZu gsrq gkfde dh
fu;qfDr dh x;hA ;g loksZPp U;k; vf/kdkjh gksrk FkkA vijkf/kd ekeyksa dks
lqy>kkus gsrq nhoku ,oa gkfde feydj fu.kZ; ysrs FksA ijxuksa esa pksjh uk gks vkSj uk
gh dksbZ vfiz; ?kVuk ?kfVr gks bldk nkf;Ro gkfde ij jgrk FkkA gkfde ds dk;ks
dh vlUrqf"V ij mlds fo: nhoku ls mldh f'kdk;r dh tk ldrh FkhA nhoku
dk in oa'kkuqxr rks ugha gksrk Fkk ijUrq mldh fo'ks"k lsok dks ns[krs gq, bl in dh
196
ds egkjkt vthrflag nqxkZnkl jkBkSM+ o vkesj ds t;flag ls Hkh bls vknj o lEeku
izkIr gqvk bl izdkj blus fnYyh esokM+ rFkk esokM+ ekjokM+ vkesj ds jktuhfrd
laca/kksa dks viuh jktuhfrKrk o cqfekuh ls izHkkfor fd;kA
esokM+ ds iz/kkeua=h ds :i esa fcgkjhnkl iapksyh ds jktuhfr esa ;ksxnku&fnYyh ds ckn'kkg us 20 V HksaV dj fy[kk fd dksbZ
;ksxnku dk v/;;u (1700&1751 bZ-) rksgQk Hkst tk,A ckn'kkg dh QjekbZ'k ij dkQh lykg e'kfojk gqvkA fdlh us
MkW- fofurk Jhekyh tokgjkr iUuk rks fdlh us rksgQs esa /ku Hkstus dh ckr dghA fcgkjhnkl tks fj;klr
dh lsok esa Fkk us vtZ fd;k fd tokgjkr iUuk vkfn rks ckn'kkg ds ikl Hkh cgqr gS]
esokM+ esa vusdksa vksloky jktuhfrKksa vkSj ohjksa us yxkrkj vusd o"kks rd rksgQs esa og pht Hksth tkos tks de feyrh gks rFkk vPNh gksA rksgQs esa ;gka jktuxj
dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT; dh egku lsok,a dh vkSj iz/kku in ij dk;Z fd;kA esokM+ dh [kku dk iRFkj vkSj vkjkl (pwuk) cgqr gS] ftlesa ls iRFkj Vksa ij ugha tk
jkT; dk vuqeku 500 o"kZ iwoZ rd dk gky ekywe gksus ls ;gh ik;k x;k fd ;gka dh ldrs] blhfy, vkjkl Hkst fn;k tkos] vxj ;gh pht ekaxh gksxh rks j[k ysaxs ugha rks
eqYdh gqdwer nks dkseksa ;kus dk;LFk vkSj egktuksa ds gkFk esa jgh vFkkZr~ egkjk.kk okil] fy[k HkstsaxsA bl ij vkjkl fnYyh Hkstk x;k] ftls ikdj ckn'kkg izlUu
lkfgc dks ;q lEcU/kh dk;ksZa ls vodk'k u Fkk fd os ekyh vkSj eqYdh cUnkscLr gqvkA4
djrsA bl okLrs ij nksuksa dkSeokys vius esa ls fdlh ,d ;ksX; iq#"k dks viuk blds ckn ckn'kkg us ,d pksdksj [kkyh dkxt fyQkQs esa cUn djds Hkstk
iz/kku cuk djds mldks ekyh o eqYdh dke dk vf/kdkj nsrs jgsA1 vkSj tokc ekaxk rc egkjk.kk us fcgkjhnkl dks dgk fcgkjhnkl us egkjk.kk ls vtZ
esokM+ esa eq[;r% HkVukxj o ekFkqj dk;LFkksa dk jktuhfrd] iz'kklfud] fd;k fd ^ckn'kkg dk eryc bl dksjs dkxt dks Hkstus ls ;g gS fd esjk jkt pkjks
vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd {ks=ksa esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA bu yksxksa dks lkekU;r% iapksyh dksuksa ij cjkcj gS] ijUrq blesa ls ,d dksus ij esokM+ ds egkjk.kk dk jkt gksus ls ,d
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ên~ ;k lhxs* dks vksyh dgrs gSa vkSj igys dksuk drj fy;k tkosaA rc dkxt dk ,d dksuk drj dj ckn'kkg ds ikl Hkstk
iz'kklu ds ikap eq[; dk;Z (eqlkgch] eky] [ktkuk] QkSt o odkykr) dk dke x;k] ftls ikdj ckn'kkg [kq'k gqvkA5 rc ckn'kkg us egkjk.kk dks fy[kk fd vkids
dk;LFk gh djrs Fks] blls ;g yksx iapksyh dgyk;sA2 viuh cqfekuh ls dq'ky esokM+ fj;klr ds ftl O;fDr us viuh cqfekuh ls gekjh fcuk dgh eu dh ckr dks
iz'kklu] vkarfjd O;oLFkk o 'kkfUr o ,drk LFkkfir djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk tku fy;k] ml O;fDr dks ge feyuk pkgrs gSaA ftl ij fcgkjhnkl dks esokM+ dk
fuHkk;h lkFk gh jkT; ij ckgjh ladV vkus ij ;k jkT; foLrkj ds dk;ksZa esa ryokj izFke odhy fu;qDr dj fnYyh Hkstk x;kA ejkBk ny dks ekyok ls [knsM+ dj
mBkdj vius izk.kksa dk cfynku nsus esa Hkh ges'kk rS;kj jgsA fcgkjhnkl us ckn'kkg Q:Z[kfl;j o egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; ds vkKkuqlkj eqxy
vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lg;ksx ls 'kkafr LFkkfir dhA eqxy lezkV us fcgkjhnkl ds dk;ks dh
esokM+ esa vkxeu&bl oa'k ds mn;flag dk esokM+ vkuk ekuk tkrk gSA HkkV
ljkguk dh rFkk t;flag us mls migkj vkfn nsdj lEekfur fd;kA jkeiqjk ij Hkh
ds fooj.k ds vuqlkj jk.kk i`Fohiky tukuk lfgr x;kth x;k vkSj ogka ij eqlyekuksa
fcgkjhnkl us vf/kdkj tek fy;kA6
ls xk;ksa dks NqM+kus esa gqbZ yM+kbZ esa laor~ 1318 (1261 bZ-) esa dke vk;k vkSj mls
vius ikl gh vkJ; fn;kA3 egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; us vius iz/kku fcgkjhnkl dks mlds fof'k"V
lsokvksa ds fy, f[kyvr o rkthe dk chM+k fn;kA rkthe dk chM+k esokM+ esa dsoy
othj f'kjkse.kh fcgkjhnkl iapksyh&esokM+ ds bfrgkl dk izR;sd i`"B
nks iz/kkuksa dks feyk] blesa ,d fcgkjhnkl FkkA fcgkjhnkl ds leku prqj o fo'oklh
cqfeku] ohj o ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa ds o`rkUrksa ls jaxk gqvk gS] fdUrq mlesa iapksyh
euq"; blls ifgys dHkh esokM+ dk ea=h ugha cukA7
fcgkjhnkl HkVukxj dk o.kZu vkSj Hkh egRo dk gSA esokM+ esa rhu egkjk.kkvksa&vejflag
f}rh; (1698&1710 bZ-) laxzkeflag f}rh; (1710&1734 bZ-) rFkk txrflag fcgkjhnkl iapksyh dk mn;iqj esa Vdlky pkyw djokuk&esokM+ eqxy
f}rh; (1734&1751 bZ-) ds le; blus esokM+ fj;klr dh lsok dh] lkFk gh la?k"kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; dh Vdlky can gks x;h Fkh] fdUrq 1714 bZ- esa egkjk.kk
fnYyh ds ckn'kkg Q:Z[kfl;j o lS;n cU/kqvksa ls ?kfu"B laca/k Hkh jgs rFkk ekjokM+ laxzkeflag ds iz/kku iapksyh fcgkjhnkl us iqu% mn;iqj esa Vdlky pkyw djus dh
btktr eqxy lezkV Q:Z[kfl;j ls izkIr dj yh FkhA8
197
LFkkiR; dyk esa ;ksxnku

egky{eh dk eafnj&egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; ds iz/kku fcgkjhnkl us jkeiqjk
ls egky{eh vkSj "kHknso dh lqUnj ewfrZ;ka ykdj muds mn;iqj esa vyx&vyx
eafnj cuok;sA egky{eh dk eafnj mn;iqj ds HkfV~V;kuh pksgV~Vk esa lM+d ds
xksxk th pkSgku % jktx<+ dh vf}rh; foHkwfr
if'peh Nksj ij if'pekfHkeq[k cuk gSA Hkhrjh dk;Z Q'kZ pkSds vkfn dks NksMd + j jktsUnz flag 'ks[kkor ,oa MkW- vfouk'k ikjhd
lewpk dk;Z 18oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZZ dk gSA ejEer dk dk;Z 1988 bZ- esa Jhekyh
lekt ds Jkyqvksa us djok;kA9 e/;dkyhu egkiq#"k xksxkth fganw] eqfLye] fl[k lank;ksa dh Jk vftZr
1- nw/krykbZ dh iky ca/kokbZ dj ,d /keZfujis{k yksdnsork ds uke ls ihj ds :i esa fl gq,A jktLFkku ds
2- Jh dSyk'kiqjh esa bUnj lkxj Jh egknso th dk efUnj cuok;kA guqekux<+ ftys dk ,d 'kgj xksxkesMh+ gSA ;gka Hkknok 'kqDy i{k dh uoeh dks
xksxkth nsork dk esyk Hkjrk gSA bUgsa fgUnw vkSj eqfLye nksuksa iwtrs gaSA ;gk ij lHkh
3- ikyk x.ks'k th ds ij ekNyk exjk ij Bkdqj th Jh txUukFk dk eafnj
/keZ vkSj lEnk; ds yksx eRFkk Vsdus ds fy, nwj&nwj ls vkrs gSaA dk;e [kkuh
cuok;kA
eqfLye lekt mudks tkgj ihj ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSa rFkk m LFkku ij eRFkk Vsdus
4- vk;M+ o ik;M+k ds chp iqy ca/kok;kA10 vkSj eUur ekxus vkrs gSaA bl rjg ;g LFkku fganw vkSj eqfLye ,drk dk rhd gSA1
vr% jktLFkku ds e/;;qxhu bfrgkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g Hkh gS fd
xksxkth ds le; dk fu/kkZj.k ds lEcU/k esa bfrgkldkj ,d er ugha gSa vkSj
jktiwr 'kklu esa oS'o vkSj dk;L; ds dq'ky laxBd rFkk iz'kkld ds :i esa
blh erHksn ds dkj.k xksxkth dk le; vkBoha 'krkCnh ls yxkdj iUnzgoha 'krkCnh
izfrf"Br gq, gSA esokM+ ds iquxZBu vkSj iquZO;oLFkk dks f;kfUor djus esa budk
ds chp dk ekuk tkrk jgk gSA yYyw Hkhe HkkbZ nslkbZ us fy[kk gSa fd xksxkjko fo-la-
;ksxnku jgk gSA ;s vuqHkoh vkSj dq'ky izca/kd FksA lkk dk izyksHku mUgsa vius drZO;
952 esa xh ij cSBkA mlds 45 iq= FksA blus eqlyekuksa dks 11 nQk ;q esa gjk;kA
ls fd;k ugha ldkA ,sls dhfrZ iq#"kksa ij jpukRed ys[ku deZ fu%lansg ,d
ckjgoha ckj og xk;ksa dh j{kkFkZ ;q esa ekjk x;kA fo- la- 982 esa x<+ lakHkj esa
iz'kaluh; dk;Z gSA
xksxkjko us lej fd;k] ftlesa mlds 43 iq= ekjs x;sA orZeku esa bldh xksxknso ds
lanHkZ :i esa iwtk gksrh gSaA2
1- ts-ds- vks>k] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`- 135&136
2- fjiksVZ ejnqe'kqekjh jkt ekjokM+] lu~ 1891] i`- 318
dfojktk lw;Zey us fy[kk gSa fd dkuk dh xh ds mrjkf/kdkj ds iz'u dks
3- HkkV dh iksFkh (lkxjflag cM+ok dk laxzg)] i`- 233 ysdj xksxkth pkSgku vkSj muds ekSlsjs HkkbZ;ksa vtZu vkSj ltZu ds chp >xM+k gqvkA
4- HkkV dh iksFkh (lkxjflag cM+ok dk laxzg)] i`- 242 vtqZu vkSj ltqZu gkj dj bZjku ds ckn'kkg vcwQj dks cqyk yk;sA bl ;q esa xksxkihj
5- HkkV dh iksFkh (lkxflag cM+ok dk laxzg)] i`- 242&243 vius vusd iq=ksa ds lkFk ekjs x;sA uS.klh ds vuqlkj xksxkth dk fookg dksyq esa
6- f'kopj.k esukfj;k] mkj eqxydkyhu esokM+] i`- 112&113 jkBkSM+ ikcqth ds cM+s HkkbZ cwM+sth dh csVh dsyens ds lkFk gqvk FkkA i- >kcjey 'kekZ
7- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] f}rh; [k.M rhu] i`- 1937 us Hkh ikcqth dh Hkrhth dsy.kckbZ ds lkFk xksxkth ds fookg lEcU/k dks ekurs gq,]
8- dksBkjh & thou pfj=] i`- 32 laor~ 1440 esa fQjkst'kkg rqxyd ds lkFk gq, ;q esa budk ohjxfr dks ikuk fy[kk
9- 'kDrkor lq'khyk] esokM+ dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] 1680&1734 bZ-] i`- 42 gSaA3 jktLFkkuh 'kCn dks'k esa Hkh xksxkth ds thouo`r ij foLrkj ls izdk'k Mkyk x;k
10- ogh] i`- 42 gSaA ysfdu mi;qZDr erksa esa vusdks =qfV;ksa ls lgh dky fu/kkZj.k lEHko ugh gSaA
vc izk;% lHkh fo}ku bl ckr dks ekuus yxs gSa fd xksxkth dk le; 11oha
'krkCnh dk jgk gSa vkSj bldk vk/kkj gSa fd D;ke [kka jklk ds vuqlkj ?kka?kw clkus okys
?ka?kjkuk dh 5oha ih<+h esa xksxkth gq, vkSj iUnzgoha ih<+h esa xksiky dk iq= tSrlh gqvkA
eaMys'oj xksiky ds bl iq= jk.kk tSrlh ds le; dk ,d vfHkys[k la- 1293 dk
198
vHkh nnjsok esa ekStqn gSaA bl tSrlh dh lkroha ih<+h esa deZpUn gqvk ftls fQjkst'kkg kIr jktk FksA xksxkth dk jkT; lryqt lsa gkalh (gfj;k.kk) rd FkkA t;iqj ls
rqxyd us eqlyeku cuk;k FkkA bl deZpUn vkSj tSrlh ds fuf'pr le; ls x.kuk yxHkx 250 fdeh nwj fLFkr lknqyiqj ds ikl nk[ksMk+ (nnjsok) esa xksxknsoth dk
djus ij xksxkth dk le; 11oha 'krkCnh gh vkrk gSa vkSj os egewn xtuoha ds tUe LFkku gSA nk[ksMk+ pw: ds varxZr vkrk gSA9 xksxknso dh tUeHkwfe ij vkt Hkh
le&lkef;d Bgjrs gSaA4 muds ?kksMs+ dk vLrcy gS vkSj lSdM+ksa o"kZ chr x,] ysfdu muds ?kksMs+ dh jdkc
xksxkth dk tUe foe laor 1003 (950 bZ- ds vkl ikl) esa pw: ftys ds vHkh Hkh ogha ij fo|eku gSA m tUe LFkku ij xq# xksj[kukFk dk vkJe Hkh gS vkSj
nnjsok xko (jktLFkku) esa gqvk FkkA os jktk tsoj flag vkSj jkuh ckNy dh bdykSrh ogha gS xksxknso dh ?kksMs+ ij lokj ewfrZA Hktu bl LFkku ij dhrZu djrs gq, vkrs
larku FksA mu ds jkT; dk uke ckxM+ Fkk vkSj ml dk foLrkj gkalh (gfj;k.kk) rd gSa vkSj tUe LFkku ij cus eafnj ij eRFkk Vsddj eUur ekxrs gSaA10 vkt Hkh liZna'k ls
FkkA jkuh ckNy dh dksbZ larku ugh Fkh] mUgksaus 12 lky rd ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* dh eqf ds fy, xksxkth dh iwtk dh tkrh gSA xksxkth ds rhd ds :i esa iRFkj ;k
iwtk dhA ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* Hkxoku f'ko 'kadj ds cgqr cM+s HkDr FksA mudks ydM+h ij liZ ewfrZ mRdh.kZ dh tkrh gSA yksd /kkj.kk gS fd liZ na'k ls Hkkfor
Hkxoku f'ko 'kadj dk vorkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA5 tc ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* ckxM+ vk;s O;f dks ;fn xksxkth dh esMh+ rd yk;k tk;s rks og O;f liZ fo"k ls eq gks
Fks rc mUgksaus jkuh ckNy us muls iq= izkfIr dh izkFkZuk dh rks xq: us dgk fd oks dy tkrk gSA Hkknok ekg ds 'kqDy i{k rFkk ".k i{k dh uofe;ksa dks xksxkth dh Le`fr
vk;s] mldks nks iq=ksa dk ojnku feysxkA Hkksyh&Hkkyh ckNy us ;s ckr viuh tqM+ok esa esyk yxrk gSA mkj ns'k esa bUgsa tgj ihj rFkk eqlyeku bUgsa xksxk ihj dgrs gSaA
cgu jkuh dkNy dks crk nhA diVh cgu dkNy tYnh tk dj oks ojnku vius fy;s guqekux<+ ftys ds uksgj mi[kaM esa fLFkr xksxkth ds ikou /kke xksxkesMh+
ys vkbZA fLFkr xksxkth dk lekf/k LFky tUe LFkku ls yxHkx 80 fdeh dh nwjh ij fLFkr gS]
ckn esa tc jkuh ckNy x;h rc ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* us vkSj ojnku nsus ls euk tks lkEnkf;d ln~Hkko dk vuwBk rhd gSA tgk ,d fgUnw o ,d eqfLye iqtkjh
dj fn;k] dkQh feUurs djus ds ckn ^xq# xksj[kukFk th* lekf/k esa yhu gq, vkSj [kM+s jgrs gSaA Jko.k 'kqDy iwf.kZek ls ysdj Hkkin 'kqDy iwf.kZek rd xksxkesM+h ds
ikrky yksd tkdj viuh ukx f'k";k dks lkjh ckr crk dj mlds iq= ine~ ukx dks esys esa ohj xksxkth dh lekf/k rFkk xksxk ihj o tkfgj ohj ds t;dkjksa ds lkFk
ekaxk] ftls ukx nEifr us lg"kZ Lohdkj fd;k vkSj muds iq= dks xqXxy esa lekus dk xksxkth rFkk xq# xksj[kukFk ds fr Hkf dh vfojy /kkjk cgrh gSA Hktu xq#
vkns'k ns xq: us xqXxy ckNy dks nh vkSj dgk bls [kk ysuk] vkSj lkFk esa ls ojnku Hkh xksj[kukFk ds Vhys ij tkdj 'kh'k uokrs gSa] fQj xksxkth dh lekf/k ij vkdj /kksd
fn;k fd rqEgkjk tks iq= gksxk oks cgqr cgknqj vkSj 'kf'kkyh gksxkA6 jkuh ckNy us nsrs gSaA11 fro"kZ yk[kksa yksx xksxk th ds eafnj esa eRFkk Vsd rFkk NfM+;ksa dh fo'ks"k
ml iqfM;k dks lHkh vkSjrksa dks (tks ckat Fkh) ds lkFk fey dj [kk;k] mu vkSjrksa esa iwtk djrs gSaA
,d egy dh iafMrkuh vkSj ,d nklh FkhA ftl crZu esa oks nokbZ [kkbZ x;h Fkh ml xksxk tkgj ohj th dh NM+h dk cgqr ego gksrk gS vkSj tks lk/kd NM+h dh
crZu dks ,d ?kksMh+ us Hkh pkV fy;k FkkA fQj ,d lky ds ckn ^xksxkth* dk tUe lk/kuk ugha djrk mldh lk/kuk v/kwjh gh ekuh tkrh gS] D;ksafd ekU;rk ds vuqlkj
gqvk vkSj lkFk lkFk ûj flag ikaMs* vkSj ^HkTtw dksroky* dk Hkh tUe gqvk] vkSj ml tkgj ohj th ds ohj NM+h esa fuokl djrs gSA fl NM+h ij ukgjflag ohj] lkoy
?kksM+h us Hkh ûhys ?kksM+s* dks tUe fn;kA ;g lHkh xq# xksj[kukFk th ds f'k"; gq,A flag ohj vkfn vusdksa ohjksa dk igjk jgrk gSA NM+h yksgs dh lkadys gksrh gS] ftl ij
xksxkth dk uke Hkh xq# xksj[kukFk th ds uke ds igys v{kj ls gh j[kk x;kA ;kfu ,d eqBk yxk gksrk gSA tc rd xksxk tkgj ohj th dh ekM+h esa vFkok muds tkxj.k
xq# dk xq vkSj xksj[k dk xks ;kfu dh xqxks ftls ckn esa xksxk th dgk tkus yxkA xksxk esa NM+h ugha gksrh rc rd ohj gkftj ugha gksrs] ,slh kphu ekU;rk gSA Bhd blh
th us xq# xksj[k ukFk th ls ra= dh f'k{kk Hkh kIr dh Fkh vkSj bu lc ls igys jkuh dkj tc rd xksxk tkgj ohj th dh esMh+ vFkok tkxj.k esa fpeVk ugha gksrk rc
ckNy dh tqM+ok cgu jkuh dkNy ds nks iq= tUe ys ysrs gS] mu dk uke vtZu vkSj rd xq# xksj[kukFk lfgr uoukFk gkftj ugha gksrsA12 NM+h vDlj ?kj esa gh j[kh tkrh
ltZu j[kk tkrk gSA gS vkSj mldh iwtk dh tkrh gSA dsoy lkou vkSj Hkknks ds eghus esa NM+h fudkyh
tc xksxkth us ;qokoLFkk esa izos'k fd;k rc mu dk fookg ^dksyqean fBdkus* tkrh gS vkSj NM+h dks uxj esa Qsjh yxokbZ tkrh gS] blls uxj esa vkus okys lHkh
uxj dh ^dsyens* (jkuh lhfjvy) ds lkFk gqvk] jkBkSM+ jktiwrks esa xksxk th dh ladV 'kkar gks tkrs gSA tkgj ohj ds Hk nkfgus dU/ks ij NM+h j[kdj Qsjh yxokrs
llqjky FkhA8 pkSgku oa'k esa jktk i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds ckn xksxkth ohj vkSj [;kfr gSA NM+h dks vDlj yky vFkok Hkxos jax ds oL= ij j[kk tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh ij
199
Hkwr sr vkfn dh ck/kk gks rks NM+h dks ihfM+r ds 'kjhj dks Nqvkdj mls ,d ckj esa gh yM+ds vtqZu vkSj ltqZu xksxk th ls cgqr tyrs FksA oks xksxk th dks gjk dj ckxM+ dk
Bhd dj fn;k tkrk gSA Hkknks ds eghus esa tc Hk tkgj ckck ds n'kZuksa ds fy, tkrs lkjk jkt vius v/khu djuk pkgrs Fks] ij oks xksxkth ls Mjrs Fks vkSj mUgsa irk Fkk oks
gSa rks NM+h dks Hkh lkFk ysdj tkrs gSa vkSj xksj[k xaxk esa Luku djokdj tkgj ckck dh xksxk th dks vdsys ugh gjk ldrs blfy, mUgksaus fnYyh esa tk dj xksxkth dh cqjkbZ
lekf/k ls Nqvkrs gSA ,slk djus ls NM+h dh 'kf dk;e jgrh gSA13 dh vkSj jktk ls enn ekaxh] ml le; fnYyh dk jktk ^vkuaniky* FkkA oks ,d rksej
xkS&lsod % xksxkihj dks ,d egku~ xkS&Lksod ds :i esa ;kn fd;k tkrk gSaA jktiwr Fkk vkSj ml ds yM+ds dk uke î`Fohjkt* Fkk] oks mudh enn djus ds fy,
xk;ksa dh j{kkFkZ mUgksusa vius izk.kksa dh ckth Hkh yxk nh FkhA os ,d vkn'kZ xkS&ikyd jkth gks x;k vkSj ml us xksxk th dks ;q ds fy, lUns'k Hkst fn;kA vtqZu vkSj ltqZu
Hkh FksA muds uxj esa 51 xkS 'kkyk, Fkh] ftuesa 7000 xkS ekrk] 1100 cSy rFkk 80 ds ckjs esa lqu ds xksxkth dks cgqr xqLlk vk;k vkSj mUgsa lcd fl[kkus ds fy,
lkM ds vykok 8200 cNM+s&cfN;k FkhA jkT; dh dqy Hkwfe ds 2 izfr'kr Hkkx dks xksxkth us ;q djus dh Bku yhA
xkS&/ku ds pkjs ds fy, vkjf{kr j[kk x;k FkkA yxHkx nks gtkj ukStokuksa dk ny bl ;q esa xksxkth vtqZu vkSj ltqZu dks ekj nsrs gSaA16 fnYyh dk jktk ekQh
v/k&caVkbZ ds fgLls ij dke djrs gq, bu xk;ksa dh ns[kHkky djrk FkkA bu ekax ds nqckjk ,slk u djus dk opu ns] okfil pyk tkrk gS] ij bl ;q esa ujlh
xkS&'kkykvksa esa lkQ&lQkbZ dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA xkS /ku dks lnhZ&xehZ ,oa ik.Ms Hkh ekjk tkrk gSaA xksxkth nksuksa Hkkb;ksa ds flj ysdj egy esa vkrs gSaA dqN
/kqi ls cpkus dh O;oLFkk FkhA /kwfu tykdj eD[kh&ePNjksa ls cpko j[kk tkrk FkkA bfrgkldkj bl ?kVuk dks lR; ugha ekursA mudk ekuuk gSa fd xksxkihj dh ekSlh ds
twrs igudj xkS&'kkykvksa esa tkuk Hkh euk FkkA lPpsa eu ls xkS lsok dj LoxZ izkfIr ds yM+ds vtqZu vkSj lqtqZu mu ls cgqr tyrs Fks vkSj gj le; xksxkth dks uhpk fn[kkus
vf/kdkjh cuus dh vo/kkj.kk tu&ekul esa yksd&fiz; FkhA bl izdkj ds fopkj vkSj dh lksprs jgrs FksA tc jkuh lhfj;y UkkSy[kk ckx esa ikuh ykus xbZ rc nksuksa Hkkb;ksa us
vkLFkk xksxkihj vkSj muds HkDrksa ds Fks] rHkh muds jkT; esa 'kqj&ohjksa dh deh uk cnfu;r ls jkuh lhfj;y dks jksd fy;k vkSj vius xyr bjkns tkfgj fd;sA jkuh
FkhA14 oLrq fLFkfr dks Hkkaidj fdlh rjg muds paxqy ls cp fudyh vkSj egy esa igqp
dj xksxk dks lkjh ckr crkbZA xksxk viuh ifRu ds bl vieku dks lgu ugha dj ik;s
cxnkn dh yM+kbZ % xksxkth xk;kas dh cgqr lsok djrs Fks vkSj mu dh j{kk ds
vkSj vius uhys ?kksM+s ij uaxh ryokj ysdj rqjUr ukSy[kk ckx dh vksj izLFkku fd;kA
fy, yM+rs FksA ckr gS lu 953 dh] ml le; xksxkth dh mez lk<+s 7 lky dh FkhA
vtqZu vkSj lqtqZu ogk jkuh lhfj;y dk bUrtkj dj jgs Fks] xksxk dks vkrs ns[k oks nksuksa
vjc ns'kks dh rjQ ,d 'kgj gS cxnkn (vkt ds le; esa ;s 'kgj bjkd dh jkt/kkuh
Hk;Hkhr gks x;sA xksxk us viuh ryokj ls nksuksa ds flj ?kM+ ls vyx dj fn;s vkSj
gS)] ml le; ogka ds jktk dk uke ^loZj lS;n ckn'kkg* Fkk vkSj oks ^y[k nkrk ihj*
muds flj ysdj egy esa ykSV vk;sA17
dk firk Fkk] rks ml us bZn ekukus ds fy, 360 xmvksa dks 'kgj ds ckgj ,d txg ij
dSn dj fy;k] ml 'kgj esa lHkh eqlyeku gh Fks vkSj ogka ij fdlh Hkh fgUnw dks tkus vNqr mkjd % xksxkihj nhu&nqf[k;ksa dh lsok esa yxs jgrs FksA mUgksus NksVh
dh btktr ugha FkhA dgk tkrk gS fd] 360 xmvks fd Qfj;kn lqu ds ^Hkxoku~ tkfr ds yksxksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, vusd ikB'kkyk, cuokdj mUgsa f'kf{kr djds
Jhd`".k th* us ûkjn eqfu th* dks cqyk;k vkSj mUgsa /kjrh ij tkds xksxkth dks bl viuh iyVu esa ps&ps inksa ij fu;qDr dj j[kk FkkA18 xksxkihj ds jkT; esa
ckjs esa crkus dks dgkA15 tkfr&ikafr dk dksbZ Hksn&Hkko ugha FkkA Hksn&Hkko djus okys dks l[r ltk nh tkrh
FkhA u'kk[kksjh iw.kZr oftZr FkhA fj'or ysuk] ngst ekxuk ;k L=h tkfr dk vieku
ogk tkus ij xksxk th dks irk yxrk gSa fd ;gk ds jktk ^loZj lS;n ckn'kkg* djuk] pksjh ,oa MdSrh tSlh ?kVuk,a xksxkihj ds jkT; esa ugha FkhaA19
us bZn ij gyky djus ds fy, budks j[kk gS rks xksxkth vkx ccqyk gks tkrs gS vkSj
fu"d"kZ esa dg ldrs gSa fd ns'k dh yksd laLd`fr esa xksxkth ds fr vikj
egy fd rjQ jktk dks ekjus ds fy, py iM+rs gSa] ij 'kgj ds ckgj gh xksxkth dks
vknj Hkko ns[krs gq, dgk x;k gS fd xko&xko esa [kstM+h] xko&xko esa xksxk ohjA
jksd fy;k tkrk gSA ogka ekStwn 12000 lSfudks ls ;q djus ds ckn egy esa ?kql tkrs
xksxkth dk vkn'kZ O;fRo Hktuksa ds fy, lnSo vkd"kZ.k dk dsU jgk gSA
gSaA ^loZj lS;n ckn'kkg* ds euk djus ij ;q gksrk gS vkSj xksxkth ml dks gjk nsrk
xksj[kVhyk fLFkr xq# xksj[kukFk ds /kwus ij 'kh'k uokdj Hktu eukSfr;k ekxrs gSaA
gSA xksxkth lHkh xk;ksa dks vkTkkn djokrs ga]S fQj vius egy vkrs gSaA
fo}kuksa o bfrgkldkjksa us muds thou dks 'kkS;Z] /keZ] ijke o mPp thou vkn'kksaZ
fnYyh ds jktk vkSj vtqZu ltqZu ds lkFk ;q %& xksxkth ds ekSlh ds dk rhd ekuk gSA20
200
lUnHkZ
1- i`Fohjkt] Jh xksxkth egkiqjk.k lEiw.kZ 100 Hkkx] y{eh izdk'ku] 4734] cYyhekjku]
fnYyh] i`- 314
2- 'kekZ] MkW- n'kjFk] xksxkth dk le;] fdafpr izdk'ku] o"kZ 3] vad 4] 1960 i`- 167 lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk ds iz.ksrk
3- vxzoky xksfoUn] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] 1974] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku]
uxj&Jh pw:] 1973 bZ- i`- 58
yksdnsork ckck jkensoth
4- ogh i`- 60 MkW- Hkaojflag HkkVh
5- jktLFkku ftyk xtsfV;j % xaxkuxj 1972
6- izlkn ijes'oj] Lo.kZ t;Urh Le`fr&ljkst] Jh loZfgrdkfj.kh lHkk] jktx<+] 1976] i`- 40] jktLFkku esa bLyke ds izos'k ,oa rqdZ vke.kksa ls izns'k ij ckg~; izHkko
92] 93 (;Fkk bLykeh laLfr) rFkk vkH;fUrfjd nks"kksa (;Fkk :f<+okn vkSj ckg~;MEcj) ls
7- tks'kh o"kkZ] leqnk; vkSj ifjorZu] jkor ifCy'klZ] 2002 i`- 273 mRiu okrkoj.k esa izk;% izcq efuf"k;ksa dh fpUru&/kkjk eafnjksa vkSj ewfrZ;ksa dh vis{kk
8- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkanksyu] vpZuk dk'kd] vtesj] 1977 i`- 39
/;ku euu ,oa uke Lej.k dh fn'kk dh vksj izokfgr gksus yxhA1 ,slh fo"ke
9- MkW- iq"ik HkkVh] jktLFkku ds yksd nsoh&nsork ,oa yksd lkfgR;] chdkusj 1996
10- i`Fohjkt] Jh xksxkth egkiqjk.k lEiw.kZ 100 Hkkx] y{eh izdk'ku] 4734] cYyhekjku] ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jktLFkku esa ckck jkenso th us vius vf}rh; O;fRo ds :i esa turk
fnYyh] i`- 318 ds le{k mHkjs ftUgkasus u dsoy rFkkdfFkr fuEu tkfr;ksa dks laj{k.k ,oa Lusg iznku
11- xqIrk] MkW- eksguyky] chdkusj laHkkx dk ftysokj lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u] fd;kA 'kf]Hkf] ;ksx] ,oa vykSfdd peRdkjksa ls tu lkekU; dh ihM+k dks nwj
jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] 2009 i`- 211 fd;kA ckck jkenso th dh dhfrZ dsoy jktLFkku dh lhek rd gh lhfer u jgdj
12- vLohdkj dqekj JhokLro] nsgkrh yksxksa dk /kkfeZd R;kx] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh sl] lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa QSy x;hA
fnYyh] 1997] i`- 19
13- ogh] i`- 58
ckck jkensoth dk O;fDrRo ,oa frRo
14- ikjhd jktdqekj] pw: mRlo Lekfjdk] 1997] i`- 58 if'peh jktLFkku gh ugha xqtjkr] mrj izns'k vkfn jkT;ksa esa ^jkelk ihj*
15- i`Fohjkt] Jh xksxkth egkiqjk.k lEiw.kZ 100 Hkkx] y{eh izdk'ku] 4734] cYyhekjku] :.khpk jk /k.kh ckck jkenso uke ls fo[;kr yksd nsork jkensoth dk tUe raoj
fnYyh] i`- 320] 321 oa'kh; vtekyth ,oa HkkVh oa'kh; eS.kkns ds ;gka pS= 'kqDy iapeh fo- la- 1409 esa
16- iatkc uksV~l vkSj Dosjh] vDVwcj] 1883 okWY;we 1 gqvk FkkA2 buds tUe LFky ds fo"k; esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSaA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] MkW-
17- i`Fohjkt] Jh xksxkth egkiqjk.k lEiw.kZ 100 Hkkx] y{eh izdk'ku] 4734] cYyhekjku] lksukjke fo'uksbZ] MkW ,e- ,y- xqIrk mudk tUe LFkku iksdj.k (tSlyesj) ls 13
fnYyh] i`- 324
18- dksey dksBkjh] rhFkZ] rjhdksa ds nsorkvksa esa lkekftd t:jrksa dh vfHkO;f] vk/kqfud
fdeh- mkj if'pe fLFkr :.kspk esa gksuk ekurs gSaA3 tcfd MkW- Hkokuhflag ikrkor]
dyk laxzgky;] vkDlQksMZ 1982] i`- 7 Hkwifrjke cnjhizlknksr~ ds vuqlkj ,oa tuekul esa ckck ds izfr O;kIr vkLFkk ,oa
19- vxzoky] xksfoUn] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] 1974] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku] yksdfo'okl ,oa izkphu vo'ks"kksa] cqtqxksZa iafMrksa ,oa ckck ds Jkyqvksa ls dh xbZ HksaV
uxj&Jh pw:] 1973 bZ- i`- 61 okrkZ vkfn reke lzks=ksa ls Kkr gqvk gSa fd orZeku ckM+esj ftys ds m.Mw dk'ehj
20- duZy tsEl VkWM] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&1] vuqoknd ds'ko Bkdqj] lkfgR;kxkj] ljgn fLFkr ^FkkVh okyh [kstM+h* LFkku ij jkensoth dk vorj.k gqvk FkkA4 ;g
jktLFkku] 2008 i`- 701 LFkku jkensfj;k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
yksdekul esa jkensoth dk tUe Hkknzin lqnh f}rh;k dks ^ckck jh cht* ds
:i esa euk;k tkrk gSA5 bUgksaus ek= lkr o"kZ dh ckY;koLFkk esa vius ijke dk
ifjp; nsrs gq;s wj nkuoizo`fk ds HkSjo uked O;f dk neu djds mlds vkrad
dks lekIr fd;k Fkk rFkk lkryesj (iksdj.k) dks iqu% vkckn fd;kA blls jkensoth
201
dh [;kfr pkjksa vksj QSy xbZA6 ohjensoth buds cM+s HkkbZ FksA ykNk o lqx.kk nks fgUnqoS ihj EgkuS ijpkS fn;kS] fn;kS dwaMh ?kksVk fn;k ckghaA
ppsjh cfguas FkhA jkensoth dk fookg mejdksV esa nyth lks<+k dh iq=h usryns ds ekul :ih Hkkstu djk;k] vVy tksr ns[kh okghaAA16
lkFk gqvk FkkA7 buds nks iq= gq, lknks ,oa nsojktA jkensoth us ukFk ;ksxh xq# os vius xq# esa iw.kZ vkLFkk j[krs FksA mUgksaus 'kq vkReLo:i dks izkIr djus
ckydukFkth ls nh{kk izkIr djds vNwrkskj] nfjnz] fuEu ,oa vlgk; jksxh o viax gsrq xq# dh egrk dks crk;kA lkFk gh os ;ksx lk/kuk esa izoh.k Fks rFkk egku~ dfo Hkh
oxZ dh lsok dk chM+k mBk;kA8 rRdkyhu lekt esa vNwr oxZ dh fLFkfr cM+h n;uh; FksA budh jfpr 24 ckf.k;ka izfl gSaA17 fpkkSM+ ds egkjk.kk dqaHkk ij xqtjkr dh
FkhA muds mRFkku ,oa lEekutud fLFkfr esa ykus gasrq jkensoth us loZizFke ,d rjQ ls tc egewn f[kyth dk vke.k gqvkA bl ;q esa jkensoth ds Hk lSfudkas
es?koky dU;k ^Mkyh ckbZ*9 dks lxh cfgu rqY; ekudj Hkf dk mins'k fn;kA us dqaHkk dh vksj ls iw.kZ leiZ.k ls ;q fd;k] ifj.kkeLo:i dqaHkk dh thr gqbZ FkhA18
mUgksaus lkekftd ijEijkvksa ,oa :f<+;ksa dks rksM+kA NqvkNwr dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA bl izlax dh Le`fr esa egkjk.kk dqaHkk us ^fu"dyad nso* eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k
blfy, mUgs vius lEcf/k;ksa dk fojks/k >syuk iM+kA fdUgha dkj.kksa ls /keZHkz"V ,oa FkkA ftlesa uhys ?kksM+s ij lokj Hkkykjksgh jkensoth dh ewfrZ LFkkfir dh xbZA
lekt ls cfg"r vlgk; oxZ dks lEekutud LFkku fnykus gsrq mUgksaus loZizFke ;g eafnj fpkkSM+ esa fLFkr gSaA blls ckck jkensoth dh [;krh iwohZ jktLFkku]
,d lar lEiznk; dh LFkkiuk dh] tks ^dkeM+h;k*10 iaFk ds uke ls fo[;kr gqvkA ekyok] xqtjkr esa Hkh QSy xbZ vkSj os fu"dyad nso ds lkFk&lkFk îf'pekf/kifr*
ckck jkensoth us rRdkyhu lae.k ;qxhu ekuo lekt ds dY;k.k gsrq 'kf ^fiNek/kh'k*] ^fiNe /kjk jk ikrlkg* vkSj îf'pe /k.kh* ds :i esa izfl gks x;sA19
vkSj Hkf dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA mUgksaus ohjrk ,oa ijkeh dk;ksaZ ls vn~Hkqr peRdkj mUgksaus vkthou yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z djrs gq, 'kksd larIr tuleqnk; dks
Hkh fn[kk;sA vkthou oS".ko /keZ dk ikyu fd;k ,oa vfgalk dk mins'k gh ugha fn;k vk/;kfRed mins'k fn;k rFkk vius vafre le; esa nsg R;kx ls iwoZ firk vtekyth
vfirq iw.kZ :i ls ikyu djds fn[kk;kA blfy, jkensoth dk Hkkyk ^fu"dyad* vkSj ekrk eS.kkns rFkk HkkbZ ohjenso ,oa viuh HkkHkh vkSj iRuh usryns dks Kkuksins'k
ekuk tkrk gSA bUgkasus 1441 bZ- esa viuh Hkrhth dks iksdj.k ngst esa ns dj u;k xkao nsrs gq, mUgsa eksg&ek;k ds nyny ls fudkyus dk iz;Ru fd;k] fdUrq bruk lcdqN
^jkensojk* (:.kspk) clk;kA11 ogka xzkeokfl;ksa ds fy;s ikuh dh O;oLFkk gsrq ,d djus ij Hkh mudk d#.k&:nu #dk ughaA ,df=r tu&leqnk; dk :nu dksykgy
HkO; ckoM+h ,oa jkeljksoj rkykc dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA blesa mRdh.kZ pkj vkSj foyki 'kkar ugha gqvk rc jkensoth us rqoajksa dks ;g ojnku fn;k fd vki yksx
f'kykys[kksa12 ls ,sfrgkfld tkudkjh feyrh gSA orZeku esa Hkh blds ty dks xaxkty fdlh ds dgus ij vFkok eksg ls o'khHkwr gksdj esjh lekf/k dks [kksnuk er] vkidh
rqY; ifo= ekuk tkrk gSaA blds vkpeu ls vlk/; jksx Bhd gks tkrs gSaA13 buds gj ih<+h esa eq> tSlk ihj gksrk jgsxkA rqoajksa dks ;g ojnku nsdj Hkknzin lqnh ,dkn'kh
ykSfdd vkSj vykSfdd dk;ksaZ ls izHkkfor gksdj gtkjksa yksx buds Hk cu x;sA Hk fo- la-1442 dks jkensojk fLFkr jkeljksoj rkykc ds fdukjs jkensoth us thfor
bUgas Hkxoku fo".kq dk nloka vorkj ^dfYd* ekudj iwtk djus yxsA HkkVh mxelh] lekf/k ys yhA20
es?koky /kk:] jkBkSM+ 'kkld efYyukFk th ,oa mudh iRuh :ikns] xqtjkr ds tSly
jkensoth dh lekf/k LFky ij fo'kky eafnj cuk gqvk gSA ;g tSlyesj ftys
vkSj mudh iRuh rksykns] MkyhckbZ buds ije Hk ,oa f'k"; cu x;sA jkensoth ds
dh iksdj.k rglhy eq[;ky; ls 13 fd-eh- iwoZ esa fLFkr gSaA tgka Hkknzin lqnh
ekSlsjs HkkbZ gM+cwth lka[kyk us Hkh jkensoth ls gh izsfjr gksdj vL=&'kL= dk dk
R;kx xq: ckydukFkth ls nh{kk izkIr dh FkhA14 rRdkyhu ;qx ^/keZ* iz/kku FkkA f}rh;k ls ,dkn'kh rd fo'kky esyk yxrk gS] blesa lHkh lEiznk;ksa ds xjhc ls xjhc
fgUnw&eqfLye nksuksa leqnk; /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ls izHkkfor gksdj lSdM+ksa o"kksZa ls ;q vkSj cM+s ls cM+s vf/kdkjh] m|ksxifr] jktusrk] izns'k ds eq[;ea=h] dsUnzh; ea=h
djrs vk jgs Fks] O;FkZ gh tu&/ku dks u"V dj jgs FksA tkrh; ,oa /keZ ds vga ls xzLr bR;kfn f'kjdr djrs gSa] ckck ls veu pSu dh nqvk ekaxrs gSaA [kq'kgkyh dh dkeuk
gksdj funksZ"k yksxksa dh gR;k,a dj nsrs FksA yEcs le; ls pys vk jgs bl la?k"kZ dks djrs gSaA ;gka ij jktLFkku gh ugha ns'k&fons'k ds Jkyq ckck ds n'kZu gsrq igqaprs gSaA
lekIr djus gsrq jkensoth us eqfLye ikap ihjksa dks viuk peRdkj fn[kkdj viuk ;g la[;k yk[kksa esa igqaprh gSaA
vuq;k;h cuk fy;kA mUgksaus jkensoth dks îhjksa dk ihj* crkdj mUgsa fl iq#"k jkensoth ds ijps (vykSfdd dk;Z)
?kksf"kr fd;kA blls os eqfLye leqnk; ds ^jkelk ihj* ds :i esa vkjk/; cu x;s ckck jkensoth dk vn~Hkwr O;fRo FkkA mudk lEiw.kZ thou pfj= ,d ds
vkSj mUgksaus loZizFke e/;;qxhu izns'k esa lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk dh LFkkiuk dhA15 ckn ,d peRdkj izdV djrk gSaA muds vykSfdd d`R;ksa dk yksd lkfgR; esa
202
fuEukuqlkj fooj.k feyrk gS %& gSA mlus rRdky xqnM+h gVkus dh dksf'k'k dh exj og xqnM+h nzksinh dk phj cu
1- firk vteky dks }kfjdk esa iznr opu fuHkkuk& raoj vtekyth dks xbZA rc HkSjo Mj dj Hkkxus yxkA jkensoth us xq: ckydukFk ls vkKk ysdj HkSjo
muds vkjk/;nso }kfjdk/kh'k Jh d`".k }kjk iznr opukuqlkj dqae daqe ds în fpUg* dks idM+ fy;kA HkSjo }kjk {kek ;kpuk djds izk.kksa dh Hkh[k ekaxus ij jkensoth us
cuuk ,oa cM+s iq= ohjenso ds ikyus esa peRd`r :i ls ckyd ds :i esa izdV gksukA mls ,d xqQk esa Mkydj ml ij flyk ljdk nhA25
jkensoth dk izFke ipkZ ekuk tkrk gSA21 ft.k dkj.k gj vorjS] flejFk ckr lbZA
2- ekrk eS.kkns dk la'k; fuokj.k& vtekyth }kjk jkensoth ds vorj.k HkkSe clkosa fiNe jh] nylh nSr nbZAA26
lEcU/kh jgL; eS.kkns dks crkus ij Hkh ekrk es.kkns ds eu esa la'k; jg x;k Fkk] ftls 5- lkjFkh;k [kkrh dks iquthZfor djuk& jkensoth dk ,d cky lgpj
tkudj jkensoth us jlksbZ esa xeZ gks jgs nw/k dks mQuus ls jksddj la'k; nwj fd;kA22 lkjFkh;k [kkrh FkkA ftldh vkdfLed e`R;q gksus ij mldks iqu% thfor djds
mldh ekrk dh ihM+k nwj dhA27
3- nthZ dks peRdkj fn[kkuk& ckyd jkensoth us ekrk ls ?kksMs+ ij ?kweus dk
gB fd;kA ckyd dks cgykus gsrq ekrk eS.kkns us nthZ dks cqykdj mls ,d ?kksM+k 6- Ikap ihjksa dks ijpk nsuk& jkensoth ds vykSfdd peRdkjksa ,oa ijke
cukus gsrq dherh diM+k ns fn;kA nthZ us dherh o u;k oL= vius ikl j[k fy;k dh [;krh lqudj fgUnw gh ugha eqlyeku Hkh muds vuq;k;h cuus yxsA ;g lqudj
vkSj iqjkus oL= dk ?kksM+k cukdj fn;kA rc jkensoth ml ij cSBs vkSj cSBrs gh og eDdk enhuk ds ikap flgLr ihj jkensoth dh ijh{kk gsrw jkensojk vk;sA ml le;
?kksM+k vkdk'k esa mM+ x;kA bl izdkj mUgksaus diM+s ds ?kksM+s esa izk.k Mky fn;s] vUrfj{k jkensoth vius uhys ?kksM+s dks taxy esa ?kkl pjk jgs FksA ihjksa dk cM+k vknj lRdkj
fd;k vkSj muls ?kj pyus dk vkxzg fd;kA rc ihj ogha /kwi esa cSB x;s] jkensoth
esa mM+kdj lHkh dks peRdkj fn[kk;k FkkA23
dks Hkh vius le{k fcBk fn;kA ihjksa us vius nkrqu dks phjdj ogka tehu esa xkM+ fn;s
3- HkSjo jk{kl dk o/k djuk& ckck jkensoth us HkSjo uked wj nkuo dk rFkk gkFk ij ls ?kqek;k rks ogka ikap ihiy ds isM+ yx x;s jkensoth ihjksa dk ;g
neu djus ,oa vketu dk mkj djus ds fy;s vorkj fy;k FkkA bl lEcU/k esa ,d peRdkj ns[kdj mudk mn~ns'; le> x;sA fQj os jkensoth ds ?kj igqapsA tgka mUgsa
yksdokrkZ feyrh gS fd iksdj.k ds ikl ,d lkryesj uked xkao FkkA ogka ,d Hkkstu dh euqgkj dhA ihjksa us dgk fd os vius crZu eDdk esa Hkwy x;s gSA jkensoth
ekgs'ojh ^HkwrM+k* xkS= dk cfu;k jgrk FkkA mlds ikl vUu&/ku cgqr Fkk ijUrq larku us dgk fd îzse esa fu;eksa dk cU/ku ugha gksrk gSA* ysfdu ihj ugha ekus rc jkensoth
ugha FkhA og xq# ckydukFk dh fuR; lsok djrk FkkA ,d fnu mlus ckydukFkth ls us vykSfdd peRdkj Lo:i viuh Hkqtk ilkjh vkSj mu ihjksa ds gh dVksjs tks muds
dgk fd ^ckck /ku rks cgqr gSa exj bls [kkus okyk dksbZ ugha gSaA* ckydukFkth us fpfUgr fd, gq, Fks] mUgsa mu ikap ihjksa ds le{k viuk&viuk dVksjk j[k fn;kA ;g
ks/k esa dgk fd ^,slk iq= gksxk tks lkjs xkao dks [kk tk;sxkA* dqN le; ckn mlds ns[kdj ihj cM+s fofLer gq,A ihjksa us dgk] vki Js"B ihj gksA ftruh nwjh esa i`Foh gSa
iq= gqvk] ftldk uke HkSjo j[kk x;kA ;g ckyd cpiu ls gh nq"V izd`fr dk FkkA ogka rd gekjk peRdkj pyrk gSa ij ikuh ds ikj gekjh djkekr dke ugha djrh gSaA
mlds vkard ls =Lr yksx xkao NksM+dj vU;= tk clsA HkSjo jkst ckyhukFk ds n'kZu vkius leqnz ikj ls dVksjs eaxok;s gSaA rqe gels cM+s djkekrh gksA vkt ls vki gekjs
gsrq tkrk FkkA ckydukFk ds cgqr le>kus ij Hkh og nkuoh xq.k ugha NksM+ ldkA24 ihj gks ge vkids f'k"; gSaA bl peRdkj ds QyLo:i jkensoth eqfLye leqnk; ds
,d fnu ckyd jkensoth ^nkSVk nM+h* vius cky l[kkvksa ds lkFk [ksy jgs vkjk/; ,oa ^jkelk ihj* ds :i esa fo[;kr gks x;sA28
FksA jkensoth us xsan dkss tksj ls pksV ekjh] ftlls xsan cgqr nwj pyh xbZA ftls <w<aus 7- iwxyx<+ ds ifM+gkjksa dk xoZ uk'k djuk& jkensoth ds 'kwnzksa ds lkFk
jkensoth vdsys gh taxy esa py iM+sA pyrs&pyrs ckydukFk dh dqVh;k igqap mBus&cSBus ,oa gfj dhrZu djus ds dkj.k iqxy ds ifM+gkjks us ukjkt gksdj vius
x,A ogka ckydukFk us jk{kl HkSjo ls cpkus ds fy, ckyd jkensoth dks viuh tkrh; xkSjo ds vgae esa jkensoth ds ;gka vkuk tkuk cUn dj fn;k Fkk rFkk mUgas gs;
xqnM+h esa fNik fn;kA rHkh HkSjo ogka vk igqapkA mlus ckck ls dgk ;gka euq"; dh xa/ n`f"V ls ^dkefM+;k* dgrs FksA jkensoth us vius fookg ds mRlo ij jruk jkbZdk dks
k vk jgh gSaA ysfdu ckck ckyhukFk th us bUdkj djrs gq;s dgk ;gka dksbZ euq"; ugha cfgu lqxuk dks ysus HkstkA jruk jkbZdk ds ogka igqapus ij lqxuk ds llqjky okyksa us
gSaA HkSjo us ckydukFkth dks gh rax djuk 'kq: dj fn;k ckr dks c<+rh ns[kdj mls dSn dj fy;kA bl ?kVuk dks jkensoth us viuh vykSfdd 'kf ls tku fy;k
jkensoth us xqnM+h esa gypy dh rks HkSjo tku x;k fd bl xwnM+h esa euq"; fNik gqvk vkSj rsy p<+us ds mijkar jkensoth uhys ?kksM+s ij lokj gksdj iwxy igqapsA iwxy ds
203
ifM+gkjksa dh lsuk dks viuh vykSfdd 'kf ls ijkftr fd;kA ogka ds izR;sd o`{k ds fo'okl ugha fd;k] esjh vkKk dk ikyu ugha fd;k] vc rqEgkjh ih<+h dHkh ihj ugha
iks&iks esa rUnwjk dh /kqu ds lkFk ck.kh dh vkokt lqudj ifM+gkj ?kcjk x;sA gksxk vkSj rqe ^dkok* (iaMk) gksuk] ;kf=;ksa ls tks p<kok vk, og [kkukA
ifM+gkjksa us jkensoth ds pj.kksa esa vkdj {kek ;kpuk dhA29 vkt foKku ds ;qx esa Hkys gh jkensoth ds vykSfdd dk;ksZ ij gesa fo'okl
8- usryns dh iaxqrk nwj djuk& jkensoth dk fookg mejdksV ds jktk u gks ;k ftUgsa vU/kfo'okl dgs ysfdu rRdkyhu ;qx ls vkt rd mudh f'k{kk,]
nyth lks<k dh iq=h usryns ds lkFk gqvk FkkA usryns ds i{kk?kkr ds dkj.k ikoksa ls mudk d`fkRo gekjs fy, gh ugh Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa rd izsj.kkLin jgsxkA ogh fofo/krkvksa
vaix gks xbZ FkhA jkenso&usryns dk ikf.kxzg.k laLdkj gksus ds nkSjku] jkensoth dh okys Hkkjr o"kZ esa vehj xjhc] p&uhp] tkrh; oSeuL;] lkEiznkf;drk] /kkfeZd
vykSfdd 'kf ls usryns dh iaxqrk nwj gks xbZA30 HksnHkko ds funku esa ckck jkenso th ds d`fkRo dh ;qxksa&;qxksa rd egrh Hkwfedk
9- jkuh usryns dk la'k; nwj djuk &,d le; tc jaxegy esa jkuh usryns jgsxhA ckck jkensoth ds eafnjksa ij vk;ksftr gksus okys esyksa fo'ks"kr% jkensojk esyk
us jkensoth ls iwNk fd crkb;s esjs xHkZ esa iq= gS ;k iq=hA rc jkensoth us izfrmRrj dks lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSa ftlesa fgUnw&eqfLye leqnk;
fn;k fd iq= gS vkSj mldk uke ^lknk* j[kukA jkuh dk la'k; nwj djus ds fy, lfgr lHkh leqnk;ksa ds Jkyq viuh Jk vfiZr djus] euksdkeuk iwfrZ ds fy,
jkensoth us mldks vkokt nhA bl ij viuh ekrk ds xHkZ ls cksydj f'k'kq us vius igqaprs gSaA
firk ds opuksa dks fl fd;kA31 ^lkn* vFkkZr ^vkokt* ds vFkZ ls mldk uke lanHkZ
lknk32 j[kk x;kA 1- 'kqDy] fnus'k pUnz ,oa flag] vksadkjukjk;.k] jktLFkku dh Hkf ijEijk ,oa laLfr] i`- 48
2- eqagrk] uS.klh] ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr Hkkx&2] i`- 291
10- gM+cw lka[kyk dks ipkZ nsuk& muds gM+cw lka[kyk ekSljs s HkkbZ FksA jkensoth
3- iwuepan] jkensoth dk C;koyk] i`- 36
us tc lekf/k yh] rc gM+cwth ijns'k esa Fks] gM+cwth okfil ykSVs rc mUgsa jkensoth 4- ikrkor] Hkokuhflag] vkLFkk jkS mtkl] i`- 24
}kjk lekf/k ysus dh tkudkjh feyh rks os jkensoth ds ifjokj ls feyus gsrq jkensojk 5- Mkyh ckbZ & jkensoth ds ranwjs ij Hktu xkus okyh ,d es?koky dU;k FkhA ftlus jkensoth
py iM+sA gM+cwth tSls gh :.khpk xzke dh lhek esa igqaps rks mUgksus jkensoth dks ,d ls ,d fnu igys :f.kpk esa lekf/k yh FkhA
o`{k ds uhps vius ?kksM+s dks pjkrs gq;s ns[kk rks muds g"kZ dk ikj u jgkA fQj gM+cwth 6- xgyksr] txnh'kflag] ekjokM+ jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 127
us ldqpkrs gq, dgk fd u tkus vkids fo"k; esa yksxksa us eq>s v'kqHk vkSj feF;k ckrsa 7- raojk jh [;kr] cLrk ua- 101 xza- 13] jkt- v- chdkusj (tks-js-)
D;ksa dgh\ jkensoth us dgk fd gM+cw! bl lalkj esa fofHkUu izdkj ds yksx jgrs gSa] 8- jkensojk dh ckoMh+ esa fLFkr f'kykys[k Jh ewypan îzk.ks'k* ('kks/k lgk;d)] Hkkjrh;
dg ugha ldrs fd dkSu lR; gSa vkSj dkSu feF;k gS& fo|keafnj 'kks/k&izfr"Bku] chdkusj ds lkStU; ls lkHkkj izkIr gq, gSA
9- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] ckck jkensoth dh izkekf.kd thouh] i`- 81
dsbZ uj lkpk gM+cw] dsbZ uj dwMk+ A 10- ikrkor] Hkokuhflag] iwoksZDr] i`- 25
lkp& dwM+ jk Hksn fd.k tk.;kAA33 11- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] i`- 80
HksaV okrkZ ds i'pkr~ jkensoth us jru dVksjk rFkk ,d lksgu pqfV;k ?kj ij nsus 12- lkyoh] lqjs'k] jktLFkkuh yksd laLd`fr ,oa yksd nsoh&nsork] i`- 174
gsrq gM+cwth dks fn;k ,oa dgk fd rqe ?kj pyks eSa vHkh vk;kA gM+cwth us vteky 13- ckjB] ujir] jktLFkku dk lkaLd`frd xkSjo] i`- 35
th ds ?kj igqap dj 'kksd larIr ifjokj dks jkensoth ds vHkh feyus dh ckr crkbZ 14- VkWM] duZy tsEl] ,ukYl ,.M ,.VhDohVht vkWQ jkt- Hkkx&1] i`- 104
,oa pqfV;k ,oa dVksjk nsdj ckr dh iqf"V Hkh dhA tks jkensoth dks muds ekrk ,oa 15- jkensoth jks flyksdks] v- la- yk- chdkusj] xza- 277 ([k) ifjf'k"V Hkkx&[k] la- 1
16- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] iwoksZDr] i`- 93]94
HkkbZ ohjensoth }kjk migkj Lo:i lekf/k esa lkFk j[ks x;s FksA 17- ojnk] o"kZ 14] vad 2 vizSy&twu 1971] euksgj 'kekZ] i`- 17
rc jkensoth ds oa'ktksa ,oa ifjtuksa us gM+cwth dks lkFk ysdj jkensoth dks 18- ikFks; d.k (ikf{kd)] o"kZ 21] vad 15] 16 uoEcj 2008
<aw<k] exj os ugha feysA rc mUgas Hkze gks x;k fd jkensoth dgha fdlh <ax ls lekf/ 19- 27 ekpZ 2011 jk"Vh; laxks"Bh (;wthth }kjk vk;ksftr) esa 'kks/kkFkhZ dk i= okpu] /kkfeZd
k ls cgkj fudy x;s gksxsaA fdUrq tc lekf/k [kksnh rks ogka jkensoth ds Qwy i;ZVu LFky ds :i fodklksUeq[k jkenosjk
(gfM~M;ka vo'ks"k) feys vkSj rRdky vkd'kok.kh gqbZ fd gs rqaojksa! vkius eq> ij 20- xqIrk] eksguyky] jktLFkku Kku dks'k] i`- 455
204
21- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 32 (futh laxzg)

22- Naxk.kh] f'kojkt] yksdnso jkelkihj] i`- 48
23- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 81 (futh laxzg)
24- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 87 e/;dkyhu if'peh jktLFkku esa ês?koky&lekt*
25- HkkVh] iq"ik] iwoksZDr] i`- 130
26- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 54 esa lrh&izFkk ,oa ifjorZu & ,d v/;;u
27- HkkVh] gjth] jkensoth jkS C;koM+ykS] ck.kh la- 52 vkseizdk'k HkkVh
28- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] ckck jkenso dh izkekf.kd thouh] i`- 45
29- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 87 izkphu dky esa gekjs ns'k esa fo/kokvksa dk lrh gksuk ,d /kkfeZd d`R; ekuk
30- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 87
tkrk FkkA ^lrh* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ^vej* vFkok ^lR;* ij fLFkj jgus okyh gSaA lrh
31- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] iwoksZDr] i`- 96
32- oS".ko] Hkaojyky] iwoksZDr] i`- 60 ds fy, izkphu dky esa gekjs ;gk ^vUokjksg.k* (e`r ifr ds lkFk fprk ij p<+uk)]
33- fo'uksbZ] lksukjke] iwoksZDr] i`- 98 ^lgxeu* (e`r ifr dk vuqxeu djuk)] ^lgej.k* (e`r ifr ds lkFk ejuk)]
^vuqej.k* (ifr dgha ij ej tkrk vkSj mls tyk fn;k vkSj mldh HkLe ;k iknqdk ds
lkFk ;k fcuk fdlh fpUg ds ifr dh e`R;q ds lekpkj tkuus ds ckn mlds ihNs
ejuk) vkfn 'kCn iz;qDr gksrs FksA1 Hkkjr esa izkphu dky esa laHkor;k lrh izFkk dk
dkj.k îfrozR; dh Hkkouk* jgh gksxhA dgha&dgha ij bls (lrh izFkk) L=h dks ifr
dk fo;ksx vf/kdkf/kd vl izrhr gksus ij lrh gksuk crk;k gSaA e/;dkyhu
ekjokM+2 esa bl izFkk ds vR;f/kd izpyu ds ihNs fuf'pr :i ls /kkfeZd dkj.k jgkA
bl dkj.k Hkh rRdkyhu ûkjh oxZ* bl vksj vkd`"V gqvkA LoxZizkfIr] iq.;ykHk dh
izkfIr] ;'kdhfrZ vkfn vU; dkj.k jgsA rRdkyhu vlqjf{kr jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa ukjh ds fy, vius lrhRo /keZ dh j{kk nq"dj dk;Z FkkA D;ksafd e/;dkyhu ;qx esa
;qksa dh vf/kdrk o fo/kehZ 'k=qvksa }kjk 'khyHkax o dqy dyad dk Hk; lnSo cuk
jgrk FkkA
vkt ?kjs lklw dgS] gj[k vpk.kd dkeA
cgq csok gqlS] iwr ejsck tk;AA
vFkkZr~& lrh izFkk tSls eaxy voljksa dks g"kksZYykl ls lkFk euk;s tkus dh
ijEijk FkhA
e/;dkyhu if'peh jktLFkku (ekjokM+) esa lfr;ksa ds mnkgj.k fuEu gSa&
jktk&egkjktkvksa ds ihNs mudh ifRu;ka] iklokus] iM+nk;rsa] xk;f.k;ka vkfn
lrh gqvk djrh FkhA ekjokM+ ds 'kkldksa tSls jko lhgk ds ihNs lksyadh jkuh ikoZrh]
jko ekynso ds ihNs laor~ 1619 esa jkuh mekns HkfV;k.kh] eksVk jktk ds ihNs 4 jkfu;k]
tloarflag (izFke) ds ihNs 5 jkfu;k] vthrflag ds ihNs laor~ 1900 esa 1 jkuh] 4
iM+nk;ras vkSj ,d nklh lrh gqbZ FkhA3
205
fofHkUu lektksa esa lrh izFkk&ekjokM+ esa jktiwr tkfr ds lkFk&lkFk vksloky] (4) [kstM+yh&;gk ij djek ckbZ ds lrh gksus dk mYys[k vkrk gSaA bldh
czk.k] es?koky rFkk budh ledkyhu mitkfr;ksa esa Hkh L=h ds ifr ds lkFk lrh tkudkjh es?koky ds jko us miyC/k djokbZA ijUrq buls lacaf/kr Lekjd dks bfrgkl
gksus ds izek.k gesa izkIr gksrs gSaA gkykafd jktiwr tkfr ds bfrgkl dks fy[kus okys mu lgstdj j[kus esa vlQy jgkA budk lrh gksus dk le; vKkr gSaA10
jktkvksa ds njckjh lkfgR;dkj] pkj.k rFkk HkkV gksrs FksA tks budk egkRe; c<+k&p<+k (5) iksdj.k11&(d) pu.kka ckbZ& iksdj.k esa vFkw.kk rkykc dh iky ij
dj izLrqr djrs FksA tcfd vketu esa izpfyr fofHkUu izFkk,a rFkk rRdkyhu lekt QkYxqu lqnh 14 foe laor~ 1362 dks pu.kka ckbZ] uhackth ds lkFk lrh gqbZ FkhA
esa ?kVus okyh izeq[k ?kVukvksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk djus okyk dksbZ ugha FkkA ;fn bfrgkl ([k) :ika ckbZ& iksdj.k esa :ika ckbZ exlj lqnh 8 foe laor~ 1642 dks
esa ubZ ?kVukvksa dk dgha o.kZu fd;k Hkh x;k gSa rks og ux.; gh dgk tk;sxkA ysfdu ewykth ds lkFk lrh gqbZ FkhA
fQj Hkh gesa lrh izFkk ds ckjs esa rRdkyhu lkfgR; rFkk fofHkUu lekt fo'ks"k ds (x) xksjka ckbZ&iksdj.k esa gh xksjka ckbZ QkYxqu lqnh 10 foe laor~ 1437
jko&HkkVksa ds cfg;ksa vkfn ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSaA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dks :ikth ds lkFk rkykc dh iky ij lrh gqbZA buds 10 yM+ds gq,] ftuls 10 xkS=
lrh&izFkk ,d ijEijk ds :i esa lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa esa O;kIr FkhA4 pysA
es?koky lekt&es?koky tkfr lekt dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax jgh gSaA bl (6) tk;y (ukxkSj)&tk;y esa /kwykackbZ vxq.kk rkykc ij xksyk dh iky ij
tkfr dks nfyr] ghu] fiNM+h gqbZ vkfn dgk tkrk jgk gSaA ns'k ;k loZdkyhu lekt xqekuth ds lkFk pS= lqnh 11 foe laor~ 1107 dks lrh gqbZA ;gk iky ij budk
dks tc tc vko';drk iM+h gSa] rc rc es?koky lekt esa vkxs c<+dj viuk pcwrjk th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa gSaA12
cfynku nsdj viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk iznf'kZr dh gSA ijUrq bl lekt esa Hkh vU;
(7) ijcrlj&;gk ij iqjkackbZ vxq.kk rkykc ij uhackth ds lkFk pS= lqnh
rFkkdfFkr ps lektksa dh rjg lrh izFkk dk gesa izek.k feyrk gSA ftldh tkudkjh
11 foe laor~ 1642 dks lrh gqbZA bl rkykc ij fufeZr budh lekf/k le; ds
es?koky lekt ls lacaf/kr jko rFkk HkkVksa dh cfg;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk rRdkyhu lkfgR;
FkisM+ksa ls yqIr gks pqdh gSaA13
esa Hkh izkIr gksrh gSaA5 bl es?koky lekt esa fuEufyf[kr lfr;ksa ds mnkgj.k izek.k
lfgr izkIr gksrs gSa%& (8) tquh C;koj&bl LFkku ij lsjka ckbZ Jko.k lqnh 5 foe laor~ 1793 dks
dkywth ds lkFk lrh gqbZ FkhA14
(1) tks/kiqj& tks/kiqj ds esgjkux<+ nqxZ ds fuekZ.k ds le; jktkjke6] mldh
ekrk dslj rFkk firk eksg.klh us foe laor~ 1516] tsB lqn 11] okj 'kfuokj (12 (9) ukSd&bl dLcs ds rkykc dh iky ij dqykackbZ dkfrZd lqnh 11 foe
laor~ 1664 esa [ksrkth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA15
ebZ 1459 bZLoh) dks nqxZ dh uhao esa thfor cfynku fn;k FkkA ^dslj* ds lrh gksus
dh iqf"V rRdkyhu jktk }kjk iznRr rkezi= ls gksrh gSaA blds vykok jko izgykn (10) tSlyesj esa lfr;ka16
fuoklh iky dh iksFkh Hkh ;g n'kkZrh gSaA lkFk gh lu~ 1899 dk nLrkost ^'kkgiqjk js (d) HkwjhckbZ& tSlyesj esa HkwjhckbZ ikS"k lqnh 1 foe laor~ 1441 dks
Hkkafc;ksa js pkdjh jh foxr* Hkh ;g tkudkjh iznku djrk gSaA ;g fjiksVZ 17 uoEcj lsokth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA
1899 dks 'kkgiqjk ds es?kokyksa us viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus gsrq enn ds fy, ([k) QwykackbZ& QkYxqu lqnh 11 foe laor~ 1542 dks psukth ds lkFk
is'k dh FkhA7 lrh gqbZA
(2) e.Mksoj (orZeku esa e.Mksj)&u;k rkykc ij exlj lqnh 5 foe (x) pu.kkackbZ& exlj lqnh 13 foe laor~ 1622 dks gjth ds lkFk lrh
laor~ 1544 dks xksjka ckbZ] djelhth ds lkFk lrh gqbZ FkhA orZeku esa u;k rkykc gqbZA
yqIr gks x;k gSa vkSj ;gk ij es?koky cLrh rFkk jsyos Vsd o LVs'ku vkckn gSaA ;gk ij (?k) pEikckbZ&pS= cnh 13 foe laor~ 1542 dks yk[kkth ds lkFk lrh
budk pcwrjk Hkh cuk gqvk gSaA tks bldk thrk tkxrk izek.k gSaA8 gqbZA
(3) ?kfV;kyh&;gk ij jkeka ckbZ ds lrh gksus ds izek.k tks/kiqj ds jko&HkkVksa (M+) lqUnjckbZ&exlj lqnh 12 foe laor~ 1441 dks rstkth ds lkFk lrh
dh cfg;ksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA ijUrq lrh gksus dk dky vKkr gSaA9 gqbZA
206
(p) iUuhckbZ&exlj lqnh 7 foe laor~ 1337 isekth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA lanHkZ
(N) ekukackbZ&pS= lqnh 7 foe laor~ 1522 Mwaxkth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA 1- f=ikBh] pUnzcyh] Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh vkn'kksZa dk fodkl
2- 'kekZ] th-,u-] Social Life in Medival Rajasthan
(t) nsokackbZ& pS= lqnh 11 foe laor~ 1535 ykykth ds lkFk lrh gqbZA 3- MkW- foeflag&jktLFkku dh laLdd`fr esa ukjh
(>) l:ikackbZ& exlj lqnh 7 foe laor~ 1522 ihFkkth ds lkFk lrh 4- Lokeh xksdqynkl] es?koa'k bfrgkl (f"k iqjk.k)
gqbZA 5- uoy] pUnuey] ekjokM+ dk vej 'kghn jktkjke
es?koky lekt esa lrh gqbZ fofHkUu fL=;ksa esa ls mijksDr mnkgj.k rks ukeek= 6- ogh
7- jk- jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqj& 'kkgiqjk js Hkkafc;ksa js pkdjh jh foxr (1899] ,d fjiksVZ)
ds gSaA tks gesa fofHkUu L=ksrksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA ,slh vufxur fL=;k gSa] tks lrh rks gqbZ
8- jko] Hkhdkth] tsBkth HkaxM+ (paMhlk)] eq- Hkkyjok] iks- fraojh (tks/kiqj)
gSa ysfdu muds uke vkfn ds ckjs esa gesa dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrh gSaA bfrgkl ds 9- jko izgykn] eq- iks- iky (tks/kiqj)
fofHkUu 'kks/kdRrkZvksa rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ;g 'kks/k dk ,d vPNk fo"k; gks ldrk 10- jko uanjke o xaxkjketh (paMhlk)] eksfy;k] iks- lkstr jksM+ (ikyh)
gSaA 11- jko] :ipan o gjnsoth (paMhlk)] eq-iks- iksdj.k] jko] iUukjke o ujflagth >kadkjk] eq-
pqukSfr ,oa ifjorZu&vdcj] jkuh vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj] ejkBk&is'kok] flD[k djkM+h] iks- vmok
xq: vejnkl vkfn ds }kjk Hkh lrh&izFkk dks jksdus ds fofHkUu iz;kl fd;s x;sA17 12- jko] [ksrkjketh HkkbZ Mwaxkjketh oYn izHkqth (paMhlk)] eq- [kkfj;k] iks- fcykM+k (tks/
19oha&20oha 'krkCnh Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa îqutkZxj.k&dky* ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSaA kiqj)
13- jko Hkksikyth o eksrhjketh] eksVkjke o eksrhjke (paMhlk)] eq-iks- ijcrlj] ukxkSj
bl lnh esa lekt lq/kkj ,oa /keZ lq/kkj vkanksyu gq,A Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa /kkfeZd 14- jko&HkkV lqok o [kqekth] eq- [ksM+k] iks- C;koj] vtesj
laiznk;ksa esa O;kIr cqjkb;ksa ,oa /kkfeZd vkMEcjksa dks bl vkanksyu ds usr`Ro }kjk nwj 15- jko gjnkuth o isekth (paMhlk)] eq- jk;iqjk] iks- paMkoy] ikyh
djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us vk;Z lekt (1875)] jktk 16- jko] :ipUn o gjnso th (paMhlk) dh cgh] eq- iks- iksdj.k] tSlyesj rFkk jko] tksxkjkt
jkeeksgu jk; us cz lekt (1828)] xksfoUnHkkbZ jkukMs us izkFkZuk lekt (1849)] o xaxkjketh (paMhlk) eq- lkaxfj;k] iks- fj;ka
T;ksfr ck Qqys us lR; 'kks/kd lekt (1873)] CyksokRldh o gsujh vkYdkV us 17- ikjk'kj] fpjathyky] ukjh vkSj lekt
fFk;kslksfQdy lkslk;Vh (1882) rFkk Lokeh foosdkuUn us jked`".k fe'ku (1897) 18- egktu] oh-Mh-] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl
dh LFkkiuk dhA bu lekt o /keZ lq/kkjdksa }kjk Hkkjrh; lekt dks ,d ubZ fn'kk 19- MkW- foeflag] jktLFkku dh laLd`fr esa ukjh
feyhA18 20- vjksM+k] MkW- 'kf'k] jktLFkku esa ukjh dh fLFkfr
jktk jkeeksgu jk; ds iz;klksa ls rRdkyhu xouZj tujy ykMZ fofy;e

cSafVd us 4 fnlEcj 1829 bZLoh dks ^lrh izFkk fujks/kd dkuwu* cuk;kA if'peh
jktLFkku ds fofHkUu jktkvksa us lrh izFkk ds mUewyu gsrq dkuwu cuk;s FksA ekjokM+ esa
Hkh rRdkyhu 'kkld egkjktk r[rflag us 1849 bZLoh esa lrh izFkk fojks/kh dkuwu
cuk;k FkkA19 orZeku esa lkekftd ifjorZu ds lkFk ge ns[krs gSa fd lrh izFkk dks
t?kU; o ccZj vijk/k ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSaA bls jksdus ds fy, jktLFkku ljdkj us
u;k v/;kns'k tkjh fd;kA oSls lrh izFkk fujks/kd dkuwu rks igys cuk gqvk Fkk gh ij
bls efgek&ef.Mr djus dh izo`fr dks jksdus ds fy, 01 vDVwcj 1987 dks
^jktLFkku lrh fujks/kd* v/;kns'k ykxw fd;k x;kA ;g u;k v/;kns'k jktLFkku ds
gh lhdj ftys fnojkyk xko esa :idaoj ds lrh gksus ds ckn ykxw fd;k x;kA rkfd
,slh ,d Hkh ?kVuk nqckjk ?kfVr u gks ldsA20
207
mYys[k mn;iqj ds n/kokfM+;k pkj.k dfo [ksejkt us bu 'kCnksa esa fd;k gS

Hkk.kjs fd;ks HkkjFk Hkeku] ekjs dbZ fgUnq eqlyekuA
'kh"kksn dea/k [kkxak p<+k;] tn jko nRrk.kh thr ik;AA
nkk.kh [ksr % ,d foLe`r ;q nRrk.kh [ksr jks fcj/k nh/k] dbZ lks<+ izokM+k v"kkdh/k A
MkW- dqlqe jkBkSM+ ,dkou cjl tho;ks vukM] thrks fut ckou egkjkM+AA
"kkfyvk ykM dfo;k vikj] lkl.k pksjklh fnO;k lkjA4
pkSgkukas dh ukMksy 'kk[kk ls tkyksj] lkapksj] flokuk] cawnh] dksVk] xkxjksu vkSj lks<&lqjrku] izokM+k (dk;)] vukM+ ohj jko lqj=k.k ,dkou o"kZ rd ft;s
fljksgh ds pkSgku oa'kksa dk vH;qn;1 gqvkA eqfLye vke.kksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i ftlesa mUgksaus dqy NksVh eksVh 52 yM+kb;ka yM+h vkSj mu lc esa fot;h izkIr dhA
tkyksj] lkapksj] flokuk ds pkSgku oa'kksa dk vfLrRo lekIr gks x;k] fdUrq dksVk] cawnh] muds }kjk yM+s x;s izeq[k ;q Fksigyk dkyUnzh dk ;qA nwljk vkSj lcls
fljksgh ds pkSgku oa'k viuk vfLrRo vkt rd dk;e j[ks gq, gS gkykafd buds jkT; egRoiw.kZ ;q nkk.kh [ksr dk ;q Fkk ftls fljksgh jkT; ds bfrgkl esa gYnh?kkVh ds
Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn jktLFkku jkT; esa foyhu dj fy;s x,A duZy VkWM us Hkh bl ;q tSlh egRrk izkIr gSA
ckr dk mYys[k fd;k gS fd pkSgkukas dh ,d cM+h 'kk[kk ukMksy vkbZ ftldk igyk nRrk.kh {ks= fljksgh jkT; esa fxjoj ls 6 ehy mkj&if'pe esa vkcwjksM+ ls
jktk jko yk[k.k FkkA (pkSgku okDifrjkt ds rhu iq=ksa (flagjkt] y{e.k] oRljkt) yxHkx 15 fd-eh- dh nwjh ij nkk.kh xako esa fLFkr gS] nkk.kh dk ;q nkk.kh xkao
esa ls y{e.k (yk[k.klh) us ukMksy ds pkSgku jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhaA blh ukMksy ls iwoZ fn'kk esa vkcw dh nf{k.kh&if'peh ioZr Js.kh ds uhps gqvk FkkA orZeku esa
'kk[kk ls ckn esa tkyksj] fljksgh] cawnh o dksVk ds pkSgku oa'k LFkkfir gq,A) mlus fo- nkk.kh xkao esa ,d tSu efUnj] ,d nsoh eka dk VwVk gqvk efUnj rFkk fls'oj uke dk
l- 1039 (bZ- l- 982) esa vfUgyokMk ds jko ls ;g ijxuk NhukA ukMksy ds izfl f'koky; gSA5 nkk.kh {ks= fljksgh jkT; esa esokM+ {ks= esa fLFkr gYnh?kkVh
pkSgku jko vkYg.knso ds le; esa fo-l-1218 ds rkezi= rFkk vpys'oj eafnj esa j.k[ksr dh Hkkafr gh izfl gS fdUrq vHkh rd jktLFkku ds bfrgkl i`"Bksa esa ;g
fLFkr fo- l- 1377 (bZ- 1320) ds ys[k ls bl ckr dh iqf"V gksrh gS2A foLe`r gSA blh nkk.kh esa fo- l- 1640 (bZ-l- 1583) esa fljksgh ds jko lqj=k.k us
tkyksj ds jktk lej flag dk iq= vkSj mn;flag dk HkkbZ ekuflag gqvk] fnYyh ds ckn'kkg vdcj dh lsuk dks /kwy pVk nhA og vdcj ckn'kkg ftldk
ftlds oa'k esa fljksgh ds orZeku jktdrkZ gSA dhfrZiky (ukMksy ds 'kkld vkYg.k fgUnqLrku Hkj esa fot;h ijpe Qgjk jgk Fkk] jktiqrkus ds lkjs jktiwr jkT; ckn'kkg
ds iq= dhfrZiky mQZ dhrw us firk ls izkIr ukjykbZ dh 12 xako dh tkxhjh ls larq"V ds lkeus ureLrd (esokM dks NksMd + j) gks jgs Fks] mldh v/khurk ekudj mlds
u gksdj vius Loijke ls tkyksj o fdjkMq ds ijekj jktkvkas dks ijkftr dj tkyksj jxaegy esa viuh jktiwr jktdqekfj;ksa ds Mksys Hkst jgs FksA ysfdu flQZ esokM+ o
esa vyx ls jkT;xn~nh dj LFkkiuk dh vkSj muds oa'ktksa dk vf/kdkj (LFkkiuk 1178 fljksgh jkT; gh ,sls jgs ftUgksaus ckn'kkg dh v/khurk Lohdkj ugha dh rFkk uk gh dksbZ
bZ-) Lo.kZfxjh (tkyksj) ij jgus ds dkj.k os lksuxjk ds uke ls izfl gq,]3 ijUrq Mksyk ckn'kkg ds egyks esa HkstkA6 1568 bZ- esa fpkkSM dks [kksus ds ckn Hkh egkjk.kk
dhfrZiky ds ikS= mn;flag ds HkkbZ ekuflag ds oa'ktksa us tkyksj ls gVdj i`Fkd jkT; mn;flag us ftl izdkj 'kkgh v/khurk Lohdkj ugha dh] mlh izdkj vkcw dks gLrxr
LFkkfir djus dk LoIu ns[kk vkSj viuk ifjp; nsoM+ksa ds :i esa fn;kA djus gsrq fljksgh ds egkjko ekuflag ds le; esa Hkh dbZ ckj 'kkgh vke.k gq, fdUrq
pkSgkuksa dh blh nsoM+k 'kk[kk esa esokM+ ds egkjk.kk izrki dh Hkkafr ,d ohj o os lHkh vlQy jgsA bl izdkj egkjk.kk mn;flag ds mkjkf/kdkjh egkjk.kk izrki o
Lora=rk izseh 'kkld gq, os Fks jko lqj=k.k] ftUgsa lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa jko egkjko ekuflag ds mkjkf/kdkjh egkjko lqj=k.k us Hkh 'kkgh v/khurk dks Lohdkj ugha
lqjrku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA jko lqjrku fljksgh ds 'kkld ekuflag ds nkd iq= ds :i fd;kA ,d pkj.k dfo us nksukas jktkvksa dh iz'kalk esa dgk gS
esa mkjkf/kdkjh cus FksA tc jko ekuflag dh vkcw ioZr ij dYyk ijekj us oa'k oSj vdcj uÌk ir'kkg vxs] gks; Hkzr tksMs+ gkFk
o'k dVkj ekj dj gR;k dj nh] rc e`R;q ls iwoZ mUgksaus vius ljnkjksa dks muds ckn ukFk mn;iqj u uE;ks] uE;ks u vjcqn ukFk 7
lqjrku Hkk.kkor dks fljksgh dh xn~nh ij fcBkus dk vkns'k fn;kA fdUrq blds fy, fljksgh esa nsoM+k pkSgkuksa ds bfrgkl esa bl nkk.kh [ksr ds ;q dk cgqr egRo
mUgksaus dbZ yM+kb;ka yM+h o lc eas fot; Jh izkIr dhA mudh blh miyfC/k dk gSA nkk.kh dh yM+kbZ ckfolh dVh bl uke ls izfl gS vkSj vusd HkkV o pkj.k
208
dfo;ksa us bl ;q ds vusd xhr dfok jps gSaA bl ;q dh i`"BHkwfe bl izdkj ls tkxhj nh Fkh) vkSj nkarhokMk ds dksyhflag dh v/khurk esa 'kkgh QkSt HksthA jko
gS lqj=k.k Hkh fljksgh ds egyks dks NksM vkcw ds igkM+ks ij pys x,A lqj=k.k dk ihNk
chdkusj ds jktk jk;flag lkSjk"V tkrs le; fljksgh jkT; ls xqtjs (fo-l- djrs gq, xako nkk.kh esa fllksfn;k txeky vkSj jko jk;flag pUnzlsuksr us lsuk lfgr
1633) ml le; egkjko lqj=k.k us mldk Lokxr lRdkj fd;kA pawfd ohtk nsoM+k Msjk MkykA nsoM+k ohtk (otsflag) dks txeky o jk;flag us HkhrjksV ij vke.k
Hkh jk;flag ls jk; lqj=k.k ds fo# feyk rc jk;flag us lqj=k.k ls okrkZyki djrs djus gsrq Hkst fn;kA blh le; ij fo-l- 1640 (bZ-l- 1583) esa nsoM+k lejk dh
gq, dgk fd ;fn fljksgh dk vk/kk jkT; ckn'kkg vdcj ds uke dj ns rks ohtk dk jk; ds vuqlkj lqj=k.k us uDdkjk ctkrs gq, 'kkgh QkSt ij vke.k dj fn;kA nksukas
fonzksg [kRe gks ldrk gS rc jko lqj=k.k us ohtk ls NqVdkjk ikus gsrq fljksgh dk vk/ lsukvksa ds chp nkk.kh esa Hk;adj ;q gqvkA lqj=k.k us cM+h ohjrk ls yM+kbZ dj
kk jkT; ckn'kkg ds uke dj fn;kA jk;flag us ckn'kkg dks lwpuk fHktok nh fd vk/ vrqy ijke dk ifjp; fn;kA txeky fllksfn;k ds lkFk fri{k ds fuEufyf[kr
kh fljksgh ckn'kkg ds fy, fy[kok nh gS] vc ;g /kjrh pkgs fdlh dks tkxhj esa ns ;k izeq[k ;ksk bl ;q esa ekjs x,jk;flag & tks/kiqj ds jko pUnzlsu dk iq=] bls
dj olwyus okys ;gka Hksts8A gkykafd vdcjukek esa bldk fHkUu fooj.k feyrk gSA lkstr dk ijkxuk ckn'kkg us tkxhj Lo:i fn;k FkkA dksyhflg & nkarhokM+k dk
blds vuqlkj ckn'kkg us tkyksj ds rkt [kkaW o fljksgh ds lqj=k.k nsoM+k ds fonzksgks tkxhjnkj ;g vius 12 vknfe;ksa ds lkFk ekjk x;kA xksikynkl & ;g fd'kunkl
dks 'kkar djus gsrq jk;flag] rjlq [kkaW vkSj lS;n gkf'ke ckjgk dks lsuk nsdj HkstkA xaxkor jkBkSM+ dk iq= FkkA lknqy & ;g egs'k dqikaor dk iq= FkkA iq.kZey & ;g
lqj=k.k us izfrjks/k ugha fd;k vkSj jk;flag ds ikl mifLFkr gks x;k vkSj ckn'kkg dh ekaM.k dqaikor dk iq= FkkA yq.kdj.k & ;g lqjrka.k xaxkor dk iq= FkkA ds'konkl &
lsok esa pyk x;k] fdUrq dqN le; ckn gh og fcuk ckn'kkg dh vkKk ds fljksgh ;g bZljnkl dykor dk iq= FkkA lsajok & ;g >ka>u pkSgku dk iq= FkkA xksjks & ;g
okil vk x;kA jk;flag us fljksgh dk ?ksjko fd;kA lqjrku dks vkcw tkuk iM+k] fdUrq jk/kk ifjgkj dk iq= FkkA Hkkax & ;g vHkk ifjgkj dk iq= FkkA nsoks & ;g mnk HkkVh dk
ogka Hkh mldk ihNk fd;k x;k rks mlus vkcw jk;flag ds lqiqnZ dj fn;kA blds ckn iq= FkkA usrlh & ;g HkkVh oa'k dk FkkA tSey & ;g Hkh HkkVh oa'k dk FkkA bZlj &
jk;flag lqjrku dks ysdj ckn'kkg dh lsok esa mifLFkr gqvk9A fdUrq bl ?kVuk dk ;g pkj.kksa dh ckjgB 'kk[kk dk FkkA fdluk&;g fllksfn;k dh ekaxfy;k 'kk[kk ls
mYys[k u rks ledkyhu vU; Qkjlh xzaFkksa rFkk u gh LFkkuh; ksrks esa feyrk gS FkkA /kak/kw & ;g [ksrlh dk iq= FkkA jrulh&;g HkkVh vklk tks/kkor dk iq= FkkA
okLro esa jko us ifjfLFkro'k gh fljksgh dk vk/kk jkT; ckn'kkg dks lqiqnZ fd;k FkkA dkUg&;g HkkVh vekor dk iq= FkkA xksiky&;g ekaxfy;k Hkkst dk iq= FkkA
tSlk fd uS.klh dh [;kr ls Li"V gS jko ds ckn'kkg dh lsok esa mifLFkr gksus dk euksgj&;g bZank izfrgkj FkkA jktlh&;g jk/kk eakxfy;k dk iq= FkkA jkek&;g dYyk
lgh izek.k ugha feyrk gSA nwljh rjQ esokM+ esa egkjk.kk izrki dh xn~nhu'khuh ls dk [kokl FkkA mnk&;g jkBkSM+ FkkA nkSyr&;g tyscnkj FkkA [ksrk&;g Hkh bZank
#"V gksdj mn;flag dk nwljk iq= txeky vdcj ds njckj igaqp x;kA vdcj us izfrgkj FkkA fdluk&;g vlk;p fllksfn;k xksikynkl dk iq= FkkA fgxksy&mgM+
esokM+ ds xkSjo dks u"V djus o izrki o txeky esa QwV Myokus ds mn~ns'; ls nsolh dk ikS= ,oa dka/ky dk iq= FkkA [khok&;g jkBkSM+ tkfr dk FkkA ihFkk& ;g
fljksgh dk vk/kk jkT; tkxhj ds :i eas txeky dks ns fn;kA txeky ohtk nsoM+k ds fdluk dk iq= FkkA jkeflag&;g jkBkSM+ tkfr dk FkkA lkbZnkl&lkbZnkl dk iq= FkkA
lkFk fljksgh pyk vk;k bl izdkj ,d E;ku esa nks ryokjkas dh Hkkafr vc fljksgh jkT; dpjk& ;g vkgkM+k tkfr dk FkkA10 ;s lHkh jk;flag ds izeq[k ljnkj Fks tks ;q esa
esa nks jktk gks x;sA egkjko lqj=k.k jktegykssa esa jgrs vkSj txeky nwljs edkuksa esaA dke vk;sA pkj.k dfo nqjlk vk<+k (tks Lo;aa bl ;q esa jk;flag dh rjQ ls ekStwn
,slh fLFkfr vf/kd le; rd ugh jg ldrh Fkh vkSj jgh Hkh ughaA txeky dh iRuh Fkk) us bl ;q dk vka[kkas ns[kk gky bl izdkj fy[kk gS11bl ;q esa egkjko lqj=k.k
(tks fljksgh dh jktdqekjh o egkjko ekuflag dh iq=h Fkh) o ohtk nsoM+k us egyksa dk ukeh ljnkj lejflag dke vk;k] ftlds Lekjd dh N=h orZeku le; esa Hkh
ij vf/kdkj gsrq txeky dks mdlk;k vkSj ,d fnu tc jko lqj=k.k egyksa ls ckgj nRrk.kh xkao ds xksnajs ij fo|eku gSaA bl ;q esa flynj ds Mqaxjkor ekaMu dk iq=
x;s gq, Fks rks txeky us egyksa ij vke.k dj fn;k fdUrq lksyadh lkaxk] pkj.k dqEHkk Hkh dke vk;k exj mldk Lekjd nRrk.kh esa ugha feyk gSA bl yM+kbZ dk
vkfl;k nqnk vkSj vU; jktiwrksa us vke.k foQy dj fn;kA ;g vke.k foQy ifj.kke ;g jgk fd nRrk.kh esa ekSTkwn 'kkgh QkSTk ds lc ljnkj viuh QkSt ds lkFk
gksus ij txeky vdcj ds ikl enn gsrq igaqpk rc vdcj us jko jk;flag pUnzlsuksr ekjs x;s vkSj egkjko lqj=k.k dh fu.kkZ;d thr gqbZA nRrk.kh ;q esa fot; izkIr dj
(tks/kiqj ds pUnzlsu dk rhljk iq=] vdcj us mls jko dh inoh nsdj lkstr dh egkjko lqj=k.k us pkSgku dqy dks izflf fnykbZ] nsoM+k pkSgkuksa dh dhfrZ tx izfl
209
gqbZA nqjlk vk<+k us blh iz'kalk esa ;g dfor jpk^ûUnfxjh ujs'k] dVkj ca/k 6- nslkbZ] yYyqHkkbZ HkheHkkbZ] pkSgku dqy dYinzqe (Hkkx&1) jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj
pgqvk.k] nRrk.kh [ksrjk] tsr tqgkjA** bl izdkj nRrk.kh esa ckn'kkg vdcj dh Hksth (2009) i`- 240
'kkgh QkSt dh cqjh rjg ls gkj gqbZ vkSj FkksMs+ ls vkneh gh cpdj Hkkx ik;sA egkjko 7- ogh] i`- 241
8- eqgrk uS.klh jh [;kr (Hkkx&1) egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz] tks/kiqj
jk;flag dk uDdkjk (;g uDdkjk vHkh rd fljksgh esa j[kk gqvk gS] tks/kiqj egkjktk
(2010)] i`- 149&50
lwjflag ds le; bl uDdkjs o jk;flag ds nwljs lkeku dks] tks egkjko lqjrku us Nhuk 9- vdcjukek] csofjt d`r vuqokn (Hkkx&3) i`- 266] 267] 278] 279
Fkk] okil ysus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq og vlQy jgkA)] 'kL=] ?kksMs+ vkfn 10- HkkVh] MkW- gqde flag (la-)] jkBkSMk+ a jh [;kr] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj (tks/kiqj)] i`- 116&117
lkeku ds lkFk gh fllksfn;k txeky dk Hkh lc lkeku egkjko lqj=k.k ds gkFk 11- lkdfj;k] MkW- Hkwifrjke (la-)] nqjlk vk<+k xzUFkkoyh] lkfgR; laLFkku] jktLFkku fo|kihB]
yxkA12 mn;iqj (1983)] i`- 190&191
blh nRrk.kh ;q {ks= esa t[eh gkyr esa jko lqj=k.k dks pkj.k dfo nqjlk 12- vks>k] i`- 136
vk<+k izkIr gqvk] tks fd jko jk;flag dh rjQ ls ekSTkwn FkkA tc ,d jktiwr us dgk 13- lkdfj;k] i`- 81
fd bldks Hkh ekj Mkyuk pkfg,] bl ij nqjlk us dgk fd eSa jktiwr ugha pkj.k gwa
vkSj jktiwrksa dks esjk ekjuk mfpr ugha gSA bl ij egkjko us dgk fd ;fn rqe pkj.k
gks rks bl nsoM+k lejk dh rkjhQ esa tks vHkh ekjk x;k gS] dksbZ nksgk dgks bl ij mlus
rR{k.k ;g nksgk dgk
?kj jkaok t'k Mqaxjka] czn iksrka l= gk.kA
Lkejs ej.k lq/kkfj;ksa] pgq Fkksdka pgq;vk.kAA13
vFkkZr~ lejk us pkjkas rjQ ls viuk ej.k lq/kkjk gS] egkjko ds jkT; dh j{kk
dh] Mawxjksa dh rkjhQ djokbZ] vius oa'ktksa dks LkEeku fnyk;k vkSj 'k=qvksa dks gkfu
igqapkbZA ;g nksgk lqudj lqjrku us nqjlk vk<k dks thounku fn;k vkSj ckn esa is'kqvk
rFkk lky xkao tkxhj ds :Ik esa Hkh fn;s A
bl izdkj ls nRrk.kh dh fot; egkjko lqj=k.k dh ohjrk dh fot; FkhA bl
;q dk egRo bl ckr eas lcls vf/kd gS fd nRrk.kh esa ckn'kkg vdcj dh 'kkgh
QkSTk fu.kkZ;d :Ik ls ijkftr gqbZ vkSj ;g ijkt; bruh Hk;kud Fkh fd 'kkgh QkSt
esa dqN gh yksx Hkkxdj cp ik;s Fks] fdUrq vQlksl ;g gS fd jktLFkku ds bfrgkl
esa nRrk.kh [ksr dks og egRo izkIr ugha gks ik;k tks mls izkIr gksuk pkfg, FkkA
lnaHkZ
1- HkkVh] MkW- gqde flag (la-)] ijEijk] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj (2006)]
i`- 1
2- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] fljksgh jkT; dk bfrgkl] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj (2010)]
i`- 101
3- lqa/kk f'kykys[k] , bZ- i`- 73
4- vks>k] i`- 129
5- <ksaf<;ky] ch-,u-] jktLFkku fMfLVDV xtsfV;j fljksgh (1967) i`- 378&79
210
jFk dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk Fkk ftls ?kksM+s [ksaprs FksA jktflag vkyf.k;kokl us jFk
esa cSBdj iq"dj ;q ds fy, izLFkku fd;k FkkA blh izdkj vkSjrksa ds fy, ôSy* gksrh
Fkh ftls ^lS>eky* Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA ehjkckbZ fpkkSM+ ls esMr+ k oSy esa cSBdj vkbZ
e/;;qxhu ekjokM+ esa vkokxeu ds lk/ku FkhA*2 ikydh] ftls vkneh mBkdj pyrs Fks mlesa jktk] jkfu;k] cM+s Bkdqj vkfn cSB
MkW- (Jherh) foeys'k jkBkSM+ dj fdys ij p<+rs&mrjrs rFkk ;q vfHk;kuksa esa fo'ks"kr% ?kk;y gksus ij ikydh dk
iz;ksx gksrk FkkA3
O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dh n`f"V ls jktiwrkuk dk lnk gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA O;kikfjd ifjogu ds fy, ;s lk/ku rRdkyhu le; esa vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ
O;kikj okf.kT; ds v/;;u gsrq O;kikj ds LFkku laca/kh Lo:i] cktkj O;oLFkk] FksA bUgha lk/kuksa ij leLr O;kikj vk/kkfjr FkkA if'peh jktiwrkuk esa V xkfM+;k
O;kikfjd ekxZ] O;kikfjd dsUnz] O;kikfjd esys] ekxks dh lqj{kk] eqnzk] C;kt] dj vf/kd izpfyr FkhA4 eky <ksus ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls Vksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
O;oLFkk vkfn fcUnqvksa dk v/;;u ftruk egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS mruk gh egRo vkokxeu ;q vfHk;kuksa esa Hkh V mi;ksxh fl gksrs Fks D;skafd [kkus&ihus dk jk'ku rFkk ;q
ds lk/kuksa ds v/;;u dk Hkh gksrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/ki= esa ekjokM+ esa vkokxeu ds lEcU/kh eky vlckc Vksa ij gh yknk tkrk FkkA iksdj.k vfHk;ku (1659 bZ-) esa
lk/kuksa dk laf{kIr v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa izkFkfed ksrksa ds vUrxZr cfg;ksa esM+fr;k jkBkSM+ksa dh lsuk esa 21 V lokj FksA V ij cSBus gsrq vklu j[kk tkrk Fkk
dk v/;;u lfEefyr gSA ftls ^fiyk.k* dgrs FksA o"kkZ rq esa unh&ukys ikj djus gsrq V cM+s mi;ksxh fl
pwfd e/;dkyhu ekjokM+ esa iDdh lM+dsa ugha Fkh vr% O;kikfjd ;k vU; gksrs FksA5 egkjktk tloUrflagth us dkcqy tSls vukj tks/kiqj esa yxkus gsrq 1000
ifjogu cSyxkfM+;ksa] V xkfM+;ksa rFkk Vksa] cSyksa o [kPpjksa dh ihB ij gksrk FkkA V dkcqy dh feh ls Hkjdj tks/kiqj Hksts FksA6 laor~ 1821 (1764 bZ-) esa egkjktk
cSyxkM+h ds ifjogu esa mi;ksx ds ckjs esa ys[kdksa us ys[ku o fp=dkjksa us fp=ksa }kjk fot;flagth ds vkns'kkuqlkj ukxkSj esa cQZ dk dkj[kkuk LFkkfir fd;k x;k rc lun
crk;k gSA ijUrq budk T;knk mi;ksx iwohZ jktLFkku esa gksrk Fkk] ;gk tehu l[r gksrh ijokuk Hkstdj rst nkSMu+ s okys Vksa ij tks/kiqj esa ukxkSj ls cQZ eaxok;k tkrk FkkA7
FkhA igkM+h {ks= ds fy, ?kksMs+ o jsfxLrkuh {ks= ds fy, V o VxkM+h dk vf/kd v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd fo-la- 1833 (1776 bZ-) esa tkykSj ls tks/kiqj dks nl V
iz;ksx gksrk FkkA gqek;wa us jsfxLrku esa viuh ;k=k ds fy, Vksa o V xkfM+;ksa dk xkfM+;ksa esa ck:n Hkstk x;k FkkA8 ikyh ds O;kikjh 32 Vksa ij dikl] lhlk vkSj
cgqrk;r esa mi;ksx fd;k FkkA vkj-lh- nk viuh ^jSEcyl vkWQ bf.M;k* es crkrs gSa ijpwuh dk lkeku ysdj jktx<+ x, FksA9 chdkusj dk [ksrlh 'kkg pkj Vksa ij ghax
fd tSlyesj] tks/kiqj] chdkusj vkfn jsfxLrkuh Hkkxksa esa V ij enZ vkSj vkSjr ;k=k ykn dj ukxkSj x;k FkkA10 vkokxeu gsrq cSyxkM+h Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku FkhA jko
djrs FksA V ij vU; lktks lkeku] vukt] ikuh vkfn dk Hkh ifjogu gksrk FkkA tks/kk us esokM+ vfHk;ku esa ikp gtkj cSyxkfM+;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA11 ojflag vkSj
cSyksa }kjk [khaps tkus okys jFkksa dk mi;ksx jktkvksa] egkjktkvksa] cM+s lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa nwnk tks/kiqj ls esM+rk cSyxkM+h esa cSBdj vk, FksA12 ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Msjs
rFkk muds ifjokj }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA jktk egkjktk gkfFk;ksa o Vksa ij vkjkenk;d (rEcw) yxkus ds fy, tks cSyxkfM+;k tkrh Fkh mUgsa ^Hkkjojnkjh* xkM+h dgk tkrk
gkSns yxkdj f'kdkj vFkok ;k=k djrs FksA ikydh o ^rke>ke* Hkh jktkvksa }kjk FkkA13 lkekU;r% ,d cSyxkM+h iUnzg e.k otu ykn ldrh FkhA14 cfg;ksa ls Kkr gksrk
fookg o vU; voljksa ij mi;ksx esa yk, tkrs FksA efgykvksa ds fy, inkZ;qDr gkSns gS fd ukxkSj ds O;kikjh 18 cSyxkfM+;ksa ij ryokl (cwanh) ls ukxkSj eky ysdj vk,
vkSj ikyfd;k gksrh FkhaA1 lkeUr ,oa tkxhjnkj Hkh cgqla[; V] ?kksM+s j[krs FksA muds FksA15 ykMuwa ls 500 xkM+h ?kkl Hkjdj MhMokus Hkstk x;k FkkA lkstr ijxus ds xko
x<+ksa vkSj iksksa esa ?kksM+s cka/kus ds fy, ?kqM+lkysa gksrh Fkh ftls îk;xk* dgrs FksA V vVcM+s ls 100 xkM+h ?kkl Hkj dj xko [kstM+yk Hkstk x;k FkkA cSyxkfM+;ksa }kjk gtkj
cka/kus ds fy, Hkh i`Fkd LFkku fuf'pr gksrk FkkA MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh us esM+fr;k e.k xsgw fcykM+k ls lkstr igqpk;k x;k FkkA16 catkjksa ds }kjk lkEHkj] ipinjk]
jkBkSM+ksa ds bfrgkl esa fy[kk gS fdê/; ;qxhu ekjokM+ esa gkFkh] ?kksM+s] V] MhMokuk o ukok ls cM+h rknkn esa ued dk ifjogu jktiwrkuk o ckgj ds Hkkxksa esa
cSyxkM+h] jFk vkfn ;krk;kr ds izeq[k lk/ku FksA gkFkh ij jktk] egkjktkvksa dh lokjh gksrk FkkA ghjk HkkV ekjokM+ dk izfl ued O;olk;h FkkA fo-laor~ 1871 (1814
fudyrh Fkh rFkk budk mi;ksx ;q vfHk;kuksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA j?kqukFkflag bZ-) esa og 2257 cSyksa ij ued ykndj ipinjk ls ckjka o Nhik cM+ksn (dksVk)
esMf+ r;k us xtk:<+ gksdj xkSMk+ sa ls ;q fd;k Fkk vkSj muls ekjksB thrk FkkA ml le; cspus gsrq ys x;k FkkA ek: HkkV Hkh ekjokM+ dk ,d izfl ued fosrk Fkk tks fo-
211
la- 1871 (1814 bZ-) esa 885 cSyksa ij ued ykndj cspus gsrq ipinjk ls ok;k ,d V dk fdjk;k 3 #i;s 4 vkus FkkA tks/kiqj ls chdkusj nks Vksa ij 12 lsj fephZ
dksVk gksrs gq, >kalh x;k FkkA blh izdkj ekjokM+ ds nwYgk o fiFkk pkj.k fo-la- 1871 ys tkus gsrq 6 #i;s fdjk;k yxrk FkkA29 chdkusj dh vksj ls vkus okyh ?kksM+ksa dh
(1814 bZ-) dks 324 cSy ekjokM+ ls mTtSu ok;k dksVk o >kyjkikVu gksrs gq, cspus drkj ukxkSj] dkSfy;k] ekjksB] nkSyriqjk gksdj t;iqj dh vksj tkrh FkhA mudk ukxkSj
gsrq x, FksA17 ek?k lqnh ,de ls ek?k lqnh iwf.kZek] fo-la- 1871 (1814 bZ-) ds chp esa izfr ?kksM+k 6 #i;s ^njckj jh gn jk gkly* ds :i esa fy;k tkrk FkkA30 egkjktk
catkjksa }kjk ekjokM+ ls 13140 cSyksa ij ued ykn dj gkM+kSrh {ks= esa igqpk;k x;k ekuflag dh jkuh cM+k HkfV;k.khth dh ljdkj rkyds dh cgh31 ls Hkh gesa cSyxkfM+;ksa]
FkkA18 catkjksa dh rjg pkj.k vkSj HkkV Hkh ifjogu O;olk; ls tqM+s gq, FksA bUgksaus VxkfM+;ksa] rkaxs vkfn ds mi;ksx ,oa fdjk, ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
tuekul esa vius ifo= pfj= dk ykHk mBkrs gq, O;kikfjd ifjogu dk dk;Z mnkgj.kLo:i cks;y o vjcM+k xkoksa ls ?kkl dVok dj tks/kiqj igqpkus gsrq fdjk,
viuk;kA ekjokM+ ds lcls cM+s dkjok dk ekfyd isek uk;d ued ifjogu ds dh xkfM+;k yh xbZ ftUgsa fdjk;k bl izdkj fn;k x;k
O;olk; ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA og pkyhl gtkj Hkkj <ksus okys tkuojksa dk ekfyd FkkA19 ?kkl jk xkMk tks/kiqj iksapk;k rh.k jk HkkM+k jk nh;k tks/kiqj jk dkxn lqa&
vkokxeu ds lk/ku ds :i esa v'oksa] Vksa] cSyksa dks [kjhnus ds vla[; mnkgj.k 3) rhu #fi;k cks;y jk tksM jh xkMh nks rh.kk us HkkM+ks fn;ks izr 1AA) (,d
iqjkys[kh; ksrksa esa feyrs gSamn;iqj ds vyh eksgEen vkSj Qrg egewn us tks/kiqj ls #i;k vkB vkuk) eqdjM+s (dqy] VksVy) #fi;k 3) iksl on 12
ipkl ?kksM+s [kjhns FksA20 vfgY;kckbZ ds O;fDr;ksa us rhu lkS V ew.Mok esys ls
[kjhnsA21 dksVk jkT; ds dkenkj tks/kiqj ls 22 cSyksa dh tksM+h [kjhndj ys x,A22 4AA) pkj #fi;k vkB vkuk xkfM;k rhu cks;y jk tksM jh xkfM;k cks;y jh
jkensojk ls ?kksM+s cspus gsrq nf{k.k (gSnjkckn) esa ys tk, tkrs FksA23 tks/kiqj ds fy, uS HkkM+ks izr 1AA) eqdjM+s #fi;k 4AA) iksl on 13
ipkl tksM+h cSy rS;kj j[kus dk funsZ'k ukxkSj dpsM+h dks Hkstk x;kA24 ukxkSj ls 50 12A) ckgj #fi;k pkj vkuk vjcM+k jk tksM jh ?kkl jh xkfM;k 7 Hkkoh jh
cSyxkM+h idh [kM~Mh eaxokbZ xbZ Fkh^rFkk vBS deBk rkydS [kMh idh idkbZ (Hkkoh xko dh) us HkkM+ks izr 1AA) eqdjM+s #fi;k 12A) (ckjg #i;k pkj vkuk)
xkMk iphl eSy.k jks rks vkxS Fkksuqa (rqEgsa) fyf[k;ks gS uS xkMk iphl Qsj idhidkbZ Qkx.k cn vekol
[kMh ---- xkMk 50 Hkjk; uS eSytksA*25 eteq, gkykr jktekjokM+ esa fy[kk gS fd 24AA) pkSchl #i;k vkB vkuk vjcM+k jk ?kkl jh xkfM;k 14 Hkkoh jh HkkM+S
ekjokM+h ?kksMs+ rks [kkl djds cgqr mEnk uly ds le>s tkrs gSaA lcls vPNh uLy ds dhoh izr 1AAA) (,d #i;k ckajg vkuk) eqdjM+s #fi;k 24AA) (pkSchl #i;k
?kksMs+ ekjokM+ ds ekykuh] lkapksj o tkykSj ijxus esa iSnk gksrs gSaA ekjokM+ ds V o vkB vkuk) Hkknok lqn 3
?kksM+s cgqr ne j[krs gSaA ukxkSjh cSy iwjs fgUnqLrku esa izfl FksA ;s lqUnj o pkykd blh izdkj tks/kiqj ls ew.Mok tkus ds fy, tks/kiqj ls xko fcjk.kh rd xkfM+;k
gksrs gSaA vehjksa ds jFkksa esa budks j[kk tkrk gSA t:jh dke ds fy, lkaMuh lokj fdjk, dh mudks fn, x, fdjk;s dk foLr`r C;kSjk cgh esa ntZ gSA lkFk gh fcjk.kh
nkSMk+ , tkrs Fks ftudks vksBh dgrs gSaA26 ikydh] gkFkh vkSj ?kksMk+ ;krk;kr ds izeq[k xko ls vkxs ew.Mok tkus ds fy, fo'uksb;ksa dh xkfM+;k yh] ftlds mYys[k ls Kkr
lk/ku FksA 'kh?kz lans'k Hkstus ds fy, lkaMuh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA27 [kq'kh ds gksrk gS fd fcjk.kh xko ls ew.Mok rd dk ,d xkM+h dk fdjk;k nks #i;k vkB vkuk
volj ij vkSj buke Lo:i Hkh V] ?kksMs+ vkfn fn, tkus dk izpyu FkkA jk?kksnkl Fkk
jsckjh us vthrflagth ds tUe dh [kq'k[kcjh tc jkBkSM+ ljnkjksa dks lqukbZ rc jkBkSM+ xkao fcjk.kh lqa xkfM;ka HkkM+s fdfo fr.k jk fn;k&
Hkhaoflag esM+fr;k ds iq= vkuUnflag us jsckjh dks V iznku fd;kA vU; mejkoksa us
2A) fcluksbZ pSuks xkMh 1
Hkh V] ?kksM+s ,oa #i;s eksgjsa vkfn migkj ds :i esa iznku fd,A28
2AA) fcluksbZ tSlks xkMh 1
18oha lnh esa ekjokM+ esa O;kikfjd ifjogu dh dqN njsa bl izdkj FkhaukxkSj
ls chdkusj ds fy, ,d V ij eky dk fdjk;k 8 vkus] 1 Vdk o 6 nke FkkA ikyh 2AA) fcluksbZ QrkS xkMh 1
ls chdkusj ds fy, pkj V ij pkoy ys tkus dk fdjk;k 10 #i;s] 8 vkus o 25 2AA) fcluksbZ lkeks xkMh 1
nke FkkA tkykSj ls tks/kiqj ,d V ij 10 lsj ck:n ykus dk fdjk;k 3 #i;s FkkA blh rjg tks/kiqj ls ew.Mok tkus gsrq V xkfM+;k fdjk, dh mudk dqy
tkykSj ls tks/kiqj nl cSy xkfM+;ksa dk fdjk;k 33 #i;s FkkA chdkusj ls ikyh ds fy, fdjk;k vV~Bkou #i;s ckjg vkuk [kpZ gqvk ftlesa ls tks/kiqj ls fcjk.kh xko rd dk
212
fdjk;k X;kjg #i;s pkj vkus yxk gksrs gSaA buds fy, ?kkl] nkuk] ikuh dh O;oLFkk] jksxksa gsrq mipkj dh O;oLFkk] buds
11A) tks/kiqj lqa aV HkkM+S dj uS xkao chjk.kh rkabZ =S fn;k ltkoV gsrq fofHkUu izdkj ds oL=kHkw"k.kksa dk bartke o lQj ds nkSjku buds
2AA) jkeks aV 2 nkuk&ikuh dh iwjh O;oLFkk ds fooj.k gesa cfg;ksa ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrs gSaA
egkjktk ekuflag dh jkuh cM+k HkfV;k.khth ds ljdkj rkyqdS dh cgh33 ls gesa
1A) ghjks aV 1 v'oksa] Vksa] cSyksa vkfn dh iw.kZ ns[kHkky ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ o jkspd tkudkjh
1A) xhj/kkjh aV 1 izkIr gksrh gS ftlds vuqlkj
2AA) eSuks aV 2 & v'oksa] Vksa] cSyksa vkfn dks nkuk nsus dh ,d fuf'pr O;oLFkk Fkh ftlds
1A) uSeks aV 1 vUrxZr fdl i'kq dks fdl ekg esa fdruk nkuk fn;k x;k bldk iw.kZ C;kSjk fy[kk
1A) xhj/kjh aV 1 tkrk Fkk] lkFk gh ckgj ls vk, gq, O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk ds i'kqvksa ds fy, Hkh ?kkl nkus
1A) chluksbZ jhMey aV 1 dh iw.kZ O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA ckgj ls vkbZ ?kksfM+;ksa dks iko.kh (esgeku) ?kksM+h dgk
tkrk FkkA
&&&
& tksM ls ?kkl dVok dj i'kqvksa gsrq ,df=r dh tkrh FkhA
11A) dqy X;kjg #i;k pkj vkuk
& jksxksa ds mipkj gsrq i'kqvksa dks xqM+] fQVdjh nh tkrh FkhA
ew.Mok ls ,d cSyxkM+h ukjafx;ksa dh Hkjdj tks/kiqj Hksth mldk fdjk;k tkV
nSnkjk dks rhu #i;s vkB vkus fn;k x;kA blh rjg ew.Mok ls crZu] diM+s rFkk & Vksa] lkaMksa (Vuh) o VksjfM;ksa (V ds cPps) ds fy, rsy] xnjQ]
pkS/kjh jfr;ks] eLrS[kka] jaxks] NksVq] jkenkl vkfn dks tc tks/kiqj Hkstk rks rhu yky fepZ] xqM+] ?kh vkfn [kjhns tkrsA
cSyxkfM+;ksa dk HkkM+k nl #i;s vkB vkus yxk] izfr xkM+h rhu #i;s vkB vkus ds & rsy o xnjQ 'kjhj ij yxk;k tkrk FkkA
fglkc lsA xkfM+;ksa dh rjg rkaxs Hkh fdjk, ij fy, tkrs Fks & lkaM ds vkQjk vkus ij mls ?kh fn;k tkrk FkkA
4) #fi;k cSnh;ks dhlukjke uS rkxks HkkM+S dj uS tks/kiqj esfy;ks & cSy o cNsjh (v'oksa dh eknk cPph) dks Hkh ?kh fn;k tkrk FkkA
10AA) nl #fi;k vkBk vkuk eqaMok lqa dkenkj tks/kiqj vk;k =s HkkM+k jk & lQj esa tkus ij v'oksa] Vksa] cnksa vkfn ds fy, ?kkl] nkuk] ikuh dh
fn;k Qkx.k lqn NB xkMh 2 uS rkxks 1 iwjh O;oLFkk dh tkrh Fkh ,oa lQj esa mu ij gq, [kpZ dk cgh esa vadu fd;k tkrk
3AA) tkV jkeys rkxks 1 Fkk^4A) pkj #i;s pkj vkus iks"k cn nwt ?kksMh+ ,d xkao v.kniqj eSyh rh.k jS ekjx
3AA) tkV pks[kks xkMh 1 (jkLrs esa) [kqjkd lk: 4A) glrs pqok.k dsljhfla?kA*
3AA) tkV jketh gjdkjks xkMh 1 & ?kksM+h }kjk Bk.k fn, tkus ij (cPps dks tUe nsus ij) mldh fo'ks"k
ns[kHkky dh tkrh FkhA mls Hkh fL=;ksa dh rjg ^lqokoM+* nh tkrh Fkh vFkkZr~ mlds
xkfM+;ksa gsrq fn, x, fdjk;s ls ;fn xkM+h ekfyd larq"V ugha gksrs rks muds
Hkkstu esa fo'ks"k lkexzh fiijkewy] ?kh] vtokbu] xqM+ vkfn ikSf"Vd vk;qosZfnd [kk|
}kjk jkt vf/kdkfj;ksa dks voxr djk, tkus ij mudh leL;k dk lek/kku fd;k
lkexzh lfEefyr dh tkrh Fkh
tkrk Fkk tSls fd fefr egkon 11 xq#okj laor~ 1821 ds ijokus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd
[kkylk ds xko lhg.kksn] cj.k vkfn ds tkVksa dks Hkksx dk vukt tks/kiqj ykus dk 4AA)AA ?kksM+h ,d ihh Bk.k fn;ks nqts tsB lqn 4
fdjk;k ,d xkM+h ds 2 #i;s fn, tkrs Fks lks xkM+h ekfydksa }kjk Jh njckj esa ekywe )AA nks vkuk nks iSlk ihiykewy 4 lsj
djokus ij izfr xkM+h fdjk;k 2 #i;s ls c<+k dj 3 #i;s dj fn;k x;kA32 2) nks #fi;k ?khjr (?kh)
vkokxeu ds lk/ku ds rkSj ij v'oksa] Vksa] cSyksa vkfn i'kqvksa dk mi;ksx rks 1) ,d #i;k vteks [kjhn (vtokbu [kjhnh)
fd;k tkrk Fkk] ij lkFk gh budh iw.kZ ns[kHkky ds C;kSjs Hkh iqjkys[kh; ksrksa ls izkIr 1AA&) ,d #i;k ukS vkuk xq
213
& cSyksa gsrq ukFk o Vksa gsrq dl.kka (Mksfj;k) djkus ds fy, lwr o v'oksa ds 11- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 239
^[kknksVks* djkus gsrq jstk] ?kksM+h ds ^rax* djkus ds fy, yqaxh o jstk] v'oksa ds 12- foxr] Hkkx 2] i`- 37
iNkfM+;k cuokbZ tkrh] ltkoV gsrq Mfy;k] xqyes[kk] iSjksa ds fy, [kqjk] Vksa ds 13- HkkVh] lq[kflagth] Msjka jkS [kkrkS] Hkwfedk] i`- 11
^fiyk.k* gsrq yksgk vkfn vusdkusd lkexzh i'kqvksa gsrq mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys 14- xqIrk] ch-,y-] iwoksZDr] i`- 140
15- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 21] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] i=kad 294] tks-fj- jk-jk-v-ch-
lkeku dks cukus ds fy, [kjhnh tkrh FkhA Vksa ds eqg ij lqUnjrk ds fy, yxkbZ
16- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 1] laor~ 1820&21] laiknd MkW- foeflag HkkVh] i`- 35] 74] 85
tkus okyh tkyh fo'ks"k cuokbZ tkrh ftls êksgjh* dgk tkrk FkkA34 17- xqIrk] ch-,y-] iwoksZDr] i`- 32
& jFkksa ds fy, xnjs cuokus] pdesa [kjhnus] [kksfy;ksa ds xksVk yxokus] iqjkus 18- ogh
xnjksa ds dkjh yxok dj lq/kkjus vkfn dbZ ,sls NksVs cM+s mYys[k feyrs gSa ftuls Kkr 19- VkWM] ,ukYl] Hkkx 1] i`- 554&55
gksrk gS fd vkokxeu ds lk/ku ds rkSj ij mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys i'kqvksa ls lacaf/ 20- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 5] i`- 9] fo-la- 1823 (1766 bZ-)] e- ek- iq- iz-] tks/kiqj
kr leLr dk;Z ,d iwoZ fuf'pr O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr fd, tkrs FksA muls lacaf/kr 21- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 21] i=kad 20] best 44] fexlj lqn ckjl] Hkkseokj] laor~ 1835] e-
i`Fkd :i ls ,d foHkkx gksrk Fkk ftls ^lqrj[kkuk* dgk tkrk FkkA ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj
22- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 25] i`- 470] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj
r[krflag dh jkuh jk.kkorth ds ljdkj rkyqdS dh cgh35 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 23- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 21] i`- 239] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj
v'oksa ds jksx gksus ij jksx dks Bhd djus gsrq jsorth dks izlkn cksyk tkrk FkkA tSls 24- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 25] i=kad 52] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj
fd?kksMh+ ds xkaB gksus ij izlkn cksyk x;k^1A) ,d #fi;k pkj vkuk&#dks on 25- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 25] best 40] vklkst cn rht] cq/kokj 1838 (1781 bZ-)] e-ek-iq-
4 jks ?kksMh+ jS xkaB iM+h rjS ijlkn #fi;k ,d vkuk pkj jks jsorth us l:ifla?kth iz- tks/kiqj
cksfy;ks lq nhjko.k jh nqokbrh [kkl #dk lq vkbZ rjS nhjk;ks gLrs gqdkj uSA* blh cgh 26- eteq, gkykr 1883&84] i`- 12&13] 609
ls v'oksa ds vkHkw"k.kksa&lSyh dh dfM+;ksa ds FksdM+]s [kqjlh;ks] eksfj;k] pUnzek] lhlQqy] 27- ehjk fe=] egkjktk vthrflag ,oa mudk ;qx] i`- 290
nqxph] usofj;k vkfn dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA blh izdkj lun ijokuk cgh la[;k 28- [;kr vthrflag] Hkkx 1] laor~ 1820&21] laiknd MkW- foeflag HkkVh] i`- 35] 74] 85
21 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd i'kqvksa esa dksbZ jksx gksus ij mUgsa mipkj ds :i esa vfHkeaf=r 29- xqIrk] ch-,y-] iwoksZDr] i`- 143&44
djokus dk Hkh izpyu Fkk&tks/kiqj esa rsbZl Vksa ds ikao uked fcekjh gksus ij ckoM+h 30- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 1] laor~ 1820&21] laiknd MkW- foeflag HkkVh] i`- 9] 95] 100
ds eqlyeku ls eaf=r djok;k x;k ftl gsrq rsy] xUnjQ] [kkaM o ea=kbZ dh jde 31- ekuflagth dh jkuh cM+k HkfV;k.khth ds ljdkj rkydS dh cgh] la[;k 337] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/
kiqj
dqy feykdj X;kjg #i;s ,d Vdk [kpZ gqvkA36 32- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 1] laor~ 1820&21] laik- MkW- foeflag HkkVh] i`- 28
lUnHkZ 33- ogh
1- 'kekZ] th-,u-] lks-yk-] 329&30 34- ogh] i`- 37
2- HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] esM+fr;k jkBkSM+ksa dk jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd bfrgkl] i`- 319&20 35- egkjktk r[krflagth dh jkuh jk.kkorth ds ljdkj rkyqdS dh cgh] ua- 613] e-ek-iq-iz-
3- foxr] Hkkx 2] i`- 50 tks/kiqj
4- xqIrk] ch-,y-] VsM ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku] i`- 140 36- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 21] i=kad 18] best 40] fexlj cn ue] xq#okj] laor~ 1835
5- HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] iwoksZDr] i`- 320 (1778 bZ-)] e-ek-iq-iz- tks/kiqj
6- enqZe'kqekjh] i`- 90
7- jktLFkku if=dk] tks/kiqj] 13-07-2016] cq/kokj] i`- 4
8- dksrokyh pcwrjk tekcanh cgh] ua- 753] ijxuk tkykSj fo-la- 1833 (1776 bZ-)] tks/kiqj
fMfLVDV vkdkZbOt] tks/kiqj
9- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 19] fo-la- 1834 (1777 bZ-)] tks-fj- jk-jk-v-ch-
10- tdkr cgh] ua- 81] fo-la- 1807 (1750 bZ-)] chdkusj fjdkWMZl] jk-jk-v-ch-
214
eksM+k gksxkA rRdkyhu le; esa vFkwZ.kk dyk ,oa laLd`fr dk izeq[k dsUnz FkkA vFkwZ.kk
mRRkj Hkkjr] xqtjkr ,oa ekyok tkus okys O;kikfjd ekxZ ij iM+rk FkkA bl ekxZ ls
O;kikj izkphu le; ls gksrk vk jgk FkkA ckalokM+k {ks= ls izkIr ^gq.k* dk vfHkys[k ls
e/;dkyhu bfrgkl esa vFkwZ.kk mYys[k feyrk gS fd ;'kksoeZu }kjk fefgjdqy dks gjkus ds ckn gw.k xqtjkr dh vksj
,d O;kikfjd uxj ds :Ik esa ok;k ckaxM+ ls x;s] lkFk gh rksjek.k dk vfHkys[k xqtjkr latsyh rkyqdk iapegy
ftyk Hkh iqf"V djrk gSA8
MkW- Jherh iadt vkesVk ,oa j.kNksM+ yky ojgkr
blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;g ekxZ O;kikj ,oa lkefjd n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ FkkA
vFkwZ.kk okxM+ ds ckalokM+k ftys dk egoiw.kZ iqjkrkfRod LFky gSA okxM+ ftlls e/;dky rd vkrs&vkrs vFkwZ.kk ,d uxj ds lkFk&lkFk ,d O;kikfjd dsUnz
izns'k 9oha ls 12 oha rd ijekj 'kkldksa ds v/khu FkkA orZeku esa vFkwZ.kk 23030^ mkjh ds :Ik esa fodflr gqvkA tgka ls eky dk vknu&iznku gksrk FkkA ;gka ls eky mkj
Hkkjr] e/; Hkkjr ls ok;k xqtjkr ls fons'kksa esa Hkh fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA ijekj
v{kka'k ls 76006^ iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds e/; fLFkr gSA ;g ftyk eq[;ky; ckalokM+k ls
'kkldksa us vFkwZ.kk dks O;kikfjd dsUnz LFkkfir dj LFkkiR; dk fuekZ.k djok;k ftlesa
55 fdeh- if'pe esa fLFkr gSA1 e/;dky esa ijekjksa dk izkajfHkd ekyok orZeku
vFkwZ.kk esa f'koeafnj] e.Mys'oj egknso eafnj] nqxZ] ckofM+;k rFkk ekxZ esa ;kf=;ksa ds
jktLFkku ds Mwaxjiqj ckalokM+k dk {ks= jgkA os lkcjerh o ekgh ds e/; ds izns'k
fy, vkjkex`gksa o lqj{kk pkSfd;k fufgr gSA ml le; ekxZ ls xqtjus okys O;kikfj;ksa
ckxM+ ds 'kkld jgs vkSj vFkwZ.kk mudh izkjafHkd jkt/kkuh jgh gks rks Hkh vk'p;Z ugha
ls dj Hkh fy;k tkrk Fkk] ftldk mYys[k ckalokM+k ds i.kkgsMk izLrj[kaM vfHkys[k
gksrk gSA tks ml ;qx dh izeq[k O;kikfjd e.Mh jghA vFkwZ.kk ds vfHkys[k o izkphu
(1059 bZ-) esa feyrk gSA ftldk jpukdkj oyHkh dk vkljkt FkkA9 blesa ika'kqyk[ksVd
ijekj ;qxhu eafnj o ckofM+;k mlds izek.k gSa izkjafHkd dky esa ijekjksa dk 'kfDRk
esa f'koeafnj o vFkwZ.kk ds fodkl ds fy, ekxZ ls xqtjus okys izR;ssd o`"kHk ls ,d
dsUnz ekgh unh ds fdukjs [ksVd e.My esa eksgMokld os'; esa f'koukFk eafnj ds foa'kksikd (eqnzk) iznku djus dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA10 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd ml
vklikl gh jgk gksxkA vFkwZ.kk ds i'pkr~ ekgh unh ds fdukjs mPpkux< vkSj fQj le; O;kikjh ysu&nsu ds :Ik esa eqnzk dk iz;ksx djrs FksA ijekj 'kkld pkeq.Mk jkt
mTtSu o vUr esa /kkj uxjh jghA2 ftldk mYys[k lhed f}rh; ds gjlksyk (949 ds vFkwZ.kk izLrj vfHkys[k (fo-la- 1136) esa fofHkUu izdkj ds rkSy o iSekuksa dk
bZ-) o vgenkckn (969 bZ-) rkezi= vfHkys[k esa gksrk gSA3 /kzqolsu f}rh; dk ,d mYys[k gSA blesa ^Hkkjd* lanHkZ iafDr 69 es ôf.ktka [kaMxqM;ksaHkjZda izfr of..kZdka]
Hkw&nku i= ofUnriYyh ds LdU/kkokj ls n'kiqj ds nks czk.kksa dks ,d [ksr nku esa nsrs ^?kVd* lanHkZ iafDRk esa îwxesdefi iwxlglzknkR; rSy?kVds ifydS dk*] êkud*
gq, tkjh fd;k x;kA4 /kzqolsu f}rh; ds xqIr o"kZ 639 o 640 bZ- ds nks rkezys[k lanHkZ iafDRk esa ,d ekud ued ij ewrd dj dk mYys[k vk;k gSA îfydk* lanHkZ
1891 bZ- esa jryke ls 20 fdeh- nwj mkj esa fLFkr uoxzke ;k ukSxkaok ls ,d czkg~e.k iafDRk 47 tSls ?kVd o ifydk dk mi;ksx ?kh o rsy ekius esa fd;k tkrk FkkA tcfd
ds ?kj esa dqavk pkSM+k djrs gq, izkIr gq, FksA5 bUgha rkezi=ksa esa izFke ckj ekyok ds êkud* ydM+h ;k feV~Vh dk gksrk Fkk ftldk iz;ksx iSekuk ds :Ik esa djrs FksA11
mPpeku HkqDrksa6 o ekyok ds mPpeku fo"k;s7 mYys[k vk;s gSa] ftlls Kkr gksrk gS fd jktk Hkkstnso dk ckalokM+k rkezi= vfHkys[k (1020 bZ-) esa iafDr 16 esa oViznd
ml le; mPpkux< ;k dqiMk {ks= ekyok HkqfDr o fo"k; dk eq[;ky; jgk FkkA ;g xzke ls lkS fuorZu Hkwfe] lhek] r`.k] xkspj Hkwfe] fgj.;] Hkkx] Hkksx] mifjdj lHkh
{ks= nf{k.k esa ekgh unh ls f?kjk gksdj if'pe esa laxe LFky ls lqjf{kr fn[kkbZ nsus o izdkj dh vk; lesr o ekrk&firk ds iq.; o Lo;a ;'k gsrq dksd.k fot; ioZ ij
lkefjd n`f"V ls dkQh pkbZ ij fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k lh;d f}rh; ds 'kkludky fNPNk LFkku ls vk;s czkg~e.k okeu iq= Hkkby dks Hkw&nku fn;k Fkk12 blls Kkr gksrk gS
rd ijekjksa dh lsuk@jkt/kkuh dk eq[;ky; cu x;k gks rks vk'p;Z ugha gksrkA fd ml le; LFkkuh; turk o O;kikfj;ksa ls dj fy;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj Hkq&nku
mPpkux<+ 1 fdeh esa QSys ijdksVs ls f?kjk nqxZ jgkA ;gk izkphu ekxZ f'kox<+ i=ksa ls uxjhdj.k] f'k{kk dsUnzksa o O;kikfjd dsUnzksa dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;kA u;s rhFkZ
ls lh/kk /kkeuksn] ukeyh gksrk gqvk n'kiqj ls gq.k e.My tkrk FkkA izfrgkjksa ds mkjh Hkh fodflr gq;s tks u;s ekxksZ ls tqM+s gSaA vFkwZ.kk ds ledkyhu jktLFkku ds fljksgh
ekyok ij vke.k o jk"VdwVksa }kjk ueZnk rV ij vke.k dk ncko ds dkj.k gh ftys dk pUnzkorh uked LFkku [kkstk x;k gSA ftldk orZeku esa mR[kuu dk;Z fd;k
eqat o Hkkst ds mTtSu dks jkt/kkuh gLrkarfjr dh gksxhA vFkwZ.kk ds ,d e.Mh o tk jgk gSA ;gk ls izkIr vo'ks"kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g 11oha o 12oha 'krkCnh dk
jkt/kkuh ds :Ik esa fodkl us Hkh ekyok esa uxjhdj.k dh fn'kk dks mTtSu dh vksj cgqr cM+k O;kikfjd uxj FkkA ;gk Hkh ijekj jktkvksa dk vkf/kiR; FkkA ;gka ls x/kS;k
215
flDdk izkIr gqvk gSA ijUrq vk'p;Z gksrk gS fd vHkh rd dksbZ Hkh ijekj dkyhu
Vafdr eqnzk izkIr ugha gksrh gS ;gka ls b.Mks lkjlsfu;u x/kS;k flDdk izkIr gqvk gSA
O;kikjh viuk eky ;gka ls vknku&iznku djrs FksA pUnzkorh ,d O;kikfjd e.Mh ds
:Ik esa jghA O;kikjh viuk eky dk ysu&nsu oLrq fofue; ds vk/kkj ij djrs FksA egkjk.kk dqaHkkdkyhu lkfgR; (vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk,)
11oha o 12oha 'krkCnh esa vFkwZ.kk o pUnzkorh nksuks gh O;kikfjd uxjksa ds :Ik esa viuk uhye Jhekyh
izeq[k LFkku j[krs FksA vFkwZ.kk izLrj vfHkys[k (fo-l- 1136) ls fofHkUu izdkj ds
rkSy o iSekuksa ds :Ik esa Hkkjd] ?kVd] ekud] ifydk o fuorZu vkfn dk mYys[k egkjk.kk dqaHkk Lo;a fo}ku Fks vkSj dbZ fo}kuksa o lkfgR;dkjksa ds vkJ;nkrk
feyk gS blls Kkr gksrk gS fd vFkwZ.kk 10oha ls 12oha lnh rd ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkh FksA og Kku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa ikjaxr FksA osn] Le`fr] ehekalk dk mUgsa vPNk
O;kikfjd dsUnz FkkA vFkwZ.kk O;kikj dk ,d dsUnz fcUnq FkkA ;gka ls ,d ekxZ mRrj Kku FkkA mUgksaus vusd xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA ftlesa laxhrjkt] laxhr ehekalk o lwM
Hkkjr dh vksj izrkix<+] fprkSM]+ HkhyokM+k] vtesj] t;iqj gksrk gqvk vkxjk o fnYyh izca/k izeq[k gSA
dh rjQ tkrk FkkA nwljk ekxZ ckxhnkSjk] dq'kyx<+] jryke] mTtSu] /kkj] ,oa iwoZ o egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk fyf[kr jpuk,
nf{k.k Hkkjr dh rjQ tkrk FkkA ;gk ls nf{k.k&if'pe dh vksj ckxhnkSjk] nkgksn] xks/
egkjk.kk dqaHkk lkfgR; izseh Fks] budk lcls mYys[kuh; xzaFk laxhrjkt gSA
kjk] eksMklk] cM+knS jk gksrk gqvk rVh; canjxkgksa rd tkrk FkkA
laxhrjkt ds vfrfjDr xhr xksfoan dh Vhdk] paMh'krd dh Vhdk] lwM izca/k]
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa vFkwZ.kk dks O;kikfjd dsUnz ds :Ik esa n`f"ViVy ij ykus dkejkt jfrlkj vkfn Hkh izfl gSA
dk dk;Z bfrgkldkj ,p-oh- f=osnh us fd;k gSA mUgksaus dkiZl bULhI'ku bafMdsje
esa okxM ds vfHkys[kksa dk gh ugh oju~ ekyok] xqtjkr ,oa jktLFkku ds vfHkys[kksa (1) laxhrjkt
dk xgu v/;;u fd;k gSA orZeku le; esa vFkwZ.kk ,d thrk tkxrk mnkgj.k gS egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk jfpr laxhr fo"k;d xzaFkksa esa ls loksZRd`"V jpuk laxhrjkt
vFkwZ.kk ij ,-,l-vkbZ- iqjkro foHkkx us bl {ks= dk laj{k.k dj fy;k gS rFkk gSA laxhrjkt xzaFk dh jpuk dqaHkk ds dky esa gh gqbZ gSA laxhrjkt dh jpuk 1509
1970&72 ls MkW- johUnz Mh- i.M~;k ds funsZ'ku esa bl {ks= dh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ gSA13 fo-l- esa fpkkSM+ esa dh xbZA ;g xzaFk 5 mYykl esa caVk gqvk gS & (1) ikB~;jRudks"k
iqjkrkfRod [kqnkbZ ls izkphu uxj ds [k.Mgjksa o efUnjksa dks vfLrRo esa yk;k x;k gSA (2) xhrjRu dks"k (3) ok| jRudks"k (4) u`R; jRu dks"k (5) jl jRudks"kA
blesa djhc 40 iwokZpk;ksZa ds o.kZu feyrs gSaA bu dks"kksa esa ls vkdkj dh n`f"V
lUnHkZ
1- MkW- jfoUnz Mh i.M~;k] jktLFkku dk ,d iqjkrkfRod LFky] 1973
ls ikB~;jRudks"k] lcls NksVk rFkk xhr jRudks"k lcls cM+k gSA izR;sd dks"k pkj&pkj
2- ,p-oh- f=osnh] dkiZl bULhI'ku bafMdsje] i`- 285&89 mYyklksa esa foHkDr gS rFkk izR;sd mYykl dk foHkktu pkj ijh{k.kksa esa fd;k x;k gSA
3- izhriky HkkfV;k] i`- 37 bl izdkj lwpuk xazaFk 80 ijh{k.kksa esa foHkDr gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk dks laxhr ds cM+s&cM+s
4- dsIVu yqokMZ] osLVuZ LVsV (ekyok) xtsfV;j] Hkkx&5] cEcbZ] i`- 236 flkUrksa dk gh Kku ugha Fkk] cfYd og laxhr ds rRo n'kZu ds Kkrk FksA dqaHkk us
5- dsIVu yqokMZ] osLVuZ LVsV (ekyok) xtsfV;j] Hkkx&5] cEcbZ] i`- 236 vius x`ghr Kku o vftZr Kku vk/kkj ij vius xzaFkksa esa laxhr'kkL= ds fofHkUu rF;ksa
6- lqjsUnz vk;Z] jryke ftys ls izkIr f'kykys[k] i-la- 134&136] 1992 dk foospu vius xzaFkksa esa izLrqr fd;k gS tks fo'ks"k ekSfydrk fy, gq, gSA laxhrjkt
7- lqjsUnz vk;Z] jryke ftys ls izkIr f'kykys[k] i-la- 134&136] 1992 esa 'kkL=kFkZZ 'kSyh dk [kqy dj iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
8- ,p-oh- f=osnh] baLhI'ku bafMdsje] Hkkx& lIre] i`- 36&40
9- ,p-oh- f=osnh] baLhI'ku vkWQ n ijekj jkl vkWQ okxaM] Hkkx& izFke] i`- 27&30 (2) xhr&xksfoan dh jfld fiz;k Vhdk
10- ,p-oh- f=osnh] dkiZl baLhI'ku bafMdsje] Hkkx& f}rh; egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk vuqfnr t;nso ds xhrxksfoan dh jfldfiz;k Vhdk cM+h
11- ,p-oh- f=osnh] dkiZl baLhI'ku bafMdsje] Hkkx& f}rh;] i`-286 izfl gSA xhr&xksfoan dh ljl inkoyh esa dkseyre Hkkoksa ls ;qDr jk/kkd`".k ds
12- ,p-oh- f=osnh] dkiZl baLhI'ku bafMdsje] Hkkx& f}rh; la;ksx&fo;ksx ds fofHkUu Hkkoksa dk fp=.k lalkj lkfgR; esa fof'k"V :i ls o.kZuh;
13- MkW- jfoUnz Mh i.M~;k] jktLFkku dk ,d iqjkrkfRod LFky] 1973 gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds v/;;u dk {ks= foLr`r Fkk] og dbZ 'kkL=ksa ds Kkrk FksA
216
xhr&xksfoan dh jfld fiz;k Vhdk esa dbZ txg dbZ dkO;ksa o dfo;ksa dk lanHkZ fn;k (8) ,dfyax egkRe;
x;k gSA izR;sd in ds var esa Nan] vyadkj] y{k.k] jkx] jkfxfu;ka] uk;d] ukf;dk] dqaHkkdkyhu f}rh; izeq[k 'kSo jpuk ,dfyax egkRE; gSA bl xzaFk dh jpuk
o`fr jhfr dk lfoLrkj o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds dky esa gqbZ FkhA jpuk esa dqaHkk ds fy, vk'khoZpu fn, x, gSA
(3) xhr xksfoan dh esokM+h Vhdk ftlesa muds fy, eaxy dkeuk,a dh gqbZ gSA xzaFk dk izkjaHk ,dfyax th ds izkDdF;
esokM+h Hkk"kk esa xhr&xksfoan dh egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds uke ls dbZ Vhdk,a fy[kh ls gksrk gSA izFkek/;k; esa dke/ksuq ds ojnku dk o.kZu gSA nwljs esa bUnz ojnku dk
xbZ gSA tks/kiqj okyh izfr ds var esa ,d yach iz'kfLr nh gqbZ gS] ftudk o.kZu esokM+ o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA rhljs v/;k; esa gkfjr jkf'k dk o.kZu gSA pkSFks v/;k; esa esokM+
ds e/;dkyhu f'kykys[kksa vkSj [;krksa esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk dk izns'kh; rhFkZ;k=k ls izkIr gksus okys Qy dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA ikaposa esa oa'k o.kZu
vykSfdd o.kZu Hkh blesa fn;k x;k gSA mn;iqj okyh izfr esa e/; esa dbZ LFkyksa ij gS tks esokM+ dh bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA blesa miyC/k ,sfrgkfld
egkjk.kk dqaHkk dk mYys[k gSA Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls rqyuk djus ij mn;iqj okyh izfr rF;ksa dh iqf"V vU; ledkyhu lkfgR; L=ksrksa ls Hkh gksrh gSA esokM+ esa miyC/k
egRoiw.kZ d`fr gSA bldh Hkk"kk esa Li"Vr% esokM+h iqV gSA fofHkUu f'kykafdr iz'kfLr;ksa ds 'yksdksa dh iqujko`fr bl xzaFk esa gqbZ gSA bl xzaFk ds
NBs o lkrosa v/;k;ksa esa ,dfyax th Lrqfr ls lacaf/kr 'yksd lfEefyr gSA
(4) p.Mh'krd
(9) laxhr jRukdj dh Vhdk
p.Mh'krd dh Vhdk egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk fojfpr gSA bl Vhdk esa 'kCnksa dks
O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls fl djus esa ikafMR; izn'kZu dh vksj #fp vf/kd jgh gSA bl egkjk.kk dqaHkk us laxhr jRukdj uked lqizfl xzaFk dh Vhdk Hkh dh FkhA
Vhdk dh iz'kfLr esa Hkh Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd buesa inksa dks Li"V djus dh vkSj gh laxhr jRukdj ds ,d ikB dk izdk'ku gqvk] ftlds ifjf'k"V esa ewy xzaFk dh
Vhdkdkj dh #fp jgh gSA ;g paMh'krd Vhdk paMh ds izfr mldh HkfDr ds Vhdkdkjksa dh ukekoyh esa egkjk.kk dqaHkk dk ukeksYys[k gqvkA
QyLo:i dh xbZ gSA bldh iz'kfLr esa Hkh jfld fiz;k Vhdk dh rjg gehj ls ysdj okLRkqdyk dyk fo"k;d lkfgR;
egkjk.kk dqaHkk rd dh oa'kkoyh nh gqbZ gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds dky esa laxhrdyk ds leku okLrqdyk ds laca/k esa Hkh
(5) dkejkt jfrlkj i;kZIr ek=k esa lkfgR; dh jpuk gqbZ FkhA Lo;a dqaHkk dks Hkh bl dyk dk vPNk Kku
;g xzaFk 7 vadksa esa foHkDr gSA izkjaHk esa x.kifr] ckxh'ojh o dkenso dh FkkA
Lrqfr dh xbZ gSA izR;sd vax esa laf{kIr iz'kfLr esa dqaHkk ds fo'ks"k.k ds :i esa fo#n (1) izklkn e.Mu
Hkh fn, gSA ;g xzaFk fo-l- 1518 dks fot;kn'keh dks iw.kZ gqvk FkkA bldk jpukLFky nsoky; fuekZ.k dyk ls lacaf/kr xzaFk izklkn eaMu okLrqdyk ds flkUrksa dh
^dy'kes: nqxZ* vFkkZr~ dqaHkyx<+ gSA chdkusj okys xzaFk dh iz'kfLr vR;ar laf{kIr gSA n`f"V ls ,d viwoZ xzaFk gSA bl xzaFk esa nsoky; fuekZ.k dyk dk foLr`r foospu vkB
blesa gehj ls dqaHkk rd dh oa'kkoyh nh xbZ gSA v/;k;ksa esa fd;k x;k gSA blesa izklknksa ds izdkj] Hkwfe p;u] ewgqrZ] f'kyk] nhokj]
(6) xhr xksfoan }kj] }kj'kkyk] xHkZx`g] flgkalu] f'k[kjksa dk uke vkfn eafnj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dk
egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk xhr xksfoan dh jpuk dh xbZA ;g xzaFk lwM izca/k ds fy, o.kZu foLrkj ls fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr oSjkT;kfn iapfoa'k izdkj ds izklknksa o
iz;qDr gqvk gSA blesa 28 izca/kksa ds cukus dk o.kZu gSA dsljh vkfn iPphl izklknksa dk foLr`r foospu ,d Lora= v/;k; esa fd;k x;k gSA
bl izdkj rkRdkfyu o izkphu nsoky;ksa ds v/;;u dh n`f"V ls izLrqr jpuk vR;ar
(7) lwM&izca/k egRoiw.kZ gSA
blesa jkx&jkfxfu;ksa dks fuf'pr dj fn;k x;k gSA lwM&izca/k dh jpuk dk
(2) jktoYyHk eaMu
mYys[k laxhrjkt ds xhrjRudks'k ds lwM izca/k ijh{k.k esa vkSj dhfrZLraHk iz'kfLr ds
'yksd esa Hkh bldk mYys[k gSA blds vykok egkjk.kk dqaHkk us ok| izca/k ukVd xazaFk izLrqr jpuk esa vkoklh; x`gkas] dwi] okih] rkykc] nqxZ o jktizklknksa ds
o f'kYi 'kkL=h; xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA fuekZ.k ls lacaf/kr ckrksa dk foLr`r foospu gqvk gSA blesa x`gksa ds vkdkj&izdkj o
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'kk[kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd, oxhZdj.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd rRdkyhu lekt esa foLr`r :i ls fn;k x;k gSA dqaHkk okLrqdyk o LFkkiR;dyk dk eeZK FkkA
fdl&fdl izdkj ds Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA bl xzaFk ls ijaijkxr egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds vkJ; esa ys[ku
uxj&;kstuk dk Hkh Kku izkIr gksrk gSA pkSng v/;k;ksa esa fuc ;g xzaFk okLrqdyk dh
egkjk.kk dqaHkk gh ,sls 'kkld Fks] tks Lo;a laLd`r ds fo}ku o Kkrk Fks vkSj
n`f"V ls vR;ar mi;ksxh gS o rkRdkfyu fofo/k izdkj ds Hkouksa ds laca/k esa foLr`r
dbZ lkfgR;dkjksa ds vkJ;nkrk Hkh FksA muds vkfJr fo}kuksa esa dUgO;kl] egs'kHk]
tkudkjh nsrk gSA
lw=/kkj] eaMu laLd`r ds egku~ fo}ku FksA
(3) okLrq lkj eaMu (1) dfo egs'k
eaMu dk okLRkqdyk fo"k;d r`rh; xzaFk okLrqlkj eaMu gSA bl jpuk esa vk; egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds le; dfo vf= us dhfrZLraHk iz'kfLr dh jpuk djuk izkjaHk
rRo dk foLr`r foospu gqvk gSA dh Fkh] ysfdu budh 'kh?kz gh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj blh dkj.k buds iq= egs'k us bls iw.kZ
okLrqfo"k;d vU; xzaFk dh FkhA ;g cgqr fo}ku FksA jk.kk dqaHkk us bls lksus dh MaMh okys 2 paoj o 1 N=
bl dky ds loksZRd`"V okLrqfon~ o okLrq foospd lw=/kkj eaMu gh FksA eaMu fn;kA dfo egs'k dqaHkk ds i'pkr Hkh thfor jgsA budh cukbZ gqbZ iz'kfLr;ksa dk
ds vuqt ukFkk us ôkLrq eatjh* uked xzaFk dh jpuk dhA blh izdkj eaMu ds T;s"B lfoLrkj v/;;u djus ls ;g fl gksrk gS fd dfo dh n`f"V cM+h lw{e FkhA
iq= xksfoan us mkj&/kkj.kh] dyk&fuf/k o }kj nhfidk uked rhu xzaFkksa dk iz.k;u dhfrZLraHk iz'kfLr esa mlus dqN frfFk;ka Hkh nh gSA ;Fkk & dhfrZLraHk ds fuekZ.k dh
fd;k FkkA fof/k] vpyx<+ ds fuekZ.k dh fof/k] dqaHkyx<+ ds fuekZ.k dh fof/k vkfnA budh
iz'kfLr;ksa esa vfr'k;ksfDr ;qDr o.kZu vis{kkd`r de gSA
(4) izfrek dyk fo"k;d lkfgR;
okLrqfon~ eaMu ds okLrqdyk ds lkFk&lkFk izfrek fuekZ.k dyk dk foospu (2) dUgO;kl
djus ds fy, Lora= xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA eaMu us viuh bl {ks=h; Kku xfjek dk ,dfyax egkRE; cM+k izfl gSA blesa egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds fy, orZeku dkyhu
ifjp; viuh nks jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k gSA f;kvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vk'khokZnkRed opu Hkh ns j[ks gSA ;g NksVk lk xzaFk
gS] ftlesa dqy 55 i= gSA jk.kk dqaHkk ds o.kZu ds 'yksd 141 ls 203 rd of.kZr gSA
(5) :ikorkj dk nsork ewfrZ izdj.k blesa dfo us vf/kdka'k 'yksdksa dks laxzfgr fd;k gSA dUgO;kl us egkjk.kk dqaHkk dh
izLrqr jpuk esa izfrek&fuekZ.k] izfrek LFkkiu vkfn fo"k;ksa dk foospu fd;k vkKk ls gh bldh jpuk dqaHkyx<+ esa izkjaHkA
x;k gSA blesa fganw /keZ ds izk;% lHkh nsorkvksa o mud fofo/k :iksa ij foLrkj ls
izdk'k Mkyk x;k gS rFkk blh izdkj tSu izfrekvksa dk o ;{k ;f{kf.k;ksa dh izfrekvksa tSu lkfgR; % 'osrkcaj laiznk; dk lkfgR;
dk foLr`r foospu fd;k x;k gSA bl n`f"V ls bls fgUnw o tSu izfrekvksa dk egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds dky esa 'osrkEcj laiznk; ds vusd izfrf"Br lk/kqvksa us
fo'odks"k dgk tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj vkB v/;k;ksa esa fuc izLrqr jpuk viuh ljl jpukvksa }kjk lkfgR; HkaMkj esa o`f dhA 'osrkacj laiznk; esa ;gka rikxPN
rkRdkfyu izfrek fuekZ.k dyk dh foLr`r tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA bl xzaFk ds ek/ o [kjrjxPN dk fo'ks"k izHkko jgkA
;e ls rRdkyhu izfrekvksa dk v/;;u vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA rikxPNh; lkfgR;
(6) :ieaMu (1) lksenso & lksenso vkpk;Z lkse lqanj ds f'k"; FksA j.kdiqj tSu eafnj
eaMu dh ewfrZdyk fo"k;d nwljk xzaFk :i eaMu gS] ftldh fo"k; lkexzh dh izfr"Bk ds volj ij lksenso dks okpd dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA
'k"Vk/;k;ksa esa foHkDr gSA nsork ewfrZ izdk.k ds leku blesa Hkh fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa lkse lkSHkkX; dkO; ls Kkr gksrk gS fd egkjk.kk dqaHkk budh dkO; dyk ls vR;ar
ds fofHkUu Lo:i dk foLr`r foospu miyC/k gksrk gSA ftu izfrekvksa ds mijkar xzaFk izHkkfor FksA egkjk.kk dqaHkk Hkh bUgsa vR;f/kd vknj nsrs FksA
ds var esa rksj.kksa dk foLrkj ls fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA nsork ewfrZ izdj.k vkSj :i eaMu (2) t;'ks[kj lwjh & egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds dky esa bUgksaus xPNkpkj uked xzaFk
esa xzaFkksa esa ewfrZ;k cukrs le; fdu fu;eksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, bldk fooj.k dk iz.k;u fd;k FkkA bl xzaFk dh jpuk gqcM+ tkrh; Js"Bh fla?kk us djokbZ FkhA
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t;'ks[kj lqjh dh dbZ jpuk,a feyh gSA fnxEcj tSu lkfgR;

(3) ftug"kZ xf.k & ftu g"kZ xf.k Hkh bl dky ds Js"B lkfgR;dkj FksA (1) ldydhfrZ & egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds le; ldydhfrZ o HkqoudhfrZ gq,A
ftldh jpuk] okLrqiky pfjr dk tSu lkfgR; esa fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA blds buesa ldydhfrZ laLd`r izkd`r o jktLFkkuh ds vPNs iafMr FksA ;g Nan'kkL= ds Hkh
vfrfjDr buds }kjk vU; xzaFk Hkh ^je.k lsgjh dgk* tks dqaHkk ds dky esa jpk x;kA Kkrk FksA bUgksaus 28 xzaFk laLd`r ds vkSj 6 xzaFk jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks gaSA laLd`r ds
(4) jRu 'ks[kj & jRu 'ks[kj }kjk jfpr xzaFkksa esa Jk izfre.k o`fr Jk o`fr xzaFkksa esa vkfniqjk.k mkjiqjk.k] 'kkafrukFk pfj=] oZeku pfj=] efYyukFk pfj=] ;'kks/
& lw=o`fr vkpkj iznhi vkfn dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA kj pfj=] /kU;dqekj pfj=] lqdqekypfj=] vkxelkj] Jhikypfj= vkfn gSA jktLFkkuh
esa vkjk/kuk izfrcks/klkj] useh'ojxhr] eqDrkoyh xhr vkfn gSA
(5) ekf.kD; jRu xf.k & ;g eqfu lqanj ds f'k"; Fks] bUgksaus laor~ 1501 esa
Hko&Hkkouk ckykocksFk xzaFk dh jpuk dh FkhA tSu lkfgR; esa fo'ks"k :i ls rikxPNh; (2) HkqoudhfrZ &HkqoudhfrZ Hkh laLd`r] izkd`r o jktLFkkuh ds vPNs fo}ku
Fks ,oa 'kkL=kFkZ djus esa cM+s dq'ky FksA buds }kjk fojfpr xzaFk jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ds
o [kjrj xPNs; lk/kqvksa }kjk lajfpr lkfgR; gSA
feyrs gaAS buesa usehjktqyxhr] thoa/kjjkl] tEcwLokeh jkl] dykorh pfj= vkfn gSA
(6) lkse lqanj & rikxPNh; Fks] ml ;qx ds egku~ vkpk;Z FksA budk ;qx lkse budh f'k"; ijaijk esa Kku Hkw"k.k gq, tks Hkh cgqr fo}ku gq,A
lqanj ;qx dgykrk gS o mUgsa ;qx iz/kku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lkse }kjk fojfpr lkse
(3) czk ftu nkl & egkjk.kk dqaHkk ds ledkyhu ,d vU; fnaxcj vkpk;Z
lkSHkkX; dkO; esa budh thouh dk lfoLrkj o.kZu gSA buds fy[ks gq, & Hkk";k;pwf.kZ]
czk ftu nkl FksA ldydhfrZ ds leku czk ftu nkl dk Hkh esokM+] okxM+ rFkk
dY;k.kdLro] jRudks'k] mins'kckykocks/k] ;ksx'kkL= ckykocks/k] 'kMko';d
xqtjkr esa vPNk izHkko FkkA lkfgR; lk/kuk Hkh mPp dksfV dh FkhA budh 60 ls vf/
ckykocks/k] Hkk";=; vopwfj dY;k.k L=ksr 'kf"B 'krd ckykocks/k vkjk/kuk irkdk kd jpuk,a feyh gSA bUgksaus iqjk.k dkO; pfj= dks viuh lkfgR; lk/kuk dk vk/kkj
ckykocks/k vkfn eq[; xzaFk gSA mins'k ckykocks/k esa lnkpkj laca/kh mins'kksa dk laxzg cuk;kA budh jpukvksa esa jkl lkfgR; vf/kd ek=k esa miyC/k gksrk gSA buds }kjk
gSA NksVs&NksVs n`"Vkarksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;ksx 'kkL= esa ;ksx Lo:i mldh fyf[kr jklksa esa ls jkejklksa dks fo'ks"k yksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZ gSA
efgek egkRE; 5 egkozr o mldh Hkkouk vkfn dk o.kZu gSA
lUnHkZ
(7) eqfu lqanj & buds fojfpr xzaFkksa esa v/;kRed dYinzqe eq[; gSA blds
1- vlkok xkSjh'kadj] iUnzgoha 'krkCnh dk esokM+] fizUVoSy ifCyds'klZ] t;iqj 1986
vfrfjDr buds vU; xzaFk f=n'kfrjaxf.k] mins'k jRukdkj] L=ksr jRudks"k fe=prq"Vd] 2- mTtoy Bk- dSyk'knku] egkjk.kk] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj ]tks/kiqj] 1997
'kkafrdjL=ksr] ikf{kdkflrjh] vaxy q hflrjh] ouLifr flrjh] rikxPN ikoyh] 'kkafrjl 3- xqIrk ds-,l- ,oa vks>k ts-ds-] dqaHkk ls lokbZ t;flagdkyhu bfrgkl] f'kok ifCy'klZ o
jkl vkfn gSA ;s laLd`r Hkk"kk ds vf}rh; fo}ku FksA fMLVhC;wVLkZ] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k
(8) pfj= jRuxf.k & pfj= jRuxf.k us egkohj tSu eafnj fpkkSM+ fLFkr dh 4- eaxy] rkjk] egkjk.kk dqaHkk dk dky] laiknu jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] izFke laLdj.k]
iz'kfLr dh jpuk dh gSA esokM+ dk HkkSxksfyd o.kZu jktoa'k o.kZu o dqaHkk dk o.kZu 1984
5- 'kkjnk] gjfoykkl] egkjk.kk dqaHkk] oSfnd ;a=ky; vtesj] f}rh; laLdj.k 1932
cM+h Js"Brk ls fd;k gSA o.kZu 'kSyh Hkh Js"Brk fy, gSA dbZZ fo'ks"k.k o vyadkjksa 6- 'kekZ] izseyrk] laikfndk] laxhrjkt (dqEHkd.kZ)] Hkkx &1] usiky jkT; laLd`r xzUFkekyk
dh izkpq;Zrk budh 'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk gSA &5] fgUnw fofo ifCyds'ku 1963
(9) jRueafnj xf.k & jRueafnj xf.k Hkh dqqaHkk ds lelkef;d FksA buds fy[ks 7- 'kekZ] izseyrk] laikfndk] ,dfyax egkRE; (dkUgk O;kl)] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl fnYyh
mins'k rjafxuh o Hkkst izca/k 2 xzaFk feys gSaA Hkkst izca/k dk o.kZu dkQh foLr`r gSA 1976
8- lksekuh] jkeoYyHk] egkjk.kk dqHakk] izdk'kd Jh nsosUnzflag xgyksr] fgUnh lkfgR; eafnj
[kjrjxPN vkpk;Z tks/kiqj] izFke laLdj.k 1968
[kjrjxPN esa dbZ vkpk;Z gq, gS] ftuesa ftujkt] ftuo/kZu] ftupUnz ftu 9- lksekuh] jkeoYyHk] fgLVh vkQW esokM+] ekrs'ojh izdk'ku] xaxkiqj] 1976
lkxj vkSj ftu lqanj ds uke gSA [kjrjxPN ds vkpk;ksZa esa ftulkxj lwjh cM+s fo[;kr 10- JhokLro] cyjke] #ieaMu] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fo-la- 2021
FksA
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eafnj dh lekt&lTtk dk izca/k fd;k x;k rFkk ta?kk Hkkx ij pf.Mdk] 'khryk]
lfPpdk] {kseadjh vkSj {ks=iky dh ewfrZ;ka LFkkfir djokbZ xbZA4 lfPp;k; ekrk ds
laca/k esa fo}kuksa esa er erkUrj gSA ,e-,- <kdh ds vuqlkj lfp;k nsoh dk ewy
vksfl;ka ds eafnjksa esa lajf{kr Lo:i lkSE; :ik {kseadjh dk FkkA5 vkBoha 'krh bZ- dk nsoh dk ewy eafnj orZeku esa
/kkfeZd leUo; dh ijEijk ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA eafnj ifjlj esa iM+h ,d nsoh ewfrZ dh igpku lfp;k nsoh dh
MkW- rstsUnz oYyHk O;kl ewy izfrek ls dh xbZ gSA fdUrq fofHkUu ijaijkvksa vkSj vU; {ks=ksa ls izkIr lfPpdk
dh nwljh izfrekvksa ls Li"V gS fd lfp;k nsoh ds :i esa oLrqr% efg"kklqjefnZuh gh
iwftr FkhA6 orZeku esa Hkh lfp;k ekrk eafnj ds xHkZx`g esa efg"kklqjefnZuh dh gh
vksfl;ka tks/kiqj ds nf{k.k if'pe esa 57 fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gSA izkphu
izfrek izfrf"Br gSA
le; esa ;g mids'kiqj ;k mds'k1 ds uke ls fo[;kr FkkA vkBoha vkSj ukSoha 'krkCnh ds
e/; ;g fgUnw HkDrksa dk izeq[k rhFkZ Fkk] tSlk fd ;gka ds lkSj] oS".ko] 'kSo ,oa 'kkDr czk.k ,oa tSu /keks ds e/; leUo; dh Hkkouk rhFkdj ewfrZ;ksa ds czk.k
eafnjksa ls izekf.kr gksrk gSA ijorhZ dky esa tSu dsUnz cu tkus ij Hkh2 lfPp;k; ekrk eafnjksa ij mRdh.kZu ls Hkh mn~?kkfVr gksrk gSA vksfl;ka esa gfjgj eafnj&1 rFkk lw;Z
eafnj ds dkj.k] tks fd efg"kklqjefnZuh dk gh ukekUrj gS] vksfl;ka fgUnw HkDrksa ds eafnj&3 ij rhFkdjksa dh ewfrZ;ka mRdh.kZ dh xbZ izkIr gksrh gSaA egkohj tSu eafnj rFkk
vkd"kZ.k dk izeq[k dsUnz cuk jgkA lkr tSu dqfydk,a vksfl;ka esa tgka tSu /keZ ds fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa ;Fkk&oS".ko] 'kSo]
'kkDr ,oa lkSj dks lefiZr efUnj ,oa mu ij mRdh.kZ izHkwr nso&ewfrZ;ka] bu lEiznk;ksa
vksfl;ka dh /kkfeZd i`"BHkwfe ds iwtu ijaijk ,oa mudh yksdfiz;rk dh lk{kh gSA iapnsoksikluk ifr dh LekrZ
/kkfeZd ,oa lkaLd`frd xfrfo/k;ksa ds dkj.k vksfl;ka lEiw.kZ jktLFkku esa ijaijk esa fufeZr iapk;ru 'kSyh (iapk;ru iwtk iajijk ds vuqlkj fo".kq] f'ko] lw;Z]
lqfo[;kr jgk gSA izfrgkjksa ,oa pkgekuksa ds dky esa bl {ks= esa czk.k ,oa tSu /keks ds 'kfDr ,oa x.ks'k vkfn iap nsoksa dh iwtk ,d gh eafnj esa gksrh Fkh)7 ds nks eafnj
fodkl dk vf/kd volj izkIr gqvkA czk.k rFkk tSu /keZ dk vksfl;ka esa lkFk&lkFk (gfjgj eafnj) loZ/keZ leUo; dk izrhd gSA blh ifjizs{; esa vksfl;ka dh la?kkV
izHkko'kkyh gksuk /keZ leUo; dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA vkBoha ls ckjgoha 'krh bZ- ds ewfrZ;ka Hkh mYys[k djus ;ksX; gS] ftuesa f'ko&fo".kq dh gfjgj] f'ko&ikoZrh dh
e/; ds czk.k rFkk tSu eafnj vksfl;ka ds leUo;kRed Lo:i dks mtkxj djrs gSaA v/kZukjh'oj rFkk gfjgj fgj.;xHkZ Lo:iksa dh la?kkV ;k la;qDr ewfrZ;ka fofHkUu
/kkfeZd leUo; ,oa lfg".kqrk Hkkjrh; lkaLfrd ijaijk (Cultural Heritage) dk lEiznk;ksa ds e/; lkSeuL;rk dh rRdkyhu Hkkouk dks izdV djrs gSaA ;|fi vksfl;ka
vfHkUu vax jgk gSA bldk lk{kkr n'kZu vksfl;ka ds fofHkUu /keks ,oa lEiznk;ksa ls esa x.ks'k dks lefiZr ,d Hkh eafnj ugha gS] fdUrq fdlh ,d nsork dh lokZf/kd
lacaf/kr efUnjksa rFkk ewfrZdyk esa izkIr gksrk gSA lfPp;k;ekrk dks pf.Mdk dk Lo:i ewfrZ;ksa esa x.ks'k dh lcls vf/kd ewfrZ;ka rFkk izeq[krk ds lkFk eafnjksa ij mudk vadu
ekuk x;k gSA [kjrjxPN&o`gn~xqokZoyh eas pkeq.Mk nsoh ds vfgald vkSj jkSnz ls lkSE; x.ks'k iwtu dh yksdfiz;rk dk ladsr nsrk gSA
Lo:i esa ifjofrZr gksus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA3 bl izdkj mijksDr ijaijk ls vksfl;ka vksfl;ka ds fofHkUu eafnjksa ds xHkZx`gksa esa ewy&uk;d dh izfrekvksa ds u gksus
esa czk.k rFkk tSu /keZ ds ijLij leUo;kRed laca/kksa ,oa ;gka ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk ls eafnjksa ds lEiznk; leiZ.k ds ckjs esa fuf'pr izek.k izkIr ugha gksrs] fdUrq eafnjksa ds
'kfDr iwtu ,oa tSu /keZ ds izfr vkLFkk dh lwpuk feyrh gSA bl n`f"V ls vksfl;ka ds i`"BHkkx dh HknzjfFkdkvksa vFkok Hknzkvksa esa LFkkfir nsoewfrZ;kas ls lEiznk; leiZ.k dk
egkohj efUnj ,oa lfPp;k; ekrk efUnj egRoiw.kZ gS] tks iwoZ ijaijk dks iq"V djrs gSaA ladsr feyrk gSA vksfl;ka ds vf/kdka'k eafnjksa ij yykV fcEc esa x#M+ ds vadu ls
egkohj efUnj ds fo-l-a 1013 (956 bZ-) ds iz'kfLr ys[k esa bl eafnj ds eafnjksa ds oS".ko /keZ ls lacaf/kr gksus dk lansg mRiUu gks ldrk gS] fdUrq yykV esa
izfrgkj 'kkld oRljkt ds dky esa fo|eku gksus dk lanHkZ izkIr gksrk gS] ftlesa x#M+ dk vadu oLrqr% vksfl;ka ds eafnjksa dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk jgh gSA blhfy,
dkykUrj esa vkSj ifjorZu ,oa ifjoZu gqvkA aph igkM+h ij fLFkr lfPp;k; ekrk eafnjksa ds lEiznk; leiZ.k ds ladsr gsrq ihNs dh HknzjfFkdk dh ewfrZ dks vk/kkj cukuk
ds eafnj dk fuekZ.k ewyr% vkBoha 'krh dk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA bldk Hkh dbZ ckj gh mfpr gSA dsoy nks 'kkDr eafnjksa&ihiyk nsoh ,oa lfPp;k; ekrk ds xHkZx`gksa esa
th.kksZkj gqvk gSA 1177 bZ- ds ,d vfHkys[k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd /kuifr x;kiky }kjk efg"kklqjefnZuh nqxkZ dh izfrek,a gSaA8
220
oS".ko /keZ ls lacaf/kr N% eafnj gSa tks fo".kq dh lokZf/kd yksdfiz;rk tUe ls pk.kwj&eqf"Vd ;q vksj cyjke ds lwryksge"kZ.k o/k ds izlax gSA vksfl;ka eas
izekf.kr djrs gSaA fo".kq dh LFkkud] vklu ,oa 'k;u ewfrZ;ka feyh gSa] ftuesa fo".kq czk] pUnz] uoxzg] v"V fnd~iky ,oa xaxk&;equk dk Hkh vusd= vadu gqvk gS] tks
ds pkj izeq[k vorkjksa&ojkg] u`flag] f=foe rFkk cyjke dk izeq[krk ds lkFk muds iwtu dh ijaijk ds lk{kh gSaA
fu:i.k gqvk gSA x#M+okgh cyjke dk vadu ikapjk= flkUr ds izHkko esa fd;k x;k izfrek foKku dh n`f"V ls vksfl;ka ds eafnjksa dh ewfrZ;ka vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA
izrhr gksrk gSA vksfl;ka esa lkSj lEiznk; (lw;Z eafnj) dh izeq[krk rFkk yksdfiz;rk ;s nso ewfrZ;ka tgka vksfl;ka dh izfrgkj dkyhu /kkfeZd fLFkfr;ksa fo'ks"kdj /keZ
;gka ds rhu lw;Z eafnjksa ls izdV gksrh gS] ftlesa lw;Z dh mnhP;os'k/kkjh izfrek,a leUo;okfnrk dk ifjp; djkrh gS] ogha izfrek'kkL= dh n`f"V ls iwoZorhZ dyk dk
HknzjfFkdkvksa esa mdsjh xbZ gSA lw;Z ds lkFk&lkFk ,d mnkgj.k ;s muds iq= jSor vkSj fodkl Hkh n'kkZrh gSA buesa ekSfydrk] Hkko laizs"k.k rFkk ijorhZ ewfrZdyk ,oa
euq dh ewfrZ;ka Hkh cuh gSA jSor dh pkj izfrek,a feyrh gSA lw;Z ds lkFk x.ks'k ,oa izfrek'kkL= dk fodkl Hkh izfrfcfEcr gSA vksfl;ka ds dyk dh fojklr dh rqyuk
efg"kklqjefnZuh dk lekukUrj vadu vksfl;ka ds dbZ eafnjksa ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tks ;gka iwoZorhZ xqIrdkyhu dyk ,oa Hkqous'oj] ,yksjk] [ktqjkgks tSls ijorhZ dyk dsUnzksa ls
efg"kklqjefnZuh&lw;Z&x.ks'k dh nso=;h dh fo'ks"k iwtu ijEijk dk |ksrd gSA dh tk ldrh gSA
ijorhZ eafnjksa ij lw;Z izfrekvksa dh vuqifLFkfr bl ckr dk ladsr gS fd lw;Z iwtk vc vksfl;ka ds eafnjksa esa czk.k /keZ ds fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa dk fofo/krkiw.kZ
de gks pyh FkhA ijorhZ fo".kq eafnjksa ij lw;Z dks czk] fo".kq ,ao f'ko ds lkFk gfjgj fu:i.k gqvk gSA izfrek yk{kf.kd fodkl dh n`f"V ls dyk dsUnz dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku
fgj.;xHkZ ewfrZ :i esa gh fn[kk;k x;k gSA jgk gSA ijorhZ pUnsy dyk dsUnz [ktqjkgks dh nso&ewfrZ;ksa esa Li"Vr% vksfl;ka dh
'kfDr Lo:iksa esa efg"kklqjefnZuh nqxkZ lokZf/kd yksdfiz; FkhA vkBoha ls nso&ewfrZ;ksa dk ijorhZ fodkl fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vksfl;ka ds czk.k ,oa tSu eafnj
ckjgoha 'krh bZ- ds vf/kdka'k eafnjksa (gfjgj] lw;Z ,oa 'kkDr) ij nsoh dk ;gh :i rRdkyhu /kkfeZd leUo;oknh n`f"Vdks.k dks Hkh izdV djrs gSaA blh e esa gfjgj
vfHkO;Dr gqvk gSA lfp;k ekrk ,oa ihiyk nsoh :iksa esa efg"kklqjefnZuh dh gh eafnj&11 ,oa 2 ds iapk;ru 'kSyh ds eafnjksa ds mnkgj.k ijorhZ dyk dsUnz [ktqjkgks
vkd`fr;ka cuh gSa tks LFkkuh; tuksa dh vkjk/; nsoh gSA vksfl;ka esa x.ks'k] xty{eh esa Hkh nz"VO; gSA
,oa dqcsj dk vadu Hkh feyrk gSA ijorhZ eafnjksa esa lIrekr`dk iwtu ijEijk dk Hkh vksfl;ka eafnjksa esa tkxrh] vf/k"Bku] ta?kk] d.B] 'kqduklk] izos'k}kj rFkk
fo'ks"k LFkku fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA f'k[kj vkfn Hkkxksa ij fofHkUu izdkj ds vyadj.k vkSj ewfrZ lTtk nz"VO; gSA bu
vksfl;ka esa fo".kq dh vis{kk f'ko ewfrZ;ka de gSaA ;|fi f'ko dks lefiZr nks eafnjksa dh lEiznk; fo'ks"k ls lacrk eafnj dh i`"B HknzjfFkdk dh nso efrZ;kas ds vk/
eafnj gSa] fdUrq f'ko dh ewfrZ;ksa dh la[;k vR;Ur vYi gS] ftuesa f'ko ds dsoy dqN kkj ij tkuh tk ldrh gSA bu eafnjksa esa 'kSo&oS".ko] 'kkDr] lEiznk;ksa ds eafnj feyrs
lkSE; Lo:iksa dk gh vadu gqvk gSA mxz :i dk iwtu ugha feyrkA fyax&iwtu ijaijk gSaA tSu eafnjksa esa Hkh czk.k nsoh&nsorkvksa dk vadu ml dky fo'ks"k ds /kkfeZd
ds mnkgj.k Hkh feyrs gSaA f'ko dh lkSE; ewfrZ;ksa esa ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ij vk/kkfjr ln~Hkko ,oa leUo; dk ladsr gSA
fo"k;ksa esa ls dsoy jko.k&vuqxzg fo"k; gh jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk esa izpqjrk ls izkIr oS".ko ewfrZ;ka
gksrk gSA ftu ewfrZ;ksa dk dksbZ ikSjkf.kd vk/kkj ugha gS] muesa mek&egs'oj rFkk vksfl;ka esa oS".ko lEiznk; dk opZLo FkkA Qyr% eafnjksa ij fo".kq vkSj muds
dY;k.k&lqUnj fo"k; jktLFkku esa izpqjrk esa miyC/k gksrs gSaA9
fofHkUu Lo:iksa dks izeq[krk ds lkFk :ik;r fd;k x;kA lkFk gh /kkfeZd leUo; ,oa
mkj Hkkjr esa izfrekfoKku y{k.k xzUFkksa esa Hkh vU; lkSE; ewfrZ;ksa dk dksbZ mnkjoknh Hkkjrh; ijEijk ds vuq:i lw;Z] f'ko] x.ks'k ,oa 'kfDr ds fofHkUu :iksa dh
mYys[k ugha feyrkA :ie.Mu dsoy mek&ekgs'oj ewfrZ dk /;ku izLrqr djrk gSA10 Hkh izfrek,a cuhaA bl n`f"V ls ;gka dh gfjgj] v/kZukjh'oj rFkk gfjgj fgj.;xHkZ
blh izdkj fo".kq/keksZkj iqjk.k Jh f'ko ds ekuo :iksa esa egknso]11 xkSj'kadj]12 tSlh la;qDr izfrek,a fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ gSaA buds vfrfjDr vksfl;ka esa jsoUr] czk]
mek&ekgs'oj13 rFkk HkSjo egkdky :i14 dk mYys[k djrk gSA dkfrZds;] v"V&fnDiky] uoxzg ,oa xaxk&;equk vkfn dh Hkh i;kZIr ewfrZ;ka gSaA
oS".ko /keZ dh iz/kkurk ds dkj.k vksfl;ka ds eafnjksa ij d`".k dh cky pUnz] 'khryk] kàxkj nqxkZ] n'kekr`dk (u`R;jr) lewg] euq(\)] ujukjk;.k]
yhykvksa dk foLrkjiwoZd vadu gqvk gSA 6 eafnjksa (3 gfjgj] 2 fo".kq ,oa lw;Z cyjke&jsorh ,oa x#M+okgh cyjke] {ks=iky rFkk ;ksxukjk;.k Lo:i vksfl;ka dh
eafnj) ij d`".k dh cky&yhykvksa dk vadu izeq[krk ds lkFk gqvk gS] ftuesa d`".k nsoewfrZ;ksa esa fof'k"V vkSj fojy Lo:iksa ds n'kZu djkrs gSaA ikSjkf.kd dFkkudksa esa
221
d`".kyhyk dk foLrkje; vadu Hkh mYys[kuh; gS ftldk lekukUrj mnkgj.k fo"k; ds vfrfjDr lw;Z eafnjksa ij nsoh dh ewfrZ izk;% mkjh ta?kk ij fu;ksftr :i esa cuh gSaA
,oa fu:i.k dh fofo/krk dh n`f"V ls vU;= dgha ugha feyrkA izR;kyh<+ eqnzk esa nsoh ds prqHkqZt Lo:i esa [kM+x] f='kwy] ?kaVk rFkk efg"k dh iwaN
;gka fo".kq ds lokZf/kd 5 eafnj gSA fo".kq ds ,dy Lo:i dh LFkkud] iznf'kZr gS] tcfd vU; Lo:iksa (v"VHkqth] }kn'kHkqth) esa p] /kuq"k] ck.k] niZ.k]
vklu ,oa 'k;u izfrek,a dsoy izkjafHkd nks eafnjksa ij gh izeq[krk ls mdsjh gSA fo".kq [ksrd vkfn Hkh iznf'kZr gSA y{eh dk dsoy xty{eh Lo:i gh yksdfiz; Fkk
ds lkFk prqHkZqt esa izeq[k y{k.kksa esa vHk;eqnzk xnk] p ,oa 'ka[k iznf'kZr gSA fo".kq ds ftldk vadu izkjafHkd eafnjksa ij gh gqvk gSA nks vFkok pkj xtksa ls vadsf"kDr y{eh
n'kkorkj Lo:iksa esa pkj vorkjksa&ojkg] u`flag] f=foe rFkk cyjke dk gh fu:i.k f}Hkqtk rFkk vklhu gSA dHkh dHkh xty{eh ds ik'oks esa x.ks'k ,oa dqcsj dk
gqvk gSA vorkj ewfrZ;ka vkBoha ls 12oha 'krh bZ- ds fofHkUu eafnjksa ij vafdr gS] ij fu:i.k y{eh ds lkFk muds ikjEifjd lEcU/kksa dk f'kYikadu vkSj nsoh ds fo'ks"k
cyjke dsoy izkjafHkd eafnjksa ij gh fu:i.k gSA vU; dykLFkyksa dh vis{kk vksfl;ka egRo dk ifjpk;d gSA edjokfguh xaxk ,oa dweZokfguh ;equk dh euksK ewfrZ;ka
esa cyjke dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;kA ,d pkSeq[kh LrEHk (750&775 bZ-) ij lkekU;r;k eafnjksa ds izos'k }kjksa ds isM ;k Hkkx ij cuh gS] fdUrq ijorhZ eafnjksa ij
fo".kq] lw;Z ,oa x.ks'k ds lkFk cyjke dk fu:i.k muds egRo dks mtkxj djrk gSA budk vHkko /;krO; gSA vksfl;ka esa lIrekr`dkvksa dk vadu dsoy ijorhZ eafnjksa
(10oha & 12oha 'krh bZ-) ij gqvk gSA lIrekr`dkvksa ds vadu esa fofo/krk fn[kkbZ
'kSo ewfrZ;ka nsrh gSA
fo".kq dh rqyuk esa f'ko dh ewfrZ;ka la[;k vkSj Lo:i nksuksa gh n`f"V;ksa ls
vR;Yi gSA f'ko dks lefiZr ;gka dsoy nks eafnj gSA f'ko eafnj&1 ds xHkZx`g esa
lw;Z ewfrZ;ka
f'kofyax (,deq[k) LFkkfir gS rFkk ijorhZ fo".kq eafnj&3 ,oa 5 ij fyax iwtu ds fo".kq vkSj 'kfDr ds i'pkr~ vksfl;ka esa lw;Z dh lokZf/kd ewfrZ;ka feyh gSaA
lw;Z ds rhu eafnjksa vkSj mudh dbZ izfrekvksa ls vksfl;ka esa lw;Z iwtk dh yksdfiz;rk
n`'; gSA f'ko dh ,dy ewfrZ;ka dk ,d Hkh mnkgj.k eafnjksa dh HknzjfFkdkvksa esa ugha
Li"V gSA lw;Z eafnj ,oa lw;Z dh Lora= ewfrZ;ka dsoy izkjafHkd dky esa gh cuhA
cuk gS tks fo".kq vkSj f'ko ds vksfl;ka esa liksf{kd egRo dk lwpd gSA dqN NksVh
ijorhZ eafnjksa ij lw;Z dks uoxzg lewg ,oa la;qDr izfrek esa gh LFkku feykA ;|fi
ewfrZ;ka mkjax dh :iifdk esa nso lewg ds vUrxZr mdsjh gSaA ijorhZ eafnjksa ij
vksfl;ka esa ,d Hkh x.ks'k eafnj ugha gS fdUrq eafnjksa ij x.ks'k dk cgqfo/k ,oa izeq[krk
mekegs'oj Lo:i dh euksgkjh ewfrZ;ka vafdr gSa] ftuesa f'ko ifjokj ds x.ks'k ,oa
ds lkFk vadu gqvk gSA ,d gh nsork dh lokZf/kd ewfrZ la[;k dh n`f"V ls x.ks'k dh
dkfrZds; dks Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS] ftldh ijEijk [ktqjkgks] Hkqous'oj ,oa
lokZf/kd ewfrZ;ka gSaA x.ks'k dks LFkkud] vklu rFkk u`R; rhuksa Lo:iksa esa fu:fir
okjk.klh ds dnZes'oj eafnjksa esa Hkh feyrh gSA mek&egs'oj dh vklhu ewfrZ;ka
fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa vklu rFkk u`R; ewfrZ;ka vf/kd gSA x.ks'k dh ewfrZ;ka fo".kq
izkjafHkd eafnjksa ij gSA o`"kHk okgu okys f'ko ds rhu gkFkksa esa lkekU;r% vHk; f='kwy]
eafnj&3 ds vfrfjDr lHkh eafnjksa ij gS rFkk mudk vadu eafnj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ij
liZ ;k de.Myq gS vkSj ,d gkFk vkfyaxu eqnzk esa gSA vksfl;ka dh f'ko ewfrZ;ka esa
gqvk gSA x.ks'k dks dqcsj ds lkFk rFkk lw;Z vkSj efg"kefnZuh ds lkFk lekukUrj :i esa
dgha Hkh f=us= ugha gS] tks muds 'kkUr ;k lkSE; dk fnXn'kZu djkrk gSA ,dy Lo:i
n'kkZ;k x;k gS] tks vksfl;ka dh fof'k"Vrk gSA
ds vfrfjDr f'ko ds uVjkt (2 mnkgj.k)] jk.kkuqxzg] dY;k.klqUnj (1&1 mnkgj.k)]
vksfl;ka esa dkfrZds; dh ewfrZ;ka vR;Yi gSA lkekU;r;k mUgsa mek&egs'oj
HkSjo rFkk ohjHknz Lo:iksa dh ewfrZ;ka cuhA
ewfrZ ds lkFk vFkok f'ko&ikoZrh dh ewfrZ;ksa esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ikjEifjd y{k.kksa
nsoh ewfrZ;ka okys dkfrZds; lEeq[k Hkkx esa rhu eq[kksa okys ("kMkuu dk Hkko) fn[kk;s x;s gSaA
vksfl;ka esa 'kfDr izfrekvksa dk cgqfo/k vadu izkIr gksrk gS] ftlesa lkSE; ,oa vksfl;ka esa czk] pUnz] v"V fnDiky ,oa uoxzgksa dh ewfrZ;ka Hkh i;kZIr la[;k esa cuhA
mxz nksuksa Lo:i dh ewfrZ;ka lfEefyr gSA 'kfDr iwtu dh yksdfiz;rk ds lk{kh ;gka czk vkBoha ls 12oha 'krh bZ- ds eafnjksa ij fu:fir gSaA czk dk fu:i.k ,d fuf'pr
ds ihiyk nsoh rFkk lfPp;k; ekrk eafnj gSA nsoh dh fofo/k ewfrZ;ka xHkZx`g] LFkku dk ladsr nsrk gSA }kj mkjaxksa ij f=nso ds vUrxZr Hkh czk dk vadu gqvk gSA
HknzjfFkdkvksa] izfrjfFkdkvksa] 'kqduklk vkfn Hkkxksa ij mdsjh gSa] tks mudh izfr"Bk dk LFkkud ewfrZ;ka f=eq[k gS tcfd vklhu ewfrZ esa czk ,deq[k gSA izkjEHk esa czk 'eJq
lwpd gSA nsoh ewfrZ;ka vkBoha ls 12oha 'krh bZ- ds vf/kdka'k eafnjksa ij mdsjh gSaA jfgr vkSj r#.k :i esa gS tcfd ijorhZ mnkgj.kksa esa czk 'oJq;qDr gSA izkjafHkd
efg"kklqjefnZuh dks prqHkqZt] v"VHkqth vkSj }kn'kHkqth fn[kk;k x;k gSA 'kkDr eafnjksa mnkgj.kksa esa czk ds lkFk galokgu ugha fn[kk;k x;k gSA
222
bl izdkj fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vksfl;ka ds eafnj LFkkiR; esa

leUo;kRed Lo:i dks mtkxj djrs gSa rFkk /kkfeZd leUo; ,oa lfg".kqrk Hkkjrh;
lkaLd`frd ijEijk dks Li"V djrs gSaA
,sfrgkfld ,dfyaxth dk efUnj vkSj mldk izcU/ku
lUnHkZ
1- ih-lh- ukgj] vfHkys[k la[;k 788 egkohj tSu eafnj (vksfl;ka) ls izkIr] tSu ys[k laxzg]
MkW- fxjh'k ukFk ekFkqj
i`- 192 'yksd 9
2- Mh-vkj- Hk.Mkjdj] VsaiYl vkWQ vksfl;ka] vkfdZ;kykWftdy losZ vkQ bafM;k ,uqvy ,dfyaxth dk ,sfrgkfld efUnj mn;iqj ls 8 fdyksehVj mkj esa jk"Vh;
fjiksVZ&1908&09] i`- 100&101 jktekxZ uEcj 8 ij ,d ladM+s igkM+h ekxZ ij fLFkr gSA1 ,dfyaxth (f'ko) esokM+
3- mids'kxPN iV~Vkoyh la- 1 ,e-Mh- nslkbZ] i`- 2254&55 egkjk.kkvksa ds vkjk/; nso jgsA blh dkj.k LFkkuh; rkez i=ksa] f'kykys[kksa] iV~Vs
4- ih-lh- ukgj] tSu ys[k laxzg] Hkkx 1] dydkk 1918] la[;k 805] i`- 198 ijokuksa vkSj 'kkldh; i= O;ogkj esa ^Jh ,dfyaxth* fy[kk feyrk gSA2
5- ,e-,- <kdh] vkbdksuksxzkQh vkWQ lfPpdk] ckcw NksVsyky tSu Le`fr xzUFk] dydkk] i`-
,dfyaxth dk efUnj yxHkx 50 QhV pk gS bldk O;kl 60 QhV gSA
63&69
6- nsoUs nz gk.Mk] vksfl;ka fgLVh vkfdZ;ksykWth] vkVZ ,.M vkfdZVDs pj] fnYyh 1984] i`- 15&17 ik"kk.k ls fufeZr ;g f'k[kjcan efUnj gSA vkjEHk esa bldk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k
7- uhfyek of'k"B] jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ijEijk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] bldk dksbZ iqjkrkfRod izek.k ugha feyrk gSA ,slh tuJqfr gS fd] loZizFke esokM+ ds
2001] i`- 17 izfl 'kkld ckikjkoy us bldk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA efUnj ds izos'k }kj ij yxh
8- nqxkZuUnu frokjh] vksfl;ka eafnj dh nso ewfrZ;ka] dyk izdk'ku okjk.klh] 1999] i`- 7 f'kyk ,oa jkt?kjkuksa ds futh vfHkys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij bl efUnj ds fuekZ.k dk o"kZ
9- uhfye of'k"B] iwoksZDr] i`- 82 734 bZloha Fkk3] jk.kk jk;ey ds iwoZ efUnj esa fyaxkdkj ewfrZ izfrf"Br Fkh] ckg~;
10- :ie.Mu] v/;k; prqFkZ] 'yksd 27&29 vke.kksa ds le; mls cpkus ds fy, mls bUnz ljksoj rkykc esa Mky nh xbZA jk;ey
11- fo".kq/keksZkj iqjk.k r`rh;] v/;k; 48 us blesa ';ke ik"kk.k dh prqZeq[kh ewfrZ izfrf"Br djokbZA
12- ogh] v/;k; 55
13- gsekfnz] prqoZ.kZ fpUrkef.k] ozr [k.M v/;k; 1] i`- 125] fccfy;ksFksdk bf.Mdk lhjhtA ewfrZ dk if'peh eq[k czk] mkj eq[k fo".kq] iwoZ eq[k lw;Z dk ,oa nf{k.k eq[k
bl lanHkZ esa gsekfnz fo".kq/keksZkj iqjk.k ls mn~/k`r djrs gSaA #nz dk ekudj iwtu dk;Z gksrk jgk gSA ewfrZ ds chp esa apk mBk gqvk Hkkx f'kofyax
gS4 ewfrZ ds pkjksa vksj eq[kksa dh vksj pkj }kj cus gq, gSA iwohZ }kj dh vksj ikoZrh ,oa
fudV esa Jh x.kifr dh ewfrZ;ka cuh gqbZ gSA nf{k.k }kj dh vksj dkfrZds; dh ewfrZ
gSaA iwohZ }kj dh vksj izdk'k vkus ds fy, fnokjksa esa iRFkjksa dh etcwr tkfy;ka yxh
gqbZ gSA eq[; ewfrZ ds ikl ;equk vkSj ljLorh dh ewfrZ;ka ns[kus dks feyrh gSA fut
efUnj ds vUnj okys }kj ij pkanh ds fdokM+ksa ij lqUnj csycqaVs cus gq, gSA bu
fdokM+ksa ij ,d vksj Lo;a dkfrZds; ,oa nwljh vksj x.kifr dh paoj gkFk esa fy, gq,
fir`HkfDr dk vkn'kZ izLrqr djus okyh ewfrZ vafdr gSaA
efUnj ds ckgj if'pe rFkk nf{k.k }kj dh vksj dB?kjs cus gq, gSA dB?kjksa ds
lkeusa if'pe fn'kk esa lHkk e.Mi gSA tgka ls ,dfyaxth ds n'kZu fd;s tkrs gSA
,dfyaxth ds eq[; efUnj ds chp esa pkanh dk uUnhds'oj izfrf"Br gS e.Mi ds
ckgj if'pe dh vksj ,d y?kq ik"kk.k dk rFkk o`gr ihry dk uUnhds'oj cuk gqvk
gSA Jh ,dfyaxth ds efUnj ds (eq[; efUnj) ds fudV ds dqN apkbZ ij foe
laor~ 1810 ds cus gq, vEck ekrk] dkfydk ekrk] ,oa x.ks'k ds vyx vyx efUnj
223
cus gq, gSA dkfydk dh ewfrZ ds lEeq[k cus ik"kk.k ds gkFkh ij bUnz vk#<+ gSA5 lqizcU/k ds dkj.k gh ;g ,sfrgkfld fojklr lqjf{kr jg ldhA orZeku esa bldk
,dfyaxth ds eq[; efUnj ds nf{k.k esa pkbZ ij ukFkksa dk efUnj gSA ftls gkfjr izcU/ku esokM+ psjhVscy Qkm.Ms'ku dj jgk gSA
oa'kt egkjk.kkvksa ds dqy xq#vksa }kjk fufeZr djok;k x;k FkkA6 lanHkZ
eq[; efUnj ds ihNs dh vkSj LoPN ty ds nks dq.M e'k% rqylh ,oa dqjt 1- vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ [k.M 2 , & esokM+ jsftMsUlh i`-106
dq.M cus gSA ftudk ikuh lsok iwtk esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA dqjt dq.M ds psa 2- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] jktiwrkuk dk bfrgkl] izFke [k.M & i`- 336
okys Hkkx esa egkjk.kkvksa ds dqy xq#vkas dh lekf/k;ka cuh gqbZ gSaA blds vfrfjDr 3- jk?kokuUn] Hkxoku ,dfyax vkSj gkfjr] i`- 12
efUnj ifjlj esa gh dqy 108 NksVs efUnj cus gq, gSA muesa fo".kq efUnj izeq[k gSaA 4- Jh ,dfyaxth ds efUnj ds voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij
efUnj ifjlj esa egkjk.kk ds dqy xq#vksa dk fuokl LFkku eB Hkh cuk gqvk gSA 5- xksLokeh jk?kokuUn] iwoksZDr] i`- 2&5
6- ydqfy'k efUnj iz'kfLr fo-l- 1028 (971 bZ-)
,dfyax efUnj dk th.kksZkj ,oa izcU/ku 7- dqEHkyx<+ iz'kfLr 'yksd 23&24
egkjk.kk eksdy (1421&31 bZ-) ds dky esa xqtjkr ds 'kkld vgen'kkg 8- ,dfyax egkRe; & ikSjkf.kd [k.M] [k.M 5 'yksd 11
ds vke.k ds nkSjku efUnj dks {kfr igqaph] rc egkjk.kk us ,dfyax efUnj dh 9- dqEHkyx<+ iz'kfLr] 'yksd la[;k 241
lqj{kkFkZ pkjksa vksj ,d lqUnj o lqn`<+ dksV cuok;k ,oa efUnj dk th.kksZkj fd;k ,oa 10- ,dfyax efUnj dh nf{k.k }kj iz'kfLr & ;g iz'kfLr jk;ey ds le; cuh blesa 100 'yksd
gSaA
efUnj izcU/ku ds [kpZ dh iwfrZ ds fy, jkek xkao vfiZr (xkao dh vk;) fd;kA7
11- egkjk.kk laxzke flag }kjk ,dfyaxth dks pyok xkao dh [kM+yk[kM+ vk; HksaV lEcU/kh
egkjk.kk dqaHkk (1433&68 bZ-) us bldk f}rh; ckj th.kksZkj djok bldks lqUnj rkezi=] jfookj 30] laor 1774
Lo:i iznku fd;k8 lkFk gh blesa efUnj ds lsok Hkksx vkfn O;; gsrq ukxnk] 12- egkjk.kk Hkheflag dkyhu] ,dfyax efUnj dks HksaV fn;s x;s xkaoksa dh lwph rkez i= eaxyokj]
euok[ksMk+ ,oa Hkh.kk; (cka/kuokM+k vtesj ftys ds vUrxZr vkfn HksaV dj ogka dk Qkx.k lqnh 13] laor 1851 mn~/k`r & eT>fedk i`- 82&83 izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] Hkwiky
jktLo vfiZr fd;k)A9 ukscYl laLFkku] mn;iqj
egkjk.kk daaqHkk ds iq= mn;flag (1668&73 bZ-) ds le; izkd`frd dkj.kksa ls 13- ckxksj egkjktk f'konku flag }kjk ,dfyax efUnj dks Nkijh xkao HksaV nsus lEcU/kh rkez i=]
efUnj dks {kfr gqbZ rc jk.kk jk;ey (1473&1509 bZ-) us mldk iqu% th.kksZkj ftls egkjk.kk Hkhe flag }kjk tkjh fd;k x;kA
djok mls lqn`<+ fd;kA jk;ey us efUnj dh lsokiwtk dh ,oa xkao Hkh efUnj dks HksaV
fd;sA10
,dfyaxth efUnj esa lqjf{kr rkez i=ksa ls Hkh irk pyrk gS fd jk;ey ds ckn
ds egkjk.kkvksa us Hkh [kkylk xkao efUnj izcU/ku gsrq HksaV fd,A egkjk.kk laxzke flag
f}rh; (1710&34 bZ-) us exjk ijxus ds pyok dh [kM+yk[kM+ uked dj ls gksus
okyh vk; dks efUnj dks HksaV dhA11
1851 bZ- foe laor~ dk rkez i= fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA 311 QhV
yEcs bl rkez i= esa egkjk.kk Hkheflag (1778&1828 bZ-) }kjk ,dfyax efUnj dks
HksaV fd, xkaoksa dh iwjh lwph nh xbZ gSA Jh ,dfyax efUnj ds izcU/ku o j[k j[kko
ds fy, u dsoy egkjk.kk oju~ ;gka ds jko mejkoksa us Hkh viuh vk; dk dqN fgLlk
efUnj dks HksaV fd;kA12 egkjk.kk Hkhe flag ds 'kklu dky esa gh ckxksj ds egkjktk
f'konku flag us Nkijh xkao] ftldh vuqekfur vk; yxHkx 500 #i;s Fkh] efUnj dks
HksaV fd;k FkkA13 fj;klr dky esa ,dfyax efUnj ds j[kj[kko o lsokiwtk lEcU/kh
224
o iq= lwjt dh fo|ekurk esa cutkjksa us cuokbZ FkhA5

5- egkjkoy tloUrflag izFke dh egkjkuh Qwydqaojh ohjiqjh }kjk ohjiqj
xko esa egkjkoy ds jkT; le; 1661&91 bZ- ds chp esa cuokbZ6 nks ckofM+;k tks
Mwaxjiqj ds mn;fogkj dh jk.khoko iz'kfLr ohjiqj dksBh ifjlj esa fLFkr gS] orZeku esa nksuksa vPNh n'kk esa ekStwn gSA blds vykok
MkW- efydk cksgjk fo-la- 1738 (1681 bZ-) esa [kM+k;rk bZljk us ekaMok xkao ds fudV ckoM+h cuokbZ
Fkh7 tks lknxh fy;s gq, gSa] vkt Hkh ekStwn gSA
Mwaxjiqj jkT; esa vusdksa egkjkoyksa ds le; esa is;ty lqfo/kk gsrq dbZ 6- egkjkoy jkeflag (lu~ 1702&1730) ds jkT; le; esa Mwaxjiqj ds ?kkVh
dq,&ckofM+;k] ljksojksa bR;kfn dk fuekZ.k gqvkA buesa dbZ ckofM+;k VwV&QwV xbZ gSA
{ks= esa cuh jkeoko] ftldk ms'; twukegy ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ikuh igqpkuk FkkA8
dbZ;ksa dks yksxksa us <d fn;k gS] exj dqN ckofM+;k ,slh Hkh gS ftuds ikuh dk
;g ckoM+h rhu eaftyk gSA orZeku esa FkksM+h cgqr txg ls u"V gSA ;gk vanj tkus dk
mi;ksx vkt Hkh tufgr esa fd;k tk jgk gSA rRdkyhu ;qx esa bu ckofM+;ksa dk tc
jkLrk yksxksa us rkyk yxkdj can dj fn;k gSA
dHkh fuekZ.k gksrk rc rRdkyhu egkjkoy ogk f'kykys[k x<+ok ysrs Fks rkfd yksxksa
dks buds cuus dh lwpuk, izkIr gks ldsA Mwaxjiqj ds egkjkoyksa }kjk cuokbZ xbZ dbZ 7- egkjkoy f'koflag ds jkT; le; (1730&1785 bZ-) esa Mwaxjiqj ds
9
ckofM+;k gS] ftuesa dqNsd dk mYys[k fuEu gSa& f'koiqjh ;k uokM+sjk LFkku ij ekStwn ckoM+h tks bl le; n;uh; fLFkfr esa gSA yksxksa
1- egkjkoy deZflag izFke dh jkuh ef.kd nsoh }kjk fo-la- 1453 'kds us blesa dpjk Mky j[kk gSA
1318 dkfrZd (pS= ekxZ'khZ"kZ ofn 7 lkseokj] 23 vDVwcj 1396 bZ-) esa Mwaxjiqj ds 8- Mwaxjiqj 'kgj esa HkSjoksa dh ckM+h esa cuh xykyoko tks fo-la- 1896 (lu~
vkarjh&vkscjh xko ds ikl MSalk xko esa cuh ckoM+hA1 1889 bZ-) esa cuokbZ xbZ Fkh10 ftlds ikuh dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
2- vkarjh xko ds ikl fcfy;k xko esa cuh lqUnj ,d uky okyh ckoM+h] 9- egkjkoy mn;flag f}rh; ds jkT; le; (1846&1898 bZ-) 'kgj ds
ftls egkjkoy ds jkT; le; (1425&59 bZ-) esa cuokbZ FkhA2 blh rjg muds iq= ?kkVh {ks= esa cuokbZ mn;oko11 tks orZeku esa vPNh n'kk esa ekStwn gS] exj ckoM+h esa
egkjkoy lksenkl ds jkT; le; (1459&1460 bZ-) esa mudh jkuh lqjrk.k nsoh us mrjus ds jkLrs ij yksxksa us iRFkj dh cgqr cM+h f'kyk j[k nh gS] ftlls jkLrk can gSA
mek ckoM+h dk th.kksZkj djok;k FkkA3 mijksDr ckofM+;ksa ds vykok ge ftl ckoM+h o mldh iz'kfLr dh ckr dj
3- egkjkoy vkldj.k dh 21 jkfu;k Fkh] buesa ,d ukMkSy dh pkSgkuoa'kh jgs gSa] og gS&jk.khoko o jk.khoko iz'kfLr rFkk bl ckoM+h dk fuekZ.k Mwaxjiqj ds
jkuh izseynsoh (ihgj dk uke rkjknsoh) tks iVjkuh Fkh] egkjkoy lSaley dh ekrk egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; dh egkjk.kh bZMj.kh xqeku dqaojh us djok;k Fkk]
FkhA muds }kjk Mwaxjiqj ds ukSy[kk LFkku ij cuokbZ rhu eaftyk ukSy[kk ckoMh] ftldh izfr"Bk fo-la- 1883 (pS=kfn 1884) 'kkds 1749] oS'kk[k 'kqDyk 7] xq#okj
ftldh izfr"Bk vk"kk< fo-la- (643 pS=kfn fo-la- 1644) oS'kk[k lqnh 5 (3 vizy S 3 ebZ 1827 bZ- esa dh xbZA ml le; egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; Mwaxjiqj dh
1587 bZ-) esa djokbZ xbZ FkhA4 bl ckoM+h dh iz'kfLr okxM+ ds pkSgkuksa dh oa'kkoyh jktxh ls fuokZflr gks oànkou tk pqds FksA bl volj ij jkuh us d:njk xko iaM~;k
Kkr djus dk egoiw.kZ L=ksr gSA orZeku esa ;g ckoM+h rFkk iz'kfLr nksuksa vPNh n'kk ';kenkl] tks ?kkfV;k dqy dk czk.k Fkk] mls iq.;kFkZ fn;k FkkA12 ml le; ;g
esa gSA bl ckoM+h dk ikuh 'kgj ds mn;foykl egy o mlds lehiorhZ {ks=ksa esa ckoM+h tgk cuokbZ xbZ Fkh ml txg dk uke ^peuckx* Fkk] ftldk fuekZ.k
mi;ksx esa fy;k tk jgk gSA egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; ds firk egkjkoy Qrgflag ds 'kkludky (1790&1880
4- Mwaxjiqj ds egkjkoy lSaley ;k lgL=ey ds le; (1580&1606 bZ-) bZ-) esa mudh egkjk.kh ek:.kh peu dqaojh us vius uke ls djok;k FkkA ;gk ij dqN
esa ekMkaxkeM+h o fcNhokM+k ds cutkjksa }kjk lqjiqj esa fufeZr xaxs'oj ds izkphu nwjh ij ^dsykyko* Hkh ekStwn gSA ;g uke blfy, fn;k x;k Fkk fd] ;gk dsys ds
f'koky; ds nf{k.k&if'pe esa xkaxyh unh ls ,d Qykax nwjh ij cuh ,d uky o`{kksa dh Hkjekj FkhA dsys ds o`{kksa dks ikuh Hkh blh oko ls ysdj fiyk;k tkrk FkkA
okyh ckoM+hA bl ckoM+h dks fo-la- 1661 (lu~ 1604) esa egkjkoy lSaley dh tc egkjkoy mn;flag f}rh; ds dky esa (lu~ 1846&1898) esa fo-la- 1832
egkjkuh pkoM+h lw;Zdqaojh] dqaoj deZflag f}rh;] ea=h fla/kk xk/kh] izfrgkj fot;flag (lu~ 1875) esa ;gk 3 fnu rd bruh rst o"kkZ gqbZ fd xsilkxj dh iky] /kksfc;ksa dh
225
iky] [kfM+;ksa dh iky VwV xbZ] budk lkjk ikuh bl cxhps esa ?kql x;k] ftlls iwjk egkjkoy Qrgflag dh egkjkfu;k
dsykckx mtM+ x;kA rc egkjkoy mn;flag f}rh; us bls nqjLr djokdj vius uke 1- c;kSyh Jh izrki dqa,j & ckbZjkt izrki dqaojh & ;g uheM+h ds cS;ksyk
ls bl cxhps dk uke ^mn; fogkj* j[kkA13 ;gk y{e.k Dyc gkl] ftls egkjkoy tSrflag dh iq=h FkhA
y{e.kflag (1918&1947 bZ-) us cuok;k Fkk] ogk dqN o"kksZa iwoZ d`f"k foHkkx dk 2- jkBkSM+ th ,tu dqa,j & jkBkSM+ th ;tu dqaojh th & ;g dq'kyx<+ ds
dk;kZy; FkkA vc lEiw.kZ nks eaftyk Hkou dks ftyk lkoZtfud iqLrdky; uke ns jkBkSM+ tkfyeflag dh iq=h FkhA dq'kyx<+ ds Lokeh jkekor 'kk[kk ds jkBkSM+ FksA
fn;k x;k gSA bl d`f"k QkeZ ;k peu ckx dks ^gkbZ Ldwy dk cxhpk* Hkh dgrs gS] mudh mikf/k ^jko* FkhA
D;ksafd ;gk fudV esa fj;klr dky esa cuok;k x;k jktdh; egkjkoy lhfu;j gkbZ
lSd.Mjh Ldwy ekStwn gSA14 blh mn;fogkj esa mDr nks ckofM+;ksa ds vykok >kyu 3- ek:.kh Jh leu dqa,j & ek:.kh peu dqaojh th& ;g vkSjhokM+k ds
oko] fot; oko ;k lkadyh oko rFkk dwatM+k oko Hkh ekStwn gSA jkBkSM+ fot;flag dh iq=h Fkh] ftudh dks[k ls egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; dk
tUe gqvk FkkA vkSjhokM+k ckalokM+k jkT; esa izFke Js.kh dk fBdk.kk FkkA ;gk ds Lokeh
jk.khoko iz'kfLr&,d uky okyh jk.khoko ckoM+h ds uky mrjrs gq, nkfgus
esMf+ r;k 'kk[kk ds jkBkSM+ Fks] ftudh mikf/k ^Bkdqj* FkhA
gkFk dh nhokj ij 1 QqV 7-5 bap yEch o 11 bap pkSMh+ ikjsok iRFkj ls cuh gqbZ
iz'kfLr ekStwn gSA orZeku esa bl lEiw.kZ ckoM+h ds pkjksa rjQ yksgs dk taxyk cuokdj 4- pkSvk.kth Jh xqeku dqa,j & pkSgku Jh xqeku dqaojh th& ;g okxM+ ds
can dj rkyk yxk fn;k x;k gSA ;gk ls tynk; foHkkx us ty lIykbZ gsrq cM+s&cM+s gfFk;kor pkSgku tkfyeflag dh iq=h Fkh] tks fo-la- 1865 (1808 bZ-) Hkknks 'kqDyk
ikbZi Mky j[ks gSa] ftldk ikuh yksxksa dks lIykbZ fd;k tkrk gSA bl iz'kfLr ij 1 dks egkjkoy ds ijyksd fl/kkj tkus ds ckn lrh gqbZ FkhA18 Mwaxjiqj dh egkjkfu;ksa
Mwaxjiqj ds rhu egkjkoyksa] ftuesa egkjkoy oSjh'kky] egkjkoy Qrgflag] egkjkoy esa lrh gksus okyh ;g vafre jkuh FkhA19 blds ckn lrh izFkk can gks xbZ FkhA
tloUrflag f}rh; dh jkfu;ksa] egkjkfu;ksa] [kokluksa] egkjkuh xqeku daqojh ds ihgj 5- lkofBth Jh ds'kj dqa,j & pkoM+h ds'kj dqaojh th& ^Mwaxjiqj jkT; jh
i{k okyksa] tks egkjkoy dh igyh jkuh Fkh] ftlds xHkZ ls ckbZjkt lw;Z dqaojh dk cM+os jh [;kr* ^cghpaxk* rFkk ^jkuh eaxk dh [;kr* vkfn esa bl jkuh dk dqN Hkh
tUe gqvk Fkk] tks cgqr de mez (ek= 14 o"kZ) esa vfookfgr gh vlk/; jksx ls xzfLr ifjp; izkIr ugha gksrkA laHko gS fd] ;s ek.klk vFkok ojlksMk+ ds fBdk.kksa esa ls
gksdj ejh Fkh]15 mldk uke] lkFk gh egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; ds jkT; le; esa fdlh ,d fBdk.ks ds Lokeh dh iq=h gksA
fo|eku dkenkj] [kokl] /kk;ek] iqjksfgr] dFkkHk] M~;ks<hoku] nkl&nkfl;ksa] iklokuksa [kokl.ksa (mi ifRu;k)
ds ukeksa dh yEch lwph mR[kfpr feyrh gSA16 bl jkuh us Mwaxjiqj esa ?kkVh {ks= esa
1- ckbZ eksrhth & eksrh ckbZ & ;g txrflag dh iq=h FkhA buds uke ls
(dU;k ikB'kkyk ds fudV) j?kqukFk th dk eafnj cuok;k] tks ^jk.kheafnj* dgykrk
egkjkoy Qrgflag us jaxegy ds ikl esa eksrh egy cuok;k x;k Fkk] tks fctyh
gSA ;g eafnj ,d ps pcwrjs ij ekStwn gS] ftl ij dbZ lhf<+;k p<+dj igqpk tk
fxjus ls u"V gks x;kA ;g [kokl.k egkjkoy Qrgflag th dh e`R;q ij muds lkFk
ldrk gSA vkt Hkh ;g eafnj vPNh n'kk esa fo|eku gSA iz'kfLr ij mR[kfpr ukeksa
lrh gqbZ FkhA
dh lwph fuEu izdkj ls gS&
2- ckbZ ckyh th & cky ckbZ & ;g ijekj jkekth dh iq=h FkhA
egkjkoy oSjh'kky dh egkjkfu;k17
3- ve`r ckbZ & ;g jkBkSM+ tl:ith dh iq=h FkhA
1- lqok dqa,j ikVo.k & 'kqHk dqaoj iVjk.kh & ;g ?kk.ksjko ds esMf+ r;k jkBkSM+
ohjenso dh iq=h Fkh] ftudh dks[k ls egkjkoy Qrgflag dk tUe gqvkA bl 4- esukth & euq ckbZ & ;g jkBkSM+ nkSyrflagth dh iq=h FkhaA
egkjkuh us fo-la- 1856 esa lkseiqjk f'kYih lykB rkjkpUn dh ns[kjs[k esa Mwaxjiqj esa egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; dh egkjkfu;k
eqjyh/kjth dk eafnj (eqjyh euksgj dk eafnj) cuokdj mldh izfr"Bk djokbZA 1- bZMj.kh th xqeku dqa,j & bZMj.kh xqeku dqaojh & ;g ikSy ds bZMfj;k
2- lkoM+hth xqeku dqa,j & pkoM+h xqeku dqaojh & ;g ojlksMk+ ds pkoM+k jkBkSM+ fot; flag th dh iq=h Fkh] tSlk fd iz'kfLr ls Li"V gksrk gSA bl egkjkuh us
r[krflag dh iq=h Fkh] tks ekghdkaBk ,tsUlh esa ,d fBdk.kk FkkA ;gk ds Lokeh ckoM+h ds vfrfjDr Mwaxjiqj esa vius ukSgjs (orZeku esa dU;k ikB'kkyk) ds fudV
ek.klk ds pkoM+k t;flagth ds nwljs iq= lwjtflag ds oa'kt FksA j?kqukFk th dk ,d fo".kq eafnj cuok;k] tks ^jk.kh eafnj* ds uke tkuk tkrk gSA
226
2- ekyiqjh jkuhth Jh nkSyr dqa,j&ekyiqjh nkSyr dqaojh th& ;g ekyiqjk Hk 'kk[kk ds HkesokM+k bl jkT; ds cM+s fo}ku czk.k FksA ;s yksx iqjkus le; esa Hkh
ds jkBkSM+ dq'kyflagth dh iq=h FkhA ekyiqjk ekghdkaBk ,tsUlh esa ,d cM+k fBdk.kk cukjl vkfn LFkkuksa esa tkdj fo/kk/;u djrs FksA Hk 'kk[kk ds pik.kh us fo-la-
Fkk] ftlds v/khu 65 xko FksA ;gk ds Lokeh bZMj ds egkjktk dhfrZflagth ds oa'kt 1700 (1643 bZ-) esa egkjkoy iwatjkt th ds jkT; le; esa ^dhfrZnqze* uked
Fks vkSj ^jkoy* mudh mikf/k FkhA T;ksfr"k xzUFk dh jpuk dhA
egkjkuh bZMjuh xqeku dqaojhth ds ihgj i{k okys 7- tksbrksth & ;g Mwaxjiqj 'kgj dk ijekj jktiwr Fkk] tks egkjkuh bZMj.kh
1- xko iqykauk (ikSy xko) ds jkorth Jh HkHkq (Hkw) rlsa/k (flag) xqeku dqaojhth dk M~;ks<+hoku FkkA
th&ekghdkaBk ,tsUlh esa ikSy uke ,d cM+k fBdk.kk Fkk] ftlds v/khu 78 xko FksA 8- jk.kk (or) [kq'kkyth & ;g Mwaxjiqj 'kgj dk jk.kkor (fllksfn;k dh
;gk ds Lokeh bZMj ds egkjktk lksfuax ds oa'kt Fks vkSj ^jko* mudh mikf/k FkhA ,d 'kk[kk gS) jktiwr FkkA
lksfuax ds ckblosa oa'k/kj pUnzflagth us ikSy ds ifjgkj jktiwr dks ekjdj fo-la- 9- lk(pk) dj dyks] Hkxoku & ;s nksuksa egkjkoy tloUrflag th ds jkT;
1777 (lu~ 1720) esa ogk ij viuk vf/kdkj dj fy;k vkSj os rFkk muds oa'kt le; ds gtwjh FksA
ogha jgsA HkHkwr flag pUnzflag th ls rhljh ih<+h esa FksA buds oa'ktksa dh ukekoyh 10- oMkjs.k [kqaHkk] jaxoy] jru] Hktc] ykMw] dksu.k & ;s egkjkuh bZMj.kh
mi;qZDr iz'kfLr ls Li"V tkuh tk ldrh gSA xqeku dqaojhth ds lkFk ngst esa vkbZ gqbZ nkfl;k FkhA xqtjkr esa nklh dks ôMkjs.k*
ckbZjkt lw;Z daqojhth dgrs gSa vkSj ;s nkfl;ka ikSy xkao ls vkbZ gqbZ FkhA vr% buds fy, ôMj.k* 'kCn dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
1- ckbZth Jh lw;Z dqa,j & ckbZjkt lw;Z dqaojh th & budk tUe fo-la- 1877
(1820 bZ-) esa egkjkuh bZMj.kh xqeku dqaojh ds xHkZ ls gqvk FkkA fo-la- 1891 (lu~ 11- eu[k [kq'kkyh] dadq ckbZ] tsrk] iku ckbZ & ;s pkjksa egkjkoy tloUrflag
1734) ds yXkHkx ek= 14 o"kZ dh mez esa foLQksVd jksx ls x<+h xko (ckalokM+k) f}rh; ds jkT; le; dh nkfl;k FkhA okxM+ esa yksx dks êu[k* dgrs gSaA laHkor%
esa LoxZokl gks x;k rc gtqfju (nklh) ckyckbZ buds lkFk lrh gqbZA ;s egkjkoy dh nkfl;k jgh gksxhA
12- ikloku u.ktksr] teuk] Qryh & ;s Mwaxjiqj jkT; dh iqjkuh jkt&jhfr;ksa
jkT; deZpkjh
ds vuqlkj vxzlj gksdj dk;Z djus djkus okyh jktdh; fL=;k FkhaA
1- dkenkj egsrk nhipUn & ;g egkjkuh bZMj.kh xqeku dqaojh th dk
13- o[krpUn th & ;g [kM+k;rk tkfr dk oS".ko egktu Fkk] tks ckoM+h ds
dkenkj (ea=h) FkkA esgrk [kkai ds iksjokM+ bl jkT; ds iz/kku tSls izfrf"Br inksa ij
dke dk njksxk (fujh{kd) FkkA
jg pqds FksA
14- l(lykB) ykHk (v) pUn & ;g lkseiqjk tkfr dk lykB Fkk] tks mDr
2- [kokl ykypUnth uoypUnth & ;s izokfy;k Jh xkSM+ czk.k FksA
ckoM+h ds fuekZ.k dk;Z dk eq[; f'kYih FkkA
ykypUn us xqtjkr ds es?kjst rkyqds ds ekSjh xko] tks ml le; Mwaxjiqj jkT; esa Fkk]
ds fudV ,d ckoM+h cuokbZ] tks ^yky [kokl dh oko* dgykrh gSA uoypUn 15- xksj.kh ve`r ckbZ & ;g egkjk.kh bZMj.kh xqeku dqaojh th ds iqjksfgr dh
egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; ds lkFk oÙnkou x;k Fkk] tgk mudh e`R;q ds vuUrj L=h FkhA
iqu% Mwaxjiqj pyk vk;kA 16- M~;ks<h+ dkdk & egkjkoy jkeflag (1701&1730 bZ-) ds f}rh; iq=
3- jkeksth & ;g egkjkoy tloUrflag f}rh; dk /kk;ek FkkA egkdqaoj c[krflag dk fookg esokM+ ds NIiu izns'k ds d.kFkksMk+ ds Lokeh dkSyk;r
jkBkSM+ c[krflag dh iq=h izk.k dqaojh ckbZ ls gqvk FkkA c[krflag ds :iflag]
4- lkdj ckbZ & ;g /kk;ek jkeksth dh iRuh FkhA vkuanflag o nsohflag uked rhu HkkbZ Fks] ftuesa Hkwfe ds fy, ijLij >xM+k gksus ds
5- xksj uUnyky th ek.kdpanth & ;s pkSchlk tkfr ds czk.k Fks] tks dkj.k NksVk HkkbZ nsohflag viuh Hkrhth izk.k dqaojh ds ikl Mwaxjiqj pyk vk;kA rc
egkjkuh bZMj.kh xqeku dqaojth ds iqjksfgr FksA izk.k dqaojh ckbZ us vius dkdk nsohflag dks viuh M~;ks<+h ds dk;Z gsrq fu;qDr fd;k]
6- dFkkHk cznk th lkenk th & ;s Hk 'kk[kk ds HkesokM+k czk.k FksA rc ls nsohflag ds oa'kt Mwaxjiqj jkt?kjkus dh M~;ks<+h ij fu;qDr gksrs vk;s vkSj ;s
227
^M~;ks<+h dkdk* dgyk;sA fo-la- 1883 esa nsohflag dk pkSFkk oa'kt ukFkwflag Fkk]
ftldk uke iz'kfLr esa ugha gSA gks ldrk gS ml le; og ckyd jgk gksA
bl izdkj ;g iz'kfLr Mwaxjiqj jkT; ds rhuksa egkjkoyksa ds ikfjokfjd laca/kksa
dh tkudkfj;k nsus okyh egoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld lzksr gS] tks nhokj ij vPNh n'kk esa
esokM+ ds nsyokM+k tSu eafnj okLrq & 'kSyh ,oa izfrek,a
ekStwn gSA20 js[kk egkRek
lanHkZ esokM+ dk nsyokM+k dLck mn;iqj ls 27 fdeh nwj ukFk}kjk ekxZ ij ,dfyax
1- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % cq/kokj] fefr iks"k 'kqDyk] fo-la- 2000] i`- 76
th ls 5 fdeh nwj jk"Vh; jktekxZ la[;k 8 ij fLFkr gSA izkphudky esa ;g ,d
2- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % jfookj] fefr iks"k 'kqDyk v"Beh] fo-la- 1997] i`- 13
3- mijksDr ogh le`'kkyh dLck FkkA bldk uke nsodqy ikVd] nsomyk] nsoyokM+k Fkk] bldk
4- 'kks/k if=dk % jktLFkku fo|kihB fo'ofo|ky;] Hkkx 40] vad&1] lu~ 1989 esa jko viHkza'k gksdj nsyokM+k uke ls iqdkjk tksu yxkA1 ;g dLck lkfgfR;d o lkaLfrd
x.kirflag fpryokuk dk ys[k ^ûkSy[kk ckoM+h iz'kfLr*] i`- 48 :i ls Hkh le` o izfl jgk gSA dbZ tSu o oS".ko eafnj vkt Hkh viuh izkphurk]
5- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % cq/kokj] fefr oS'kk[k ,d fo-la- 1999] i`- 114 LFkkiR; o dyk oSHko ls ml dky dh HkO;rk dk ifjp; djkrs gSA vusd tSu larksa
6- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % jfookj] fefr iks"k 'kqDyk v"Beh] fo-la- 1997] i`- 13 dk vkokxeu bl {ks= esa gksrk jgk ftudh izsj.kk ls vusd ftu ewfr;ks dh LFkkiuk gqbZ
7- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % eaxyokj] fefr Jko.k d`".k 3] fo-la- 2000] i`- 98 ,oa tSu lkfgR; vkSj fp=dyk dh jpuk gqbZA Jh t;pan lwjh uS 1503 fo-l- dks Jh
8- egs'k iqjksfgr dk ys[k % ^Mwaxjiqj dk izkphu jktegy*] jktLFkku if=dk] 28 uoEcj] 1993 vfHkuanu Lokeh dh izfB"Bk djkbZA2
bZ-
9- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % jfookj] fefr iks"k 'kqDyk v"Beh] fo-la- 1997] i`- 13 [krjxPN Jh ftupanzlwjh fo-la- 1469 esa Hknso eafnj esa vkfnukFk Hkxoku
10- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % eaxyokj] 5 ebZ] 1942 bZ- i`- 168 dh ewfrZ dh izfr"Bk djkbZA3 eqfu lqUnj ds f'k"; ekf.kD; jRuef.k us laor~ 1501 esa
11- vks>k % Mwaxjiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 175 HkoHkkouk ckykocks/k xzaFk dh jpuk nsyokM+k esa dhA4 [krjxPNh; vkpk;Z Jh
12- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % jfookj] 5 tuojh] 1941] i`- 14 ftulkxj lwfj dk tUe nsyokM+k esa gqvkA5 bUgksaus la- 1462 esa nsyokM+k esa esokM+ ds
13- MkW- efydk cksgjk % 18oha lnh dh LFkkiR; dyk (Mwaxjiqj jkT; ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) i`- ea=h jkenso lg.kiky uoy[kk dks izfrcksf/kr dj vko';d o`gno`fk dk nwljk
153 [k.M fy[kkA6 rikxPN vkpk;Z lkselqUnj us l- 1450 esa nsyokM+k esa okpd in izkIr
14- Lo;a dk voyksdu fd;k vkSj egkjk.kk yk[kk ds le; iz/kku jkenso o dqekj pw.Mk us budk uxj izos'k
15- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % 'kqokj] 5 tuojh] 1943 bZ- i`- 71 dk mRlo djk;kA bUgksaus mins'k ckykocks/k] dY;k.kLro vkfn xazFk fy[ksaA7 o`gnxPN
16- vks>k % Mwaxjiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 158
ds gfjHknzlwfj ifjokj ds ia- Hkkopanz ds f'k"; ghjkuan us lqik'oZukFk pfjra dh jpuk
17- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % 'kqokj] 5 Qjojh] 1943 bZ- i`- 70
18- Mwaxjiqj jkT;i= % 'kqokj] fefr ek?k 'kqDyk 1] fo-la- 1999] i`- 70 T;s"B ofn 10 'kq la- 1480 dks nsyokM+k esa dh FkhA8 fo'kky jRu ef.k us nsyokM+k
19- MkW- efydk cksgjk % 18oha lnh dh LFkkiR; dyk (Mwaxjiqj jkT; ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)] i`- esa fo-la- 1482 iks"k onh ,de dks HkDrkej dh vopwf.kZ cukbZA9 Jh t;'ks[kj lwfj
181 us fo-la- 1491 esa nsyokM+ka esa xPNkpkj xzaFk fy[kkA ;g dqaHkk ds jkT; ds izkjaHk esa
20- Lo;a dk voyksdu fy;k x;k o gweM+ tkfr ds Jsf"B flagk us 2000 O;; djds ;g xzaFk fy[kok;kA10
nsyokM+ka esa tSu /keZ dh vR;Ur izkphu ijEijk jgh gSA ;gk tSu /keZ dh
'osrkEcj 'kk[kk ls lEcfU/kr 5 eafnj ,oa fnxEcj 'kk[kk ls lEcaf/kr ,d eafnj gSA
ik'oZukFk eafnj esa ftu izfrek yxHkx fo-la- 1300 dh ,oa xq: iknqdk la- 1165 dh
gSA11 "kHkukFk eafnj esa dbZ izkphu f'kykys[k izfrekvksa ij mRdh.kZ gS ;Fkk 1469]
1473] 1491] 1494 vkfnA12 usfeukFk Hkxoku ds fnxEcj 'kk[kk ds eafnj esa mRdh.kZ
228
ys[k la- 1168 dk gSA13 bl izdkj mijksDr f'kykys[kksa o lkfgR; jpukvksa ds vk/kkj ls lq'kksfHkr gSaA oL=kHkw"k.kksa dk Hkh mRdh.kZu gSA 'ks"k forku Fkj lkns gSA forku 'kh"kZ
ij nsyokM+k ds eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k dky 13oha ls 15oha 'krkCnh ds e/; dk vqueku e/; esa in~ed cuk;k x;k gSA
yxk;k tkrk gSA
uo pkSdh e.Mi%&
vkfnukFk ckou ftuky; %& jaxe.Mi ls pkSdh e.Mi izos'k gsrq rhu lhf<;k gSA ;gk 16 LrEHk gS lHkh
;g ftuky; nsyokM+ka esa eq[; ekxZ ls iwoZ fn'kk dh vksj ck;s rjQ fLFkr gSa LrEHkksa dh cukoV jaxe.Mi LrEHkksa ds leku gSA osfndk LrEHkksa ds ij forku pkj
;g lQsn o FkksMs+ eVeSys laxejej iRFkj dk cuk gqvk vR;Ur dykRed gS] tks Fkjks esa fofHkUu :ikadu fd, gq, gS buesa vkB fo|k/kj fofHkUu ok|ksa ds lkFk gSA buds
nsyokM+k esa 14oha 'krkCnh esa cus lHkh eafnjksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA blesa f'kYi o ij vusd vIljk,sa mRdh.kZ gSA ukS pkSdh dk 'ks"k forku f{kIr mf{kIr forku gSA
okLrq dh n`f"V ls mu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa dks ,d lkFk ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ftudk ;gk blh e.Mi esa LrEHkksa dh pkSdh Hkkx esa rhu LFkkuksa ij dhpd ds LFkku ij flagkfr]
ds vU; ftuky; esa i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i esa vadu gqvk gSA ;g eafnj vkcw nsyokM+k dh ?kqVus ds cy cSBk] iwaN mBk,a canj] flag dh vkfr vkfn gSA
gwcgw izfrfr izrhr gksrh gSA ;gk ewy izklkn] xwBe.Mi] pkSdh e.Mi] jaxe.Mi]
iV~V'kkyk] nsodqfydk,sa vkfn cus gSA budk okLrq foU;kl bl izdkj gS%& xw<+ e.Mi %&
eafnj izos'k }kj%& bl e.Mi ds izos'k }kjk ij nksuksa vksj prqHkqZt banz mRdh.kZ gSaA ;g forku vkB
LrEHkksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA forku esa dqy vkB ?kj gSA lHkke.My esa uanh'oj }hi]
eafnj esa izos'k }kjk ds nksuksa vksj lqUnj vayr LrEHkksa ij prqHkqZt bUnz }kjiky
ds :i esa mRdh.kZ gSA izos'k }kj iV~V'kkyk esa [kqyrk gSA izos'k }kj o jaxeaMi ds chp lgL=dwV] 'kkafrukFk Lokeh] usfeukFk Lokeh] lkr loZdu okyh ik'oZukFk (';keo.khZ)
12 LrEHk gSA izfrek fLFkr gSA ,d iV~V ftlesa e;wj o liZ dks ,l lkFk vafdr fd;k x;k gS]
fLFkr gSA liZ e;wj iV~V ij laor~ 1491 o"kZs ek?k ofn 5 dk ys[k gSA bl ij
jaxe.Mi %& uoy[kk] jkenso] Hkk;kZesykns] lg.kiky vkfn Jsf"B;ksa] Jkodksa ds uke gSA
jaxea.Mi esa izos'k gsrq iV~V'kkyk ls 2 lhf<;k gSA jaxe.Mi forku 12 LrEHkksa
ij fVdk gqvk gSA ftlesa ls pkj LrEHk pkSdh e.Mi esa Hkh lfEefyr gq, gSA LrEHkksa xHkZ x`g %&
dks vfrfjDr yEck djus gsrq mPNkyd (ewy LrEHk dk pkSFkkbZ Hkkx tksM+dj) cuk;s xHkZx`g esa vkfnukFk Hkxoku "kHk ykaNu ls igpkus tkrs gSA bl izfrek ij
x;s gSA ewy LrEHkksa o mPNkyd ds 'kh"kZ Hkkx ij ckgj fudyh gqbZ pkSdh dk fuekZ.k fo-la- 1469 ek?k lqfn 6 jfookj dk ftunklwfj us izfr"Bk djokbZA ,slk ys[k
fd;k x;k gSA LrEHk ds dqaHkh Hkkx] ta?kk Hkkx] 'kh"kZ Hkkx dks cgqr mR"B rjk'kk x;k mRdh.kZ gSA ewyuk;d ifjdj esa ftu pkSchlh dk vadu fd;k gqvk gSA bl izfrek ds
gSA dqaHkh Hkkx esa gal J`[kayk] iq"i iYyo] vkfn fufeZr gSA ta?kk Hkkx esa banz ds ,d vksj (nka;h) ikp liZdu okys lqik'oZukFk] nwljh vksj 7 Qu vkjksi ;qDr
fofo/k :i fnXiky Lo:i esa dqcsj] fufr vkfn dk vadu gqvk gSA lHkh ewfrZ;ksa ds ik'oZukFk dk;ksRlxZ eqnzk esa gSA
o{k izns'k esa Jh oRl fpUg mRdh.kZ gS tks bUgsa tSu nsodqy ls lEcfU/kr djrk gSa
LrEHk ds e/; Hkkx esa vusd nsoh ewfrZ;k yfyrklu esa mRdh.kZ gSA ijh Hkkx esa xHkZx`g eaMksoj %&
dYiofYy Jà[kyk ds ckn gal fo|k/kj Jà[kyk mRdh.kZ gSA LrEHk 'kh"kZ esa dhfrZeq[k xHkZx`g ifjek esa e.Mksoj esa fn'kkvksa ds vf/kifr fnXiky ;Fkk o:.k] ok;q]
Jà[kyk cukbZ xbZ gSA eq[; LrEHk dk pkSdh Hkkx lknk gSA dPNkyd esa dksbZ nsoh dqcsj] bZ'k] bUnz] ;e o HkSjo izfrek gSA lHkh esa vk;w/k o mUds okguksa dk vadu fd;k
vkfr mRdh.kZ ugha gSA ;gk pkSdh Hkkx esa laxhr ls lEc eqnzkvksa esa urZd] xk;d] x;k gSA buds e/; vusd lqUnj vIljk,sa vafdr gSA ;Fkk oa'khokfndk] pkejk]
oknd vafdr gSA jaxe.Mi forku esa dqy nl Fkj gSA igys Fkj esa f[kys in~eksa dk eànxokfnuh] u`R;jrk] niZ.kk] in~feuh] 'k=qefnZuh] iq=oYyHkk ;s lHkh rRdkyhu
vaydj.k fd;k gqvk gSA nwljs Fkj esa laxhr xk;u oknu] u`R; <ksyd] oknd ckalqjh oL=kHkw"k.kksa ls lqlfTtr gSA bu vIljkvksa ds e/; dbZ ftu izfrekvksa o lk/kqvksa dk
ctkrs fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa ekuokfr;ksa dk vadu gqvk gSSA pkSFkS Fkj esa lksyg mn~;eku Hkh vadu gqvk gSA ftuds gkFk esa vks/kk o eq[kifV~Vdk vafdr gSA bl rjg ds lk/kqvksa
i"VHkqth fo|k/kjksa dk vadu gqvk gSA lHkh ds gkFk fofHkUu ok|ksa o u`R;] Hkko eqnzkvksa dk vadu vU;= ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA
229
nsodqfydk;sa %& vkfnukFk ftuky; ds izeq[k nsoh&nsork %&

bl foHkktu esa 4 Hknz nsodqfydk,sa gS] ckdh y?kq nsodqfydk,sa leku vkdkj (1)ftu ewfrZ;k %& bl ftuky; esa "kHknso dh dqy 6 izfrek,sa gSa] ftu ij
dh gSaA lHkh 6 izos'k}kj prqHkqZt bUnz o pkjksa vksj iq"i iYyo yfrdkvksa ls vayr "kHk ykNau vafdr gSA blh izdkj rhFkZdkjksa dh vusd izfrek,sa vius ykaNuksa ls
gSA ck;h NksVh Hknznsodqfydkesa rhu 'osro.khZ izfrek,sa gSA e/; esa l- 1495 ds ;qDr izfrf"Br gSA
ys[k;qDr] "kHk yka?ku;qDr vkfnukFk LFkkfir gSA nks vU; y?kq izfrek,sa ifjdj lfgr (2) ;{k&;{kh %& tSu xzUFkksa esa ;K&;f{k;ksa dk mYys[k ftuksa ds 'kklu o
gSA cM+h Hknznsodqfydk dh ck fHkfk;ksa ij N% iV~Vksa esa rhu LFkkuksa ij ps'ojh mikld nsoksa ds :i esa gqvk gSA vusd xzaFkksa ds vk/kkj ij 24 ;{k o 24 ;f{k;ksa dh
nsoh] 'ks"k esa e;wj okguk nsoh dk vadu gqvk gSA lHkh prqHkqZth gSa vkSj ifjpkfjdkvksa lwph izkIr gksrh gSA bl ftuky; esa xHkZx`g ds ihNs fLFkr Hknz nsodqfydk ds ckgj
,oa fdUuj ;qxyksa ls ;qDr gSA blds izos'k }kj ds nk;s ck;s fLFkr xkseq[k ;{k o ps'ojh nsoh dh prqHkqZt izfrek gSaA ;s vkfnukFk dh ;{kh gSA buds ijh nksuksa gkFkksa
ps'ojh ;{kh dk vadu mYys[kuh; gSA bl xHkZx`g esa pkSeq[kh izfrHkk in~eklu esa esa p uhps ds ck;s gkFk esa de.My ,oa nk;k gkFk ojnk{k gSA ;s ujokguk gSA
oSfndk ij LFkkifr gSA xHkZx`g ds Bhd ihNs fLFkr Hknznsodqfydk dk forku lksyg pkSeq[kk Hknznsodqfydk izos'k ij ps'ojh prqHkqqZth ;{kh rhu gkFkksa esa p o ,d gkFk
fo|k?kjksa dks fofHkUu ok|;a=ksa ds lkFk fofHkUu eqnzvksa fd;k x;k gSA ;gk ljLorh] vHk;eqnzk esa gSA lkFk gh xkseq[k ;{k dks Hkh mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA
vfEcdk ps'ojh vkfn dk vadu gqvk gSA nk;h vksj dh Hknznsodqfydk esa rhu
(3)vfEcdk;s ftu usfeukFk dh ;{kh gSA budk okgu flag gS] bl
izfrek,sa gSA e/; esa "kHk ykaNu rFkk laor~ 1486 ds ys[k ;qDr vkfnukFk dh izfrek
ftuky; esa Hknznsodqfydk ds xHkZx`g ds ckgj cus 8 Qydksa esa ls ,d esa f}Hkqth
gSA
;{kh ck;h ta?kk esa f'k'kq /kkj.k fd, gq, gSa] nk;s gkFk esa vkezyqEch idM+s gq, gSA ;s
nsodqfydk eaMksoj %& flag okgu ds lkFk yfyr eqnzk esa fojkteku gSA ps'ojh ds ckn lokZf/kd vfEcdk
eaaMksoj ds (ta?kk Hkkx) esa vusd prqHkqZt nsoh izfrek,sa gS] ljLorh] ps'ojh] dk gh vadu (f}Hkqth ;k prqHkqZth :i esa) gqvk gSA
vfEcdk] in~ekorh vkfn dk vadu fd;k gqvk gSA fnx~iky vk;q/k o okguksa ds lkFk] (4) in~ekorh23osa rhFkZdj ik'oZukFk dh ;{kh gSA budk okgu dqdqZV gS
nsfo;ksa esa ps'ojh] vafcdk] vP;qrk;f{k.kh fo|knsoh ljLorh] egkdkyh vkfn dk o nk;s gkFk esa in~e] ik'k o ck;s gkFk esa Qy o vadq'k gksrk gSA prqHkZqt nsyokMka esa
fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ta?kk ds ijh Hkkx dks fofHkUu T;kferh; vaydj.kksa ls e.Mksoj esa in~ekorh dh 2 prqHkqZt ewfrZ;k gSA ,d esa in~eklu ij nwljs esa in~e dh
lqlfTtr fd;k x;k gSA xHkZx`g ds ihNs Hknzsodqfydk ds xqEct ij lqUnj laoj.kk dh vis{kk vklu :i esa liZ dq.Myh dk vadu gSA
jpuk dh xbZ gSA e.Mksojksa ds ijh Hkkx ds fljksa ij fofHkUu eqnzkvksa es okujksa dk
(5) cz'kkafr ;{k %& tVk eqdqV] Nx v{kekyk] de.My vkSj dHkh&dHkh
vadu vkd"kZd :i ls fd;k x;k gSAbl ftuky; ds xHkZx`g ds ihNs Hknzdqfydk ds
gal okgu dk izn'kZu cz'kkafr ij fgUnq izHkko n'kkZrk gSaA bl ftuky; esa ewyizlkn ds
e.Mksoj esa nksgjh ta?kk fufeZr dj mls es:eaMksoj dk :i fn;k x;k gS] tks ;gk fo'ks"k
ta?kk Hkkx esa prqHkqZt cz'kkafr ;K dk vadu gSA nks Hkqtk,sa [kf.Mr nks esa lqok] ojnk{k
gSA
gSA psgjs ij yEch nk<+h o ewNs mdsjh xbZ gSA pkSeq[kk Hknzdqfy;k dh ta?kk esa Hkh
f'k[kj %& cz'kkafr dk 'kfDr ds lkFk vadu gSA [kM+h iq#"k vkfr esa yEch o rjk'kh gqbZ nk<+h
ta?kk ds ijh Hkkx ls xHkZx`g ds iVko ls f'k[kj izkjaHk gqvk gSA f'k[kj o ewNs cukbZ xbZ gSA nksuksa vkafyxu;qDr eqnzk esa gSA
tSlstSls ij mBk gS] oSlsoSls ladjk gksrs gq, dks.kkdkj gks x;k gSA blds ij (6) fnXiky %& fn'kkvksa ds Lokeh fnXikyksa dk iwtu tSu /keZ esa okLrq
iRFkj dh NksVh lh f'kyk gSA bl f'kyk ij iRFkj dh vkoys ds vkdkj dh ,d nsorkvksa ds :i esa Hkh yksdfiz; jgk gSA tSu f'kYi esa v"V fnXikyksa dk mRdh.kZu
fo'kky f'kyk (vkeyd) yxk nh xbZ gSA ;g FkksMh+ cM+h gSA yksdfiz; gS%&
dy'k %& (v) bUnz %& iwoZ fn'kk dk vf/kifr okgu gkFkh@buds vk;q/k otz] vadq'k o
vkeyd ds ij xksykZ esa ,d deyny ls vyar xksy iRFkj gSA blh ds deaMy gksrs gSA nsyokM+ka esa ta?kk Hkkx esa prqHkqZt bUnz dk vadu] nks Hkqtk esa otz o
ij NksVk vkeyd gS] bl ij ik"kk.k dy'k LFkkfir gSA vadq'k] uhps okys nksuksa gkFk [kf.Mr gSA pkSeq[k Hknznsodqfydk ds ta?kk Hkkx esa bUnz o
230
ikl gh banzk.kh dk vadu gqvk gSA ;gk ck e.Mksoj esa bUnz dks t; eqdqV] ;Kksiohr (i) bZ'kku %& mkj iwoZ dk vf/kifr bZ'k f'ko dk Lo:i gS okgu uUnh gSa og
/kkj.k fd;s] eksVs isV okyk n'kkZ;k gS] nk<+h ewN dh cukbZ xbZ gSA f=us=h gSA tVkeqdqV esa ZpUnz gSA pkj Hkqtk esa ojnk] f='kwy] ukxsUnz o fctk# gSA
(c) vfXunf{k.k&iwoZ (vfXudks'k) fn'kk dk LokehA es"k okgu gS vkSj ewyizlkn ds ta?kk Hkkx esa bZ'kku vadu gSA ij ds gkFk esa fu'kwy o ukx gSA okgu
ewfrZ ds iSj ds ikl vfXu Tokyk ;qDr dq.M gSA eq[; vk;q/k lwph 'kk[kk gSA uUnh gSA uhps ds gkFk [kafMr gS] bldh 'kfDr bZ'kkuh dk Jh Hknznsodqfydk ds ta?kk
(l) ;enf{k.k fn'kk vf/kifr&okgu HkSalk o vk;q/k n.M gSA nks gkFkksa esa Hkkx ds vadu gqvk gSA pkjksa gkFkksa esa f='kwy] ukx] fctk#] ojnk{k dk vaduA flj ij
ys[kuh o iqLrd gSA bl ftuky; esa ewy xHkZx`g ds ta?kk Hkkx esa ;e dh prqHkqZt tVkeqdqV /kkj.k fd, gSa] uanh okgu gSA
izfrek ftlds rhu Ni [kf.Mr] pkSFks esa ys[kuh gSA okgu ds :i esa HkSalk vafdr gSA ljLorh%& tSu ijEijk esa ljLorh dk mYys[k es?kk o cqf ds nsork ds :i
prqHkqZt ;e dh izfrek esa pkjksa Niksa esa n.M] ikjk] ys[kuh iqLrd gSA esa izkIr gSA bl ftuky; esa cM+h Hknznsodqfydk ds ckgj cus Qyd esa 2 txg
(n) usfrn-i- dks.k dk vf/kifr bls HkSjo ;k {ks=iky Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ljLorh izfrek vafdr gSA prqHkqZth izfrek esa oh.kk dk ine~ ijh gkFk esa uhps
pkj gkFkksa esa dfydk] [kM~x] <ky o nq'eu dk eLrd gksrk gSA okgu 'oku~ (dqkk) de.My o ,d gkFk [kf.Mr gSA nksuksa vksj gfLr;qXe gSA okgu gal gSa Hknz nsodqfydk
gSA bl ftuky; ds ewyizklkn dh ta?kk esa "k"VHkwth usfr dk vadu gSA gkFk esa ds eaMksoj dh ta?kk esa 4 txg galokfguh ljLorh gS ftlds gkFkksa esa oh.kk in~e]
frdk] <ky] ujeq.M] rhu gkFk [kf.Mr gSA flj ij /oZds'k esa eq.M dk vaduA iqLrd o ojnk{k gSA
psgjs ij nk<+h ewaN dk vadu@uS=gfr dk uXu Lo:i esa vadu gSA okgu 'oku~ gSA ,d vIljk
izfrek esa ij dh 2 Hkqtk esa Med o <ky gS] /oZds'kh o nk<h&eaNs okyk crk;k bu izfrekvksa ds vfrfjDr ijEijkxr :i esa vIljkvksa ds nsokxauk Lo:i
x;k gSA mRdh.kZ djus dk izpyu jgk gSA ;s nsokaxuk,sa nsorkvksa dk euksjatu djrh gSA mudh
(;) o:.k%& if'pe fn'kk dk vf/kifr gSAS pkjHkqtkvksa esa ik'k dk vk;q/k vuqfr nsoky;ksa ds f'kYiksa esa dh tkrh gSA nsyokM+k ds vkfnukFk ftuky; esa Hkh
eq[; gSA vk;q/k ojn] ikjk o de.My gksrs gSA okgu edj gS bl ftuky; dh ta?kk vIljkvksa dk lqUnj vadu gqvk gSA vIljkvksa ds gkj] dfVlw= dM+s iknoy;] ikn
esa (eqy xHkZx`g o Hknzdqfydk) nksuks esa prqHkqZt o:.k vafdr@vk;q/k in~e ik'k tkyd vkfn vkHkw"k.kksa dk vadu gqvk gSA bl ftuky; esa fuEu vIljk,sa mRdh.kZ gS%&
de.My ojnk{k gSA okgu edj gSA ;gk f}Hkqth izfrek dk ,oa ok:.kh dh izfrek 1- flag dk enZu djrh gqbZ xkSjh pkSeq[kk nsodqfydk ds e.Mksoj ta?kk Hkkx esaA
dk Hkh vadu gSA
2- iq=oYyHkk ftlesa dej ij iq= /kkj.k fd;k gksA
(j) ok;q %& mkj if'pe dk vf/kifrA pkj Hkqtkvksa es nks/ot] ojn o 3- fpf=f.ku`R; Hkko esa ftldk ck;k gkFk diky eLrd ijA
de.My vk;q/k :i esa okgu fgj.k gksrk gSA ;gk pkSeq[kh Hknzdfydk ds ta?kk esa ok;q
4- lqLoHkkoksankfguk iSj ij j[kdj nks gkFk eLrs ij u`R;kaxukA
dk ;qxy :i fufeZr gSa] pkjksa Hkqtkvksa (nsyokM+k) esa 2 /ot] de.My] ojnk{k gSaA
5- galkoyhiSj dk Jàxkj djrh gqbZ >ka>j igurh gqbZA
(y) lkse (dqcsj) %& mkj fn'kk vf/kifriRuh gfjfr okgu gkFkhA isV
6- niZ.kkgkFk esa niZ.k ysdj eq[k n'kZu djrh gqbZA
cM+k@4 Hkqtk,sa&ij ds 2 gkFkksa esa fuf/k nzO; dh FkSyh ;k Qy] xnk] dqEHk de.My/
kkjh gSA vk;q/k eq[; xnk gSA 7- esudkgkFk esa [kMx /kkj.k djds ck;k iko ij djds u`R;jrA
(o) dkScsjh;g dqcsj dh iRuh gSA bldk okgu gkFkh gSA blds vk;q/k 8- moZ'kh nkfgus gkFk ls nSR; dh f'k[kk [khapdj mls [kM~x ls ekjrh gqbZA
,d] xnk dqaHk o deaMy gSA 9- oh.kkokfnuhoh.kkoknu djrs gq,A
bl ftuky; esa Hknznsodqfydk ds ta?kk Hkkx esa prqHkqZth izfrek ds gkFk esa 10- <ksydokfnuh <ksyd ctkrs gq,A
udqfydk o rhu gkFk [kf.Mr voLFkk esa gSaA okgu gkFkh gSA ewyizlkn ds eaMksoj 11- dqHka/kkfj.kh dy'k fy, gq,A
dqHkk Hkkx esa dqcsjh izfrek dh ij dh 2 Hkqtk ds udqfydk] 2 ds de.My o 12- pkejk poj fy, gq,A
ojnk{kA in~ek'ku ij fcBk;k gSA 13- l?k Lukrk (fp=27)cky fupksMr+ s gq,A
231
14- oa'kh okfnuh (fp=28)ca'kh ctkrs gq,A

mijksDr of.kZr fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k nsyokM+k ds ftuky; rRdkyhu /keZ]
ijEijkvksa] laLfr] f'kYi LFkkiR; dk lEiw.k ifjp; djkrs izrhr gksrs gSA vr% ys[k
dk ms'; bfrgklfoKksa o iqjkrRoosrkvksa dk /;ku rRdkyhu vn~Hkqr f'kYi fr;ksa dh
esokM+ jkT; esa m|ku&LFkkiR; ,d vkykspukRed
vksj vk"V djuk gS] rkfd mudk iw.kZ:is.k laj{k.k fd;k tk ldsaA orZeku esa eafnj fo'ys"k.k (15oha ls 18oha 'krkCnh)
dk th.kksZkj fd;k tk jgk gSA okLrqf'kYi ,oa iqjkrRo ijEijkvksa dk iw.kZ:is.k ikyu iwue ikBd
fd;k tk jgk gSA
lanHkZ esOkkM+ esa jk.kk eksdy] dqEHkk ds dky esa ckx yxok;s x;s ftuesa dbZ izdkj
1- fot; /keZ lwjh nsodqy ikVd ds Qy&Qwy yxk;s tkrs FksA bu ckxksa dks pkjksa vksj nhokjksa ls lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk Fkk]
2- tSu ys[k laxzg ekyk Hkkx2 ys[k 1973 ftuesa ikuh dh ukfy;ka] QOokjs] cjknfj;k] Qwyksa ds r[rs vkfn eq[; gSA e.Mu ys
3- nsyokM+k vkfnukFk ftuky; ewy izfrek ys[k x`g ds okxekx (mkj fn'kk) esa m|ku fufeZr djus dks dgk gS] blls Li"V gS fd
4- c;k ehuk'kks/k xzaFk] esokM+ ds tSu nsoky;ksa dk okLrq o f'kYi (1998) 15oha 'krkCnh ls m|ku&fuekZ.k dh izf;k fodflr FkhA e.Mu us dgk gS fd
5- fot; /keZ lwjhnso dqy ikVd] i`- 201] 216 jktx`g ds oke Hkkx esa rhu izdkj dh okfVdk,W cuokuh pkfg,
6- lksekuh jke oYyHk] egkjk.kk dqaHkk] i`- 201] 216
7- ogh i`- 26] 27] 24 1- Js"B okfVdk 300 n.MekuA
8- ogh i`- 217 2- e/;e okfVdk 200 n.MekuA
9- ogh i`- 212
3- dfu"B okfVdk 100 n.MekuA
10- ogh i`- 216
11- ik'oZukFk ftuky; nsyokM+k esa pj.k iknqdk ij vafdr ys[kA blds {ks= dks 7 Hkkxksa esa ckaV dj 3 Hkkx esa Hknz] e/; Hkkx esa 24 in dh
12- eaafnj ifjlj dh izfrekvksa ij ys[kA okih (;k gkSn) cuk,] ,d Hkkx esa LFkf.My] d.kZ ij :ikfUor (e.Mi) rFkk e/
13- cksY;k eksguyky] esokM+ dk izkphu rhFkZ nsyokM+k] i`- 41 ; esa }kn'k LraHk (okyk rks; e.Mi) cuk;sA1 ,slh e.Mi ;qDr okfVdk mn;iqj esa
egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; (1710 bZ-&1734 bZ-) us cuokbZ] tks ^lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h*
uke ls izfl gSA xzh"e o 'kjn rq esa ckyk] izkS<+k fL=;ksa ds tykuqjUtu ds fy,
bldk fuekZ.k funsZ'k Hkh e.Mu us fd;k gS vkSj ogk ?kVh ;a= (vjgV) cukdj flapkbZ
djus rFkk nksyk ;a= (fg.Mksyk) yxkus dks Hkh dgk gSA nksyk;a= dk lejkaMx.k
lw=/kkj esa fo'ks"k fooj.k gSA bl izdkj dh ljapuk mn;qij esa loZrqfoykl pEikckx
esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA okfVdk esa yxk, x, o`{kksa dh lwph bl izdkj gSpaik] dqan]
pesyh] yrk (oYyh) fuokZfydk] tkrh] ihr] dsrdh] 'osrk] ikVy] xqykc] ukfj;y]
duSy (df.kZdkj) olaryrk] jDr iq"i] tachj] [ksj] lqikjh] egqvk] vkez] fcYo
(ekywj)] dnyh] panu] cjxn] ihiy] gjhrdh] vkoyk] beyh] v'kksd] dnEc]
uhe] [ktwj] nkfM+e] diwZj] vxj] iyk'k g;fjiq] ('osr dusj)] iqUukx] uhacw] ukxosy]
chtkSjk] uhacw] rsanq] ykM~Xyh (dfjgkjh)] nzk{k (vaxqj)] byk;ph] 'kri=h] ekSyfljh]
/kkwj] dM~dksy] 'kky] rky] reky] vxLr] enkj] ikfjtkr vkfn mke o`{k vkSj
i`Fkd ls pEid dk vkjksi.kA2 16oha 'krkCnh esa m|ku&fuekZ.k dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku
232
ugha fn;k x;k fQj Hkh rRdkyhu jktx`gksa ds fudV m|ku fuekZ.k vo'; gq, FksA djok;k tks Hkkjrh; e/;dkyhu m|kuksa esa viuk vuqie LFkku j[krk gSA ;g m|ku
17oha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd o"kksZ esa egkjk.kk d.kZflag (1620 bZ-&1628 bZ-) ls rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gS&izFke Hkkx ckgj lM+d ds fdukjs dk gS] ftls lM+d dh rjQ
egkjk.kk gehjflag (1773 bZ-&1778 bZ-) rd dbZ m|kuksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA egkjk.kk cuh ,d nhokj ls ifjosf"Vr fd;k x;k gSA blds ckn djhc 30&40 QqV ph
d.kZflag us mn;iqj uxj dh lqj{kk nhokj esa cus ^mn;iksy* uked njoktsa ds ckgj nhokj dh ifjf/k gS] ftldh iwoZ fn'kk esa ,d cM+k njoktk gSA bl }kj dks ikj dj
,d ".k&fogkj uked m|ku cuok;kA bl m|ku ds e/; Hkkx esa foykl Hkou ds if'pe fn'kk esa vkxs c<+rs gh mkj ,oa nf{k.kh Hkkx esa ^lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h* m|ku ds
:i esa lqUnj egy cuok;s x;s Fks vkSj mlds pkjksa vksj dbZ izdkj ds Qyksa okys isM+ksa nks Hkkx gSa] ftuesa fdukjks ij l?ku o`{kkoyh gSA chp esa ykWu gS vkSj mlesa dbZ rjg
o ukuk izdkj ds Qwyksa vkfn ds ikS/ks yxk;s x;s FksA blesa ty;a=ksa (QOokjksa) dh ds Qwyksa ds ikS/ks yxs gw, gSA e/; ds vkxs c<+us dk iRFkjksa ls tM+k jkLrk gS] ftlds
O;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZ FkhA blds vfrfjDr ^pEik ckx* uked ,d lqUnj m|ku dk nksuksa fdukjksa ij Hkwfexr ty ;a= (QOokjsa) yxs gSaA ;ksa bl ekxZ ds nksuksa fdukjksa ij
fuekZ.k Hkh djok;k x;kA3 blh Hkkfr egkjk.kk jktflag us vius ;qojkt voLFkk esa gh e ls djhc ,d&,d QqV dh nwjh ij QOokjsa yxs gq, gSA djhc 30 QqV ekxZ dks
^mn;iksy* izkphj ds vanj dh vksj (if'pe) rFkk lTtu fuokl ckx ds iwoZ dh ikjj djus ds i'pkr~ vkxs ,d vZpUnzkdkj vkxu cu gSA ftlds vkxs ds fdukjksa
rjQ ^loZrq foykl* m|ku dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA4 blesa jktflag us ,d lqUnj ij mlh rjhds ds ,d&,d QqV dh nwjh ij Hkwfexr ty ;a= ls ij yxHkx 7&8
egy cuok;k Fkk tks vc rd fo|eku gSA ty ;a= (QOokjs) vkSj gksn dh O;oLFkk QqV ps ckgj fudys ty ;a= cus gSa] ftuds chp esa iqrfy;ka yxh gSa] vkSj muds
fo'kq Hkkjrh; LFkkiR; ijEijk dk vax gS]5 mlesa eqxy izHkko ;k ckg~; izHkko ns[kuk gkFkksa esa xqynLrs gSa vkSj muesa ls ikuh ij vkleku dh vksj mNy dj fudyrk gSA
mi;qDr ugha gSA ;g pUnzkdkj pkSd gYds xqykch o dkys jax ds iRFkjksa dh tM+kbZ ls ;qDr ygjnkj
egkjk.kk vejflag ds le; esa ihNksyk >hy ds nf{k.k esa ^tx eafnj* dk izrhr gksrk gSA bl pkSd ds vkxs ,dne chp esa pUnzkdkj lhf<+;k cuh gqbZ gS vkSj
fuekZ.k dk;Z izkjEHk gqvk] tks egkjk.kk d.kZflag ds dky esa bl ty egy ds Hkouksa ds lhf<+;ksa ds vkxs e/; esa ,d }kj cuk gqvk gSA bl }kj ls vUnj izos'k djus ij bl
dkQh Hkkxksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z iqjk gqvkA blh egkjk.kk ds le; 'kgtknk [kqjZe us Hkh m|ku ds Bhd chp esa cuk ,d gksn ;k pSipk vkrk gSA
bl ty egy esa dfri; fuekZ.k dk;Z djok;s FksA mlds i'pkr~ egkjk.kk txrflag us lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h dk ;g e/; dk gksn okyk LFkku e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dh
blesa viuh :fp ds vuqlkj fofo/k fuekZ.k dk;Z iw.kZ djok;s vkSj vius uke ij bl m|kuksa esa dh tkus okyh ty ;a= iz.kkyh (QOokjksa dh O;oLFkk) dk cstksM+ mnkgj.k
ty&egy dk uke ^tx&efUnj* j[kkA ty egy ds nf{k.kh&if'peh Hkkx esa ,d gSA bl LFkku ds e/;orhZ Hkkx esa lrr~ ikuh ls Hkjs jgus okyk i;kZIr cM+k gksn ;k
foLr`r lqUnj m|ku Hkh Fkk tgk vke] ve:n] vkoyk] ukjaxh vkfn ds dbZ isM+ yxs pSipk cuk gSA bl gksn ds chp esa v"V LeaHkksa ls cuh ij Hknz;qDr o`kkdkj xqEcj
gq, FksA6 N=h cuh gqbZ gSA bl N=h ds uhps dkys Hkkx esa tgk uhps ds LrEHkksa ds e/; yxs iku
tx&eafnj esokM+ eqxy LFkkiR; dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSA blds LrEHkksa] cjkenksa vkSj mu ij yxk;s x;s mrjax ,oa N=h ds xqEcn dk Hkkx feyrk gS] ogk pkjks rjQ
f[kM+fd;ksa] egjkcksa] NTtksa] Nkofu;ksa] ij ds xqEcnksa dh jpuk] gksn] ugj] e.Mi Nrjh ls djhc nks QqV ckgj fudyrk gqvk NTtk yxk;k x;k gSA Nrjh ds ij
vkfn esa eqxy 'kSyh ds lqLi"V n'kZu gksrs gSaA tgkxhj ds dky esa vius fonzksg ds in~edks"k cuk gS vkSj mlds ij dy'k gSA dy'k ds ij pknh dk cuk gqvk
le; 'kgtknk [kqjZe us pkj&ikp ekg mn;iqj eas O;rhr fd;s rc mlus Hkkoh dcwrj yxk gqvk gSA iqjh Nrjh lQsn laxejej dh cuh gqbZ gSA lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h
rktegy dh jpuk ds iwoZ uewus ds :i esa txeafnj ds e/;orhZ Hkkx esa lkeus nksuksa m|ku dk izeq[k vkd"kZ.k mldh ty ;a= iz.kkyh gS] bl gksn o Nrfj;ksa ds pkjksa vksj
dksuksa ij nks y?kq xqEcnksa o e/; esa iRFkj ds cus ,d fo'kky xqEcn okys Hkou dks fdukjksa ij ,d&,d QqV dh nwjh ij Hkwfexr QOokjsa yxs gq, gSaA blh Hkkafr ty ;a=ksa
cuok;k FkkA7 tx eafnj ds lEiw.kZ fuekZ.k esa dks.kkRedrk vFkok rh{.krk ugha gS dh O;oLFkk gksn ds chp cuh xksy Nrjh ds pkjksa vksj dh uhps dh txg ij Hkh dh
vfirq xksykbZ dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA xbZ gSaA ;g QOokjs tc pyrs gSa rks budk ikuh 15&20 QqV pk tkrk gSA rd ,slk
18oha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd o"kksZ esa] egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f} (1710 bZ-&1734 yxrk gSA tSls o"kkZ gks jgh gksA bl m|ku ds ty ;a=ksa dh lokZf/kd vkd"kZd ,d
bZ-) ds dky esa mn;iqj uxj ds mkj dh vksj rFkk Qrglkxj rkykc ds iwoZ dh rjQ vk'p;Ztud O;oLFkk gksn dh Nrfj;ksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA tc bl m|ku ds ty
dh iky ds vkxs uhps foLr`r Hkwfe ij ^lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h* uked m|ku fufeZr ;a=ksa dks pkyw fd;k tkrk gS rks bu Nrfj;ksa ds xqEcnksa ij yxs dy'kksa ds ij ds pknh
233
ds dcwrj rFkk pkjksa dksuksa dh pkjksa Nrfj;ksa ds pkjksa dksuksa ij yxh fpfM+;k, vius i`- 525&27
LFkku ij gh ?kweus yxrh gS vkSj viuh pkspksa esa ls iryh ty/kkjk izokfgr djus yxrh 2- jktoYyHk] v-9] 'yksd 21&23] i`- 270]271
gSA chp ds Nrjh ds pkjksa vksj yxs NTTkksa ds vkxs ds fdukjksa ds e/; esa ls pkjksa vksj 3- nsoukFk iqjksfgr] esokM+ fgLVh] i`- 34]50
ikuh fxjus yxrk gSA bruk gh ugha bl m|ku ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa pkjksa vksj Hkwfexr ty 4- jktfoykl] foykl 4 i`- 23_ jktiz'kfLr egkdkO;] lxZ 6 'yksd 9] i` 58
5- jktoYyHk] v-9] 'yksd 18&23] i`- 269&71_ lejkax.k lw=/kkj] jktfuos'k ,oa jktfld
;a= yxs gSA bl m|ku ds ihNs ds Hkkx esa cuk ,d o`kkdkj fo'kky gksn ds pkjksa
dyk,a] v- 49] 'yksd 109&141
fn'kkvksa ij yxs e/;e dn ds lQsn laxejej iRFkj ds cus gkfFk;kas dh ,d vkVh 6- ohjfouksn] Hkk- 2 i`- 269&72
[kkdj ij dh vksj mBh gqbZ lwaMksa esa ls ikuh fudyus dh O;oLFkk Hkh vk'p;Ztud 7- MkW- th-,u- 'kekZ] esokM+ ,.M nh eqxy ,EijlZ] i`-145
gSA gkfFk;ksa dh lwaM ls ty fudyus dh bl O;oLFkk dks orZeku vfHk;kaf=dh ds 8- MkW- jkt'ks[kj O;kl] esokM+ dh dyk vkSj LFkkiR;] i`- 236&38
lanHkZ esa ekuo ds cwrs ds ckgj dh dyk dh Lohdkjuk gksxkA orZeku vfHk;kaf=dh esa 9- jktoYyHk] v-9] 'yksd] i`-269] lejkax.k lw=/kkj] jktfuos'k ,oa jktfld dyk,W] v-
,slh jpuk furkUr vlaHko gh gSA8 'kkL=h; ijEijkuqlkj9 lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h ds bl 49] 'yksd 109&128] 134&135
m|ku dh O;oLFkk ,oa ty ;a=ksa dh O;oLFkk] esokM+ ds f'kfYi;ksa rFkk LFkkifr;ksa ds 10- izk-fo-iz-m-] txfoykl (vizdkf'kr) i`-2&3] foykl 10&12] i`- 7] 26&30] 56] foykl
mPpre Kku dks izdV djrh gSA 44&46] 178&235] 392
11- izk-fo-iz-m-] txfoykl (vizf'kr)] i` 26&30] foykl 178&99] okjk.klh foykl
vizyS 22]1746 bZ- dks egkjk.kk txrflag us ihNksyk >hy esa ^tx fuokl (vizdkf'kr)] i`- 4&5& o 10] foykl 76&78] 107 vkSj 195&99
egy* dh uhao MkyhA ;g Hkou MksfM;k Bkdqj ljnkjflag dh ns[k&js[k esa cuus
yxkA blds vanj laxejej dk cM+k egy] [kq'k egy] dey egy] Qwy egy]
/kkSyk egy] gkSt ugj] QOokjs] cqtZ vkfn cuok;s x;s rFkk m|ku Hkh yxk;k x;k FkkA
bldh nhokjksa o dejksa ds vanj dh nhokjksa ,oa Nrksa ds uhps lqUnj ph.kh dh
iPphdkjh dk dke gqvk gSA nhokjksa ij egjkc ds :i esa fofHkUu jaxksa ls ;qDr ph.kh
ds VqdM+s lqUnjrk ds lkFk tM+s x;sA orZeku esa dejk ua- 127 esa esgjkc o xqEct ;qDr
rkd esa tM+h ph.kh dh iPphdkjh] dejk ua- 129 dey egy dh iPphdkjh rks
lHkh dejksa ls c<+ dj gSA QOokjksa o laxejej ds iRFkjksa ij lqUnj uDdk'kh rFkk iRFkj
rjk'k dj lqUnj tkfy;ka cukbZ xbZ FkhaA dejksa ds njokts egjkc ;qDr gSA dejksa rFkk
f[kM+fd;ksa ds fdaokM+ nsonkj o`{k dh ydM+h ds cus gq, FksA LFkkiR;dyk dh n`f"V
^txfuokl* tSlk lqUnj egy esokM+ gh ugha vfirq jktLFkku esa Hkh fufeZr ugha gqvk
FkkA bl egy esa rFkk lkFk ds m|ku ls jktiwr&eqxy 'kSyh dk lqUnj leUo; fn[kkbZ
nsrk gSA uxhuk ckM+h Hkh 18oha 'krkCnh esa fufeZr dh xbZ FkhA ckx&cxhpksa esa ^xksB*
vkfn dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA QOOkkjksa ds lkFk ty hMk dj gf"kZr gksrs FksA10
jbZlksa] lkear&ljnkjksa dh Hkh futh ckfM+;ka] ckx] cxhps Fks] ijUrq tulk/kkj.k ds
mi;ksx ds fy, jkT; dh vksj ls dksbZ lkoZtfud m|ku dh O;oLFkk ugha FkhA11 tu
lkekU; dks R;kSgkj vkfn mRloksa ij 'kkldksa] lkeUrksa ds m|kuksa esa tkus dh vuqefr
FkhA
lanHkZ
1- jktoYyHk] i`- 67] v- 9 'yksd 19] i`- 269 vijkftri`PNk] Hkk- 1 lw= 88] 'yksd 7&12]
234
vkSj pkjHkqtk ds ikl esa fLFkr gSA :iuxj dk ukedj.k blfy, gqvk fd x<+ dk
fuekZ.k tgk gqvk oks :ith dk eaxjk FkkA8 ^^------------- vizap :iuxj uke rks exjk
dks uke :ith dk eFkkjks gks th lq :iuxj uke iM+;ksa------------** :iuxj fBdkuk
esokM+ ds lqj{kk }kjk :iuxj>hyokM+k fBdkusa vjkoyh ioZrekyk ds ps igkM+ksa ij fLFkr gSA ;gk ls laHkkx eq[;ky; mn;iqj 110
xksfoUn flag lksyadh fdeh- rFkk ftyk eq[;ky; jktlean dh nwjh 50 fdeh- gSA
izeq[k /kkfeZd i;ZVu LFky pkjHkqtk (x<+cksj) ls yxHkx 8 fdeh- nwj
HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr % lkekU; ifjp;>hyokM+k fBdkuk vjkoyh ioZrekyk ps&ps igkM+ksa] ?kkfV;ksa esa p<+dj :iuxj x<+ rd ?kksMk+ ] aV] iSny lokjh }kjk gh
ds esokM+ ekjokM+ ds izos'k }kjk ij fLFkr gSA ;g {ks= ekjokM+ o esokM+ ds chp igqpk tkrk FkkA9 ?kksM+s o V ij cSBs gq, O;fDr dks lokjh ls ckj&ckj uhps mrjuk
izkfrd lhek dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA ;g fBdkuk nslwjh dh uky ds Bhd ij fLFkr iM+rk FkkA ekjokM+ ds fdukjs ,oa vjkoyh ds igkM+ksa ds ij fLFkr gksus ls ;gk ls
dqaHkyx<+ dks Li"V >kdrs gq, mldks lqj{kk fo"k;d pkSdlh j[kus okyk ,sfrgkfld ekjokM+ cgqr Li"V ,oa lqjE; utj vkrk gSA rygVh ls dkQh pkbZ ij fLFkr gksus ls
tkxhjnkjh xzke jgk gSA izkphu f'kykys[kksa] ikaMqfyfi;ksa esa bldk uke psyk[;iqj] uhps ns[kus ij xgjh [kkbZ (xrZ) fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA10
psyokV] thyokM+k vkfn feyrk gSA egkjk.kk eksdy ds fo-la- 1485 (1428 bZ-) ds :iuxj fBdkus dh LFkkiukesokM+ egkjk.kk vfjflag us fo-la- 1826
^Ja`xha f"k* uked LFkku (,dfyaxth ls 5 ehy ij) ds f'kykys[k esa fy[kk gS fd (1769 bZ-) esa xksMo+ kM+ dks tks/kiqj egkjktk fot;flag dks ukFk}kjk esa QkSt j[kus ,oa
gehj us psyk[;iqj us (thyokM+s)1 dks NhukA ,dfyax ekgkRe; esa Hkh psyokV esokM+ esa 'kkfUr O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus esa lg;ksx djus ds ,ot~ esa fn;k FkkA11 xksMo+ kM+
(thyokM+s) ds Lokeh jk?ko dks] tks cM+k vagdkjh Fkk] pqYyw dj tkuk (enZu djuk) ijxuk ekjokM+ dks nsus ij nslwjh Bkdqj ohjenso lksyadh f}rh; us tks/kiqj dh v/
fy[kk gSA2 >hyokM+k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr mi;qDr gksus ls fo-la- 1552 (bZ-la- khurk Lohdkj ugha dh vkSj cxkor dj nhA rc esokM+ ds egkjk.kk us fo-la- 1828
1495) esa lksyadh Bkdqj jk;ey ds iq= 'kadjflag us cYyk jktiwrksa dks gjkdj bls (bZ-la-1771) esa nslwjh NksM+us ds cnys esa esokM+ esa :iuxj dh tkxhj nsdj 'kkUr
viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA3 >hyokM+k fBdkuk mn;iqj ls 105 fdeh mkj esa 25013* fd;kA12 ^^---------- vizap nslwjh NwVh vj exjk esa vku <+k.kk cka/;k vk lhe xkVM+k
mkjh v{kka'k ,oa 73040* iwohZ ns'kkUrj ij leqnzry ls 725 eh- (2500 QqV) dh dh gS-------A**
pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA ;g xkserh unh ds viokg ra= dk Hkkx gSA4 bl fBdkus dh
if'peh lhek xksMo+ kM+ ijxus eas fLFkr ?kk.ksjko nslwjh fBdkus ls feyrh FkhA mkj esa :iuxj nqxZ esa nkf[ky gksus ds fy, 4 ehy ij ,d njoktk Fkk] mlesa gksdj
esokM+ ds izFke Js.kh dk fBdkus nsox<+ rFkk iwoZ esa vkesV fBdkus ls >hyokM+k fBdkus gh vkuk iM+rk FkkA :iuxj ds pkjksa vksj dqnjrh igkM+ksa dk ijdksVk cuk gqvk gSA tks
dh lhek, yxrh FkhA5 izkfrd :i ls :iuxj nqxZ vkSj ogk ds fuokfl;ksa dks lqj{kk iznku djrk FkkA dgk
tkrk gS fd ,d tekus esa bl ijdksVs ij 84 pkSfd;k yxrh FkhA blls Li"V gksrk gS
lksyadh oa'k dk fBdkuk :iuxj esokM+ jkT; ds f}rh; Js.kh ds tkxhjnkj fd :iuxj dk esokM+ esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA13 :iuxj ds igkM+ksa dk o.kZu duZy
FksA ,sfrgkfld ijEijk dh n`f"V ls in&izfr"Bk esa :iuxj ds tkxhjnkj dh gSfl;r VkWM bl rjg djrk gS] ^^xkSjoiw.kZ vkcw dk dsUnz nf{k.k dks Fkk] 250 if'pe] pkSchl
esokM+ ds tkxhjnkjksa esa fof'k"V FkhA bl fof'k"V fLFkfr dk dkj.k bl oa'k ds }kjk ehy nwj] ;gk ls vjkoyh dh pksfV;k] ftudks eSa vius nwj n'kZd&;a= ls lehi ys
esokM+ jkT; dh j{kk ds fy, lefiZr mudh vuqie lsok, o cfynku FkkA pkjHkqtk] vk;k Fkk] lknM+h vkSj :iuxj ij lc ls ph fn[kkbZ nhA dqaHkyesj bu nksuksa ds chp
:iuxj] >hyokM+k o lSoU=h rFkk xkserh unh dk {ks= oksjkV dgykrk gS rFkk :iuxj esa nck gqvk lk fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk Fkk ijUrq ;gk ds fuokfl;ksa us dgk fd bls ps /kjkry
ds tkxhjnkjk dks oksjkVukFk Hkh dgrs FksA6 ds Hkkx esa lSeqj ds ikl tjxk okyh pksVh lc pksfV;ksa ls ph fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA**14
:iuxj fBdkuk esokM+ jkT; ds mkjh Hkkx esa fLFkr FkkA bl fBdkus dh nf{k.k o if'pe dk Hkkx ?kus taxyksa ,oa vjkoyh&ioZr Jsf.k;ksa ls vkPNkfnr
va{kk'kh; fLFkfr 25017* ,oa ns'kkUrjh; foLrkj 73038* gSA leqnz ry ls 803 eh- gksus ds dkj.k ;g esokM+ jkT; dh izkfrd izgjh ds :i esa j{kk djrk gSA ;ksa bl
(2635 QqV) dh pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA7 ;g Hkkx xkserh o lqdM+h unh ds viokg {ks= jkT; dk yxHkx nks&frgkbZ Hkkx eSnkuh izns'k gS vkSj 'ks"k igkM+h ,oa ioZrh; kà[kykvksa
esa clk gqvk gS rFkk <ky iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj gSA :iuxj dqaHkyx<+ ls mkj dh esa dbZ yEcs rax njsZ Hkh gSA ftUgsa LFkkuh; cksyh esa ûky* dgrs gSA15 vjkoyh
235
ioZrekyk jktLFkku jkT; ds ,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd tkrh gS] ftldh fn'kk psyh ekrk dh uky;g uky :iuxj dks ekjokM+ ls tksMr+ h gSA ;g uky
nf{k.k&if'pe ls mkj&iwoZ dh vksj gSA ;g yxHkx 700 fdeh- {ks= esa QSyh gqbZ gSA lqesj dh uky ds ikl fLFkr gS e/;dky esa :iuxj vkus ds fy, cgq/kk blh uky dk
;s ioZr Jsf.k;k bu fn'kkvksa esa esokM+ jkT; dh izkfrd lhek, cukrh gSA nf{k.k mi;ksx gksrk FkkA ;gk :iuxj dh pkSdh yxrh FkhA26
if'pe esa ekjokM+ ds fdukjs vjkoyh ioZr kà[kykvksa dh pkbZ c<+rh xbZ gSA16 [kSjk dh ukyxko >hyokM+k vkSj etsjk ds chp [kSjk dh uky gSA ;g uky
>hyokM+k vkSj :iuxj fBdkuksa ls tqM+h lkefjd ego dh ukysa fBdkus ds vUrxZr FkhA >hyokM+k ls lwjtdq.M ;k >hyokM+k ls etsjk tkus ds fy,
>hyokM+k dh uky17bldks yksx ixY;k uky Hkh dgrs gSA18 ;g vuqekur% [kSjk dh uky dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA27 [kSj o`{k dh cgqr;kr ls bls [kSjk dh uky dgk
4 ehy yEch rFkk cgqr ladM+h gS vkSj ekjokM+ ls esokM+ esa vkus dk jkLrk gSaA bl tkrk gSA ;g uky >hyokM+k ls etsjk gksrs gq, dsyokM+k rd tkrh gSA bl uky esa
uky ds ij dh rjQ >hyokM+k fLFkr gksus ls >hyokM+k dh uky ,oa uhps ekjokM+ is;ty gsrq fBdkus dh vksj ls dq, dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;kA28
dh rjQ nslwjh fLFkr gksus ls nslwjh dh uky ls Hkh tkuh tkrh gSA >hyokM+k dh uky ejokl dh ukylSoa=h ds ikl ejokl dh uky gS] tks esokM+ dks
mn;iqj ls 113 fdeh nwj gS vkSj dsyokM+k ls 22 fdeh vkSj pkjHkqtk ds lehi fLFkr ekjokM+ ls tksMr+ h gSA ckn esa bl uky dk iz;ksx cgqr lhfer gks x;kA29 blds
gSA eqg.kksr uS.klh us bl uky dks gh >hyokM+s dk ?kkVk dgk gSA blds if'pe esa vykok :iuxj bykds esa eq.Mh dh uky] ?kklk dh uky30 bR;kfn gSA
ekjokM+ vkSj iwoZ esa esokM+ gSA igys bl Js.kh ds if'pe esa xksMo+ kM+ ijxuk esokM+ esa >hyokM+k ls dqaHkyx<+ tkus ds fy, ukys ,oa njsZdqaHkyx<+ esokM+ dh
'kkfey FkkA egkjk.kk vfjflag ds le; ;g ijxuk ekjokM+ esa pyk x;kA19 ixY;k jkt/kkuh jgk gS ;qdky ,oa 'kkafr dky esa dqaHkyx<+ dh egrh mi;ksfxrk jgh gS
dh uky e/;dky esa vkokxeu dk eq[; jkLrk FkkA bl dkj.k O;kikfjd o lkefjd daqHkyx<+ dh lqj{kk dk nkf;Ro :iuxj] >hyokM+k vkSj ?kk.ksjko dk FkkA vr% bl
n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ FkhA ;q ds volj ij lSfud lapkyu ,oa 'kkafr ds le; O;kikj dky esa iFk ekxZ bl izdkj Fksbu iFkekxksZ ds }kjk fBdkus ls daqHkyx<+ 'kh?kz igqpk
okf.kT; dh n`f"V ls ixY;k uky dk fo'ks"k egRo FkkA20 lu~ 1828 ls 1922 bZ- rd tk ldrk gSA >hyokM+k ls dqaHkyx<+ tkus ds fy,&31
;g uky can jghA21 rc ?kkVM+k dh uky ls vkokxeu gksrk jgk FkkA (d) gkM+osjh&tksth dk ukM+k&uhek jh MkaMh&ekafM;k Hkoj&lwjr dq.M&Hkaojk okyh
lkses'oj dh uky;g uky nslwjh (ekjokM+ esa) ls dqN ehy mkj dh vksj dkB&dqaHkyx<+A
gSA ;g cgqr yach vkSj fodV gS blfy, >hyokM+k dh uky ds [kqy tkus ij yksxksa us ([k) gkM+osjh&lksik&vksnh dh uky&MkM+e okyk cank&osjl&VIik dk gksM+k&
blls cgq/kk vkuk&tkuk can dj fn;k FkkA22 lkses'oj dh uky dks cksypky esa lqesj HkxrrykbZ&dqaHkyx<+A
dh uky Hkh dgrs gSA lqesj dh uky dks ?kkVM+k dh uky Hkh dgrs Fks] bl uky ds O;kikfjd ego ds lkFk&lkFk bu ukyksa dk lkefjd ego Hkh FkkA bu ukyksa
ij ?kkVM+k xko gS] bl dkj.k bls ?kkVM+k dh uky Hkh dgrs gSA ;g uky esokM+&ekjokM+ esa j{kkRed pkSfd;k LFkkfir dh tkrh Fkh] D;ksafd ckgjh vkkUrkvksa dk izos'k bUgha
dks tksMr+ h gSA ;g uky tgk ls izkjEHk gksrh gS ogk lkses'oj egknso dk eafnj gS ekxksaZ ls gksrk FkkA
blfy, bls lkses'oj dh uky dgrs gSA
gkFkhxqM+k23 dh ukynslwjh ls nf{k.k esa 5 ehy dh nwjh ij ;g uky gSA esokM+&ekjokM+ lhek
blds eqg ij ,d ekspsZcUn QkVd gS vkSj esokM+ ds flikfg;ksa dk ogk igjk jgrk FkkA fBdkuk nLrkost ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd la- 1946 (lu~ 1889) esa
dqaHkyx<+ dk igkM+h fdyk bl uky ds Bhd ij gS vkSj dsyokM+s dk dLck mlds esokM+&ekjokM+ lhek dk QSlyk gqvk tks cgqr dqN esokM+ ds i{k esa gqvkA >hyokM+k
fudV gh gSA bl uky esa yM+kbZ esa ekjs tkus okys ohj iq#"kksa ds Lekjd :ih pcwrjs Hkh vkSj nslwjh ds e/; lhekdau gks x;kA32 ekjokM+&esokM+ ds lhekadu dk dke gks
cus gq, gSA24 x;kA daqHkyx<+ ixY;k dh uky ds QSlys ij ekjokM+ dh rjQ ls egkjkt izrkiflag
Hkk.kiqjk dh uky;g ?kk.ksjko ls 6 ehy nf{k.k esa gS] [kkldj j.kdiqj vkSj esokM+ dh rjQ ls esgrk iUukyky dks fu;qDr fd;k x;kA esgrk iUukyky us
tSu efUnjksa ds fy, izfl gS vkSj yksx ,slk dgrs gS fd izkphu uxj ds LFkku esa ;s egkjktk izrkiflag dks vihy mBkus ds fy, jkth dj fy;k ,d 'krZ ds lkFk fd
cus gq, gSA25 ;g dqaHkyx<+ ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr gS rFkk Hkkuiqjk xko ls izkjEHk gksrh gS esokM+ igkM+ksa ds ikuh dks ugha jksdsxkA bl okrkZ esa ykyk f=Hkqou yky Hkh lkFk FksA33
bl dkj.k bls Hkk.kiqjk dh uky dgrs gSA ekjokM+ esa tkus dk dksbZ jkLrk ugha Fkk] flQZ ixY;k dh uky34 gh ,slh Fkh
236
fd xkM+h vk&vk ldSA ;g uky Hkh can Fkh lks [kqyokbZ xbZA [kksyrs gh ekjokM+ us 17- >hyokM+k dh uky dks nslwjh dh uky Hkh dgk tkrk gSA jk.kkor] euksgj flag] eqg.kksr uS.klh
ljgn dk nkok cgqr ps igkM+ksa rd [kM+k dj fn;kA blds QSlys ds fy, lkgc dh [;kr] i`-1
fu;qDr gq, QSlyk bldk esokM+ ds gd esa cgqr Bhd gqvkA igkM+ksa ds rygVh ds 18- ;g uky tgk ls izkjEHk gksrh gSA ogk yksdnsork ckck jkenso ds ixY;s (in fpUgksa) dk iwtk
djhc ehukjcanh gqbZA bl le>kSrs ds le; esgrk iUukyky ds lkFk lksguyky vkSj LFkku gS] bl dkj.k >hyokM+k dh uky dh ixY;k dh uky Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA
19- :iuxj rokjh[k vizdkf'kr] i`-la- 4_ ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx 1] i`-la- 106] 169
y{ehyky iapksyh FksA35
20- (v) izrkiflag >hyokM+k dks egdek [kkl ls i= ixY;k uky ds laca/k esa la- 1982 iks"k
mi;qDr izkfrd fLFkfr us ;gk ds bfrgkl dks ;Fks"B :i ls izHkkfor fd;k lwn 13-rk- 28 fnlEcj] 1925 bZ-_ panu flag >hyokM+k dks dksBkjh jk/kkfd'ku dk i= la-
gSA ph&ph ioZr&ekykvksa rFkk >hyokM+k] nslwjh] lkses'oj rFkk gkFkhxqMk+ dh uky 1910 dkrh lqn 8_ mnsiqj esgUnzkt lHkk dk ijokuk Bkdqj izrki flag dks la- 1960 tsB lqnh
(rax ?kkfV;ksa) ds Hk;kud taxyksa esa jkT; ds ukxfjdksa ,oa lSfudksa sdks laj{k.k feyrk (1) rk-14 fnlEcj 1904_ jktflag >hyokM+k ds uke lkg izrkiey toj] mn;iqj dk i=
jgk gSA jkT; ij vke.k djus okys fons'kh vkkark iwoZ if'pe rFkk nf{k.k dh ph -------- vizap dkxn psr lqn 7 dks y[kks lekpkj ckaP;k vksj ixY;k dh uky esa nslwjh okyk
rFkk foLr`r ioZrekykvksa dks yk?kus esa lnk vleFkZ jgsA bUgha ioZr&kà[kykvksa ds pksd~;k esyh th rkcs y[kh lks dksBkjh th lq bZryk djh lks bjks cankscLr gqoksxk vksj pksdh
laj{k.k esa jgrs gq, LFkkuh; 'kkldksa us ^xqfjYYkk ;q uhfr* dk voycau ysdj viuh cksykbZ dk pksFk ixY;k dh uky dh pqdkosa thjh ykxr dh djn Hkst ok ------- la- 1926 psr
lqn 11
Lora=rk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl fd;kA36
21- ^^--------- Jh th gqtqj dk gqdqe lq lks lu~ 1828 Fkh yxk,su 1922 rd can jk[kh-----------**
lanHkZ 22- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 3] Hkkx&1] uS.klh dh [;kr] i`- 73&81
1- ,dfyaxth ds eafnj ds nf{k.k }kjk iz'kfLr esa] tks fo-la- 1545 dh gS] gehj dk dsfyokV 23- tuJqfr gS fd egkjk.kk dqaHkyx<+ jgrs Fks ml le; muds gkFkh bl uky ds uhps jgk djrs
(dsyokM+s) ls tkdj psyokV (thyokM+k) ysuk fy[kk gS (Jks-22) >hyokM+k xksMokM+ ds Fks tgk ij ,d NksVk lk xko Fkk og xko gkFkh xqM+k ,oa ;g uky gkFkhxqM+k dh uky ls
fudV esokM+ dk pk igkM+h LFkku gSA xksM+okM+ dh rjQ ls esokM+ ij gksu okys geys dks izfl gqbZA (ohj fouksn] Hkkx 1] i`-106] îkn fVIi.kh 1)
jksdus ds fy;s ;g ekspZs ds vPNs LFkkuksa esa ls ,d gSA igys xksMo+ kM+ ij Hkh viuk vf/kdkj 24- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&1] i`-3
tek;k gksA egkjk.kk jk;ey ds le; ls ;g dFku lksyadh ljnkj dh tkxhj esa pyk vkrk 25- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx 1] i`-107
gS] gehj ds le; esa 'kk;n ;g pkSgkuksa ds vf/kdkj esa gksA (xkS-gh-vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk 26- :iuxj] dh cgh 1989] i`- 49
bfrgkl Hkkx&1] i`-la-] 236&37] ikn fVIi.kh 4) 27 jhNsM+ iVsyks ds uke Nxuyky] mn;iqj dk i= -------- viazp [ksjk jh uky jks eaxjk rks
2- vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`-la- 236&237 >hyokM+k jks gs lks --------- la- 1905 iks"k on 3
3- ukj;.k flag th cM+ok iksFkh] izfrfyfi] i`- 6 28- prjflag >hyokM+k ds uke] tksjkoj nsoM+k dk i= la- 1996 jk iks"k lqn 3
4- Hkkjrh; LFkykfrd ekufp= la[;k 45 th] Hkkjrh; losZ foHkkx nsgjknwu lu~ 1977 29- :iuxj] fBdkuk jsdkMZl~ eqrQfjQ dkxtkr~A
5- fBdkuk jsdkWMZl >hyokM+k ds vk/kkj ijA uD'kk ehukjs ekjokM+ ljgn_ 30- fBdkuk :iuxj jksdM+ cgh] i`- 29
6- euksgj flag jk.kkor] uS.klh dh [;kr] i`-la- 13 31- lk{kkRdkj Hkxoku flag lksyadh] fu- >hyokM+k] mez 68 o"kZ_ }kjk losZA
7- Hkkjrh; LFkykfrd ekufp= la[;k 45 th] Hkkjrh; losZ foHkkx nsgjknwu lu~ 1977 32- fBdkuk jsdkMZ~l] uDlk ehukjs esokM+ ekjokM+] ljgn loar~ 1946 dk_ mn;iqj egdek [kkl
8- fBdkuk jsdkMZ~l ,d i=A ls tkjh i= Bkdqj r[kr flag >hyokM+k dks lor~ 1945 oS'kk[k on 8 rkjh[k (24 viSzy
9- orZeku esa dPph lM+d cuh gqbZ gS ftl ij thi] dkj tk ldrh gSA 1889)
10- gkykr ekStk :iuxj [kkl fBdkuk :iuxj lsVyesUV fMikVZesUV jktLFkku] i`-la- 7 33- iUukyky esgrk] ^Lothouh*] xzaFkkd 161] i`-129&130
11- ';keynkl ohj fouksn] i`- 1573&74 34- ixY;k uky] bls >hyokM+k dh uky] >hyokM+k dk ?kkVk ;k nslwjh dh uky Hkh dgrs gS
12- :iuxj dh rokjh[k vizdkf'kr] cM+ok iksFkh] izfrfyfi] i`-la- 34 mn;iqj&tks/kiqj ds e/; vkt Hkh ;gh ;krk;kr dk izeq[k ekxZ gSA
13- gkykr ekStk :iuxj [kkl fBdkuk] :iuxj] i`- 8 35- iUukyky esgrk] ^Lothouh*] xzaFkkd 161] i`- 30&31
14- tsElVkWM] if'peh Hkkjr dh ;k=k] vuqoknd&cgqjk] xksiky ukjk;.k] i`-56 36- th-,u-'kekZ] esokM+] ,.M nh eqxy ,Ei;lZ] i`- 2&5
15- ts-ds- vks>k] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`-1
16- cnjh izlkn lkdfj;k] (la) eqgark uS.klh jh [;kr] Hkkx 1] tks/kiqj] 1960 bZ-] i`-la- 42
237
ij] Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gS] vr% fo"k; 'kks[kkokVh ds fHkfkfp=ksa ds ,d

oSf'k"V; ds rkSj ij lkeus vkrk gS] ".k&xksih laca/kh ;s vlk/kkj.kk fp= fuEu :iksa
esa n`"VO; gSa
'ks[kkokVh fHkfkfp=ksa dk ,d oSf'k"B; uoukjh dqatj ;k xksih dqatjbl :i esa cus fp= 'ks[kkokVh ds uoux<+7
xksih&".k Lo:i (ikskj gosyh)] eaMkok8 dh gosfy;ksa] fclk] [ksrM+h ds nqxksZ9 Qrsgiqj ds jkeizlkn
MkW- f'kYih xqIrk xks;udk dh gosyh]10 Jh eqfDrukFk vfrfFkx`g jsoklk] lhdj11 esa izkIr gksrs gSaA bl
izdkj ds fp=ksa esa vf/kdka'kr% izkfrd ifjn`'; esa ioZr] isM&+ ikS/ks] unh rV ij]
jktLFkku dyk dh n`f"V ls le` izns'k gSA fp=dyk esa Hkh ;gk vusd fogkj ds ekgkSy esa lkr] vkB ;k ukS dh la[;k esa xksfi;ksa ls cus eLr xtjkt dks
'kSfy;k &esokM+ ekjokM+] gkM+krS h] <wa<kM+] fd'kux<+] ukFk}kjk] 'ks[kkokVh2 vkfn 'kSfy;k]
1 n'kkZ;k gS] ftlds ij cSBs lokj ds :i esa] eq[;r% vadq'k fy;s egkor ".k gS ;k
izeq[k {ks=ksa esa jktdh; laj{k.k ds lkFk iuihaA jktLFkku ds bu fp= 'kSfy;ksa o ".kjk/kk] jke&lhrk (pq:) gSa] ftu ds flj ij nSoh; izHkko ;qDr izHkkeaMy gS]
fHkfkfp=ksa esa fofo/k fo"k;ksa ds lkFk /kkfeZd fo"k;ksa dk vadu i;kZIr ek=k esa gqvk] ".k us eksj eqdqV igu j[kk gS] muds vkxs&ihNs fL=;k paoj] N=] eksjfiN] naMkfn
tSlk fd /keZ lnSo gh Hkkjrh; laLfr dk vge i{k jgk gSA /keZ esa tgka fofo/k jktdh; fpUg ds lkFk py jgh gSA blh jktlh 'kku'kkSdr ds e/; dgha&dgha ".k]
nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fp= cus gSa] ogha fo".kq ds vorkj] ".k laca/kh fp=ksa esa mudh jk/kk ds lkFk fooj.k dj jgs gSa] tgka jk/kk dks Qwy lwa?krs gq, vkSj ".k dks ckalqjh
vusd yhyk;sa izkIr gksrh gSaA czt esa jgrs gq, ".k viuh vusd yhyk;sa djrs gSa] bUgha ctkrs fn[kk;k x;k gSA pq:12 ds ukjh daqtj esa gfLr gkSns ij cSB jkelhrk lokjh dj
fnuksa esa ".k&jk/kk dh jklyhyk Hkh gksrh gSA Jhen~Hkkxor ds n'keLda/k esa jkl jgs gSa vkSj guqeku mUgha dh lsok esa vkxs fojkteku gSaA tcfd ekjokM+ fp= 'kSyh esa
yhyk] xksfi;ksa ds ".k laca/kh izse dk HkyhHkkafr mYys[k gqvk gSA3 rRlaca/kh ".k&jk/ Hkh ukjhdqatj ds fp= cusa] tgk ijEijkxr oL=kHkw"k.kksa ,o ok|;a=ksa ls lfTtr 8
kk] jklyhyk ds fp= Hkh dkQh cus gS blh izdkj fp=ksa e/;] xgu v/;;u ds nkSjku] fL=;ksa ls cus xt ij uhyo.khZ 'ka[k] p] xnk] in~e fy;s fo".kq13 vk:<+ gSA
Hkkjrh; /keZ o n'kZu dh vfHkO;fDr djrk gqvk ,d fp= mHkjk&vYiKkr uoukjh ;k lhrkjke eafnj (Mwaxjh] 18 oha 'krkCnh) cwanh 'kSyh14 esa Hkh xksihdqatj ".k dk vadu
xksih ".k dqatj dkA ftldk lkfgfR;d mYys[k izR;{kr% v|kof/k caxyk lkfgR; gqvk gSA t;iqj15 ds gh flVh iSysl ls izkIr ,d fp= esa Hkh uoukjh dqatj vkfr esa
ds ^n'kjfFk jk; dh ikpkyh* esa izkIr gksrk gSA mM+hlk esa bls ^xtjkl yhyk* dgk fL=;ksa ls gkFkh dh eLr pky dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA blh rjg 19oha 'krkCnh ds ,d
x;k gS] caxky esa vkt Hkh uoukjh iwtu dh ijEijk gSA4 vU; fp= (futh laxzg] teZuh)16 esa Hkh xksih dqatj gkSns ij lokj ".k dks fy,]
;gh fo"k; ;k vyadj.k mdsjk x;k gS caxky ds fo".kqiqj ds eafnjksa dh [kM+s gksus dh eqnzk esa gSA ftuds vkxs&ihNs paoj/kkfj.kh] gkFkh ds vkxs ,d L=h irkdk
e`.kewfrZdyk esa] mM+hlk ds rkM+i= o ifp=ksa5 esa] /kkrq dyk esa] nf{k.k Hkkjrh; fy;s] ,d ihNs N= fy;s gSA bu fp=ksa esa eq[;r% izkfrd i`"BHkwfe ds LkkFk Hkwjs]
f'kYi esa] Jhyadk] igkM+h fp=dyk rFkk jktLFkku esa fo'ks"kr% 'kks[kkokVh ds fHkfrfp=ksa uhys] yky] ihyk] dRFkbZ] gjs jaxksa dh iz/kkurk gSA
esaA buesa eq[;r;k ukfj;ksa ls la;qDr ,d xt dk fuekZ.k mYys[kuh; gSA ;|fi ukjh xksih v'o ;k rqjax'ks[kkokVh ls gh izkIr fclkm17 nqxZ] egulj18 ,oa
19
dqatj ds lkFk&lkFk fp=dyk esa i'kq dqatj] ukjh v'o] i'kq O;k?kz] iq:"k v'o] eaMkok ds fHkfkfp=ksa esa 5] 6] ukjh ls fufeZr xfr'khy v'o dks Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k
dkek'o] i'kq v'o] uoukjh o`"kHk] i'kq aV bR;kfn vuds izdkj ds la;qDr fp= cus x;k gSA ;gk Hkh xksfi;ksa }kjk lqUnj gko&Hkko ds lkFk cuk;s v'o ij lokj ".k gh
gSa] tgk fofHkUu tho&tUrqvksa dks ,d lkFk ,d 'kjhj esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ijarq gS tks ?kksM+s dh yxke Fkkes] rks dgha ckalqjh ctkrs n'kkZ;s x;s gSA i`"BHkwfe esa gjh ;k
'ks[kkokVh ds fHkfrfp=ksa esa ;g fo"k; izeq[kr% ".k ,oa xksfi;ksa (jk/kk o lkf[k;ka& lknh nhokj ;k Qwyikh vyadj.k gS yky] dRFkbZ] uhys] gjs jaxksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
yfyrk] fo'kk[kk] lqfe=k] pEidyrk] lqanjh] jaxnsoh] banqjs[kk o rqaxnsoh6- ijarq jk/kk egulj esa ?kqM+lokj ds vkxs&ihNs paoj Hkkyk fy;s L=h vuqpj Hkh gSA blh rjg ls
o v"V lf[k;ksa ds fy, fofHkUu xzaFkksa esa vyx&vyx er gSA) ds laca/k ij cuk;k laHkor% t;iqj20 ls izkIr fp=ksa esa ls ,d esa uoukfj;ksa ls cus v'o lokj ûhyef.k
x;k gS] rFkk 'ks[kkokVh ds eaMkok] Qrsgiqj] uoyx<+] geulj] fclkm] [ksrM+h] pq: ".k* izHkkeaMy] eksjeqdqV] oSt;arhekyk ;qDr oke dj ls ?kksMs+ dh yxke Fkkes] nk;sa
dh gosfy;ka] nqxksZ bR;kfn ds vkd"kZd esgjkch }kj] xok{kksa] fHkfk;ksa ds ijh Hkkxksa ls v'o fu;a=.k gsrq dksey iq"iksa dh ryokj vFkok pkcqd fy;s gSA bl dFkkud dk
238
fooj.k Hkh mM+hlk lkfgR; esa fnokdj nkl r ^jkliapd* esa feyrk21 gS fd lkFk tksM+ ysrh gS rks dHkh muds iSj xt lwaM cu tkrs gS] vxzHkkx esa vkxs dh xksfi;ka
cfnzdkJe esa jk/kk ,oa yfyrk] eatjh] panzHkkuq vkfn v"V lf[k;ksa ls fufeZr ukjh rqajx viuk gkFk ckgj c<+k ds xtnar cuk Mkyrh gSA fQj dHkh ?kksMs+ ds eq[k dks cukus gsrq]
ij Jh".k lokj gq,A vius ikao o 'kjhj dks bl rjg lesV cSBrh gS fd bl mEnk dkS'ky ij vk'p;Z pfdr
xksih ikydhbl rjg ds fp= eaMkok22 ,oa egulj23 ls izkIr gq;s gSa] tks gks tkuk LokHkkfod gh gSA dgha mudh ds'kjkf'k ?kksMs+ ds ihB dk cky cu tkrh gS]
vR;Ur vkd"kZd gS D;ksafd ;gka xksfi;ksa us vius ".k ds fy, Lo;a dks ikydh esa rks dgha yEch&xwaFkh pksVh gkFkh iwaN ;k [kqys ds'k gkFkh ds d.kZ] rks dgha muds paoj
rCnhy dj fn;k gSA lkns nhokj dh i`"BHkwfe esa yky] Hkwjs] uhys] gjs jax ds jktLFkkuh dks] dykdkj ?kksM+s dh iwaN esa cny Mkyrk gSA xksfi;ksa dk ;gk vius vkjk/; ds fy,
ifj/kkuksa ls ;qDr 7&8 xksfi;ksa esa ls dqN ,d&nwljs ds da/kksa ij gkFk j[kdj] ikydh ,dtqV gksdj dk;Z djuk Hkh ;g lans'k nsrk gS fd ,drk esa 'kfDr gksrh gSA rHkh rks
dk dgkj cus] rks ,d muds e/; ysVdj jk/kk".k dks viuh ihB ij vklu ns jgh og ,d fo'kky xtjkt] QqrhZys v'o vkSj feydj ikydh vkSj mls <ksus okys dgkj
gSa rks vU; nks ij dh vksj feydj ikydh dk :i ys jgh gSa] muds vkxs&ihNs] rd dk dke dj ysrh gSA tks vU;Fkk os vdsys&vdsys ugha dj ikrhA
lkeus dh vksj paoj/kkfj.kh gS rFkk euksjatu gsrq ok|;a= Hkh ctk;k tk jgk gSA ;g Hkh /;ku ;ksX; ;g Hkh gS fd 'ks[kkokVh ds bu fp=ksa es Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa of.kZr
vlk/kkjk.k gS] D;ksafd yxHkx gj txg v'o] xt i'kq ds ij lokj gq, ".k&jk/kk ^Jhen~Hkkxor* ;k yksd lkfgR; ds fooj.k vuqlkj fp= cuk;s x;s gSa u fd eqxy
gS] ijUrq ;gka xksfi;ksa us rks vius ".k gsrq futhZo oLrq ikydh dks Hkh ,d thoUr izHkko vUrxZrA eqxy y?kqfp=ksa25 esa i'kq dqatj] nkuo dk vadu gkoh gS ijUrq ;gka
:i ns fn;k gS] tks vU;= nqyZHk gSA laHkor% jktLFkku esa gh vU;= ^xksih >wyk*Hkh vf/kdk'kar 5] 7] 8] 9 dh la[;k esa xksfi;k gS] vkxs&ihNs paoj/kkfj.kh ;k L=h vuqpj
cuk gSA24 jktdh; fpUg fy;s gSa vkSj lokj] fgUnq nso fo".kq ds vorkjjke] ".k ;k dgha
bl rjg ls 'ks[kkoVh ds fHkfkfp=ksa esa uoyx<+] fclk] egulj] [ksrM+h] Lo;a fo".kq gSaA ijUrq vf/kdka'kr ".k] ".k&jk/kk gh gS vr% ls fp= o dykdkj
eaMkok] pq: vkfn esa ;s vfHkizk; ^xksih ".k* fo'ks"k gSA eaMkok esa rks lHkh Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ls izHkkfor gS] mUgha ds vuqlkj mUgksaus ijEijkxr {ks=h; os'kHkw"kk Hkh
izdkj&xksih dqatj] xksih ikydh] xksih v'o rFkk i'kqdqatj izkIr gksrs gSa vr% eaMkok iguk;s gSaA bl izdkj ds fp=ksa esa dgha&dgha gh oL=ksa esa eqfLye izHkko fn[krk gSa]
rks lHkh :iksa ds :ikadu esa vxz.kh jgk gSA vr% iz/kkur;k 'ks[kokVh ds fp=dkjksa us viuh laLfr ds izk/kkU; dks Lohdkjk gSA
xksih :ih ikydh okys fp= Hkh v|kof/k blh {ks= ls izkIr gS rks] ;g Hkh 'ks[kkoVh
eq[;r;k bl izdkj ds fp=ksa esa dfri; fcanq mHkjdj lkeus vkrs gSa] buesa dh fp='kSyh dh fof'k"Vrk gS] lkFk gh esjk ;g Hkh er gS fd ctk; ge bUgsa uoukjh
jktLFkku ds fHkfk fp=ksa ,oa fp='kSfy;ksa esa vusd i{kksa ds lkFk&lkFk /keZ dqatj] ;k ukjh v'o dgsa] bUgsa xksfi;ksa ds uke lfgr lacksf/kr djuk T;knk lVhd
laca/kh fp= cgq;k;r esa cus gSA nsoh&nsorkvksa laca/kh fp=ksa esa ".k yhykvksa dk Hkh gksxk] D;ksafd leLr fp=ksa esa ,oa dFkkud esa og lk/kkj.k ukjh ugha gS vfirq ".k ls
vadu izpqj ek=k esa gqvk gS 'ks[kkokVh esa Hkh bl izdkj ds jk/kk".k] jklyhyk] tqMh+ mudh HkDr] I;kjh xksfi;k gS tks ".k dh lsok es gj rjg ls rRij gSa vkSj
xksfi;ksa ds lax fp= fufeZr gq, gS ijUrq ;gka bu fp=ksa esa xksfi;ksa ,oa ".k ds izfr xtlokj] ?kqMl + okj] ikydh lokj ".k mUgsa ekxZnf'kZr dj jgs gSa] tSlk fd Hkkjrh;
laca/k dks izeq[k egRo fn;k x;k gS fd] fdl izdkj xksfi;k ".k ds izfr HkfDr n'kZu esa ekuk x;k gS fd] ;gk ij ;ksxh ".k26 egkor dk LFkku fy;s gS rks laHkor%
j[krh gS fd mudh ckalqjh dh rku ls og viuk dk;Z tSls ds rSls] mlh voLFkk esa xksfi;ksa dh papyrk] O;kdqyrk] eksgek;k] bafnz;ksa dks o'k esa dj mUgsa jkLrk fn[kk jgs
NksM+] Hkkxh pyh vkrh gS] mUgsa fdlh vkSj dh lq/kcq/k gh ugha gSa vkSj taxy esa gSaA dfri; fp=ksa esa ".k dks egkor ds vdqa'k ds lkFk fn[kk;k x;k gS ftlls Hkh
".k&jk/kk ds lkFk fopj.k djrs gq, ".k us muds lkeus xtlokjh] v'olokjh ;k bl er dh iqf"V gksrh gSA
ikydh dh lokjh dh bPNk O;Dr dh] rks os vius fiz;re ".k ds fy, Lo;a ;g Hkh mYYks[kuh; gS fd vuds erksa dks lesVs] ukjh dqatj ;k xksih dqatj]
e'k% dHkh dqatj] v'o cu tkrh gSa rks dHkh ikydh dk fuekZ.k Mkyrh gSA bl v'o] ikydh ds ;s leLr mnkgj.k mkj e/;dkyhu] yxHkx 16oha ls 19oha
nkSjku ;s xksfi;ka Lo;a vkil esa feydj bl lqUnjrk ds lkFk rjg la;ksftr gks tkrh gSa 'krkCnh rd cus gS] Hkkjr ds vU;= LFkkuksa ls Hkh izkIr bl izdkj ds mnkgj.k mkj
fd oks ,d fo'kq gkFkh] v'o] ikydh gh yxrh gSA e/;dkyhu gS vr% Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa bldk mYys[k izkphu lkfgR; esa jgk gks ijUrq
;s xksfi;ka gkFkh ds iSj dh fo'kkyrk dks fn[kkus gsrq vius nksuksa iSjksa dks ,d dyk ds :i esa buds xksih ".k Hkko T;knk eq[kfjr gSA laHkor% 'ks[kkokVh ds lsB
239
tc caxky dh rjQ igqaps rks] ogha ls bUgksaus bl Hkko dks le>k vkSj viuh gosfy;ksa 15- http://dagachi.wordpress.com/2015/01 (5@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj
esa LFkku fn;k rFkk viuh cgqyrk ds dkj.k gh ;g fo"k;] 'ks[kkoVh fHkfkfp=ksa dk ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA
oSf'k"B; cu x;k gS ijUrq 'ks[kkoVh 'kSyh esa bls ,d fof'k"V fo"k; ds :i esa LFkku 16- www.auctionatrium.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk
ugha feyk gSa vr% blds egRo dks le>rs gq, fp=dyk ds ew/kZU; fo}kuksa dks bls fo'ys"k.kA
17- iznhi JhokLro] iwoksZDr] i`- 70-
,d ^fof'k"Vrk* ds rkSj 'kkfey djuk pkfg,] ftlls lk/kkj.k ls fn[kus okys fo"k;
18- www.visvaphotos.com (4@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA
ûkjh ls cus xt] v'o] ikydh dh vlk/kkj.k ,oa mlesa fNis izrhdkRed HkkokFkZ 19- htpp://richardarunachala.wordpress.com (4@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds
^papy xksfi;ksa ls cus dqatj] v'o ikydh o muds ;ksxh ".k lokj* dh egkk vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys{k.kA
mtkxj gks ldsA 20- http://www.exoticindiaart.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a
lUnHkZ dk fo'ys"k.kA
21- ';keydkfUr porhZ] iwoksZDr] i`-10
1- tlflag uhjt] jktLFkkuh fp=dyk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2009] i`-
22- journeymart.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA
82&84-
23- www.visvaphotos.com (4@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA
2- bys dwij] jktLFkku ,Dliyksfjax isUVsM 'ks[kkoVh] fu;ksxh cqDl] ubZ fnYyh] 2014 ,aM
24- ';keydkfUr porhZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 30-
jktLFkku fn xkbM Vw isUVsM VkmUl vkWQ 'kks[kkoVh] fxjh'kpanz 'kekZ ,aM lal] pq:] i`
25- 50watts.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.k_ Qjgk
89&90-
3- egf"kZ osnO;kl iz.khra Jhen~Hkkxor egkiqjk.ke~] xhrkizl
s ] xksj[kiqj] f}rh; [kaM] la- 2021] nhck] eqxy fp=dyk] Lokfr ifCyds'kUl] fnYyh] i`- 159] 57-
i`- 628] 299&323- 26- Jhen~Hkkxon xhrk] Lokeh jkelq[knkl xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2046] uoe~ laLdj.k] i`-
4- ';keydkfUr porhZ] dyk esa uoukjh dqatj hM+k] ds'koizlkn dk;k (vuq-)] pkS[kEck 350&51-
".knkl vdkneh] okjk.klh] 2015] i`- 4&10-
5- Mh-ih-?kks"k] ehfMoy bafM;u isafVx] lanhi izdk'ku] fnYyh] 1982] i`- 55-
6- Jhen~Hkkxor egkiqjk.k] ia- nkSyrjke xkSM+ (Vhdkdkj)] Bkdqj izlkn ,aM lal] okjk.klh]
i`- 1570
7- Peddlerofdreams.wordpress.com (2@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij
Loa; dk fo'ys"k.kA
8- https://richardarunachala.wordpress.com (4@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds
vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA
9- iznhi JhokLro] 'ks[kkokVh ds fHkfkfp=ksa dk lkaLfrd ,oa dykRed bfrgkl] t;iqj
iWfCyf'kax gkml] t;iqj] 2011] i`- 42&43] 70&71 ,oa fp=A
10- jhrk izrki] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku fganh xzaFk vdkneh]
t;iqj] 2004] i`- 242] fp=&56
11- pkohZ egyk] 'ks[kkokVh ds fHkfkfp=ksa ij eqxy ,oa fczfV'k izHkko] uothou ifCyds'ku]
fuokbZ] 2013] i`- 95] fp=&15
12- http://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction Review-g1486543-d2415466-
Reviews-Fresco painted Havelies-Churu Rajsathan.html 12@12@15 ij miyC/
k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA
13- www.pinterest.com (1@12@15) ij miyC/k fp= ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.kA
14- pkohZ egyk] iwoksZDr] i`- 95] fp=&14-
240
lqjflag ds i'pkr chdkusj ds mkjkf/kdkjh cus egkjktk d.kZflag dks eqxy

ckn'kkg vkSajxtsc us nkSyrkckn fdys dk fdysnkj fu;r fd;k FkkA egkjktk d.kZflag
ds lkFk nD[ku esa vk;s muds lqiq= dsljhflag] ineflag] eksguflag ,oa vuqiflag us
vMks.kh fdys ds {ks= esa fLFkr 'kkgh QkSt ds lkFk lsokjr jgrs gq, nD[ku esa ohjrk fn[kkbZ FkhA egkjktk d.kZflag ds
chdkusj jktoa'k dh Le`fr;ka lqiq= dsljhflag nD[ku ds dkaxjk dh yM+kbZ esa rFkk f}rh; lqiq= ineflag lu~ 1682
MkW- ujflag ijnslh&c?ksy esa xksyokM+h ds ;q esa ohjxfr dks izkIr gq, FksA r`rh; lqiq= eksguflag dk nD[ku esa
gh eksgean 'kgk ihj rkstd uked ljnkj ds lkFk gq, Qlkn esa vkSjaxkckn esa gh e`R;q
eqxy dk;Zy; esa eq[;r% ckn'kgkvksa }kjk oftZr ijkeksa dks vf/kd foLrkj gqbZ FkhA ;kus ds egkjktk d.kZflag ds rhuksa lqiq=ksa dk nD[ku esa gh nsgkar gqvk FkkA
iwoZd fy[kus ij T;knk cy fn;k tkrk gSA exj bu vfHk;kuksa esa fofHk= ljnkjksa dh egkjktk d.kZflag dk Hkh lu~ 1669 esa vkSjxkackn fLFkr d.kZiqjk esa gh nsgkar gqvk FkkA4
lgHkkxhrk rFkk muds ;ksxnku dks dsoy mudk uke fy[kdj muds ijke dks egkjktk d.kZflag ds i'pkr mkjkf/kdkjh cus vuqiflag dks Hkh n[ku esa gh
nqyZf{kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,d uqdhyh okLrfodrk gSA nD[ku esa fofHkUu vfHk;kuksa lsokjr jguk iM+kA lu~ 1671 esa nD[ku esa x;s vuqiflag us chtkiqj] xksydksaMk rFkk
esa chdkusj jktoa'k ds ;ksxnku ls ;g ckr lkQ rkSSj ij Li"V gksrh gSA blh N=irh f'kokth egkjkt ds f[kykQ tax esa 'kkS;Z vftZr dh FkhA mlh dh cnkSyr
okLrfodrk dks esutj j[krs gq,] bfrgkl ds e/;dky esa chdkusj ds ftu ujs'kks us ckn'kgk us mudh eulc esa c<kskjh djrs gq, mUgsa rhu gtkjh eulcnkj cuk;k FkkA
nD[ku ds fofHkUu vfHk;kuksa esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k rFkk nqHkkZX;iwoZd blh nD[ku dh vkSjaxtsc us lu~ 1689 esa mUgsa vMks.kh (vkU/kizns'k fLFkr djuqy ftyk) dk fdysnkj
Hkwfe ij viuh vk[kajh lkal yhA ,sls chdkusj ds ujs'kks ,oa muds jktiq=ksa ds ;ksxnku fu;r fd;k FkkA nD[ku esa gh fofHkUu vfHk;kuksa dks laHkkyrs gq, vuqiflag dk blh
rFkk muds }kjk fufeZr fofHkUu okLrqvksa ij utj Mkyus gsrq izLrqr 'kks/k i= }kjk iz;kl vMks.kh ds fdys esa 6 ebZ] 1698 esa nsgkar gqvk FkkA5
fd;k tk ldrk gSA vuqiflag ds i'pkr~ Lo:iflag vYidky gh lkk laHkky ldsA exj os
chdkusj jktoa'k dk nD[ku esa vkxeu muds cpiu ls gh nD[ku esa dk;Zjr jgs FksA lu~ 1700 esa chekjh ds dkj.k mudk
nD[ku esa gh nsgkar gqvk FkkA muds ckn lqtkuflag dks chdkusj dk 'kkld fu;qDr
lu~ 1570 esa eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj ,oa chdkusj ds ujs'k jko dY;k.key esa
fd;k x;kA mUgsa Hkh nD[ku esa 'kkgh lsok esa mifLFkr jguk iM+kA lu~ 1707 esa
gqbZ laf/k vuqlkj jko dY;k.key ds iq= jk;flag ,oa i`Fohjkt dks 'kkgh lsuk esa
vkSjaxtsc dh e`R;q i'pkr mUgsa vius Lo{ks= chdkusj esa okil tkus dk ekSdk feykA
lgHkkfxrk nsuh iM+h FkhA1 lu~ 1574 esa jko dY;k.key ds e`R;q i'pkr~ jk;flag
vkSjaxtsc ds i'pkr nD[ku esa eqxyksa dh lkk detksj gksrh x;hA vr% chdkusj ds
chdkusj ds ujs'k cusA mUgsa jko dh txg egkjktk mik/kh cgky dh x;hA blh
fdlh Hkh 'kkld dks nksckjk n[ku esa vkus dh ukScr ugha vk;hA blh dkj.k
egkjk.kk jk;flag dks ckn'kkg vdcj us lu~ 1593] 1597 ,oa 1601 esa FkksMs+ FkksMs+
lqtk.kflag ;g nD[ku esa vkus okyh chdkusj jktoa'k ds vafre 'kkld Bgjs FksA6
le; ds fy, nD[ku ds fofHkUu vfHk;kuksa esa Hkstk FkkA lu~ 1605 esa vdcj ds e`R;q
i'pkr~ eqxy ckn'kkg cus tgkaxhj us egkjktk jktflag nD[ku ds vfljxM (cqjgkuiqj) mijksDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gksrk gSA fd lu~ 1593 ls ysdj lu~ 1707 rd
dk fdysnkj fu;r fd;k FkkA ;gh ij mudk 22 tuojh] 1612 esa nsgkar gqvkA bl djhcu 111 o"kksZ rd chdkusj ds dqy 7 ujs'k ,oa 3 jktiq=ksa us nD[ku esa viuh lsok
rjg nD[ku esa e`R;q ikus okys egkjktk jk;flag chdkusj jktoa'k ds igys ujs'k FksA2 vftZr dh FkhA muesa ls 4 ujs'k rFkk 3 jktiq=ksa dk blh nD[ku dh Hkwehij nsgkar gqvk
FkkA bu 'kkldksa ds dk;Zdky esa 'kSus% 'kSus% jktiqrkuk dh Nki NksM+us okys fofHkUu
egkjktk jk;flag ds i'pkr~ ujs'k cus nyirflag vYidky gh lkk esa jgsA
okLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k vMks.kh fdys ds {ks= esa gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
muds nsgkar ds i'pkr lwjflag dks chdkusj dh xh ij fcBk;k x;kA egkjktk lwjflag
dks pkj gtkjh tkr ,oa rhu gtkjh dk eulc izkIr gqvk FkkA mUgsa 4 ekpZ] 1630 dks vMks.kh dk fdyk
nD[ku ls jokuk fd;k x;kA blh egkjktk lwjflag dk Hkh lu~ 1631 esa cqjgkuiqj esa nf{k.k Hkkjr ds egRoiw.kZ fj;klr fot;uxj] ftls orZeku esa gEih ds uke ls
nsgkar gqvk FkkA3 tkuk tkrk gS] blds mkj fn'kk ds djhcu 60 fd-eh- dh nwjh ij cM+s cM+s iRFkjksa ls
241
fufeZr igkM+h {ks= esa vMks.kh dk fdyk fLFkr gSA bl fdys dk fuekZ.k iwoZ e/;dky egkjktk vuqiflag dh N=h cuh gqbZ gSA vuqiflag dks vkSajxtsc ds le; vMks.kh dk
esa gqvk gSA ;g fdyk ,sls txg ij cuk gS] tgk ls fot;uxj] fctkiqj] chnj] fdysnkj fu;r fd;k x;k FkkA mudk nsgkar vMks.kh eas gh gqvk FkkA muds Le`fr esa bl
xqycxkZ ,oa xksydksaMk ij fu;a=.k j[kk tk ldrk gSA bu lHkh egRoiw.kZ jktdh; fdys fd rygVh esa ,d N=h cukbZ x;h gSA10 tks dh 8 [kacks ij fLFkr gSA cM+k xqacn
{ks= ds dsanzh; LFky ij ;g fdyk fLFkr gSA bl fdys ij cM+h cM+h iRFkjksa dh rFkk pksM+s NTts bl N=h dh fo'ks"krk,a gSA djhc 6 QqV ds aps pcqrjs dks lksiku ls
kà[kykvksa ds dkj.k izkfrd laj{k.k iznku gksus ds lkFk lkFk bl fdys ds {ks= esa ltk;k x;k gSA bl N=h dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd] blh N=h ds xqcan ij vanj dh vksj
ikuh dh cM+h miyC/krk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA7 iqjkrRo foHkkx }kjk feyh tkudkjh ds ls ,d f'kykys[k yxk;k x;k gSA ftlls egkjtk vuqiflag dh Le`fr esa bl N=h dk
vuqlkj fot;uxj lkezkT; ds dk;Zy; esa bl fdys esa fot;uxj dk [ktkuk j[kk fuekZ.k fd;s tkus dh ckr v/kksjs[khr gksrh gSA bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls ;g ,d csgn
tkrk gSA lkefjd n`f"Vdks.k esa egRoiw.kZ bl fdys ij fot;uxj dk vf/kdkj Fkk] tks egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA
cgkeuh lkezkT; ds f[kykQ izgjh ds :i esa viuh Hkwfedk vnk djrk FkkA bl fdys chdkusj ds jktoa'k dh vKkr ;ks dh N=h
dh blh lkefjd rFkk dsafnz; LFkku dh egkk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkSjaxtsc us bl vMks.kh ds fdys ds rygVh esa egkjktk vuqiflag ds N=h ds lehi gh pkj
fdys ij viuk vf/kiR; cuk;k vkSj nD[ku {ks= ij viuk ncnck cuk;s j[kus gsrq [kacks ij fLFkr ,d N=h fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA oxkZdkj vkdkj esa cus aps xqacn dh
egkjktk vuqiflag dks bl fdys dk fdysnkj fu;r fd;kA8 egkjktk vuqiflag ds okLrqjpuk n'kkZrh gqbZ bl N=h dh lTtk Hkh dkQh fofLr.kZ gSA [kacks ij Qqy&ifk;ksa
dk;Zy; esa cuh dqN okLrq,a vkt Hkh mudh bl fdys ij miyC/kh ntZ djkrh gSA dh uDdk{kh dh x;h gS] tks jktLFkkuh okLrqdyk dk ifjp; djkrh gSA djhcu 6
vMks.kh fdys dh rygVh esa fLFkr egkjktk vuqiflag dk njckj gkWy QqV ps pcqrjs ij cuh bl N=h dh gkykr csgn [kjkc gSA ;g N=h fdl ;ksk ds
Le`fr esa cukbZ x;h gS] bldh tkudkjh bl N=h ls ugha feyrh gSA exj Hkkjrh;
vMks.kh fdys ds iwoZ fn'kk esa] tgk ls fdys ds p<kbZ dk ekxZ LFkkfir gS] blh
iqjkro foHkkx }kjk izkIr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj ;g N=h egkjktk vuqiflag ds dky esa
ekxZ esa dqN pkbZ ij egkjktk vuqiflag }kjk cuk;k x;k njckj&,&vke fn[kkbZ nsrk gh fufeZr rFkk chdkusj jktoa'k ls gh lacaf/kr gSA
gSA djuqy ftyk xWtsfV;j ds vuqlkj bl njckj gkWy dk fuekZ.k egkjktk vuqiflag
ds dk;Zdky esa laiUu gqvk FkkA9 djhcu 8 QqV ps pcwrjs ij bl njckj gkWy dk chdkusj ds jktoa'kksa ls lEcfU/kr rhu Nf=;ksa dk leqg
fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bl njckj gkWy esa dqy 36 [kacs gS] tks csgn dykRed rjhds vMks.kh fdys ds if'pe {ks= esa rygVh esa fLFkr ,d [kqys eSnku esa rhu
ls rjk'ks x;s gS] ,slh dykRedrk jktiqrksa ds vU; njckj gkWy@egy ;k N=h;ksa esa Nf=;ksa dk leqg fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ftudh cukoV ls os chdkusj ds jktoa'k ls lacaf/kr
fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh gSA blds lkFk bu [kacks ij fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa dh eqfrZ;k [kqnjh O;fDr;ksa dh Nf=;k gksus dh ckr Li"V gksrh gSA rhuksa Nf=;k 4 LraHkksa ij fufeZr gS
rFkk xksykdkj xqcan ,oa fofLr.kZ lTtk ls bldh fo'kkyrk vf/kd eglwl gksrh gSA
x;h fn[kkbZZ nsrh gSA okLrqdyk dh n`f"V ls bl njckj gkWy dh jpuk jktiqrkuk&eqfLye
LraHkks ij Qqy&ifk;ksa rFkk vyadj.k ;qDr uDdk'kh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA djhc 6 QqV aps
,oa nf{k.kh okLrqdyk dk feJ.k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;g njckj gkWy vkt Hkh vPNh
cus pkSrjs ij bu Nf=;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA11 bu rhu Nf=;ksa esa ls ,d N=h ds
fLFkrh esa fLFkr gS rFkk vius bfrgkl dh miyC/kh eglwl djrk gSA blh njckj gkWy
xqcan ds vanj dh vksj ,d f'kykys[k yxk gqvk gSA ftlds v{kj dqN /kqfey gks x;s
ds izkax.k esa iRFkjksa dks rjk'kdj ,d fof'k"V izdkj dh fMtkbZu rS;kj dh x;h gSA tks gSA exj tks dqN v{kj i<+us ;ksX; gS] muls ;g N=h chdkusj ds jktoa'k ls lacaf/kr
;q esa pO;qg dh uhfr dks n'kkZrh gSA ;g dykRed vkfrokyk f'kYi fdlds O;fDr;ksa dk lekf/k LFky gksus dh ckr v/kksjs[khr djrh gSA orZeku esa bu N=h;ksa ds
dky esa fufeZr gqvk] bldh tkudkjh ges iqjkrRo foHkkx ls izkIr ugha gksrh gSA exj vklikl dqN edku cu tkus dh ogt ls ,d ,sfrgkfld /kjksgj dks uqdlku igqaprk
;g f'kYi gkWy ds izkax.k esa cuk gksus ds dkj.k ;g egkjktk vuqiflag ds dk;Zdky esa fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA vr% bl Lekjd ds Hkh ;ksX; j[kj[kko dh vko';drk gSA
gh cuk gqvk gksxk ,slk izrhr gksrk gSA jktiqrkus ds fofHkUu 'kwjekvksa us fgUnqLrku ds fofHkUu izns'kksa esa viuk ijke
vMks.kh fLFkr egkjktk vuqiflag dh lekf/k vftZr fd;k gSA ftlesa nD[ku esa budh la[;k vU; izkarksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ik;h
vka/kizns'k ,oa dukZVd ds lhek ij cus vMks.kh bl fdys dh rygVh esa tkrh gSA ;gka ij fofHkUu vfHk;kuksa esa mUgksasus vius 'kkS;Z ,oa ijke dk ijpe ygjk
242
fn;k FkkA lkFk&lkFk ;gka ij ,d u;h laLfr&ijEijk dks tksMu+ s dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k
FkkA blh Hkwfe ij fuokl djrs gq, mUgksaus vius jktiqrkus dh Nki NksM+rs gq, fofHkUu
okLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k FkkA ;g okLrq,a vkt Hkh muds vykSdhd dk;Z dk
ifjp; djkrh gSA fo".kq efUnj] bZloky,d v/;;u
lanHkZ izks- uhye dkSf'kd ,oa Jherh yhyk ekyh
1- VkWM tsEl] vuq- cynso izlkn feJ] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] [kaM&2 ;qfud VMs lZ] t;iqj]
1987] i`"B&379 mn;qij uxj ls 20 fdeh- nwj xksxqUnk ekxZ ij bZloky xkao esa e/;dkyhu
2- ogh fo".kq efUnj fo|eku gS tks fd 12oha lnh dk iapk;ru 'kSyh dk fo".kq efUnj gSA1
3- ogh laHkor% bl izklkn dk fuekZ.k jkoy vfjflag ds dky esa gqvk FkkA2 efUnj ds
4- vks>k xkSfj'kadj ghjkpan] chdkusj jktoa'k dk bfrgkl] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] lHkke.Mi ds vUnj ckabZ vksj bUnz izfrek ds ij laor~ 1161 dk lkr iafDr;ksa dk
2013 i`"B&207 vLi"V ys[k nhokj ij mRdh.kZ gSA ftlesa nsork dk uke oksfg?k Lokeh vafdr gSA
5- ogh] i`- 223 blds f?kl tkus ds dkj.k rRdkyhu ujs'k dk uke yqIr gks x;k gSA lHkke.Mi ds
6- VkWm tsEl] vuq- cynsoizlkn feJ] iwoksZDr
Nkc.ks ij bl ys[k ds ikl gh esokM+ ujs'k egkjk.kk eFku flag ds jkT; dky dk laor~
7- djuqy ftyk xW>sfV;j & vka/kzizns'k
8- vks>k xkSfj'kadj ghjkpan iwokZsDr 1242 dk 2 iafDr;ksa dk ys[k [kqnk gS] ftlesa oksfg?k Lokeh mYys[k dj nku nsus dh
9- djuqy ftyk xtsfV;j & vka/kzizns'k O;oLFkk vafdr dh xbZ gSA3 lHkke.Mi dh Nr vUnj ls xksy gS vkSj Q'kZ ls yxHkx
10- vuqiflag dh N=h esa fLFkr f'kykys[k 15 QqV ph gSA lHkke.Mi ds vUnj ds Hkkx dk vkdkj 21 xq.kk 14 QqV gSA izklkn
11- bl N=h eas fLFkr f'kykys[k ds lHkke.Mi ds 16 LrEHkksa ds mij cuh dhpd vkfr;ksa ds ij nks&nks LrEHkksa ds
vU; L=ksr e/; cuh vk;rkdkj rkdksa esa vkB ekr`dk Hkko dh izfrek,a vkSj muds ij lHkke.Mi
Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx] gEih }kjk izkIr tkudkjh dh Nr ij yVdh lh vkB lqjlqUnfj;ksa dh izfrek,a yxh gqbZ gSA4
Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx] chtkiqj] }kjk izkIr tkudkjh
egkjktk vuquflag laLr ykbcszjh ls ls feyh tkudkjh ;s lqjlqUnfj;ka vius lEiw.kZ Lo:i esa txr ds vfEcdk izklkn dh izfrekvksa
mkjkf/kdkjh ls feyh tkudkjh ,oa Lo;a }kjk ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dk voyksdu ds le:i gSA buesa ls ,d izfrek ds gkFk esa 'kqd o ^vkezyqEch* n'kkZbZ xbZ gS tks
'kqdfiz;k ds Hkko dks izdV djrh gSA bl lHkk e.Mi ds ck,a Hkkx esa ,d LFkkud
bUnz izfrek yxh gSA5 lHkk e.Mi ls xHkZ dh vksj y?kq e.Mi esa ckabZ vkSj rhu QqV
ph ewfrZ dj.M eqdqVk/kkfj.kh ,oa v'ok:<h L=h dh gS] tks pkjksa gkFkksa esa [k.M]
rhj] <ky ,oa /kuq"k fy, gSA laHkor% ;g vP;qrknsoh dh izfrek gSA6 xHkZ x`g esa ijsok
iRFkj dh cuh gqbZ pkj QhV ph e/; ;qxhu lqUnj fo".kq dh vkd"kZd izfrek gSA7
xHkZ x`g dk vkdkj 64 xq.kk 64 bap gSA ;g efUnj iwokZfHkeq[k gS vkSj bldk {ks=Qy
40 xq.kk 40 QqV gSA fut efUnj ds xHkZx`g dk lewpk ckg~; Hkkx izfrekvksa ls
vyar gSA efUnj ds ckg~; Hkkxksa ij tM+h fnDiky izfrek,a izkphu ijEijk vuqlkj
f}ckgq gSA fnDikyksa esa vfXu] o:.k] dqcsj] ok;q ,oa ;e dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA
xHkZx`g ds ihNs e/;orhZ Hkkx dh iz/kku rkdksa esa prqZHkqt ,oa ckatfy eqnzk esa
lw;Zukjk;.k izfrek gSA8 mlds nksuksa vksj lqj lqUnjh izfrek,a gSA nf{k.k dh vksj e/;
iz/kku rkd esa vkluLFk fo".kq] cktq esa lqj lqUnjfj;ksa vkfr;ksa o dksuksa ij ;e o
243
vfXu] vfXu ds ckn lHkk e.Mi dh vksj lqjlqUnjh o fo".kq vkfr;ka cuh gqbZ gSA
mkj dh vksj ckg~; Hkkx ds e/; esa yfyrkluLFk ,oa prqZHkqt nsork dh ewfrZ gSA
ftlds flj ij eqdqV gSA gkFkksa esa nf{k.kk/k e ls ysdj e'k% ojnk{k] f='kwy]
deykf/k gS] tks laHkor% ,deq[k czgek] fo".kq o egs'k ds ,d:i dh |ksrd gSA ;g mn;iqj dh gosfy;ksa dk tkfrxr vk/kkj ij vkdyu
izfrek fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ gSA9 efUnj esa lqj lqUnfj;ksa dh izfrek,a Hkh fo'ks"k :i ls izks- ehuk xkSM+
vkd"kZd yxrh gSA ;g lHkh os'kHkw"kk dk ToyUr mnkgj.k izLrqr djrh gSA buesa
ukukfo/k ds'k foU;kl] rksrk fy, L=h] vaxMkbZ ysrh gqbZ L=h vkfn dk vadu vfr mn;iqj Lora=rk izkfIr iwoZ esokM+ jkT; dh jkt/kkuh FkkA bl uxj dh uhao
HkO; gSA ;g efUnj iapk;ru 'kSyh dk gSA ftlesa izos'k djrs le; nkfguh vksj x.ks'k egkjk.kk mn;flag us 1553 bZ- esa oS'kk[k 'kqDy r`rh;k ds fnu j[kh FkhA1 ubZ jkt/kkuh
efUnj gS o mlds lkeus dqcsj dk efUnj gSA ihNs lw;Z ,oa pkew.Mk nsoh ds efUnj gS ds :i esa mn;iqj dk p;u ;gka ufn;ksa] l?ku ou ,oa ?kkVh ds :i esa 'k=q }kjk
bl izdkj ;s y?kq efUnj cukdj îpka;ru* Hkko dk iwjk fd;k x;k gSA10 bu efUnjksa izkd`frd lqj{kk dks /;ku eas j[krs gq, fd;k x;k Fkk] rkfd og fpkkSM+ dh vis{kk
ds ckg~; Hkkx esa vusd y?kq ewfrZ;ka iM+h gSA dqcsj] x.kifr] pkeq.Mk ,oa lw;Z dk T;knk lqjf{kr lkfcr gks ldsA mn;iqj dh izkfrd lqanjrk us Hkh bls lHkh ds fy,
vadu vlk/kkj.k gSA x.kifr efUnj ds vUnj nks HkO; izfrek,a iwtkUrxZr gSA ftuesa u;ukfHkjke cuk fn;kA 1559 bZ- esa mn;iqj uxj izos'k dk;Ze lEiUu gqvkA2
,d f}ckgq x.kifr dh ijsok iRFkj dh eqfrZ gSA pkeq.Mknsoh efUnj ds ckg~; Hkkx esa
jkt/kkuh p;u ds ckn gh ;gka egkjk.kk ds fy, jktegyksa ,oa lkearksa] ljnkjksa
rhuksa vksj ekr` izfrek,a gh j[kh gSA ftldk 'kkL=h; v/;;u gksuk ije vko';d gSA
rFkk egkjk.kk ds njckj ls lacaf/kr O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gosfy;ksa3 dk fuekZ.k 'kq: gks x;k
blds }kjk ml le; ds ekr`dk Lo:i ij izdk'k iM+ ldrk gSA bl izdkj bZloky
FkkA lkekU; rkSj ij gosyh ls rkRi;Z iDdk cM+k edku ;k Hkou ftlesa lqfo/kk ;qDr
ds izklkn dh izfrek,a ;kstuk] la;kstu ,oa jpuk dh n`f"V ls ijEijk ds lkFk uohurk
dbZ dejs] muls tqMs+ cjkenk] njh[kkuk] cSBd] xok{k vkfn ,d vFkok ls vf/kd
vkSj uohurk ds lkFk ijEijk ds lefefJr Lo:i dks mn~?kkfVr djrh gSA tks bl
eaftyksa ls ;qDr bekjr ls gSA 'kkld ds jgus dk cM+k Hkou jktegy gksrk Fkk rFkk
izklkn dh izfrekvksa dh futh fo'ks"krk gSA11
mlds njckjh lkear ljnkjksa lsB&lkgwdkjksa ,oa fof'k"V tuksa ds futh vkokl gosyh
lUnHkZ dgykrh FkhA mn;iqj esa Hkh egkjk.kk ds Hkou dks jktegy rFkk egkjk.kk ds 'ks"k
1- 'kks/k if=dk] lkfgR; laLFkku] mn;iqj] MkW- nso dksBkjh] oS".ko /keZ vkSj esokM+] Hkkx 39] njckj ls lacaf/kr O;fDr;ksa ds Hkou gosfy;ka dgykrh FkhA lkear ljnkjksa dh viuh
vad 1] o"kZ 1988] i`- 54 gosfy;ka FkhA4 gosyh dk vFkZ vLFkk;h Hkh gksrk gS vFkkZr~ eq[; fuokl ;k eq[;ky; ls
2- O;kl] MkW- jkt'ks[kj] esokM+ dh dyk vkSj LFkkiR;] i`- 93
3- 'kks/k if=dk] lkfgR; laLFkku] mn;iqj] vkj-lh- vxzoky] bloky dk vKkr fo".kq eafnj] vU;= vLFkk;h fuokl gsrq cuh txg gosyh dgykrh FkhA fdUrq lkear ljnkjksa ;k
Hkkx 14] vad 3] o"kZ 1963] i`- 195 fBdkusnkjksa ds vius&vius fBdkuksa esa cus fo'kky Hkou dks gosyh u dgdj ^jkoyk*]
4- 'kks/k if=dk] lkfgR; laLFkku] mn;iqj] vkj-lh- vxzoky] esokM+ dh xqfgy dykd`fr;ka] êgy* ;k ^jktegy* dgk tkrk FkkA ;fn Hkou aps Vhys ;k igkM+h Hkw&Hkkx ij cuk
Hkkx 16] vad 2] o"kZ 1965] i`- 23 ls 25 gksrk Fkk tks mls fdyk ;k nqxZ dgrs FksA lkFk gh ml fBdkus fo'ks"k ds tkxhjnkj]
5- O;kl] MkW- jkt'ks[kj] esokM+ dh dyk vkSj LFkkiR;] i`- 93 dkenkj] vf/kdkjh] iqjksfgr] uxj lsB vkfn ds edku ;k Hkou dks ^gosyh* dgrs FksA
6- 'kks/k if=dk] lkfgR; laLFkku] mn;iqj] vkj-lh- vxzoky] bloky dk vKkr fo".kq eafnj] ijUrq bUgha fBdkusnkj] lkear ljnkjksa ds Hkou tc esokM+ jkT; dh jkt/kkuh mn;iqj esa
Hkkx 14] vad 3] o"kZ 1963] i`- 195
7- 'kks/k if=dk] lkfgR; laLFkku] mn;iqj] MkW- nso dksBkjh] oS".ko /keZ vkSj esokM+] Hkkx 39] cus gksrs Fks rks mUgsa ^gosyh*] ^gktjh* ;k ûkSdjh* nsus ds le; vkdj jgrs FksA nwljs
vad 1] o"kZ 1988] i`- 61 'kCnksa esa bu gosfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k fBdkusnkjksa ds iz'kkldh; dk;kZy;ksa ,oa jktegy esa
8- ogh] i`- 61 pkdjh ds le; vkoklh; Hkouksa ds :i esa fd;k x;k FkkA lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls budk
9- 'kks/k if=dk] lkfgR; laLFkku] mn;iqj] vkj-lh- vxzoky] bloky dk vKkr fo".kq eafnj] fo'ks"k egRo FkkA bu gosfy;ksa esa ljnkjksa ds fo'ks"k oQknkj ,oa HkjkslseUn lSfud
Hkkx 14] vad 3] o"kZ 1963] i`- 195 vL='kL=ksa ds lkFk jgrs Fks] ftudh la[;k vksgns ds fglkc ls 30 ls ysdj 500 rd
10- vxzoky] jRupUnz] izkphu Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dks esokM+ dh nsu] i`- 10 gks ldrh FkhA budk [kpZ fBdkus dh vk; ls pyrk FkkA gosfy;ksa dk LFkku ,oa
11- O;kl] MkW- jkt'ks[kj] esokM+ dh dyk vkSj LFkkiR;] i`- 93&95
vkdkj Hkh lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ FksA izk;% leLr gosfy;ka jktegy dks dsUnz
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ekudj vZpUnzkdkj Lo:i esa jktHkou dh ckgjh lqj{kk iafDr ds :i esa cuh gSA txg bl Hkkafr Nsn cuk gksrk Fkk fd ,d dejs esa j[ks nhi ls dbZ dejksa rd ,d nwljs
fcuk bUgsa ikj fd;s dksbZ Hkh 'k=q jktHkou rd ugha igqap ldrk FkkA izk;% lHkh ls tqM+s ml Nsn ds ek/;e ls jks'kuh gks tkrh FkhA fnu ds le; ckydksuh o NksVh
gosfy;ka Hkwfexr lqjax }kjk jktHkou ls tqM+h FkhA ftuls vkikrdky esa efgykvksa ,oa f[kM+fd;ksa ls i;kZIr jks'kuh jgrh FkhA7 gosfy;ksa esa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ;k lEeku iznku
cPpksa ds lkFk jln lqjf{kr :i ls igqapkbZ tk ldrh FkhA fdlh fof'k"B lsok ij djus ds fy, egkjk.kk le;≤ ij dkap dh vksojh ;k dkap dk dejk] QOokjs]
izlUu gksus ij njckj ls bUgsa dkap dk dejk] xqacn] ckM+h] QOokjs] fHkfk fp= vkfn ,d&nks ;k rhu xqEcn cukus] fHkfk fp= ,d] nks ;k vf/kd dejksa] cjkenksa ij
cuokus dh Lohd`fr nh tkrh FkhA vr% ;g Hkou muds vLFkk;h fuokl gksus ds cuokus] ckM+h ;k cxhph yxkus dh vuqefr iznku djrk FkkA8 nsyokM+k dh gosyh]
dkj.k Hkh gosyh uke ls lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk jgkA5 vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa ls Hkh Li"V ckxksj dh gosyh bl lUnHkZ esa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSaA bu gosfy;ksa esa fL=;ksa ds jgus
gksrk gS fd mn;iqj esa lkear ljnkjksa ds fuokl dks ^gosyh* gh dgk tkrk Fkk tc fd ds fy, vyx ls dejs cus gq, Fks ftUgsa tukuk dgk tkrk FkkA ^tukuk* dh vksj
egkjk.kk ds fuokl dks jktegy ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ijUrq tulkekU; dks dksbZ vpkud dks dksbZ iq#"k ugha tk ldrk FkkA ^gosyh* esa vanj dh vksj jkg pyrs O;fDr
Hkh O;fDr vius futh vkokl dks gosyh uke ls lacksf/kr ugha dj ldrk FkkA ;g dh ,dk,d utj ls cpus gsrq ^tukuh M~;ksMh+ * ds :i esa njokts ds ckn lkeus dh
dsoy fof'k"Vtuksa ds vkokl dk |ksrd FkhA gosyh fuekZ.k LFkkiR; dyk eq[;r% vkjs nhokj cuh gqbZ gksrh FkhA ;|fi ijh rkSj ij lHkh gosfy;ka leku fn[krh Fkh
Hkkjrh; okLrqdyk ds vuq:i gh jgh gSA gosyh dh yEckbZ&pkSMk+ bZ vkSj dejksa ds fdUrq egkjk.kk ds lkear ljnkjksa ,oa muls lacaf/kr vU; tkfr;ksa dh gosfy;ksa esa
fuekZ.k dh viuh ijEijk jgh gSA izk;% lHkh gosfy;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a tkfrxr vk/kkj ij dqN fHkUurk,a gksrh FkhA mUgha fHkUurkvksa dks lkeus ykus ds fy,
fn[kkbZ nsrh gS izLrq 'kks/k i= esa lHkh tkfr;ksa dh gosfy;ksa dks v/;;u gsrq fy;k x;k gSA
1- eq[; njoktk ftls gosyh dk }kj dgrs Fks] apkbZ vkSj fo'kkyrk fy;s Lo;a ds losZ{k.k ij vk/kkfjr
gksrk Fkk] fdUrq ;g eq[; }kj egkjk.kk ds egyksa ds izeq[k }kj ls fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa czk.kksa dh gosfy;ka&NksVs iqjksfgrksa dh gosyh&mn;iqj ds x.ks'k?kkVh fLFkr
apk ;k cjkcj ugha gksrk FkkA NksVs iqjksfgrksa dh gosyh yxHkx 400 o"kZ ls T;knk iqjkuh gSA bldk fuekZ.k mn;iqj
2- fofHkUu gosfy;ksa ds izeq[k }kjksa dh fHkUu&fHkUu yEckbZ&pkSM+kbZ ,oa apkbZ dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gqbZ FkhA igys iqjksfgrksa dh eq[; gosyh ;gh FkhA ckn esa iqjksfgrksa
dks ns[krs gq, Li"V dgk tk ldrk gS fd lacaf/kr gosyh dk Lokeh viuh LosPNk ls dh gosyh cuus ds ckn bls NksVh iqjksfgrksa dh gosyh dgk tkus yxkA igys dgkor
mldk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrk FkkA egkjk.kk }kjk njckj ls Lohr uki&eki ds Fkh] jksuk&/kksuk iqjksfgr th ds ?kjA ;g ogh gosyh gS] tks egkjk.kk dky ds gj 'kksd
vuq:i gh mls viuh gosyh fuekZ.k dk;Z dks iwjk djuk gksrk FkkA dh lk{kh jgh gSA ijEijk ds vuqlkj jktifjokj esa fdlh dh Hkh e`R;q gksus ij
3- eq[; }kj ds nksuksa rjQ dykfr;ksa ls ;qDr xok{k gksrs FksA izk;% }kj ls jktegy esa 'kksd ugha euk;k tkrk FkkA nsgkolku gksrs gh iqjksfgr th dh gosyh ij
izos'k dj ,d yEch ;k NksVh iksy ikj djuh iM+rh FkhA ;g iksy izk;% iq#"k oxZ ds jksuk 'kq: gksus ij yksxksa dks irk pyrk Fkk fd jktifjokj esa fdlh dh e`R;q gqbZ gSA
fy, cSBd dk dk;Z djrh FkhA iksy ds ckn cM+k ;k NksVk gosyh ds Lo:i ds 'kksd lHkk vkSj cSBd iqjksfgrksa dh gosyh esa gksrk FkkA iwoZ egkjk.kk Hkxorflag rd ;g
vuq:i pkSd vkrk FkkA pkSd ds vxy&cxy esa dejs lkeuss pkSckjk vkSj pkSckjs ds ijEijk dk;e FkhA le; ds lkFk ijEijk,a cnyh] exj iqjksfgr th dh gosyh vkt
vxy&cxy vkSj i`"B esa dejs gksr gSaA6 gosyh ds Hkh eq[; nks Lo:i fo'ks"k utj Hkh lhuk rkus [kM+h gSA x.ks'k?kkVh fLFkr ;g gosyh yxHkx lkB gtkj Ldok;j QhV
vkrs gSa] NksVh ,oa cM+h gosyh ;fn gosyh cM+h gksrh gS rks mlesa izeq[k }kj ds ckn nks esa QSyh gSA gosyh ls iwjs 'kgj dks fugkjk tk ldrk gSA gosyh dk izos'k }kj 'kkunkj
pkSd] rhu pkSd gksrs gSa rFkk nks ;k rhu dbZ eafty gks ldrh gSA vafre eafty dh gSA gosyh esa 70 dejs vkSj 6 cM+s pkSd gSaA gosyh esa gh dqynsoh dk eafnj Hkh gSA
Nr ij ,d dksus esa ;k chp esa nhokj ds lgkjs <adk gqvk dejk gksrk gS rkfd xehZ ;k gosyh esa egkjk.kkvksa ds cSBus vkSj jgus ds fy, vyx ls xks[kM+k vkSj dejs gSaA igys
o"kkZ rq esa mldk mi;ksx fd;k tk lds rFkk Nr ds pkjksa vksj dh nhokjsa daxwjsnkj ;k dHkh&dHkh egkjk.kk ;gka esgeku cudj vkrs Fks] vr% muds fy, iwjh lqfo/kk,a FkhaA
lh/kh cM+h gksrh gS ftlls Nr ij vM+ksl&iM+ksl ds yksx ns[k u ldsaA gosyh ds uhps vanj ls bekjr ij fHkUu&fHkUu Nrfj;ka cuh gqbZ gSA x.ks'k?kkVh mn;iqj ds lcls aps
ds dejksa dks izk;% ^vksojk* dgk tkrk tks LVksj:i gksrs FksA ij ds dejs dks êsMh+ * LFky ij fLFkr gSA mn;iqj fj;klr dky esa fu;e Fkk fd dksbZ Hkh gosyh egkjk.kk ds
dgrs Fks ftlesa izk;% dherh lkeku j[ks tkrs FksA dejksa ds dksus esa nhid j[kus dh egy esa aph ugha gks ldrh Fkh fdUrq iqjksfgr gosyh dh Nrjh jktegy ds cjkcj
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aph gSA lkekftd o.kZO;oLFkk ds vUrxZr czk.kksa dks izkIr mPpfLFkfr ds dkj.k fuekZ.k lqj{kk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fd;k tkrk FkkA blh dkj.k blesa [kqyk ekxZ
mUgsa egkjk.kk }kjk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;k FkkA de gksrk FkkA jktiwr ,dy ifjokj ds LokfeRo esa gksrk FkkA tgka lHkh rjg dh lq[k
cM+s iqjksfgr th dh gosyh&pkaniksy ls gkFkhiksy tkrs le; aph igkM+h ij lqfo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx og dj ldrs FksA
cM+s iqjksfgrth dh gosyh gS ftlls jktegyksa dh rjg gh ihNksyk >hy dk je.kh; jktiwr ifjokj ds ,d LFkku ij vusd Hkkb;ksa dh gosyh de gksrh FkhA
n`'; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g ,d fo'kky gosyh gS ftlesa gkFkh ?kksM+s cka/kus ,oa lsodksa ds HkkbZ&HkkbZ vyx&vyx gh jgrs FksA mn;iqj ds izeq[k jktiwr gosfy;ksa esa lywEcj dh
jgus ds LFkku gSaA bl gosyh esa dbZ nsoky;&izkax.k ,oa y?kq miou gSA9 vU; czk.k gosyh] vkesV dh gosyh] vklhUn dh gosyh vkfn izeq[k FkhA
gosyh esa vejpUn cM+k dh lqizfl pfpZr ckxksj dh gosyh gSA ewyr% egkjk.kk egktu ;k oS'; oxZ dh gosfy;ka&;fn gosfy;ksa dk tud jktiwrksa dks ekuk
izrki f}rh; ,oa egkjk.kk vM+lh ds iz/kku ea=h vejpan cM+ok tks luk<~;k czk.k Fkk] tkrk gS rks O;kikjh ;k okf.kT; us bldk cgqr xkSjo c<+k;kA jktLFkku esa T;knkrj
mldh FkhA blh gosyh ds ikl jkt?kkV] ftls x.kxkSj ?kkV Hkh dgrs gSa] mldk fuekZ.k gosfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k blh okf.kT;&oxZ }kjk fd;k x;kA pwafd ;g lekt dk lcls
vejpan cM+ok us djok;k FkkA vejpan cM+ok ds nsgkUr ds ckn gosyh ckxksj ds lEiUu oxZ Fkk vr% mUgsa viuh lEiUurk izn'kZu dk gosyh fuekZ.k }kjk ,d vPNk
egkjkt dks nh xbZ FkhA egkjk.kk ljnkjflag] Lo:iflag] 'kEHkwflag vkSj lTtuflag ekSdk feyrk FkkA budh gosfy;ka T;knkrj izfrf"Br O;kikfjd LFkyksa ;k xfy;ksa esa
blh gosyh ls xksn vk;sA gksrh FkhA budk O;kikfjd dk;Z Fkk vkSj lHkh HkkbZ (ifjokj) feydj ,d O;kikj dks
jktiwfr tkfr dh gosyh&gosyh LFkkiR; dk mn~Hko o fodkl jktiwr lkearksa djrs Fks] vr% ;s gosfy;ksa esa la;qDr :i ls jgrs Fks vkSj budh gosfy;ksa esa lcdk
,oa ljnkjksa dh nsu gSA jktiwr lkear vius fBdkus ds 'kkld gksrs Fks vkSj egkjk.kk ds la;qDr :i ls ,d gh izkax.k ;k pkSd gksrk FkkA lHkh ifjokjksa dk ,d la;qDr ,d
leFkZdA os izk;% egkjk.kk ds NksVs HkkbZ ;k ppsjs HkkbZ gksrs Fks] bl dkj.k bUgsa jkT; ls izkax.k gksrk FkkA bu gosfy;ksa esa cSBd lkeus ds Hkkx esa gksrk Fkk tks muds dk;ZLFky ds
FkksM+h nwjh ij {ks= fn;s x;s Fks tgka os Lora=rkiwoZd 'kklu dj ldsA fBdkuk esa mudk :i esa iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk Fkk ogka mudk [ktkaph Hkh vius cgh[kkrk ds lkFk cSBrk
jktuhfrd fuokl gksrk Fkk tgka mudk ifjokj jgrk FkkA fdUrq tc bu fBdkusnkjksa dks FkkA bl tkfr esa inkZ&izFkk T;knk dBksj ugha FkhA bl dkj.k gosyh esa izos'k ds fy,
jkt/kkuh esa pkdjh djuh iM+rh Fkh rks ;s jkt/kkuh esa cuh viuh gosfy;ksa eas jgrs FksA izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k nksuksa izdkj ds izos'k }kj FksA gosfy;ksa ds izos'k }kj ds ij ,d
;s gosfy;ka egy ls nwj] uxj dh pkgjfnokjh ds ckgj gksrs FksA ,slh O;oLFkk dk >jks[kk ds lkFk x.ks'kth dh ewfrZ yxh gksrh FkhA buesa tkfy;ksa vkSj iRFkj dk dke
vk/kkj lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk FkkA oSfnd o.kZO;oLFkk ds cgqr lqanj gksrk FkkA tSlyesj dh iVok gosyh rFkk 'ks[kkokVh esa bl tkfr }kjk fufeZr
vUrxZr jktiwrksa dks czk.kksa ds ckn lekt esa nwljk LFkku izkIr FkkA jktiwr gosfy;ka nks vusd gosfy;ka vkt Hkh vius lkSUn;Z ls n'kZdksa dk eu eqX/k dj nsrh gSA iVok tks
izdkj dh gksrh Fkh izFke gosfy;ka mu yksxksa dh Fkh tks jktiwr lkear tkxhjnkj FksA lksus pkanh ds rkjksa o /kkxksa ds O;kikjh Fks mudh gosfy;ka tSlyesj ds vykok] bankSj]
nwljh gosfy;ka mu jktiwrksa dh Fkh tks lsuk esa ;k vU; izdkj ds inksa ij gksrs FksA jryke] dksVk vkSj >kyjkikVu esa Hkh FkhA HkaMkjh] dksBkjh bu lHkh dh vkd"kZd
jktiwr gosfy;ksa ds izos'k }kj ij yksgs ds <ky o ryokj cus gksrs FksA }kj ij gosfy;ka FkhA bl o.kZ dh tkfr;ksa ds miuke egkjk.kk }kjk mudks iznk dk;Z ds
pkSdhnkj dh NksVh dksBjh Hkh gksrh Fkh rkfd fdlh vuisf{kr O;fDr dk izos'k jksdk vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k FkkA
tk ldsA jktiwr gosfy;ksa esa de ls de rhu izkax.k ;k pkSd gksrs FksA ,d ck tks eafnj ;k lk/kuk LFky ds :i esa eafnjksa dk iz;ksx&gosyh LFkkiR; dk izHkko
ukSdjksa] lsodksa] vLrcyksa vkSj iq#"k (enkZuk) esgekuksa ds Lokxr ds fy, gksrs FksA rRdkyhu eafnj fuekZ.k ij Hkh iM+k vkSj fo'kky gosfy;ksa ds :i esa eafnj cuus yxsA
gosyh ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa efgykvksa ;k tukuk ds fy, pkSd gksrs FksA jktiwr gosyh bu gosfy;ksa dh viuh fof'k"V laLfr jgh gS blfy, vkt gosyh LFkkiR; gosyh
dk cSBd d{k izk;% cM+k gksrk Fkk] tgka njckj ds leku lHkk dk vk;kstu fd;k tk laxhr] gosyh fp=dyk] gosyh f'k"Vkpkj vkfn dbZ :i lkaLfrd {ks= esa izfl gks
ldrk FkkA eqxy njckj ds rtZ ij bu gosfy;ksa esa Hkh HkO;rk dk /;ku j[kk tkrk Fkk x;sA gosyh ds :i esa eafnj ;k lk/kuk LFky ds fuekZ.k dh vo/kkj.kk oS".ko lEiznk;
rFkk nhoku&,&vke] nhoku&,&[kkl] jax egy] njh[kkuk vkfn dk fuekZ.k gksrk FkkA ds iqf"VekxZ ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd eqxyksa ls lqj{kk
dBksj inkZ izFkk ds dkj.k enkZuk pkSd esa izos'k ds fy, ,d izR;{k izos'k }kj rFkk ,d ds fy, oS".koksa us vius eafnjksa dks gosyh dk uke fn;kA jktLFkku esa îqf"VekxZ*
vizR;{k izos'k ekxZ tks nhokj }kjk ?ksjdj tukuk pkSd esa [kqyrk Fkk bu gosfy;ksa dk gosyh esa JhukFkth dh gosyh loksZifj gSA bl gosyh esa vusd izkax.k (pkSd) gSA
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blesa vfrfjDr vusd ,sls gosyh eafnj gS] ftuds fy, gosyh 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gS
fdUrq ewyr% os eafnj gSA fu%larku nsgkar gks tkus ij ckxksj fBdkus ds lkFk ;g gosyh
Hkh [kkyh dj yh xbZA ckn esa ;gka fons'kh esgekuksa ds Bgjk;s tkus dk izca/k dj
vfrfFkx`g cuk fn;k x;kA10 orZeku esa if'peh lkaLd`frd dsUnz dk vkWfQl blh vyoj jkT; ds jktx<+ {ks= dk dykRed v/;;u
gosyh esa gSA jktLFkku lfgr mn;iqj esa Hkh lkekU;r% T;knkrj gosfy;ka jktiwrksa dh (LFkkiR; ,oa fp=dyk ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa)
vis{kk egktu ;k O;kikfjd oxZ dh gSaA blds ckn czk.kksa (iqjksfgrksa) dk LFkku vkrk
gSA mn;iqj 'kgj esa orZeku esa 200 ls 300 gosfy;ka gSaA buesa ls dqN gosfy;ka vc MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k
gksVYl esa ifjofrZr gks xbZ gS ;k mudk O;kolk;hdj.k dj fn;k x;k gSA O;kolk;hdj.k
dh bl nkSM+ esa gosyh LFkkiR; viuh ewy 'kSyh o Li:i ls nwj gVrh tk jgh gSA fnYyh t;iqj jsyos ekxZ rFkk fHkokMh&fldUnjk esxk gkbos ij vyoj ls
gosfy;ksa dks rksM+&QksM+ dj u;k :i iznku fd;k tk jgk gSA ;s gosfy;ka u;s :i esa nf{k.k esa 40 fdeh dh nwjh ij jktx<+ fLFkr gSA vyoj jkT; dh LFkkiuk 1775 bZ-
nqdkuksa vkSj xsLV gkml ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks jgh gSA dqN yksxksa us viuh fojklr dks ls iwoZ jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk dsUnz ekpSMh+ jgh] mlds i'pkr~ jktx<+ jgkA jktx<+
cpk dj j[kk gS] ysfdu ,sls yksxksa dh la[;k vf/kd gS ftUgsa bl fojklr dh vly u:dk 'kkldksa dh vyoj ls iwoZ jkt/kkuh jgkA bl nkSjku jktx<+ jktuhfrd 'kfDr
dher ekywe ughaA tcfd gdhdr ;g gS fd 'kgj dk vlyh lkSUn;Z bUgha gosfy;ksa ds dsUnz gksus ds lkFk ;gka ds 'kkldksa us bl {ks= esa 'kkfUrdky esa fofo/k dykvksa dk
ds dkj.k gSA gekjh bu fojklr dks ns[kus ds fy, gh i;ZVd [khaps pys vkrs gSaA vkt l`tu fd;kA
'kgj dh bu fojklrksa dks lgstuk cgqr t:jh gSA yksxksa esa ;g tkx:drk o psruk LFkkiR; dyk&Hkou fuekZ.k dyk
vkuh pkfg, fd tks fojklr muds ikl gS og vewY; gSA bls cpkus dh ftEesnkjh ge
1- fdys ,oa egy] eafnj&vyoj jkT; dh LFkkiR; dyk mPp dksfV dh gSA
lHkh dh gSA
;g jkT; egkHkkjr vkSj ckSdkyhu dyk ls izHkkfor jgk gSA ekpSM+h] jktx<+]
lUnHkZ Hkkux<+] jktkSjx<+] uhyd.B vkfn izkphu dyk ds dsUnz jgs gSaA ;gka izkphu] e/
1- euksgjflag jk.kkor] mn;iqj ikVukek] izrk'k 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj ;dky vkSj vk/kqfud dky esa dyk iuih vkSj ifjiksf"kr gqbZA vyoj jkT; dh
2- mijksDr HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dqN bl izdkj jgh gS tks eqfLye 'kklu ds dsUnz fnYyh ls izHkkfor
3- gosyh 'kCn dh O;k[;k dks ysdj Li"Vrk dk vHkko gSA 1- cM+k iDdk lqUnj edku] gosyh]
2- iqf"VekxhZ; eafnj] cSBd] 3- vUr%iqj] tuku[kkuk jktLFkkuh fgUnh dks'k la- vk- cnjhizlkn jgh gSA e/;dky esa LFkkiR; dks tksM+k ,oa rksM+k x;k gSA ogka mu yksxksa us viuh dyk
lkdfj;k] izks- Hkwifrjke lkdfj;k [k.M 3] i`- 1557 dks LFkku&LFkku ij c<+kok fn;k gSA bl {ks= esa izkphu LFkkiR; ds vo'ks"k izpqj ek=k
4- mn;iqj esa lkear ljnkjksa dh viuh gosfy;ka Fkh tSls lywEcj dh gosyh] cnuksj dh gosyh] esa ;gka miyC/k gSA phuh ;k=h gqosu pkax tks yxHkx 634 bZ- esa bl {ks= esa vk;k]
cusM+k dh gosyh] 'kkgiqjk dh gosyh] ckxksj dh gosyh] dkuksM dh gosyh] nsyokM+k dh mlus viuh ;k=k fooj.k esa fy[kk gS fd bl izns'k ds fuoklh cM+s ohj lkglh ,oa
gosyh] ljnkjx<+ dh gosyh] nsox<+ dh gosyh] luokM+ dh gosyh] vklhUn dh gosyh] dyk izseh FksA egewn xtuoh us ewfrZ;ksa o eafnjksa dks rksM+us dh n`f"V ls bl izns'k ij
dkadjok dh gosyh vkfnA blh izdkj vU; tkfr;ksa esa iqjksfgr th gosyh] esgrk th dh gosyh] dbZ ckj vke.k fd;sA1 jktx<+ {ks= dh LFkkiR; ,oa r{k.kdyk vU; dykvksa dh
dksBkjh th gosyh] uxj lsB dh gosyh vkfn fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA
5- eT>fedk] mn;iqj vrhr vkSj orZeku la- euksgjflag jk.kkor] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] Hkwiky Hkkafr mPp dksfV dh gSA
ukscYl] mn;iqj (jkt-) 2003 esa izdkf'kr ts-ds- vks>k dk ys[k] mn;iqj dh gosfy;ka] i`- jktx<+ {ks= ds ekpSMh+ ] jktx<+] nsorh] jktkSjx<+] dkadokM+h vkfn LFkyksa ij
61&66 xqtZj izfrgkj 'kkldksa (cM+xwtj) }kjk LFkkiR; dyk dk [kwc fodkl fd;kA lkFk gh
6- jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] la- t;flag uhjt] Hkxorhyky 'kekZ] i`- 44 r{k.kdyk esa izoh.k dkjhxjksa us ,d vksj eafnj] egy] ckofM+;ksa] dqvksa] fdyksa vkfn
7- ts-ds- vks>k] mijksDr] i`- 64
8- mijksDr
dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ogha ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa eafnjksa esa nf{k.k 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;kA
9- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] i`- 285 xqtZj izfrgkjksa ds dky esa cM+xwtj 'kkldksa us ekpSM+h esa LFkkiR; dyk ij tksj
10- nsoukFk iqjksfgr] mn;iqj] i`- 62&91 fn;kA ekpSMh+ dh igkM+h ij cM+xwtj oa'k ds jktiwr 'kkldksa }kjk nqxZ dk fuekZ.k
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djk;k tks vkt [k.Mgjksa esa rCnhy gks pqdk gSA ;g LFkkiR; dyk dk mnkgj.k gSA txnh'k th dk eafnj] xksfoUnnso eafnj] pkSiM+ cktkj] jktx<+ esa lhrkjke eafnj] Fkkuk
bl fdys esa daxwjs] >jks[ks] NksVs&cM+s egjkcnkj njokts ns[kus ;ksX; gSaA nqxZ esa cuk jktk th] jke eafnj jkeckx (jktx<+)] guqeku ,oa egknso eafnj Hkkux<+] cynso
'kh'kegy LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls mPpdksfV dk gSA 'kh'k egy ds vUnj NksVs&cM+s 26 eafnj cynsox<+] Nktwjkeiqjk dk f'ko eafnj vkfn dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA10 bu eafnjksa
vkys cus gSaA Nr dh egjkc esa 'kh'ks yxs gSa tks vc m[kM+ pqds gSaA blh fdys ds ikl esa LFkkiR; dyk dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k gSA Hkkux<+ ds eafnjksa esa nf{k.k 'kSyh dk
,d izkphu nkth dk eafnj gS] ftlesa izkphu f'kofyax LFkkfir gSA2 ekpSMh+ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
ojkgnsoh eafnj egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g nsoh u:dk oa'k dh dqynsoh gSA ekpSMh+ esa 16 jktx<+ {ks= esa 'kSo /keZ] oS".ko /keZ] tSu /keZ] fgUnw /keZ [kwc Qyk&Qwyk vkSj
eafnj Fks] ftuesa okeu th egkjkt] cjkgh nsoh dk eafnj izeq[k gSaA3 mudh vkLFkk ds izrhd eafnj] okLrqdyk ds Js"B mnkgj.k gSaA jktkSjx<+ dk f'ko
xqtZj izfrgkj dky esa jktx<+ esa tujy dfua?ke dks cka/k dh iky ij rhu tSu eafnj fo'o izfl gS] tks ifo= rhFkZ LFky Hkh gSA bldk fuekZ.k cM+xwtj jktk
izfrek,a] nks [kEHks izos'k }kj ds vyad`r fLFkfr esa izkIr gq, FksA4 rhuksa izfrekvksa ds vt;iky }kjk 953 bZ- esa djk;k x;kA11 blh ds ikl f'kYih loZnso }kjk fufeZr
lehi ,d ok?k dh izLrj izfrek izkIr gqbZ gS] ftls ôk?kjkt* dgk tkrk gSA mldh iwjs 'kkfUrukFk eafnj izeq[k gSA blesa 'kkfUrukFk dh 13 QqV 9 bap dh ewfrZ gS] ftls
jktx<+ esa iwtk gksrh gSA ok?kjkt ds ckjs esa crkrs gSa fd og jkf= dky esa pksj] yqVsjksa ûkSxtk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;gka [kf.Mr ewfrZ;ksa ds <sj] dykRed [kEHks] f'kYidyk
ls lqj{kk djrk FkkA blh dkj.k pksjksa us ok?kjkt dh ewfrZ dh xnZu rksM+ nhA vkt fcuk ds mnkgj.k gSaA12 eafnj dh txrh esa gkfFk;ksa] laxhrdkjksa] u`R;dkjksa] vIljkvksa]
eqag ,oa xnZu ds izfrek gS] ftldh iwtk gksrh gSA5 ok?kjkt us jktx<+ uxj dh uhao nsoh&nsorkvksa vkfn dh HkO; dykRed ewfrZ;ka mlds oSHko dks mtkxj djrh gSaA13
j[kh] tcfd jktk jktnso cM+xwtj us jktx<+ uke fn;kA6 xqtZj izfrgkjdkyhu izkIr bl eafnj esa dbZ uXu ewfrZ;ksa dk izn'kZu fd;k gS tks nf{k.k 'kSyh ^[ktqjkgks* ds izHkko
rhu tSu ewfrZ] }kj [kEHkksa ij mdsjs x;s fp=] ok?kjkt dh izfrek ewfrZdyk ds lqUnj ls ifjyf{kr yxrh gSA
,oa dykRed mnkgj.k gSaA jktkSjx<+ esa ,d f'kykys[k dkys iRFkj ij vafdr gS ftls egkjktkf/kjkt
jktx<+ esa dykRed bVsa Hkh izkIr gqbZ gSaA iqjkuk jktx<+ orZeku dLcs ls dqN ijes'oj Jh eFkunso us foe laor~ 1016 easa fy[kok;k FkkA jktkSjx<+ eFkunso
nwj mkj esa fLFkr Fkk tgka cM+xwtj ujs'kksa }kjk fufeZr egyksa ds HkXuko'ks"k rFkk lkeUr dh jkt/kkuh FkhA bUgksaus vusd eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl f'kykys[k esa
dykRed nso izfrek,a mlds fnoxr oSHko ,oa LFkkiR; dyk dks n'kkZrs gSaA vyoj ,dek= uhyd.B eafnj dk o.kZu gSA bl eafnj ds xHkZ esa czk vkSj fo".kq dh ewfrZ;ka
jkT; ds laLFkkid jko izrkiflag }kjk 1770 bZ- esa jktx<+ dks u;s fljs ls clk;k x;kA ekStwn gSaA bl if'peeq[kh eafnj ds fo'kky pcwrjs ds ckn 10 QqV aps pkj dksfjr
;gka lqn`<+ nqxZ] egy cuk dj jkt/kkuh LFkkfir dhA7 nqxZ esa 'kh'kegy LFkkiR; dh LrEHkksa ij fo'kky eaMi feyk gSA dkys iRFkj ds LrEHk lqUnj ewfrZ;ksa ,ao csycwfV;ksa ls
n`f"V ls eueksgd gSA îzrki lkxj* cka/k dk fuekZ.k djk;kA iwoZ&if'pe o mkj&nf{k.k eafMr gSaA 'kky Hkaftdkvksa dh uDdk'kh lq?kM+ vkSj dykRed gSA vkxs 6 QhV yEcs
dh pkSMh+ lM+dsa ,d nwljs dks pkSiM+ LFkku ij ledks.k esa dkVrh gSA iwohZ cktkj pkSM+s xHkZx`g esa uhyd.B egknso dk fyax izfrf"Br gS] ftlesa vkt Hkh T;ksfr tyrh
vukt eaMh] if'pe cktkj dkadokM+h] nf{k.kh ctktk cktkj uke j[ks x;sA izR;sd gSA mkj] iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k esa LFkkfir czk] f'ko vkSj fo".kq dh ewfrZ;ka LFkkfir gSaA
cktkj ds vUr esa ,d flag }kj dk fuekZ.k djk;kA iwohZ }kj ekpkMh njoktk] if'peh f'ko fyax ds dkj.k bl eafnj dks ^f=Hkqou* uke ls Hkh lEcksf/kr djrs gSaA eafnj dk
}kj dkadokMh njoktk] mkjh }kj ekyk[ksMk+ njoktk rFkk nf{k.kh }kj clok njoktk f'k[kj ukxj 'kSyh dk gS] ftlesa yxHkx nks ntZu ewfrZ;ka tfM+r gSA eafnj ds
uke fn;k x;kA8 jktx<+ dh iwohZ }kj dk fuekZ.k t;iqj uxj dh rtZ ij fd;k x;kA vkl&ikl iqjkrRo foHkkx us LFkkuh; laxzgky; cuk j[kk gS] ftlesa lSdM+ksa ewfrZ;ka]
vyoj ujs'k izrkiflag }kjk 1772 bZ- esa ekyk[ksMk+ ] lSaFky] cSjkB] ckEcksyk] izLrj [k.M] ikjkuxj ds oSHko dks izdkf'kr djrs gSaA ck[k dh nsojh] dksVku dh
vkejk] rkyk?kksVk] iz;kxiqjk] nqCch] gjnsox<+] fldjk; rFkk ckoM+h [ksMk+ vkfn LFkkuksa nsojh] ykNksa dh nsojh] guqeku dh nsojh] ckx dh nsojh vkfn ds [k.Mgj ogka ds
dks vius v/khu dj ;gka LFkkiR; dyk dks c<+k;k vkSj fdyksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA LFkkiR; ,oa lkaLd`frd oSHko dks mtkxj djrs gSaA14
[kkbZ vkSj ijdksVksa dk fuekZ.k fou;flag }kjk fd;k x;kA iDdh lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k dkadokMh dk fdyk Hkh LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA fdys ds fuekZ.k
iRFkjksa ls djk;k x;kA ;s lHkh fuekZ.k dk;Z LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls mRd`"V uewus gSaA9 esa cM+xwtj 'kkldksa] vyoj ujs'k izrkiflag ,oa t;iqj ujs'k lokbZ t;flag dk iwjk
buds vfrfjDr jktx<+ ds eafnjksa ekpSMh+ dk cMgy nsoh (cjkbZ ekrk) dk eafnj] ;ksxnku jgk gSA bl fdys esa lqjaxuqek xfy;kjs] xksy lqn`<+ cqts] nqHksZn nqxZ dh nhokjsa]
248
ikuh dk Vsad] egy] jfuokl] ckjgnjh] HkO; vkd"kZd Nrfj;ka LFkkiR; dyk ds cxhph] rsy ehy dk ckx] pqUuhyky dk ckx] dkUgk dk ckx] BsdMk dk ckx]
lqUnj vkd"kZ.k gSaA15 iVokjh dk ckx] chyksa dk ckx] dksdyh dk ckx] ukjk;.k eh.kk dk ckx] ckckth
Hkkux<+ esa Hkh LFkkiR; dyk ns[kus ;ksX; gSA ;gka apk ,oa pkSM+k ijdksVk] dk ckx] cYyqiqjk dk ckx] gfj'kadj dk ckx] dkyst dk ckx] ukFkth dk ckx] lsB
fo'kky izos'k }kj] lM+d ds nksuksa vkSj th.kZ&'kh.kZ iafDrc nqdkusa] egy] jfuokl] th dk ckx] xqlkabZ dk ckx] [kSjkrh dk ckx] utj cxhph] lkckSyk dk ckx] Bqdjkuh
lsoMs dh Nrjh egRoiw.kZ gSA blh ds lkFk f'ko eafnj] xksihukFk eafnj] eaxyk nsoh] dk ckx] egUr dk ckx vkfn FksA22
ds'kojk; eafnj e/;dkyhu LFkkiR; dyk ds lqUnj mnkgj.k gSaA eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k jktx<+ esa ty LFkkiR; dh fofHkUu ckofM+;ka Fkh ftuesa&rkykdqaph ckoM+h
nf{k.k Hkkjrh; 'kSyh ij fd;k x;k gSA16 bu fofHkUu LFkkiR; ds uewuksa esa nqxZ dh Hkq[kekfj;ksa dh ckoM+h] egkfo|ky; ifjlj ds ikl okyh ckoM+h] ekpSMh+ jksM ij
izkphj esa egkjko] xksy njokts] jfuokl] egyksa ds fuekZ.k esa eqfLye 'kSyh dk izHkko 'kkg dh ckoM+h] tukuk vLirky ds lkeus okyh ckoM+h] iqjkus jktx<+ okyh ckoM+h
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vkfn gSaA dq.M eksgYys esa cuk dq.Mk] txUukFk eafnj ds lkeus ckx dk dq.M ty
2- dq,a] ckofM+;ka] cka/k ,oa Nrfj;ka&jktx<+ {ks= esa xqtZj izfrgkj 'kkldksa LFkkiR; ds lqUnj mnkgj.k gSaA jktx<+ ds izeq[k cka/kksa esa ^lkcksyk dk cka/k*] îzrki cka/
}kjk fdyksa] eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ogh ty dh O;oLFkk gsrq dq,a] ckofM+;ka] cka/k k*] ^ck?kksyk cka/k*] êkuljksoj >hy* (Vgyk 1910 esa egkjktk t;flag }kjk fufeZr)
cukdj ty LFkkiR; ds lqUnj mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;s ftuesa okLrqdyk dk [kwc iz;ksx eaxyklj cka/k (Vgyk ls 3 fdeh vkxs) dk fuekZ.k 1896 esa fd;k x;k] ftldk
fd;k gSA17 vyoj ujs'kksa }kjk vius bl {ks= esa fofHkUu cka/kksa] tyk'k;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds iqufuZekZ.k 1926 eas dj ty LFkkiR; dk mRd`"B uewus is'k fd;sA ;s vyoj ujs'kksa }kjk
lkFk&lkFk Nrfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k gSA d`f"k O;oLFkk ,oa ty ,df=r djus dh nwjnf'kZrk dks izLrqr djrs gSaA23
eRL;iqjh (ekpSMh+ ) ds cM+xqtZj jktk bZ'ojey dh jkuh pEiknsoh us 1458 jktx<+ rglhy ds Vgyk] rkykc] jktkSj] HksaMksyh] jktiqj vkSj nsorh cM+xqtZjksa
bZ- esa ,d fo'kky ,oa HkO; dq,a dk fuekZ.k djok;k] tks izfrgkj dkyhu ty LFkkiR; ds vf/kdkj esa jg pqds FksA mUgksaus nsorh dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA cM+xqtZj {kf=;ksa
dyk dk loksZke mnkgj.k gSA dq,a ds vUnj tkus ds fy, ?kqekonkj lhf<+;ka ,oa lqUnj ds 'kkludky esa jktkSjx<+ dk izkphu nqxZ dk fuekZ.k gqvkA nsorh uxj ds ihNs jktkSj
>jks[ks gSaA dq,a ds vUnj nhokj esa f'ko fyax Hkh LFkkfir gSA18 cM+xqtZj oa'kh; uxj dh LFkkiuk dj mls viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA cM+xqtZjksa ds le; dk izkphu cka/k
vlynso ds iq= xksxknso ds le; ds nks f'kykys[k 1369 bZ- rFkk 1382 bZ- ds feys vkSj ,d ckoM+h jktkSj uxj esa cuh gqbZ gSA HksaMksyh xkao esa Hkh cM+xqtZjksa ds le; ds
gSaA mlds 'kkludky esa dqvksa] ckofM+;ksa rFkk rkykcksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA ;s nqxZ ds HkXuko'ks"k gSa] nsorh dh >hy dk iDdk cka/k] myw cka/k] nsorh ds cM+xqtZj
LFkkiR; dyk] nku'khyrk ,oa ijksidkfjrk ds ifjpk;d gSaA19 eRL;iqjh esa ,d ckoM+h jktk dh jkuh dsoy nsoh ds firk }kjk fuekZ.k djk;k x;kA phy ckoM+h dsoy nsoh
f'kykys[k ds vuqlkj [k.Msyoky ifjokj }kjk lu~ 1382 bZ- esa ,d fo'kky ckoM+h ds }kjk cuok;h xbZ FkhA24 xqtZj izfrgkjksa dh LFkkiR; dyk iwjs jktx<+ {ks= esa Fkh ,oa ty
fuekZ.k dk mYys[k gSA ;g ckoM+h n'kZuh; gSA ekpSMh+ xkao ds nf{k.k Nksj ij Jh / LFkkiR; dks Hkh mUgksaus dkQh c<+kok fn;kA ysfdu eqfLye vke.kksa us ekpSM+h]
kujkt feky (vxzoky) }kjk ckoM+h dk fuekZ.k djk;kA ;g ckoM+h Hkh 600&700 nsorh] jktkSjx<+ vkfn esa LFkkiR; ds dsUnzksa fdyksa] eafnjksa] ckofM+;ksa dks [k.Mgjksa esa
lky iqjkuh gSA ;g viuh fo'kkyrk vkSj LFkkiR; dyk dh vn~Hkqr fe'kky gSA esyk rCnhy dj fn;k FkkA25 tks vkt Hkh HkXuko'ks"kksa ds :i esa ewd gksdj viuh O;Fkk dk
dh ckoM+h Hkh ty LFkkiR; dk dykRed mnkgj.k gSA20 ekpSMh+ esa [k.Msyoky c[kku dj jgs gSaA
ifjokj dk jksdk reksfy;k vPNk izHkko'kkyh O;fDr Fkk] ftlus 1396 bZ- esa ,d Nrfj;ka&jktx<+ {ks= esa fofHkUu Nrfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj LFkkiR; dyk dks
[k.Mksa dk dqvka ,oa f'koky; dk fuekZ.k djk;kA ;gka gh xksiky dh ckoM+h ,oa c<+kok fn;k gSA jkeckx LFky ij 1936 bZ- esa ckck ';ke nkl }kjk lqUnj fo'kky
eafnj Hkh LFkkiR; dyk ds lqanj mnkgj.k gSA21 ekpSMh+ esa fetkZ xkfyc ds firk vkSj ^;K'kkyk* dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;kA Hkkjr o"kZ ds nks pkj LFkyksa dks NksM+dj ,slh
muds pkpk ul:Yy [kka dh cM+h dcz ij edcjk vkSj ckx gS] tks vc th.kZ&'kh.kZ ;K'kkyk ns[kus dks ugha feyrh gSA blh ds ikl vyoj ds izFke 'kkld izrkiflag dh
fLFkfr esa gSA fo'kky Nrjh tks 68 [kEHkksa ij cuh (32 [kEHks Nrjh rFkk 36 [kEHks ifjek) gSA ;g
jktx<+ dh lqanjrk esa pkj pkan yxkus okys fofHkUu ckx&xaxk ckx] [kokl yxHkx 237 o"kZ iqjkuh LFkkiR; dyk dk cstksM+ mnkgj.k gSA26 jko izrkiflag ds firk
ckx] jktk th dk ckx] egyckx] nhoku dk ckx] odhy dk ckx] euQwy dh eksgCcrflag pkSFk ds cjokM+k ds ;q esa ejkBksa ds fo# t;iqj jkT; dh vksj ls yM+rs
249
gq, 1756 bZ- esa ohjxfr dks izkIr gq,] ftldh ;kn esa jko izrkiflag }kjk jkeckx esa fdlh izdkj de ugha gSA blls lEcfU/kr lkexzh laxzkgy;ksa] egyksa] eafnjksa rFkk
,d fo'kky Nrjh dk fuekZ.k djk;kA27 ;g Nrjh okLrq 'kkL= dk ,d mRd`"V O;fDrxr laxzgksa esa vkt Hkh 'kks/k dk bUrtkj dj jgh gSA vyoj fp= 'kSyh dk tUe
mnkgj.k gSA bl Nrjh dh fo'ks"krk gS&;g gFksyhuqek (ike lsQ) cuh gqbZ gSA ;g vyoj jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls gh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A 1770 esa jktx<+ dk fdyk
ckjg [kaHkksa ij fVdh gSA bl rjg dh Nrjh dgha ugha feyrh D;ksafd T;knkrj Nrfj;ka cuk;kA jktx<+ dks u;s <ax ls izrkiflag us clk;kA dyk izseh jko jktk izrkiflag ds
6 ;k 8 [kEHkksa ij gh cuh gSa] tcfd ;g 12 [kEHkksa ij cuh gSA 258 lky iqjkuh vius le; f'kodqekj ,oa Mkywjke nks fp=dkj t;iqj ls vk;sA buds cuk;s fp= jktdh;
vki esa ,d vuks[kh] vewY; fuf/k vkSj okLrqdyk dk Js"B mnkgj.k gSA28 laxzgky; vyoj esa vkt ekStwn gSaA f'kodqekj okfil t;iqj pys x;sA Mkywjke dh
jktx<+ ds ikl Fkkuk fBdkuk tks vyoj ujs'kksa dk iSr`d LFkku jgk gSA blh fu;qfDr jkT; dykdkj ds :i esa gqbZA ;s fHkfk fp=dyk esa n{k FksA jktx<+ fdys ds
fBdkus us vyoj jkT; dks pkj jktk fn;sA29 jko jktk fou;flag ;gha ls xksn vk;s FksA 'kh'k egy esa vafdr lqUnj dykRed fHkfk fp= Mkywjke ds }kjk gh cuk;s x;s gSaA35
muds HkkbZ guqoarflag Fkkuk ds tkxhjnkj] vyoj ds lsukifr ds lkFk fczfV'k Mk;jsDVj jktx<+ fdys esa cuk 'kh'k egy fHkfk fp=ksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g
,.M ,MfefuLVsfVo dkSafly ds lnL; Hkh FksA guqoarflag us ,d ckx yxk;k FkkA 2510 QqV dh <kyw cj.Mk mlls lVk gqvk 2512 dj fo'kky dejk gSA nksuksa ds
budh e`R;q 1860 bZ- esa gks xbZA e`R;q gksus ij mudh jkuh r[rdaoj HkfV;k.kh lrh e/; LrEHk cM+h dykdkjh ls cuk;s x;s gSaA bu ij lQsn vjkbt dk dk;Z cM+h
gqbZA ftldh ;kn eas Fkkuk ds guqoarflag ckx esa fo'kky Nrjh dk fuekZ.k djk;k tks ckjhdh ls fd;k x;k gSA dejs dh Nr rFkk xnZu fofHkUu jaxksa ds 'kh'kksa ls dykRed
vius vki esa okLrqdyk ,oa fp=dyk dk loksZke mnkgj.k gSA30 <ax ls lqlfTtr fd;s gSaA chp dk yEck pkSMk+ Hkkx yky] uhys o lQsn dkap ds
Vgyk dh Nrjh Hkh izeq[k gS] tks lu~ 1832 bZ- esa fdlh ,d feJ (czk.k) VqdM+ksa ls ltk;k gSA nhokjksa ij vusd vkfy;s gSa] ftuesa jk/kk".k dh yhykvksa] nsoh
}kjk cukbZ xbZ gSA bl Nrjh esa LFkkiR; dyk ds iz;ksx ds lkFk Js"B fp=dyk dk ds vusd :iksa] kàxkjh Hkkoksa ls lnh gqbZ dye ls fpf=r fd;k gSA vaxM+kbZ ysrh]
iz;ksx fd;kA31 dkaV dk<rh] kàxkj djrh] os.kh xwaFkrh] ckyd f[kykrh] rcyk] lkjaxh] flrkj ctkrh
lsoM+s dh Nrjh&Hkkux<+ dh igkM+h ij ,d Nrjh gS tks ;gka lsoM+s dh Le`fr ukf;dk ,oa lsok djrh nkfl;ka Hkkoiw.kZ ,oa yko.; :i ls fpf=r gSA36 budh
esa cukbZ xbZ FkhA Hkkux<+ fetkZ jktk ekuflag ds NksVs HkkbZ ek/kksflag dk jkT; FkkA32 os'kHkw"kk BsB jktLFkkuh gSA dejs ls lVk cjkens dk fp=.k eu eksgd gSA blesa lksus
dgk tkrk gS fd ;g {ks= rkaf=dksa dk x<+ cu x;k FkkA bUgha rkaf=dksa esa ls lSa/kk dh fgy dk dke n'kZuh; gSA iwoZ vkSj if'pe nhokjksa ij /kuqZHkax rFkk jktfryd dk
rkaf=d us ek/kksflag ds jkuh jRukorh }kjk eaxok;s x;s flj ds ckyksa esa Mkyus okys rsy vadu] jko izrkiflag ds njckj dk vadu] d`".k yhyk dk fp=kadu dj lkeUrh
dks vfHkeaf=r dj fn;k FkkA rsy dks Hkaofjr gksrs ns[k jkuh lsoM+s dh fu;r dks Hkkai oSHko vkSj izd`fr fp=.k euksgkjh gSA
xbZA jkuh us ml rsy dks nklh }kjk lkeus iM+h gqbZ fo'kky f'kyk ij Myok fn;kA jktiwr 'kSyh dk LFkkiR;&dsys ds xkN] czt dk lrjaxh ifjos'k] gkFkh ?kksMk+ sa
f'kyk ij rsy Mkyrs gh f'kyk gok esa xfr'khy gks xbZ vkSj vUr esa lSa/kk lsoM+s ds ij dh lokjh] lsodksa dh dk;Z'kSyh vtark 'kSyh dh ;kn rktk djrk gSA37 jktx<+ ds
tk fxjhA f'kyk ds fxjrs gh mldh thouyhyk ogha lekIr gks xbZA vkt Hkh ml fdys esa cknkeh] gYds uhys] gjs lqugjh rFkk 'osr jaxksa dh NVk ns[krs gh curh gSA
f'kyk[k.M ij cuh gqbZ Nrjh lSa/kk lsoM+s dh Nrjh ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA33 Hkkux<+ ds Hkxoku jke] d`".k ds thou ls lEcfU/kr fp=&jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] /kuq"k Hkax]
fdys dh pkj nhokjh ls ckgj ,d HkO; fo'kky edcjk cuk gqvk gS] tks ek/kksflag ds i'kq&if{k;ksa] izkd`frd n`';ksa] iq"i yrkvksa dk lqUnj ltho fp=.k gqvk gSA38 jktx<+
oa'kt gfjflag ds iq=ksa }kjk eqfLye /keZ xzg.k dj fy;k Fkk] mlus ejus ij mudh ds 'kh'kegy dk fuekZ.k izrkiflag ds iq= c[rkojflag ds le; ekuk tk;s rks Hkzkafr
Le`fr esa ,d fo'kky edcjk cuk;k x;kA ;g edcjk LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ dh lEHkkouk ugha gksxh D;ksafd c[rkojflag Lo;a dfo ,oa dykizseh FksA39
gSA fMxkoM+k esa 300 o"kZ iqjkuh egknso dh Nrjh] xaxkckx esa nknwiaFkh fuHkZ; jke Fkkuk fBdkus esa guqoarflag dh Nrjh esa fp=dyk dk iz;ksx [kwc fd;k gSA
egkjkt o muds f'k";ksa dh Nrfj;ka gSaA34 Nrjh ds fHkfk fp=ksa esa pV[k uhys] dRFkbZ] lqugjh gYds jaxksa dk Hkyh&Hkkafr iz;ksx
3- fHkfk fp=dyk&vyoj dh fp=dyk ds lEcU/k esa miyC/k fHkfkfp=ksa] fd;k gSA ;g fHkfk fp=ksa dk f}rh; pj.k FkkA bl fo'kky Nrjh esa ekjhN o/k]
iksFkhxzaFkksa] y?kqfp=ksa] ifp=ksa ,oa gkFkhnkar vHkzd vkSj ydM+h ds iksa ds voyksdu lhrkgj.k] jko.k tVk;w ;q] jke&jko.k ;q] lksus dh yadk] v;ks/;kiqjh] tudiqjh]
ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vyoj dh fp=dyk jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dh vU; 'kSfy;ksa ls d`".kyhyk] bUnz dh lokjh] x.ks'k u`R;] txUukFk n'kZu iapeq[kh guqeku] Bkdqj
250
guqoarflag o jktk fou;flag dh lokjh ds lkFk egkHkkjr ds n`';ksa dk fp=kadu cM+h 11- bEihfj;y xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] izksfoaf'k;y lhjht jktiwrkuk] i`- 445
lgtrk vkSj xaHkhjrk ls fd;k gSA bl Nrjh dks r[rdqaoj dh Nrjh ds uke ls Hkh 12- t;flag uhjt] csyk ekFkqj&vyoj dh fp=kadu ijEijk] i`- 16
lEcksf/kr djrs gSaA Vgyk xkao ds Fkkus ds ihNs fdlh feJ (czk.k) dh Nrjh esa 13- ogh] i`- 16
fHkfk fp=ksa dk fp=kadu Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA ;g vR;f/kd dykRed ,oa lw{e 14- ogh] i`- 16&17
15- euksgj] jk?kosUnz flag] jktLFkku ds izeq[k nqxZ] i`- 173
dkjhxjh dk mnkgj.k gSA ;s vB igyw Nrjh dh xksyko`fr esa LFkku dks ckaV&pwV dj
16- ikmysV] vyoj xtsfV;j 1878] i`- 182
vkfy;kuqek ltkoV dj mlesa n'kkorkj dk fp=.k 'kkL=kuqlkj fd;k x;k gSA ijlq 17- txnh'kflag xgyksr] jktiwrkus dk bfrgkl] vyoj jkT;] i`- 245
vorkj] dfYd vorkj] ojkg vorkj] u`flag vorkj vkfn dk js[kkadu rFkk Hkko 18- euksgj] jk?kosUnz flag] jktLFkku ds izeq[k nqxZ] i`- 173
eqnzk,a bl izdkj vafdr dh gSa] tSls y?kq fp=ksa esa dh tkrh gSA leqnz eaFku] d`".kyhyk 19- ekad 181] cU/kkad 26] xzUFkkad 2] i`- 13&14] ekad 304] xzUFkkad 2] jktLFkku jkT;
lEcU/kh n`';ksa dk Hkh fp=kadu fd;k gSA ml isuy ds ij njckj dh lokjh] ;q vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] jk?kosUnz euksgj] jktLFkku ds izkphu uxj vkSj dLcs] i`- 32
dk n`';] nsoh dk ifjokj] jktfryd vkfn dk vadu csy cwVksa ds chp esa fp=.k 20- Hkxoku lgk; js'keh] ys[k&vkvks ekpSM+h ds oSHko dks fQj ls ;kn djsa] jktLFkku LVsVesaV
vR;f/kd ckjhdh ls fd;k x;k gSA ;g Nrjh fdlh Vgyk ds lEekuh; O;fDr dh t;iqj (lkIrkfgd lekpkj)] 7 Qjojh 2008
;knxkj esa cuok;h x;h gS] ftuesa vyoj dh fp='kSyh dk HkyhHkkafr ifjp; feyrk 21- txnh'kflag xgyksr] jktiwrkus dk bfrgkl] vyoj jkT;] i`- 245
gSA40 vyoj ds jktdh; laxzgky; esa vusd fpf=r xzUFk gSa tks vyoj 'kSyh dh 22- t;flag uhjt] csyk ekFkqj] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijEijk] i`- 21
23- t;iqj % ftysokj lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u] i`- 148
igpku cuk;s gq, gSaA vyoj dh fp=dyk ds fodkl esa vyoj ujs'kksa dk iw.kZ
24- rqjkt] jktx<+ fo'ks"kkad 1977&78] i`- 28&29
lg;ksx jgk gS] ogha vyoj ds izeq[k fp=dkj&Mkywjke] cynso] lkfyxjke] xqyke 25- ekad 62] cU/kkad 8] xzUFkkad 8] xtsfV;j jktx<+ ,oa vU;] jk-jk-v-] chdkusj
vyh] tequknkl] pjrlky] xaxkfo'ku] c[lkjke] NksVsyky] jkepUnz] pks[kpUnz] 26- ekad 62] cU/kkad 8] xzUFkkad 8] xtsfV;j jktx<+ ,oa vU;] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]
mn;jke] jkelq[k] ukuxjke] ghjkyky] jkexksiky] jkeyky vkfn FksA ftUgksaus fp=dyk chdkusj
ds fofo/k i{kksa ij viuh rwfydk ds iz;ksx ds lkFk jaxksa dk [kqydj iz;ksx fd;k gSA 27- jes'k eqdqy] ys[k] lar egkRekvksa dh riksHkwfe jktx<+] jktLFkku LVsVesaV] 29 tqykbZ] 2007]
;gh dkj.k gS fd vyoj 'kSyh dh fp=dyk jktLFkku dh 'kSfy;ksa esa izeq[k LFkkuh t;iqj
j[krh gSA 28- ekad 404] 746] 747] 1588] cU/kkad 62] 107] 196] xzUFkkad 2] 4] 5] 1] i`- 4] 14] 5&6]
5] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
lUnHkZ 29- jes'k eqdy
q &ys[k] vfLrRo [kksrh] jko eqgCcrflag dh Nrjh] jktLFkku LVsVesVa (lkIrkfgd)
1- cqjke] u:dkvksa dk jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd v/;;u] vizdkf'kr] ih,p-Mh- 'kks/k t;iqj] 19 ebZ 2007
izcU/k] i`- 188&189 30- i`Fohflag u:dk] vyoj jkT; ds laLFkkid jko izrkiflag] i`- 69
2- ekad 304] xzUFkkad 2] jk-jk-vfHk- chdkusj izksfoaf'k;y lhjht] i`- 32&33 31- t;flag uhjt] csyk ekFkqj] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijEijk] i`- 55
3- bEihfj;y xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] izksfoaf'k;y lhjht jktiwrkuk] i`- 445 32- txnh'kflag xgyksr] dNokgksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 223&229] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj
4- foy; vyoj&vad] 1969] jktf"kZ egkfo|ky; vyoj] i`- 32&33 33- ckyk lgk; xkSre] vjkoyh dh xksn esa] i`- 96] lkfgR;kxkj pkSM+k jkLrk] t;iqj 2006
5- ogh 34- vyoj ftys dk lkaLd`frd losZ{k.k] tokgj dyk dsUnz t;iqj] 1996
6- eksguyky xqIrk] ftysokj lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u] vyoj ftyk] i`- 147 35- t;flag uhjt] csyk ekFkqj] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijEijk] i`- 56
7- rqjkt] 1977&78] jktx<+ fo'ks"kkad] i`- 18&19 Jh [k.Msyoky mPp izkFkfed fo|ky;] 36- fou; vyoj&vad 1969] jktf"kZ egkfo|ky;] vyoj] i`- 150
jktx<+ jktLFkku LVsVesaV lkIrkfgd lekpkj i= t;iqj 7 Qjojh 2008 37- ogh] i`- 151
8- i`Fohflag u:dk] vyoj jkT; ds laLFkkid jko izrkiflag] i`- 26 38- t;flag uhjt] csyk ekFkqj] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijEijk] i`- 30
9- rqjkt] 1977&78] jktx<+ fo'ks"kkad] i`- 19 39- euksgj] jk?kosUnzflag] jktLFkku ds izkphu uxj vkSj dLcs] i`- 29
10- jktLFkku LVsVesaV (lkIrkfgd lekpkj i=) 27 vxLr 2007] 16 tqykbZ 2007] 26 tqykbZ 40- t;flag uhjt] csyk ekFkqj] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijEijk] i`- 56
2007] ikmysV&vyoj xtsfV;j 1878] i`- 186&87
251
gksus yxkA fofHkUu lH;rkvksa] laLd`fr;ksa o ijEijkvksa ds izHkko us bu yksd dykvksa

dh Lora= viuh oS;fDrd igpku ds vk/kkjksa dks >d>ksjkA8 tks tehu budks tdM+h
gqbZ Fkh] mldh tM+sa vc ttZjk;eku gqbZ tk jgh gSA dbZ dyk fo/kk,a cny xbZ gSa fd
esokM+ ds yksd dykvksa esa cnyrs lkekftd ewY; os igpkuh gh ugha tk jgh gSA dbZ udyph vlyph cu cSBs vkSj tks vlyh gS
MkW- ehuk{kh cksgjk ('kekZ) mudh fLFkfr nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gks pqdh gSA vkt os ;g dgrs gq, lqukbZ nsrs gSa fd vkt
vlyh dyk dks le>us okyk dksbZ ugha jgk gSA9
^yksd dh dyk* ;k yksd esa izpfyr dyk vFkok yksdekul dh dykRed HkokbZ dyk
vfHkO;fDr vkfn yksd dyk ds fofHkUu i{k gks ldrs gSaA1 yksd dyk,a yksdthou
HkokbZ uke ls ml u`R; dh igpku dh tkrh gS] ftlesa flj ij ,d ds ij
dh vkLFkkoku lkaLd`frdijd lqHkkf"kfu;ka gSA ;s ih<+h nj i<+h thoukUrfjr gksrh gqbZ
,d nl&ckjg eVds j[kdj ukpk tkrk gSA ewyr% HkokbZ ,d tkfr gS tks viuh
fujUrj psruksUeq[kh cuh jgrh gSA blfy, buesa lnkcgkj lknxh vkSj mRQqyrk cuh
dfBu f;kvksa }kjk cM+s jkspd laoknksa esa cM+k l'kDr vuqjatu nsrh gSA10 bl tkfr ds
jgrh gSA yksd laLfr ds :i esa u dsoy vius Hkhrj fodkl dh ekSfyd o Lok;k dykdkj vius&vius ;tekuksa ds fy, izn'kZu djrs gSaA gkykafd bls lHkh oxZ ns[krs
vo/kkj.kk ogu djrs gSa] cfYd mudh bu yksd vo/kkj.kksa ij ck lkekftd] gSaA HkokbZ oxZ ds ;teku jkoyk jktiwr] es?koky] lkyoh] jkor] tkV] dhj] rsyh
vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd 'kfDr;ksa }kjk tc Hkh dksbZ izgkj gksrk gS] rks mldk fp mlds vkSj Hkhy lekt ds yksx gksrs gSaA HkokbZ tkfr ds yksxksa dh lokZf/kd la[;k esokM+ ds
fy, izfrf;k Hkh yksd laLd`fr esa fn[kykbZ iM+rh gSA2 Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa yksd fpkkSM+x<+ ftys esa crkbZ tkrh gSA bl tkfr ds yksx vius ;tekuksa ls tqM+s gksrs gSa vkSj
laLd`fr vHkh Hkh thoar gSA yksd ijEijk viuh yksp cuk;s j[krh gS o lkFk&lkFk u;s bius ;tekuksa dk euksjatu djuk gh budk izeq[k O;olk; jgk gSA gkykafd vc ;s
rRoksa dks Hkh vkRelkr djrh gSA yksd ijEijkvksa esa ledkyhu oLrqvksa ds u;s izrhd ;tekuksa ds vykok nsoLFkkuksa :i ls gh viuh izLrqfr nsus yxs gSaA ;s dykdkj cM+s
Hkh fy;s tk jgs gSa3 mnkgj.k nwjchu] jsy vkfnA ,d vo/kh yksdxhr esa efgyk fouksnh] okpky vkSj O;aX;d gksrs gSaA vius ukV~;kfHku; esa ;s vPNs&vPNs dks gkL;
jsyxkM+h dks lkSru crkrh gS] D;ksafd og mlds ifr dks nwj ys tkrh gSA dk ik= cuk nsrs gSaA ;tekuh esa pwd gksus ij fdlh u fdlh ek/;e ls vius jax
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izkjfEHkd ;qx esa ftl izdkj dk fojks/k yksd thou 'kSyh dk Fkk] izn'kZu }kjk cnyk ysus esa ;s ekfgj gksrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd yksx HkokbZ dks vius xkao
oSlk okrkoj.k vc ugha gSA cnyh HkkSfrd o fopkjkRed fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g lEHko gS esa vk;k ns[kdj mldh vPNh [kkfrjnkjh djrs gSa vkSj usx pkj nsdj fcuk izn'kZu gh
fd yksd laLd`fr dks fodkl gsrq u;s ekxZ fey ldsA4 lc dykvksa esa yksd dyk,a fonk dj nsrs gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa izn'kZu }kjk gkL; dk ik= cuk;s tkus dk Mj jgrk gSA11
vktdy cM+h ppkZ dk fo"k; cuh gqbZ gSA dksbZ Hkh lHkk lekjksg] mRlo gks] mldk HkokbZ esa ukjh ik= dk eapu vkt Hkh iq#"k ik= }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA bl
yksd dykRed :i jax vko';d gks tkrk gSA5 yksd dyk dk {ks= eafnj] ?kj dk eapu esa uxkM+s] gkjeksfu;e] eathjk ,oa rcyk izeq[k ok| ;a= gksrs gSaA ;s Lokax vkt
vkaxu ;k jaxeap gh ugha jgkA og m|ksx vkSj O;olk; esa Hkh izos'k dj xbZ gSA vc / Hkh xzkeh.kksa esa [kkls yksdfiz; gS ;|fi orZeku ifjn`'; esa HkokbZ dyk esa izLrqfrdj.k
kkfeZd fo'oklksa o izrhdksa dk LFkku oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k o mlls lEc izrhd ysus dk rjhdk cnyk gSA euksjatu ds fygkt ls igys /kkfeZd HkfDr ,oa fojg xhrksa ij
yxs gSaA6 u`R; fd;k tkrk Fkk fdUrq vc yksxksa dh Qjekb'k ij fQYeksa ds ysVsLV QkLV ,oa
vkt u`R;] xku] ukV~; tslh yksddyk,a vius&vius NksVs&NksVs {ks= ls ckgj QwgM+ xkuksa ls Hkh ijgst ugha fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rks vkSj Qjekb'k dk n'kZdksa dk
vkdj fo'ks"k lEeku Hkktu cu jgh gSA vkt mudk foLrkj gqvk gSA yksd dykvksa esa rjhdk Hkh dkQh jksekapdkjh ,oa izfrLi/kkZ gksrk gSA bl dkj.k vktdy ds vfHku;
iqutkZxj.k gks jgk gSA yksd dykvksa ds izfr vkd"kZ.k esa mudk vkfFkZd ewY; c<+k esa xgjkbZ ugha gS tks igys gqvk djrh FkhA12 HkokbZ u`R;] HkokbZ ykxksa dk ,d u`R; gS]
fn;k gS vkSj mudk O;olk; Hkh py iM+k gSA fdUrq blls yksd dyk dh vkRek dk ftlesa flj ij eVds j[kdj ukpus ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ dfBu f;kvksa dk izn'kZu gksrk
kl Hkh gqvk gS] ,slk dqN fo}ku ekurs gSaA7 yksd dykvksa dk Lo:i cnyrk tk jgk gSA tc n;kjke us dyk e.My esa igyh ckj vius flj ij eVds j[kdj ukp fn[kk;k
gSA ;s viuh okLrfodrk ls nwj tkrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA yksd dykvksa dk nk;jk c<+us rks dyk e.My ds laLFkkid nsohyky lkej us mldk uke HkokbZ ns fn;k vkSj n;kjke
ls lkaLd`frd esytksy ds ljksdkj c<+sA yksd dykvksa dk {ks= O;kid vkSj foLr`r dks tks tkfr ls Hkhy Fkk] HkokbZ dykdkj ds :i esa izLrqr djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA
252
vkt HkokbZ dykdkjksa dh cgkj gj dgha ns[kus dks fey jgh gSA bl HkokbZ esa efgyk,a lekos'k vkSj fodkl Hkh blh e ls gqvkA igys esokM+&okxM+ ds iwjs bykds esa xojh
Hkh mrj vkbZ gSaA Ldwyksa eas Hkh yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dh HkokbZ izLrqfr;ka fo'ks"k mRlo gksrh Fkh vc mlls ckxM+ NwVrk tk jgk gSA ogka Hkhyh laLd`fr dk ;g lokx lqUnj
lekjksgksa ij ns[kus dks fey tkrh gSA HkokbZ ukp dks ysdj dbZ e.Mfy;ka gh [kqy Lo:i vius izrhd :i esa jgdj LokaxksRlo gh tSls jg x;k gSA vc ogka u iwjh xojh
iM+h gS tks ;=&r= esykas rFkk vU; lekjksgksa esa viuk deky fn[kkrh gSA13 vf/kdka'k ifjyf{kr gksrh gS vkSj u oSlk /kkfeZd vkpj.k gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA lekt lq/kkj
lekjksgksa esa ftudk laca/k ijEijk ;k fdlh fo'ks"k vuq"Bku ls ugha gksrk gSA tks u`R; vkSj f'kf{kr lH; dgykus ds uke ij Hkh dbZ txg xojh dk izn'kZu can gksrk ns[kk
is'k fd;s tkrs gSa] os cgq/kk ekSfyd u gksdj udy ek= gksrs gSaA dgha dgha rks ;g x;k tks vc fiNM+siu esa fxuk tkus yxk gSA16
udy dsoy iks'kkd rd lhefr jgrh gSA ekaM.ks
?kwej ekaxfyd ioks ij] /kkfeZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa iwtk LFkyksa dh 'kqf ds fy, ekaMs
ikjEifjd rkSj ij x.kxkSj ij fd;s tkus okys ?kwej u`R; esa eq[;r% ,d lkS tkus okys ekaM.kksa esa le; ds lkFk ifjorZu gksrk x;k] bldk fodkl gksrk x;kA
lkB rd dfy;ksa rd dk ?ksj ?kqesjnkj ?kk?kjk iguk tkrk gS vkSj xt&xt Hkj rd dk HkkSfrd cnykoksa ds dkj.k yqIr gks jgs ekaM.kksa dks u;k vk;ke fn;k tkus yxkA ekaM.kksa
?kwa?kV jgrk FkkA ijUrq vk/kqfudrk dh gksM+ esa ?kwa?kV gVk fy;k tkrk gS o ;gka rd fd dks vc dSuokl ij Hkh ekaMk tkus yxk rFkk blds fy;s ikjEifjd ekaM.kksa esa mi;ksx
vc iks'kkdksa esa Hkh cM+s&cM+s ifjorZu gq, gSaA vc dslfj;k jax ds ifj/kkuksa dk QS'ku fy;s tkus okys yky xs: xkscj&feh] ihyh feh ?kksy ls dSuokl dks iksrdj ml
py iM+k gS rFkk urZfd;ka fcuk ?kwa?kV ds u`R; djrh gSa o psgjs ij esdvi fd;k tkus ij mtkys lQsn jax ls ekaM.kksa dks ekaMk tkrk gSA bu ekaM.kksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd
yxk gSA14 Jh x.ks'k th ds ekFks dk fryd] eqdqV ml iy yxk gqvk e;wj ia[k lwiM+s tSls dku]
xojh xys ds vkHkw"k.k] nar&lwaM vkSj cgq&Hkqtkvksa esa fy, vL=&'kL= vkfn ekaM.kksa ds <ax
Hkhyksa esa izpfyr xojh u`R;kuq"Bku mn;iqj [k.M ds Hkhyksa dk es:&ukV~; gSA esa gh gSA dbZ ekaM.kksa esa vkW;y] ,sfyd tSl feDl fefM;e jaxksa dk iz;ksx Hkh
bldk dFkkud f'ko dks dsUnz cukdj laxfBr fd;k gSA f'ko rFkk HkLeklqj dk fd;k tkrk gSA ;|fi vktdy ekaM.kksa esa dykRed Lo:i dh vf/kdrk gSA ijUrq
izrhd jkbZcwfM+;k] eksfguh rFkk ikoZrh dh izfrewfrZ nksuksa jkbZ;k dqVdfM+;k rFkk ikVHkksuk vHkh Hkh y{eh dks ?kj vkeaf=r djus dh ewy Hkkouk fL=;ksa ds eu esa fo|eku gS
esa ikap xaojh ds izeq[k uk;d gksrs gSa tks ekath dgykrs gSaA xojh esa tks n`'; vfHkuhr vkSj os ikjEifjd ekaM.kksa ls vius ?kj&vkaxu dks ltkrh gSaA17 ;|fi vkapy fo'ks"k
fd;s tkrs gSa] os [ksy] Hkko vFkok lkax ds uke ls iqdkjs tkrs gSaA dqMd + fM+;k bl dh dykvksa dk foLrkj fo'o Lrj ij gqvk] fQj Hkh ckgjh izHkko ds dkj.k xM+cM+k
ukV~; dk lw=/kkj gksrk gS tks izR;sd [ksy ds iwoZ mldh laf{kIr dFkk lqukrk gSA bls xbZ gSA vktknh ds ckn tks dqN cnyko vk;k mldk bu dykvksa ij cgqr vlj iM+kA
bl [ksy dk >keVM+k lqukuk dgrs gSaA blls vkus okys [ksy rFkk mldh dFkk dh buds ;teku mB x;sA dykdkjksa dk jgu&lgu] [kku&iku vkSj thou;kiu ds rkSj
tkudkjh n'kZdksa dks igys ls gh gks tkrh gSA xojh ds ewy esa u`R; dh iz/kkurk jgh gSA rjhdksa dk Lo:i fcYdqy cny x;kA blls dbZ dyk,a yqIr gksus yxhA esokM+ dk
bl dkj.k bls ^xojh dk ukp* Hkh dgrs gSaA tc ;g u`R; vius fodkl dh eafty ,dek= jkl/kkjh [ksy ftlesa jke dk ouoklxeu u`R;kfHkuhr gksrk Fkk] lnSo ds fy,
dks igqap x;k] rc blesa ukuk Lokax Lo:iksa dh jpuk vkjEHk gqbZA blds vk/kkj ij lekIr gks x;kA bu dykvksa dh fujUrjrk ugha jgus ds vusd dkj.k jgs gSaA dbZ
dFkk rRo dk xBu gqvk vkSj xhfr rRo us tksj idM+kA xkao dk pkSjkgk vFkok [kqyk dykoar tkfr;ksa us lekt lq/kkj dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr viuh bu ikjEifjd /kjksgj ls
vkaxu dh xojh dk jaxeap gksrk gSA Hkknz efgus ls izkjEHk gksdj iwjs lok efgus rd ukrk rksM+ fy;k gSA blds vykok bu dykvksa us le; ds cnyko dks Lohdkj u djrs
izfrfnu izkr% ls lk;a rd] tgka&tgka xojh okys xkao dh cgu csfV;ka C;kgh gqbZ gksrh gq, mUgha ijEijkvksa dks tkjh j[kk] tks vkt ds ifjizs{; esa fujFkZd o vuqi;ksxh gks
gSa] blds izn'kZu vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaA15 xojh esa vfHkusrkvksa dh la[;k 40&50 ls pqds FksA dBiqryh izn'kZu dyk Hkh blh dkj.k fuf"; gks jgh FkhA yksd dyk
yxkdj 90&100 rd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa dgha ,slk ukV~; ns[kus dks e.My ds dykdkjksa us le; ds cnyko dks vkRelkr djrs gq, cq[kkjsLV esa
ugha feysxk] tks bruh yEch vof/k rd brus cM+s lewg ds lkFk fofo/k xkaoksa esa brus dBiqfy;ksa ds vUrjkZ"Vh; lekjksg esa igyk iqjLdkj izkIr djds lkjh nqfu;k dks
lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls fnu Hkj iznf'kZr gksrk gksA ;qx cks/k ds cnyrs gq, ifjos'k ds vk'p;Z esa Mky fn;kA19 vr% yksd dykdkjksa dh mi;ksfxrk o izk.kokk rHkh laHko
lkFk&lkFk buesa vusd mrkj&p<+ko rFkk vkorZu ifjroZu gq,A xojh eas xhr&rRoksa dk gS] tc og lkef;d thou p ds lkFk viuh lkFkZdrk dks tksMs+ j[krh gSA
253
lUnHkZ
1- Jhjke 'kekZ] yksd lkfgR;] flkUr vkSj iz;ksx] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk] 1986] i`- 332
2- ih;w"k nbZ;k] yksd] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] i`- 346
3- ogh] i`- 364 esokM+ ds vkfnoklh lekt esa ukrk izFkk
4- ogh] i`- 364 MkW- vfurk dkofM+;k
5- egsUnz Hkkukor] yksd dykvksa dk vktknhdj.k] eqDr izdk'ku] 3052] Jhd`".k] mn;iqj] i`-
246
6- egsUnz Hkkukor] yksddyk&ewY; o lanHkZ] v/;k;] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] lkstrhxsV] tks/kiqj]
jktLFkku esa esokM+ jkT; dk xkSjoe; vkSj ohjrkiw.kZ bfrgkl jgk gSA esokM+ esa
2007] i`- 34 ;gk vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa dk ckgqY; jgk gSA vkBoha 'krkCnh ds mijkUr jktiwrksa us
7- ogh] i`- 47 ,oa 48 LFkkuh; tkfr;ksa dks ijkLr djds jktLFkku esa vius lkezkT; LFkkfir fd;sA1 dkykUrj
8- egsUnz Hkkukor] iwokZsDr] i`- 255 esa ;s vjkoyh ioZr kà[kykvksa esa jgus yxs vkSj vjkoyh ioZr {ks= dks vkfnokfl;ksa ds
9- ogh] i`- 247 êq[; ?kj* dh laKk nh xbZ gSA2 le;kUrj esa ;s dbZ 'kk[kvksa vkSj mi'kk[kkvksa esa
10- ogh] i`- 256 foHkDr gks x;s ;Fkk&Hkhy] eh.kk] xjkfl;k] Mkeksj vkfnA orZeku esa bu tkfr;ksa dks
11- ogh] i`- 256 vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA fgUnw lekt esa fookg ekuo lekt dh
12- nSfud HkkLdj] mn;iqj 31 ebZ] 2002] i`- 12 lkoZHkkSfed o vk/kkjHkwr lkekftd laLFkk gSA lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa fookg dks
13- nsohyky lkej] yksd/kehZ izn'kZu dyk,a] Hkkjrh; yksddyk eaMy] mn;iqj] 1968] i`- 147 lHkh izdkj ds lektksa esa ekU;rk feyh gS lkFk gh dqN Lohd`r iz.kkfy;ksa dks Hkh
14- ys[k egsUnz Hkkukor] Lora= Hkkjr ds ipkl o"kZ&Hkkx 2] laiknd HkkypUnz xksLokeh iz[kj] yphys Lo:i ds lkFk vkfnoklh lekt esa Lohd`r fd;k x;k] ftuesa fookg ds
i`- 170 laLdkj xr :i rks ugha Fks ysfdu bu iz.kkfy;ksa }kjk ifr&iRuh ds in izkIr gks ldrs
15- egsUnz Hkkukor] mn;iqj ds vkfnoklh] i`- 157
FksA blesa ukrk izFkk iqufoZokg dk ,d ,slk gh yphyk Lo:i jgk] ftuesa ifr ds
16- ogh] i`- 176 o 177
ej.kksijkUr ;k rykd gksus ij vFkok fo|eku oSokfgd lEcU/kksa esa ruko ds dkj.k ;k
17- jktLFkku if=dk&mn;iqj 30 vDVwcj 2002] i`- 4
18- HkkypUnz xksLokeh iz[kj Hkkx 2] Lora= Hkkjr ds ipkl o"kZ] i`- 168 ifr ds chekj gksus ij vius orZeku ifr dks NksMd + j vU; dks ifr ds :i esa pquukA
ukrk eq[;r% d`"kd o tutkfr;ksa esa fo|eku gS laHkor% bu tkfr;ksa esa d`f"k Hkwfe ds
foHkktu dks jksdus ds fy, ukrk izFkk Lohd`r dh xbZ FkhA bl volj ij dksbZ fo'ks"k
[kpZ ugha fd;s tkrs Fks flQZ ifr&iRuh u;s diM+s igu ysrs Fks vkSj dqN [kku&iku ds
lkFk fookg lEiUu gks tkrk FkkA vkfnoklh L=h bls viuh LorU=rk ,oa bPNk ds
fy, iz;qDr djrh Fkh] tcfd iq#"k bls vius vkf/kiR; ds fy, iz;ksx esa ysrk Fkk]
f}t tkfr;ksa esa fo/kok fookg /keZ ds fo: ekuk tkrk FkkA3 enZqe'kqekjh esokM+ lu~
1941 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj esokM+ esa rhu dkSeks&czk.k] jktiwr ,oa egktuksa esa ukrk
ugha gksrk FkkA4 vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa esa fookg dk ms'; /kkfeZd ds ctk, vkfFkZd
egRo dks n`f"Vxr djrk gSA fookg ds ms';ksa ds vUrxZr lUrfr dk lekthdj.k]
ikyu&iks"k.k ,oa vkfFkZd lg;ksx ls gSA vkfnokfl;ksa ;k Hkhy tutkfr;ksa esa fookg
dks ,d le>kSrs ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkhyksa esa fookg laldkj ugha gksrk Fkk cfYd ;g foHkkT; laLFkk FkhA ;fn
iRuh ifr ds lkFk ugha jguk pkgrh Fkh rks og nwljs ifr ds lkFk jg ldrh Fkh] ysfdu
nwljs ifr dks o/kw&ewY; nsuk iM+rk FkkA ysfdu Hkhyksa esa fookg dh vfuok;Zrk jgh
254
FkhA ;fn Hkhy yM+dk fookg ugha djrk Fkk rks] mlds vkfFkZd n`f"V ls x;k&xqtjk txg fookg djus ij iRuh dks tks o/kw&ewY; feyrk Fkk] mls mldk firk Lohdkj
ekuk tkrk Fkk fd og o/kw ewY; dh O;oLFkk Hkh ugha dj ldkA Hkhyksa esa viuh tkfr djrk FkkA ysfdu ;fn iRuh Lo;a fookg&foPNsn djrh Fkh rks mlds nwljs ifr dks ;k
ds vUrxZr fookg dks gh oS/k ekuk tkrk Fkk] xSj Hkhyksa ds lkFk fd;k x;k fookg firk dk o/kw& ewY; ykSVkuk iM+rk FkkA8 d`"kd ,oa i'kqikyd tkfr;ksa esa ukrk izFkk ds
vPNk ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA Hkhyksa esa o/kw&ewY; ds vfrfjDr ukrk&fookg Hkh izpfyr vUrxZr ifr dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ L=h dks ;g Lora=rk gksrh Fkh fd og fo/kok dk
Fkk] tks fo/kok ;k ifjR;Drk L=h ds lkFk fd;k tkrk FkkA blesa o/kw&ewY; dh jde thou O;rhr djsa ;k iqu% fookg djsaA ;fn og iqu% fookg djuk pkgrh gS rks og
ewy jde ls de gksrh FkhA blds vykok ^nsoj fookg* blesa ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn lQsn ,oa dkys jax dh vks<u+ h ugha igurh Fkh] izFke ifr dh e`R;q ds o"kZ Hkj ckn
og nsoj ds lkFk fookg dj ysrh FkhA bl rjg ds fookg nf{k.kh jktLFkku ds Hkhyksa og uohu ifr ds ?kj pyh tkrh Fkh bl rjg izFke ifr ds ?kj lkekftd vkfFkZd
esa izpfyr FksA blds ihNs ;g /kkj.k Fkh fd o/kw ewY; ifjokj us pqdk;k gS] vr% cgw lEcU/k foPNsn gks tkrk FkkA nkik dh ewY; dk dqN Hkkx dU;k dk firk rFkk dqN
ifjokj dh lEifk Fkh vkSj nsoj ds lkFk fookg o/kw&ewY; dh cpr FkhA blds Hkkx ifjR;Dr ifjokj }kjk xzg.k dj fy;k tkrk FkkA thfor izFke ifr ^yqxM+k&QkM+*
vfrfjDr Hkhyksa esa cgqiRuh fookg ijEijk Hkh izpfyr jgh Fkh] tks mudh izfr"Bk dh djus ds fy, tkfr iapk;r ds lk{; esa uohu ifr ls #i;s ysdj le>kSrk dj ysrk
izrhd ekuh tkrh Fkh] tSls gh vfrfjDr /ku dk btkQk gksrk Fkk] oSls gh ,d vU; FkkA9 L=h }kjk ;g VqdM+k vius firk ds ?kj esa Vkax fn;k tkrk gS] ftldk vfHkizk; gS
iRuh vk tkrh FkhA5 dkykUrj esa fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa us dk;Z Hkkj dks ckaVus dh n`f"V fd vc mlds ifr dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA vc og pkgs rks uohu ifr ds lkFk jg
ls cgq&iRuh fookg djus izkjEHk dj fn;s FksA ldrh FkhA
eh.kk tkfr esa o/kw&ewY; nsus dh ijEijk ugha gksrh Fkh] fookg esa yM+dh dks dkykUrj esa iq#"k lkkRedrk dh laLd`fr esa fookg ds lkFk&lkFk ûkrk* dks
ngst fn;k tkrk Fkk] czk.k fookg dh jLe djokrk Fkk] ftlesa vfXu ds lkeus lkr Hkh cuk, j[kk vkSj ukjh dks egt [kjhn&Qjksn dh oLrq cuk fn;k] ftls tkrh;
Qsjs yxk;s tkrs FksA fookg ds ckn iRuh] ifr ds lkFk jgrh Fkh] ysfdu ;fn mez NksVh iapk;rksa ls Hkh Lohd`fr izkIr gks tkrh FkhA blesa efgyk dh vuqefr ;k lgefr dh
gqbZ rks ,d] rhu ;k ikap o"kZ ckn xkSuk fd;k tkrk FkkA eh.kk tkfr esa Hkh fo/kok dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSA bl rjg dh ?kVuk,sa ;g Li"V djrh gS fd fofHkUu tkfr;ksa
iqufoZokg ekU; FkkA fo/kok&fookg esa Qsjs ugha gksrs FksA lkekU;r% fo/kok nsoj] ;k dks izHkko'kkyh iq#"kksa vkSj efgyk ds ukrsnkjksa us fdlh Hkh fookfgr ,oa fo/kok
vU; O;fDr ls fookg djus dks LorU= gksrh FkhA eh.kk tkfr esa Hkh fo/kok ;k efgyk dks ukrk ds ek/;e ls [kjhnus ,oa cspus dk vf/kdkj izkIr dj fy;k gSA vr%
ifjR;Drk L=h ds fy, ukrk izFkk izpfyr FkhA buesa nwljs ifr dks igys ifr dks ukrk dh bu ?kVukvksa ds ifr efgyk fojks/kh izFkkvksa dks lekIr djus ds fy, ;k ,slh
eqvkotk nsuk iM+rk Fkk] ;fn L=h fo/kok gksrh rks oSj dh jde mlds firk ;k laj{kd ?kVukvksa ij jksd yxkus ds fy, dne mBk, tk,sa_ D;ksafd ukrk dh ;s ?kVuk,sa fL=;ksa
dks feyrh FkhA lk/kkj.kr;k eh.kk tkfr esa cgqiRuh fookg ugha gksrs FksA6 ysfdu ;fn dh cngkyh dh rjQ /;ku vkdf"kZr djrh gS] bl rjg dh ?kVukvksa ds izfr efgyk
iRuh fu%larku gS rks og Lo;a vius ifr dks nwljk fookg djus dk vkxzg dj ldrh vk;ksx ,oa ljdkj yxHkx [kkeks'k gS] tks fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA
FkhA ;fn ifr }kjk NksMh+ xbZ ;k fo/kok nwljk fookg ugha djrh rks og vius firk ;k lanHkZ
Hkkb;ksa ij vkfJr jgrh FkhA fookg&foPNsn ds le; ifr ;k iRuh dks vius cPpksa] 1- tSu] Jh pUn] ouoklh Hkhy vkSj mudh laLd`fr] i`- 7&8] HkVukxj] /kesZUn] fla?ky] ih-ds-]
xguksa vkfn dk vf/kdkj NksMu+ k iM+rk FkkA ;fn igys ifr ds cPps dks nwljk ifr jktLFkku&2005] i`- 599&600
j[kuk pkgrk Fkk rks eqvkots esa /ku nsuk iM+rk FkkA xjkfl;k tkfr esa oj&o/kw dh 2- pkSgku] MkW- ;'kikyflag] tutkrh; {ks= esa f'k{kk dh n'kk ,oa n'kk,] i`- 61
lgefr ls fookg gksrk Fkk pkgs fookg ijEijkxr] Hkxkdj] ukrk fof/k ls gh gksA xqIr 3- Fkksel ih-] bf.M;u oqeu Fkzw nh ,tst] i`- 221
iyk;u fookg xjkfl;k tkfr esa yksdfiz; gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr yM+ds ds firk dks 4- enqZe'kqekjh % jkt esokM+] lu~ 1941 bZ-] ftYn&3] uD'kstkr LVsV Vscqy ua- 7 iz-'kks-iz-mA
rqjUr o/kw&ewY; ugha pqdkuk iM+rk FkkA buesa vkaVk&lkaVk fookg Hkh izpfyr FksA bl 5- nks"kh] 'kEHkwyky] O;kl] ujsUnz ,u-] jktLFkku dh vuqlwfpr tu&tkfr;k] i`- 78
6- ogh] i`- 97
fookg esa nksuksa ifjokjksa dks o/kw&ewY; ugha nsuk iM+rk FkkA iq= ugha gksus ij lsok fookg
7- ogh] i`- 78
Hkh gksrs Fks] ftlesa og ml ifjokj dks laHkkyrk FkkA xjkfl;k tkfr esa ifr dh rjQ 8- dkofM+;k vfurk] ukjh thou esa laLd`fr] i`- & 95
ls oSokfgd lEcU/k rksMu+ s ij iRuh dk firk o/kw&ewY; ugha nsrk FkkA7 ysfdu nwljh 9- ohj&fouksn&i`- 193] 200&201
255
Hkkjr rFkk iwohZ Hkkjr o usiky ds mPp oxks rd igqaphA vYrsdj ds vuqlkj 700 ls
1100 bZ- esa Hkkjr esa lrh izFkk izpfyr gks x;hA5 bl izFkk ds c<+us ds dbZ dkj.k
FkstSls oSjkX; rFkk dBksj la;e laca/kh fopkj/kkjk dk lekt ij fo'ks"kr% czk.k oxZ
jktLFkku dh lrh ,oa lrk (iq#"k fo'ks"k) ijEijk ij c<+rk gqvk izHkko] iqufoZokg dk fu"ks/k] fo/kokvksa ds lEifk fo"k;d vf/kdkj dks
MkW- ;ksxorh ikjhd foyac ls rFkk fgpfdpkgV ds lkFk ekU;rk nsuk vkfnA fo/kokvksa ds bl laifkxr
vf/kdkj ij dbZ rjg ds izfrca/kksa us fo/kokvksa dh n'kk dks 'kkspuh; cuk fn;k vkSj
^lrh* ,d laLd`r 'kCn gS tks fd lr~ 'kCn ls fudyk gS vkSj lr~ dk vFkZ ifr ds lkFk lrh gksus esa gh mls thou ds bu d"Vksa ls eqfDr fn[kkbZ nhA ;gka rd fd
lR;] okLrfodrk] lkk] vfLrRo vkfnA1 lrh dk vFkZ lgxeu ,oa lgej.k ls Hkh vafxjk] gkjhr vkfn iwoZe/;dkyhu Le`fr;ksa rFkk vijkdZ] foKkus'oj vkfn fuca/kdkjksa
fy;k tkrk gSA lrh 'kCn dk mYys[k iqjk.kkas esa ntZ ,d dFkk esa fd;k x;k gSA Hkxoku us rks lrh izFkk dh iz'kalk Hkh dhA6
f'ko dh iRuh dk uke lrh FkkA nsoh lrh us vius firk n{k }kjk vius ifr Hkxoku jktiwr fL=;ksa ds lrhRo vkSj ns'kHkfDr ds mPp vkn'kZ FksA jktiwr bfrgkl esa
f'ko ds frjLdkj ls O;fFkr gks ;K dh vfXu esa dwndj vkRenkg dj fy;k FkkA vla[; mnkgj.k feyrs gSa fd lrhRo ,oa LokfHkeku dh j{kk ds fy, fL=;ka izlUurk
fdlh L=h ds vfXu esa tydj vius vfLrRo dks feVk nsus dk ;g igyk mnkgj.k gSA ls vkx esa ty x;ha ;k vius ifr ds izfr Jk vkSj ljkguk izdV djus ds fy,
dkykUrj esa ;g ,d izFkk ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks x;hA blds vykok fgUnw /keZ esa rhu mldh fprk ij gh ty x;haA ^tkSgj* lkewfgd vkRegR;k dh ,d jhfr Fkh] tks
izeq[k lfr;ksa dk mYys[k Hkh gesa izkIr gksrk gS&lrh vuqlq;k] lrh vfgY;k ,oa lrh fud`"V le>k tkrk FkkA tcfd ^lrh* oS;fDrd vkRegR;k FkhA7 jktLFkku dh lrh
lhrkA XoSfnd dky ,oa mkjoSfnd dky esa dgha ij Hkh lrh izFkk ds izpyu ds ijEijk dqN fHkUurk fy, gq, gSaA ;gka gesa txg&txg lrh ds Fkku ,oa nsoys ns[kus
i{k esa izek.k ugha feyrsA jktk jk/kkdkUr nso us dfri; lkfgfR;d va'kksa ds vk/kkj dks feyrs gSaA lkekU;r% dksbZ Hkh efgyk e`r ifr ds fy, lrh gksrh Fkh] ysfdu
ij lrh izFkk fl djus dh ps"Vk dh Fkh] ijUrq bu va'kksa dh izkekf.kdrk lafnX/k gSA jktLFkku esa gesa blds vusd :i n`f"Vxr gksrs gSaA ifr] firk] HkkbZ vkfn vU;
blh izdkj mUgksaus vFkoZosn 18-21 dks vius er ds i{k esa mn~/k`r fd;k gSA ijUrq bl ikfjokfjd iq#"k lnL;ksa ds fy, Hkh gesa lrh cuus ds mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSa] ftUgsa êka
va'k esa ,d ek= fo/kok dks vius ifr ds lkFk {k.k Hkj ds fy, fprk ij p<+uk lrh*] ^nknh lrh*] ^jk.kh lrh*] ^lrh* vkfn fofHkUu ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA tcfd
iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA nwljs gh {k.k og fprk ls mrj tkrh gS vkSj rRi'pkr~ mlh va'k ,slk gesa jktLFkku ds vykok Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa n`f"Vxr ugha gksrkA ,d
esa mlds nh?kZ thou ds fufek izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA vr% vf/kd ls vf/kd bl izlax ls fofp= fdUrq lR; rF; ;g Hkh gS fd jktLFkku esa u dsoy gesa lrh ds n`"Vkar izkIr
;gh fl gksrk gS fd fdlh iwoZSfrgkfld dky esa vk;ks esa lrh izFkk jgh gksxhA2 gksrs gSa cfYd gesa ^lkk* iq#"k fo'ks"k ds Hkh mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSaA
ekS;Z dky esa lrh izFkk dk izpyu ugha FkkA dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= esa lrh izFkk lrh ,oa lrh izFkk ds izfr esjh ftKklk eq>s fnojkyk xkao ys x;hA ;g xkao
ds izpfyr gksus dk dksbZ izek.k ugha feyrkA cfYd dkSfVY; us rks ^lrh* gksuk jktLFkku ds lhdj ftys esa gSA bl xkao esa 4 flrEcj 1987 bZ- esa :idaoj uked 18
vkRegR;k djus ds leku ?k`f.kr o n.Muh; crk;k gSA3 bl le; ds /keZ'kkL= bl o"khZ; efgyk vius ifr ekyflag 'ks[kkor ftudh mez 24 o"kZ Fkh] dh e`R;q ds ckn
izFkk ds fo# FksA ckS rFkk tSu vuqJqfr;ksa esa Hkh bldk mYys[k ugha gS] fdUrq ;wukuh ,oa dkuwuu lrh izFkk ij jksd gksus ds ckotwn lrh cu x;hA ;g ?kVuk fo'o Hkj esa
ys[kdksa us mkj&if'pe esa lSfudksa dh fL=;ksa ds lrh gksus dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ;ksk pfpZr jgh FkhA eSa tkuuk pkg jgh Fkh fd :idaoj tks fd ,d i<+h&fy[kh 10oha
oxZ dh fL=;ksa esa lrh dh izFkk izpfyr jgh gksxhA4 lrh izFkk ds laca/k esa igyk ikl efgyk Fkh] us vkf[kj lrh gksus dk fu.kZ; D;ksa fy;k\ D;k ml ij jktiwrh lekt
vfHkys[kh; mnkgj.k xqIrdky esa 510 bZ- dk ,j.k f'kykys[k gS] ftlesa xksijkt ,oa ifjokj dk ncko Fkk ;k mlus Loizsj.kk ls ;g fu.kZ; fy;k ;k fQj mls ck/; fd;k
uked lsukifr dh iRuh ds lrh gksus dk o.kZu gSA ;g f'kykys[k ,d Lekjd ds x;kA ;k og vius Hkkoh d"Ve; fo/kok thou dh dYiuk djds Mj x;h FkhA bu
:i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA mkj Hkkjr dh dqN lSfud tkfr;ksa esa cM+s iSekus ij lHkh iz'uksa dk lek/kku [kkstus ds fy, eSa fnojkyk fLFkr :idaoj ds ?kj x;hA blesa
fo/kokvksa ds tydj ej tkus dh izFkk FkhA tc lSfud ifr ;q djrs gq, ekjs tkrs Fks esjh enn ljkstdaoj uke dh Hknz efgyk ds }kjk dh x;hA :idaoj ds ?kj esa
rc vius lEeku dh j{kk ds fy, fL=;ka lrh gks tkrh FkhaA ckn esa ;g izFkk e/; yfyrkdaoj uke dh vkSjr ls ckr gqbZ tks fd :idaoj ds ifjokj esa gh gSA yfyrk
256
daoj us crk;k fd lrh ds llqj dk uke lqesjflag ,oa nsoj dk uke HkwisUnz gS] ,d efgyk Hkh lrh gks xbZ FkhA eSa muds ?kj x;h tgka T;ksfr uke dh ,d ,e-,- dh Nk=k
nsoj ftldk uke iq"isUnz Fkk] dh e`R;q gks pqdh gSA ,d uun gS] ftldh 'kknh lhdj ls ckr gqbZA mlus crk;k fd ehBwdaoj dks lrh ugha gksus fn;k x;k ysfdu og ckn esa
gqbZ gSA ?kj eas lrh dk Fkku cuk j[kk gS ftlesa lrh ,oa muds ifr ekyflag th dh lrh gks x;hA xkao esa og cM+h lrh ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA buds ?kj esa Hkh lrh dk
rLohj yxh gqbZ gSA iwtk vpZuk Hkh tkjh gSA lrh dk dejk ftlesa og jgrh FkhA ogka Fkku cuk gqvk gSA tgka iwtk gksrh gSA lrh ds esganh okys gkFkksa dk Fkkik yxk gqvk gSA
:idaoj us lrh cuus ls igys vius esganh okys gkFkksa dk Fkkik yxk;k ,oa ,d nkar ?kj ds ckgj ikuh dk dy'k j[kk gqvk gS ,oa fy[kk gqvk gS lrh ehBwdaojA ;g
dh pwM+h ogka NksM+h FkhA xkao ds dqN yksx tks fd ml ?kVuk ds izR;{kn'khZ gSa us crk;k fopkj.kh; rF; gS fd eSaus fnojkyk xkao esa :idaoj ds ?kj ,oa ckgj lHkh yksxksa ls
fd :idaoj lrh viuh bPNk ls gqbZ FkhA8 :idaoj 'kknh ds ckn nwljh ckj gh vius ckr dhA exj lHkh us ;gh crk;k fd :idaoj Loizsj.kk ls lrh cuh FkhA fdlh us
llqjky vkbZ FkhA ekyflag fdlh 'kknh esa x;k gqvk Fkk tgka mls 'kjkc fiykbZ x;hA Hkh ;g ugha dgk fd :idaoj dks tcjnLrh lrh cuk;k x;k FkkA ysfdu rRdkyhu
ftlls ekyflag th dks isV esa nnZ gqvk Fkk ftldh otg ls lhdj ysdj x, vkSj ogha v[kckjksa us :idaoj dks tcjnLrh lrh cukuk fy[kk FkkA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gekjs
mudh e`R;q gks x;h FkhA tSls gh :idaoj dks irk pyk og jksbZ ugha cfYd viuh fy, ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyuk dfBu gks tkrk gS fd bu nks vyx vyx rF;ksa Loizsj.kk
'kknh dk tksMk+ igu fy;k vkSj lcdks crk fn;k fd og lrh gksxhA :idaoj dh ,oa ck/;rk esa ls fdls lgh ekuk tk,A
'kknh dks egt lkr efgus gq, FksA 'kknh clar iapeh dks gqbZ FkhA bl ?kVuk ds ckn fL=;ka u dsoy vius ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn lrh curh Fkh] cfYd vius csVs
jktiwrh lekt ds dbZ yksxksa dks ljdkj us rhu efgus dh tsy dh ltk lqukbZ FkhA ,oa HkkbZ ds fy, Hkh lrh curh FkhA fopkj.kh; ckr ;g gS fd fL=;ka ifr dh e`R;q
llqj ,oa vU; ifjokjokyksa dks ltk Hkqxruh iM+h Fkh ,oa jktLFkku ljdkj us dsl Hkh ds ckn izse ds o'khHkwr gksdj thus dh bPNk R;kx nsrh Fkh vkSj lrh cuuk ilUn
pyk;k FkkA gesa galdaoj ls ckr djus ls irk yxk fd tc :idaoj us lrh cuus dk djrh FkhA ysfdu gesa ,d Hkh ,slk mnkgj.k ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk ftlesa dksbZ iq#"k viuh
QSlyk fd;k rks xkao esa ls fdlh us iqfyl dks Qksu dj fn;k vr% iqfyl vkbZ iRuh dh e`R;q ds ckn vius thou ds izfr eksg R;kx dj lkk cuuk ilUn djrk gSA
ysfdu og lrh LFky rd ugha igqap ikbZA galdaoj crkrh gS fd ;g lrh dk lr Fkk ;g rF; bafxr djrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa iq#"k loksZifj gSA gka bruk vo'; gS fd
ftlus iqfyl dks ckgj gh jksd fn;k vkSj iqfyl xkao esa rHkh vk ikbZ tc og lrh cu ;gka gesa fdlh iq#"k ds fy, iq#"k }kjk gh lkk cuus ds mnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSaA >qa>uwa
pqdh FkhA :idaoj rc rd cksyrh jgh tc rd fd mlds o{kLFky rd vfXu ugha ftys ds fpM+kok uxj esa ^lkk nknk* ds uke ls 'e'kku Hkwfe esa ,d efUnj cuk gqvk
igqap x;hA galdaoj us crk;k fd xkao ds fdlh Hkh jktiwr dks ugha NksMk+ x;k lcdks gSA lkk dk uke fijkey Fkk vkSj ;s vius HkkbZ dh e`R;q gksus ds ckn lkk cus FksA ;g
iqfyl idM+ dj ys x;hA xkao ds yksxksa dh lrh esa iwjh vkLFkk gSA ;gka rd fd yksx yxHkx 300 lky iqjkuh ?kVuk gSA ;s vkstVq xkao ds FksA
;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd lrh nq%[k nnZ de djrh gSA ge fnojkyk xkao dh 'e'kku Hkwfe vkstVw xkao fpM+kok ls ,d Ms<+ fdyksehVj nwj gSA eafnj ds iafMr th Jh
esa ml LFky ij Hkh x, tgka :idaoj dks lrh cuk;k x;k FkkA jktiwrh lekt ds jkeoykl 'kekZ us budh tkfr tkV ,oa xkS= Mkaxh crk;k rks ogha eafnj esa vkus okys
;qodksa us uaxh ryokjksa ds }kjk bl LFky dh j{kk dhA lrh LFky dk eqvk;uk fd;k ,d ;k=h us budh tkfr catkjk crk;h vr% ge bl fu"d"kZ ij ugha igqap ik, fd
rks ogka ij lrh ds nsoys ij pquM+h&pwMk+ ,oa fcUnh vkfn lqgkx ds izrhd fp p<+k, okLro esa budh tkfr D;k FkhA buds eafnj esa Hkh >kMw j[kh gqbZ gSA ftudh
gq, feysA ,d vkSj rF; ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd lrh ds Fkku ij >kMw Hkh p<+kbZ gqbZ euksdkeuk iwjh gks tkrh os cM+s euksHkko ls eafnj esa >kMw yxkrs gSa vkSj izlkn p<+krs gSa
Fkh ,oa tc yksxksa dh euksdkeuk iw.kZ gks tkrh gS rc yksx >kMw ls lQkbZ Hkh djds ,oa eafnj esa HksaV Lo:i fdlh vko';d oLrq dk nku Hkh nsrs gSaA budks [khj ,oa
vkrs gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd lrh nkn] [kkt] [kqtyh ,oa el feVkrh gSA izk;% lrh ykilh dk Hkksx yxk;k tkrk gSA ;gka ds LFkkuh; yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd lkk nknk ds
LFky ij f='kwy ,oa >kMw j[ks gq, feyrs gSaA ;g f='kwy izkphu 'kfDr iwtk ls lacaf/kr izrki ls nkn] [kkt] el ,oa [kqtyh feVrh gSA budk esyk Hkknok cnh nleh dks
gSA 'kfDr iwtk esa ukjh dks 'kfDr dk :i ekuk x;k gSA yxrk gSA ukSeh dks tkxj.k yxrk gSA budh vkjrh ,oa xhr Hkh lkekU; iztk esa
xkao ds yksxksa ls ckr djus ls gesa ;g Hkh irk yxk fd fnojkyk xkao esa ,d izpfyr gSA9
ugha cfYd nks lfr;ka gqbZ FkhA nksuksa lfr;ksa ds ?kj Hkh ,dne ikl ikl gh gSA nksuksa e`R;q ,d lPpkbZ gS ysfdu fQj Hkh fdlh fiz; ds tkus ij O;fDr ;gh dgrk
jktiwr tkfr dh gh gSA yxHkx lkS lky igys ehBwdaoj uke dh ,d 35 o"khZ; gS fd eq>s NksM+ nks eq>s Hkh ejuk gS eSa thdj D;k d:axk ysfdu D;k ,sls esa dksbZ mls
257
vkx ;k dq,a esa dwn tkus nsrk gSA ugha uk rks dksbZ efgyk Hkh ;g ckr dg ns fd ifr
ds fcuk eSa D;k d:axh eq>s ejuk gS rks bls vki ;s dSls le> ldrs gSa fd og nSoh;
'kfDr ls lapkfyr gS vkSj lrh gksuk pkgrh gSA jktLFkku esa vkt Hkh lrh ds nsoLFkku
vkSj eafnj fey tk,axs vkSj mudks ekuus okys Jkyqvksa dh la[;k Hkh cgqr gSA10 ;g esokM+ jkT; ds jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d ksrksa esa ty %
rF; fopkj.kh; gS vkSj gekjh rFkkdfFkr vk/kqfudrk ij iz'ufp Hkh yxkrk gSA 17oha&18oha 'krkCnh ds lanHkZ esa
lUnHkZ MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k
1- okeu f'kojke vkIVs] laLd`r fgUnh dks'k] ukx izdk'kd] i`- 1061 ,oa 1062
2- foey pUnz ik.Ms;] izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] lsUVy i`Foh ij ekuo lH;rk ds izknqHkkZo ds lkFk gh tu laLkk/kuksa ,oa ty&izca/ku
ifCyf'kax gkml] bykgkckn] i`- 153 dk egRo jgk gSA izkphu dky ls vokZphu rd fodkl dk izeq[k vk/kkj ty gh gSA
3- MkW- ,-ds- feky] izkphu Hkkjr] lkfgR; Hkou] vkxjk] i`- 305
izLrqr 'kks/k&i= esa eSaus esokM+ esa ty&izca/ku ls lacaf/kr 17oha&18oha 'krkCnh ds
4- laiknd f}tsUnz ukjk;.k >k ,oa d`".k eksgu Jhekyh] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e
dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] i`- 198
lanHkZ esa jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d L=ksarksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA fu%lnsg
5. A.S. Altekar, The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From pre-historic jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d lzksr Hkh bfrgkl ijd ty&izca/ku lk/ku&lkexzh tqVkus esa
times to present day, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Pub., p. 155-142 i;kZIr lgk;d gksrs gSaA blds fy;s jktLFkkuh lzksr bl izdkj gS
6- laiknd f}tsUnz ukjk;.k >k ,oa d`".k eksgu Jhekyh] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e
HkMyh r ldqukoyh % HkMyh r ldqukoyh esa o`f"V foKku fo"k;d
dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] i`- 382
7- oh-Mh- egktu] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ,l- pUn ,.M dEiuh fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyh] i`- lw=ksa dks yksd Hkk"kk esa fuca fd;k x;k gSA blesa nksgk] pkSikbZ ,oa lksjBksa esa o"kkZ&Kku
621 dk cks/k djk;k x;k gSA dqy 38 i`"Bksa ds dysoj esa 1877 bZ- (fo-la- 1934) esa ;g
8- ltuk cqudj tkfr ,oa izR;{kn'khZ ftlus lrh dks ns[kk FkkA dSyk'k nthZ ftlus xkao esa iqLrd bankSj ls izdkf'kr gqbZ gSA1
nqdku dj j[kh gS us crk;k fd lrh viuh bPNk ls gqbZ FkhA xkao ds gh 'ksjflag ls ckr dh o"kkZ rq jk nksgk % izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj esa laxzghr xzUFk la- 2004
ftlus crk;k fd lrh viuh bPNk ls gqbZ FkhA o"kkZ rq jk nksgk uked egRoiw.kZ xzUFk esa o"kkZ rq ls lacaf/kr 91 i`"Bksa esa fofo/k
9- ;g tkudkjh gesa fpM+kok fLFkr eafnj ds iafMr th Jh jkefoykl 'kekZ us nhA nksgksa ls vfro`f"V vuko`f"V] lqdky] nq"dky vkfn dks le>us esa i;kZIr lg;ksx
10- jktsUnz ;kno] vkneh dh fuxkg esa vkSjr] jktdey izdk'ku izkbZoVs fyfeVsM] 2007] i`- 46
feyrk gSA
ls 49
fpkkSM+ dh xty % 17oha 'krkCnh ds mkjkZ esa 1689 bZ- (fo-la- 1746)
[krjxPN ds ;fr [ksrk ;k [ksry r ^fpkkSM+ dh xty* izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku
mn;iqj esa xz-la- 4016 ds :i esa miyC/k gSA blesa i=ksa dh la[;k 96&97 gSA bl esa
gesa fpkkSM+ ds tyk'k;ksa unh&ukyksa ,oa dqMksa ds ckjs esa Kku gksrk gSA
mn;iqj xty % 18oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa (1700 bZ-) fojfpr [ksry r
^mn;iqj xty* izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj esa xzaFk la- 12709 ij laxzghr ,oa
lqjf{kr gSA bl xzUFk ls gesa mn;iqj ds rky&ryS;k] cxhps] dq.M vkfn ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh feyrh gSA
mn;iqj&o.kZu NUn % izLrqr jpuk rikxPNh; tloUr lkxj jfpr mn;iqj
o.kZu&NUn gSA bldh jpuk fot;n;k lwfj ds le; esa gksus dk funsZ'k fd;k x;k gSA
mudk le; 1728 bZZ- ls 1852 bZ- (fo-la- 1785 ls 1805) rd dk gSA blh chp
258
bl Nan dh jpuk gqbZ gSA bldh nks izfr;ka izkIr gqbZ Fkha ftlesa ls ,d vxjpan ukgVk jks cny dks vius ykHk ;k gkfu igqapkus okyh ckrksa dk dkj.k le>rs gSaA mUgksaus
ds laxzg esa gS rFkk nwljh mn;iqj esa izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku xzUFkkad 4192 (4)] 4361 vius foxr o"kksZ ds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij viuk ,d ekSle foKku Hkh cuk fy;k gS
(14) ij laxzghr gS blesa mn;iqj uxj dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj izfl LFkkuksa fo'ks"kr;k tks dbZ dgkorksa esa xzkeh.kksa ds eq[k ls lquh tk ldrh gSA3 bu dgkorksa ls gesa fdlkuksa
ckx&cxhpksa] tyk'k;ksa] okfidkvksa vkfn dk cM+k gh ljy ,oa euksjatd& ,sfrgkfld ds vuqHkoksa dk gh Kku ugha gksrk gS cfYd rq&laca/kh muds fo'oklksa o 'kdqu
o.kZu gSA Jh vxjpUn ukgVk us bls e#Hkkjrh o"kZ 6] vad 4] tuojh 1959 bZ- esa laca/kh mudh euksjatd /kkj.kkvksa ls Hkh ge ifjfpr gksrs gSaA4 ;s Jh txnh'kflag
izdkf'kr fd;k gSA2 xgyksr }kjk ladfyr ,oa Jh lq[kohj flag xgyksr }kjk laikfnr gSA blls gesa
ns'k o.kZu % tSu dfo gse jfpr ^ns'k o.kZu* esa esnikV o.kZu iz'kfLr o"kkZ&fo"k;d tkudkjh ,oa lqdky] nq"dky vkfn ds laca/k esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA
jktLFkkuh 'yksdc :i esa rFkk laLr dkO;e; :i esa miyC/k gSA blh Hkkafr blh 'kdqu lacPNj lkj % bl xzUFk dk uke 'kdqu laoRlj lkj ;k 'kdqu leqPP;
o.kZu esa êsokM+ ns'k Nan* Hkh fy[kk x;k gSA bl o.kZu ls Hkh gesa ljksojksa&<scj >hy] lkj Hkh gSA izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj ds xzaFk la- 1917 ij miyC/k bl xzUFk dh
mn;lkxj] jktleUn] ihNksyk] okih] dwi] rMkx vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh jpuk rkjkpan lqr n;kuan tks'kh (fl[koky czk.k) us 1733 bZ- esa dh FkhA5 blesa
gSA e# Hkkjrh o"kZ 2] vad 2] tqykbZ 1954 bZ- ds vad esa Jh vxjpUn ukgVk }kjk bl dqy 524 nksgsa gSA muesa 'kdqukoyh nh xbZ gSA ftlesa fofo/k tho&tUrqvksa] tkuojksa]
fr dks izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA o`{kkfn] izfr ds y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij o"kkZ&Kku dk cks/k djk;k x;k gSA vr% o"kkZ
lknM+h&xt+y % 86 i|ksa dh bl ^lknM+h xt+y* dh jpuk 1756 bZ- (fo-la- ls lacaf/kr iwokZuqeku dks tkuus ds fy, ,d ekSfyd vizdkf'kr lzksr gSA
1813) esa dfo vkxe lkxj us dhA dfo rikxPN ds fot;&n;k lwfj ds i/kj ldqu fopkj % izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj dh xzUFk la[;k 1956 ij
fot; /keZ lwfj ds lqizlkn ls mlds jps tkus dk mYys[k djrk gSA xksMokM+ esa lknM+h laxzghr ^ldqu fopkj* xzUFk dh jpuk 1789 bZ- (fo-la- 1826) esa gqbZ rFkk bldh
'kgj izfl gS bldk vkSj mlds vklikl ds LFkkuksa dk o.kZu blesa fd;k x;k gSA iqf"idk esa xzUFkdkj vFkok jpf;k dk uke ugha fn;k gqvk gSA ;g x| :i esa ldqu
pwafd xksMo+ kM+ 18oha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd esokM+ jkT; dk gh izeq[k Hkkx jgk FkkA fopkjksa ls ;qDr xzaFk gS ftlesa cknyksa] gok ds #[k] fn'kkvksa esa pedus okyh fctyh
vr% esokM+ ds ml {ks= ds tyk'k;ksa] dqvksa] ckofM+;ksa] ckx&cxhpksa dh tkudkjh ds vkfn fofo/k #iksa ls o"kkZ Kku dk ifjp; djk;k x;k gSA
fy;s ;g ,d vPNk lzksr gSA Jh vxjpUn ukgVk us bls e#&Hkkjrh o"kZ 28] vad] 4] ldquoyh fopkj % jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj 'kk[kk esa xzaFk la-
tuojh 1981 bZ- esa izdkf'kr fd;kA 2321 ^ldquokyh fopkj* xzUFk gSA x| esa fyf[kr bl xzUFk esa o"kkZ vkxeu ds ckjs
lbZdh % 1658 bZ-&1714 bZ- (fo-la- 1715 ls 1771 fo-la-) esa [krjxPNh; esa vfr laf{kIr tkudkjh feyrh gSA 'kfuokj] fn- tuojh 15] 1852 bZ- dks HkhyokM+k
tSu 'kk[kk ds ,d ;fr t;pUnz t;foey us nSfud thou esa iz;qDr gksus okyh esa iafMr gsejkt us bl xzUFk dh jpuk dh FkhA
tuHkk"kk esa jfpr viuh lbZdh uke dh jpuk esa rRdkyhu jktuhfrd bfrgkl ds laoRlj (ekl Qy) % jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj 'kk[kk esa xzaFkkad
lkFk jktLFkku dh rRdkyhu vkfFkZd voLFkk dk Hkh o"kZokj cM+k gh ekfeZd o.kZu 4015 laoRlj (eklQy) uke ls lqjf{kr gSA blesa laor Qy ,oa ekl vFkok
fd;k gSA fo'ks"k :i ls esokM+ jkT; ds nq"dky] lqdky ,oa o"kkZ dh tkudkjh dk efguksa ds vuq:i T;ksfr"k ds vk/kkj ij QYkksa (ifj.kke) dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
vka[kksa ns[kk o.kZu gksus ls ;g lbZdh cM+h egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g ewy ls MkW- czteksgu fo'ks"kr;k o"kkZ dh U;wurk vFkok vf/kdrk ds vk/kkj ij [kk|kUuksa ,oa fofo/k Qlyksa
tkofy;k ds laxzg esa lqjf{kr gS rFkk mUgksaus bls ôjnk* 'kks/k&if=dk esa izdkf'kr djk ds mRiknu ds ifj.kke dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA
fn;k gSA HkM+yh 'yksd % jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku mn;iqj 'kk[kk ds xzaFkkad
jktLFkkuh f"k dgkorsa % yksd&lkfgR; fdlh tkfr o tuin dk lPpk 4015@44 ij ^HkkMyh 'yksd* xzUFk gS ?kk?k] HkM~Myh ;k HkM~Mjh us o`f"V foKku
/ku gksrk gSA vr% jktLFkku esa yksd }kjk vius vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij cukbZ xbZ fo"k;d lw=ksa ds yksd Hkk"kk es fuc fd;kA izLrqr xzUFk HkMyh 'yksdksa ls gesa
dgkorsa dkQh lPpkbZ fy;s gq;s gSaA ;ksa ns[kk tk; rks lqdky ,oa nq"dky iw.kZr;k o"kkZ o"kkZ&foKku dks le>us esa i;kZIr lg;ksx feyrk gSA
ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS vr% ;gk ds yksx gok ,oa vU; izkfrd y{k.kksa ls igys gh txfoykl % 1746 bZ- esa dfo uanjke jfpr txfoykl xzaFk izkP; fo|k
vius Hkfo"; dk vuqeku yxkus dk iz;Ru djus yxrs gS vkSj ok;qeaMy dh NksVh&NksVh izfr"Bku] mn;iqj 'kk[kk esa xzaFkkd 395@2216 ij laxzghr gSA blesa dqy 29 i=ksa ij
259
404 foykl gSA egkjk.kk txrflag f}rh; }kjk ihNksyk >hy ds e/; txfuokl iz;kl ds dkj.k ^'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr* dk ladyu laHko gks ldkA bl [;kr dh
(tyegy) egy cuokus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA blds fuekZ.k ls lqj{kk cks/k ds ewy izfr 'kkgiqjk ds jktk ds futh laxzg esa lqyHk gSA blh ewy [;kr dh izfrfyfi
vykok tyh;&i;kZoj.k nwf"kr gksus ds flyflys dk i;kZ; Hkh gSA Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku lhrke esa laxzghr sgAS 10 ftls MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor us
okjk.klh foykl % dk;LFk tkrh; iz/kku iapksyh nsodj.k us vxLr 21] laikfnr dj fn;k gSA 'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr ds izFke Hkkx esa 'kkgiqjk dh LFkkiuk ls
1746 bZ- dks ôkjk.klh foykl* dh jpuk dhA ;g xzaFk izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj ysdj egkjktk Hkkjrflag rd dk ec foLr`r bfrgkl fn;k x;k gSA f}rh; Hkkx
ds xzaFk la- 880 ij lqjf{kr gSA blesa i= la- 239 gS rFkk ys[kd us ôkjkg iqjk.k* ds esa 'kkgiqjk ds 'kkld jktk mEesnflag (1727 bZ- ls 1769 bZ-) rd ds 'kklu dky dk
^dk'kh[k.M* dks izknsf'kd Hkk"kk esa izLrqr dj lkfgfR;d] /kkfeZd ,oa ,sfrgkfld iwjk fooj.k laorokj ec fy[kk x;k gSA [;kr ls gesa 'kkgiqjk esa fd;s x;s
dkO; ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA blesa ckx&cxhpksa] rMkx] okih] dq.M] igkM+ksa ls ty&izca/ku ;Fkkdqvsa] ckoM+h] dq.M] rkykc vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA
>jrs >juksa] pM+l] jgV vkfn dk cM+k gh jkspd fp=.k i| :i esa fd;k x;k gSA f{kizk unh ds fdukjs gq, ;q dh foLr`r tkudkjh dk ;g ,d izeq[k Lkzksr gSA11
jktfoykl % dfo eku fojfpr jkt foykl dk jpuk dky 1677 bZ- ls xksxwank jh [;kr % ^xksxwnk jh [;kr* dh jpuk dky 19oha 'krkCnh dk
1680 bZ- (fo-la- 1734 ls 1737 fo-la-) gSA rhu o"kZ esa dfo us bl xzaFk dks fy[k mkjkZ gS fdUrq gesa vkyksP;dky esa fufeZr rkykc] dqvsa] ckoM+h ds lkFk&lkFk jkt
dj iwjk fd;k FkkA blesa egkjk.kk jktflag ds dky dk o.kuZ i| :i esa fd;k x;k jk.kk jkeflag dk t;leqnz dh lqj{kk dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k Fkk] dh tkudkjh miyC/
gSA bl xzaFk esa dqy 18 foykl gSA vkBosa foykl esa dqy 170 nksgs gS ftlesa k gksrh gSA12 MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh }kjk laikfnr ^xksxwank jh [;kr* izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku
lIro"khZ; vdky iM+us dk o.kZu djrs gq, dfo us 1660 bZ- (fo-la- 1717) esa mn;iqj ls 1997 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gks pqdh gSA
dSyiqjk ds fudV ^jktlj* uked cM+s rkykc cuokus dk lqUnj o.kZu fd;k gSA ;ksa fpkkSM+mn;iqj dk ikVukek % fpkkSM&+ mn;iqj dk ikVukek dh ewy
jktleqnz rkykc ds fuekZ.k ds laca/k esa lelkef;d dfo dh bl jpuk ls dbZ izfrfyfi Jh nyhpUn cM+ok cM+ksfn;k ds ikl miyC/k gS rFkk mldh thjksDl izfr
egRoiw.kZ tkukdkfj;ksa feyrh gSA6 Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku] lhrke esa laxzghr gSA esokM+ ds egkjk.kk vkSj lhlksfn;k
jk.kk jklks % 17oha 'krkCnh esa jfpr n;kynkl jko ds jk.kk jklksa xazFk ls gesa tkxhjnkjksa ds oa'kkoyh] ukekoyh vkSj dhfrZ xkFkk vFkok jktdh; bfrgkl ys[kd
rRdkyhu ljksojksa] dqvksa] ckofM+;ksa] ckx&cxhpksa vkfn dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA MkW- xkao Vksdjk esa fuokl djrs gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd egkjk.kk 'kaHkwflag ds le;
czteksgu tkofy;k }kjk laikfnr ;g xzUFk egkjk.kk izrki Lekjd lfefr] mn;iqj }kjk cM+ksfn;k ds cM+ok us Vksdjk fuoklh cM+ok ls bl ikVukek dh izfrfyfi 1870 bZ-
izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA (fo-la- 1927) esa rS;kj dh FkhA bu cM+okvksa }kjk ih<+h nj ih<+h esokM+ ds egkjk.kk
Hkhefoykl % fdluk vk<+k r ^Hkhefoykl* dkO; xzaFk dh jpuk egkjk.kk vkSj fllksfn;k tkxhjnkjksa dh ukekoyh fy[kh tkrh Fkh vkSj ukekoyh ds lkFk gh
Hkheflag dh vkKk ls 1822 bZ- (fo-la- 1879) esa dh xbZA blesa dqy 775 Nan gSA O;fDr fo'ks"k }kjk egRoiw.kZ vkSj mYysf[kr fd;s x;s dk;ksZ dk fooj.k Hkh ntZ fd;k
bl xzaFk esa 18oha 'krkCnh dk o.kZu Hkh feyrk gS] fo'ks"kr;k ckx] cxhpksa] QOokjksa] tkrk FkkA muds ikl izkIr tkudkjh dks ys[kc vkSj lqjf{kr j[kus gsrq nks izdkj ds
lgsyh dh ckM+h] o"kkZdky vkfn7 ls i;kZoj.kh; fLFkfr dks le>us esa lg;ksx feyrk xzaFk gksrs Fks] ,d ewy xzaFk tks ?kj ij gh jgrk Fkk rFkk nwljh gFk cgh gksrh Fkh ftls
gS] ogha f{kizk&unh] [kkjh&unh] ekgh&unh ,oa dksBkjh unh ds rVksa ij gq, ;q ,oa cM+ok vius vkJ;nkrk] ;tekuksa ds ;gk mudh oa'kkoyh fy[kus ds fy;s lkFk esa ys
lSfudksa f'kfojksa dh tkudkjh Hkh miyC/k gksrh gSA8 dqvksa] ckoM+h] rM+kx vkfn ds tkrk Fkk vkSj lkjh tkudkjh mlesa fy[k dj vius xkao vkus ij laiw.kZ tkudkjh dks
fuekZ.k fo"k;d tkudkjh dk Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSA9 bl xzUFk dk lEiknu MkW- ewy xzaFk esa fy[k fy;k djrk FkkA vr% ml ewy xzaFk dks gh ikVoh ;k ikVukek dgk
nsodksBkjh us fd;k gS rFkk ;g xzaFk ewy :i ls lkfgR; laLFkku jktLFkku fo|kihB tkrk FkkA13 ikVukek esa vfr'k;ksfDr iw.kZ o.kZu vo'; gS fdUrq vkyksP;dky ls
mn;iqj esa laxzghr gSA 1989 bZ- esa bldk izdk'ku gks x;k gSA lacaf/kr fuekZ.k dk;kZs esa dq,a] ckoM+h] dq.M rkykc vkfn tyk'k;ksa dh tkudkjh dk
'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr % 'kkgiqjk jkT; ds laxzg esa laxzghr ewy Qkjlh ds ekSfyd lzksr Hkh gSA bl ikVukek dh dqy lkr ftYnsa gS muesa ls pkj ftYnsa Hkk- 1&2
Qjekuksa] lunksa] dkxt i=ks o #Dds&ijokuksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kkgiqjk jkT; ds bfrgkl ds :i esa MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor us laikfnr dj izdkf'kr djk nhA 'ks"k ftYnksa dh
dks ladfyr djus dk 19oha lnh ds var esa jkT; ds laj{k.k esa dk;Z fd;k x;kA blh QksVks izfr Jhefr ekaxckbZ vks>k laxzg dkuksM+ esa lqjf{kr gSA
260
uS.klh jh [;kr % eqag.kksr uS.klh dks egkjktk talorflag us tks/kiqj jkT; dk esokM+ ds rkykcksa dh foxr % izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj ds xazFkkad 86 ij
ns'k&nhoku cuk;k FkkA 1670 bZ- ls iwoZ ûS.klh jh [;kr* jh jpuk dh ftlesa miyC/k ;g foxr 11 i`"Bksa dh NksVhlh Mk;jhuqek gS fdUrq blesa esokM+ ds izeq[k
jktLFkku ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds vfrfjDr xqtjkr] dkfB;kokM+ dPN] c?ksy[kaM] rkykcksa ;Fkk jktleqnz] t;leqnz vkfn dk uki crk;k x;k gSA
cqansy[kaM vkSj e/; Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA14 [;kr dk bl izdkj mijksDr jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d L=ksarksa ds vk/kkj ij ge esokM+ jkT;
lEiknu cnjhizlkn lkdfj;k us pkj Hkkxksa esa fd;k gS15 tks jktLFkku izkP; fo|k esa rRdkyhu ty&izca/ku ,oa lalk/ku fo"k;d orZeku dh vko';drk ds lanHkZ esa
izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj ls izdkf'kr gks pqdh gSA fgUnh vuqokn jkeukjk;.k nwxM+ us fd;k] tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
tks dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk }kjk 1926 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gqvkA16 MkW- euksgjflag
jk.kkor us Hkh uS.klh jh [;kr] Hkk-1 dk lEiknu dj ljy :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA17 lnHkZ
1- MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k] if'peh Hkkjr eas ty izca/ku i`- 26
[;kr esa of.kZr fo'ks"kr;k esokM+ ds HkkSxksfyd o.kZu] ufn;ksa eSnkuksa] ioZrksa] Vsdfj;ksa]
2- ogh] i`- 26
ouksa tyk'k;ksa vkfn dh tkudkjh mi;ksxh gSA 3- jktLFkkuh dgkorsa (la- lq[kchj flag xgyksr) i`- 7&8] (tks/kiqj 1959 bZ-)
dj.k izdkl % ;g vizdkf'kr gLrfyf[kr xzaFk dkuksM+ dh rokjh[k gS] ftlsa] 4- ogh] i`- 10
Nan] dfok] nksgk] loS;k vkfn ds lkFk x| :i esa Hkh dkuksM+ dk bfrgkl fofHkUu 5- izk-fo-iz- mn;iqj 'kdqu lacPNj lkj] xzUFk la- 1917 i`- 22 laor lrjS us oSAA lqdy i{k
jkorksa (fBdkus ds 'kkldksa) ds vuq#i fy[kk x;k gS] ftlesa muds fuekZ.k dk;Z tc tkfuAA fujty frfFk ,dknlhAA jfookj lq "kka fu AA 524AA bfr Jh rkjkpan lqr
fo'ks"kr;k rkykc] dq,sa] ckoM+h o dq.M dk o.kZu feyrk gSA vr% vkyksP;dkyhu fl"koky tkslh n;kuan fcjavrsAA
fBdkuk ty&izca/ku ds fy, egRoiw.kZ xzaFk gSA blesa jpf;rk us viuk uke o fy[kus 6- eku dfo] jktfoykl] foykl 8] i`- 118&148 (la- Hkxokunhu] dk'kh] 1912 bZ-)_
n;kynkl jko r jk.kk jklks (la- MkW- czteksgu tkofy;k) (mn;iqj 2007 bZ-)
dh dksbZ frfFk] laor vkfn ugha fn;k gSA ijUrq xzaFk ds uke ls lqLi"V gS fd jkor
7- fdlu vk<+k] Hkhefoykl (la- MkW- nso dksBkjh)] i`- 47 (mn;iqj 1989 bZ-)
d.kZflag ds le; ;g fy[kk;k x;k FkkA vr% 20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa bldh jpuk 8- ogh] i`- 29] 30] 33] 34
vo'; gqbZ fdUrq fBdkus dh ,sfrgkfld lkexzh dk mi;ksx fd;s tkus ls bldh 9- ogh] i`- 45
ekSfydrk ij iz'u fpUg ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g xzaFk nks Hkkxksa esa fy[kk x;k gS 10- Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku lhrke esa laxzghr 'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr Hkk- 2 o 3 dh
rFkk Jhefr ekaxokbZ vks>k laxzg dkuksM+ esa lqjf{kr ,oa laxzghr gSA izfrfyfi Jhefr ekaxckbZ vks>k laxzg dkuksM+ esa miyC/k gSA
fdrkc rsokjhd gkykr egkjkor th vtkth lq egkjkor vthrflag rd % 11- 'kkgiqjk jkT; dh [;kr (la- MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor) Hkk- 1 o 2] i`- 44&45] 100] 223&
;g xzaFk dkuksM&+ fBdkuk dh vizdkf'kr rokjh[k gS blds jpf;rk dh tkudkjh ugha 228
12- xksxwank jh [;kr (la- MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh)] i`- 16&17] 22 80 ,oa 81 (mn;iqj] 1997 bZ-
feyrh gS fdUrq jpukdkj us is&ijokuksa dh lcwrksa (izek.k) ds vk/kkj ij bl xzaFk
)
dks fy[kus dk iz;kl fd;k FkkA vr% ;g Hkh 20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa jpk x;k xzaFk 13- Jh uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku] lhrke] fpkkSM+&mn;iqj dk ikVukek] (la- MkW- euksgj flag
gksrs gq, Hkh bldh ekSfydrk blesa mi;ksx esa fy;s x;s rRdkyhu jktdh; i=ksa ls jk.kkor)] Hkk- 1] i`- II-VIII (lhrke] 2003 bZ-)
Lo;a fl gSA gesa dkuksM+ fBdkus ds ckx&cxhpksa] dq,s] ckoM+h o rkykcksa dh 14- MkW-ds-,l- xqIrk o MkW- ts-ds- vks>k] jktLFkku dk jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLfrd bfrgkl] i`- 6
laf{kIr tkudkjh feyrh gSA (tks/kiqj] 1986 bZ-)
es?k fouksn % ;g csxwa dk gLrfyf[kr ,oa vizdkf'kr bfrgkl gS] tks Jh 15- uS.klh jh [;kr (la- cnjhizlkn lkdfj;k)] Hkk- 1 (tks/kiqj] 1960 bZ-)_ Hkk- 2 (tks/kiqj]
uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku lhrke ifjxzg.k la[;k 2152 ij laxzghr gS blesa i`-la- 41 ls 1962 bZ-)_ Hkk- 3 (tks/kiqj] 1993 bZ-)_ Hkk- 4 (tks/kiqj] 1967 bZ-)
16- eqg.kksr uS.klh dh [;kr] izFke Hkkx (vuqoknd rFkk laiknd] jkeukjk;.k nwxM+)
230 rd gSA chp dh i`"B la- 55] 56] 91] 92 ,oa 183&188 ugha gSA bl
17- eqg.kksr uS.klh jh [;kr (vuqoknd ,oa laiknd MkW- euksgjflag jk.kkor) (lhrke 1987
ikMqafyfi esa jkor dkyh es?kth (1578 bZ-&1628 bZ-) ls jkor prjflag (1869 bZ- bZ-)
&1879 bZ-) rd dk bfrgkl gSA csxwa ds jkorksa ('kkldksa) ds jktuSfrd bfrgkl ds
vfrfjDr muds }kjk fufeZr tyk'k;ksa dh tkudkjh dk ;g vuqie lzksr gSA
261
3 daBks (uxj ls mkj] NkNjks ls nf{k.k esa) 15 ls 35 90 ls 210

4 NkNjks] bZLykedksV] feh 20 120
5 dkaV;ks 20 120
/kkV izns'k esa ty izca/k % 6 Hkksjhyks 30 180
,d ,sfrgkfld o lkaLfrd v/;;u 7 psYgkj 35 210
iadt pk.Md 8 <kV (feh] NkNjks] mejdksV ds e/;) 40 240
9 xM+jk 60 360
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds if'peh Nksj ij vofLFkr /kkV {ks= (mejdksV)] 5
/kkV esa dqvksa dh xgjkbZ îqjl* esa ekih tkrh FkhA (iqjl&lkekU; dn&dkBh
ftlus flU/k o ekjokM+ {ks= dks lkaLd`frd] lkekftd] HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld o ds vkneh ds QSys gq, nks gkFkksa ds chp dh nwjh tks vkSlru 6 QqV gksrh FkhA) dq,a ds
jktuSfrd :i ls tksMk+ j[kk gS] ;g Hkw&Hkkx 150 fdeh- mkj&nf{k.k o 200 fdeh ikuh dks okd dgrs gSaA dqvksa dks ;gk dh Hkk"kk esa rMgk (ryk) dgrs gSA dqvka
iwoZ&if'pe fn'kkvksa esa QSyk gqvk iw.kZ:i ls jsfxLrku gSA iwoZ&if'pe esa mejdksV ls [kqnokuk cM+s iq.; dk dk;Z le>k tkrk FkkA dq,a ds dkj.k ;fn xzke dh clkoV gksrh
ysdj pkSgVu dh igkfM+;ksa rd vkSj mkj&nf{k.k esa tSlyesj ds lrk lqUnjk xkao ls
Fkh rks ml xko dk uke ml O;fDr ds vk/kkj ij j[kk tkrk ftlus dqvka [kqnok;k tSls
ysdj ckM+esj ftys ds lsMo+ k dLcs rd o ikfdLrku esa lrh nsgjk rd dk {ks=
ikd esa es?ks jks rMgks] nkus jks rMgks] Hkkjr esa l#is dk ryks] xksgM jks ryks vkfn6
^/kkV* dgykrk Fkk] ftldh jkt/kkuh mejdksV FkhA bl {ks= ds izeq[k dLcs feh]
fHkUu&fHkUUk dqvksa ls fHkUu&fHkUu Lokn dk ikuh fudykrk Fkk ftls [kkjksa (dMok)]
lykedksV] psYgkj] NkNjk] Mhiyk] mejdksV] /k.kk] vkyelj] xMjkjksM]+ fe<Mk]
pjdks (uedhu)] ckks (de uedhu)] dlkjks] mxjks (fQdk)] ehBks (fek)
l:is dk ryk o rkylj vkfn gSA1 blds vf/kdrj dLcs tks/kiqj&djkph jsy ykbZu
o izkphu O;kikfjd ekxks ij cls gq, gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr foHkktu ds dkj.k mejdksV vkfn7 dgrs FksA
{ks= dk yxHkx 70 izfr'kr fgLlk orZeku ikfdLrku esa Fkkjikjdj o ikjdj (ftys jsrhys izns'k esa gksus ds dkj.k Fkj (<kVh cksyh esa Fkkj e#LFky) ds dqvksa ds
ds :i esa) o 'ks"k 30 izfr'kr 'ks"k Hkkx Hkkjr esa jg x;kA ckM+esj o tSlyesj ftyksa fuekZ.k esa ,d [kkl eki dh cuh gqbZ bZaVksa dk mi;ksx dk djrs gS ftUgsa ûo&rsjgh*
dh dqN rglhyksa ds :i esa vofLFkr gSA2 nksuksa eqYdksa esa /kkV dk {ks= ,d tSlk gh bZaV8 dgrs gSaA (jsfxLrku esa dqvk [kksnuk eqf'dy gS blds dkj.k ekjokM+h esa nq"dj
gSA jsr ds cM+s&cM+s Vhys gSa ftlesa cM+h Fkh o nsjkuh&tsBkuh ds /kksjs3 vR;Ur izfl dk;Z lEiUu djus gsrq ûo&rsjgh djuk* dgkor iz;ksx esa ysrs gSA9) dqvksa ls ikuh
gSA ckfj'k cgqr gh de gksrh gSA vdky dh ekj bl {ks= ds okfl;ksa dks gj rhljs fudkyus gsrq jaxs gq, peM+s dh ^dksl* mi;ksx esa ysrs Fks ftls peM+s dh cuh jLlh
lky lgu djuh iM+rh gSA ;gk dksbZ Hkh ckjgeklh unh ;k ugj mIkyC/k ugha gSA o"kkZ ôjr* ls cka/kdj ^Hkw.k* (Pulley) ls ij Mkydj V }kjk [khapdj ikuh fudkyk
dk ikuh ;gk thou dk eq[; vk/kkj gS tks ;gk Ikkj ;k cjlknh dgykrk gS] mldks tkrk gSA10 V }kjk dksl [khapus gsrq r; nwjh dks tks yxHkx dq, dh xgjkbZ ftruh
Nrksa esa cus iMukyks }kjk Vkadksa esa] rkykcksa] ukMh esa bdk fd;k tkrk gSA Hkwfe ds uhps gksrh gSa mls ^lkj.k* dgrs gSA V gkadus okys O;fDr [khyh;k vFkok [khyhokjk
dk ikuh okad dgykrk gSA dqvksa] Vkadksa] ukMh dk ikuh is;ty ds lkFk flapkbZ dk dgykrk Fkk ftls dq, ij [kM+k dksl idM+us okyk O;fDr ^gos gos iNk] esy iNk*11
Hkh lk/ku gSA bl bykds esa iwjkus le; esa gkdM+ks unh mkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj cgrh dgdj dksl fudyus dh lwpuk nsrk Fkk ftlls og okil ihNs vkrk FkkA ,d ckj
Fkh ftlds HkwdEIk esa yqIr gksus ds HkwxHkhZ; lk{; feyrs gaS4 blh dkj.k nf{k.k dh dh izf;k okjks dk<;ks dgykrh FkhA ikuh fudkyus okys vf/kdrj ekyh tkfr ds
rjQ de xgjkbZ o mkj&iwoZ dh vksj vf/kd xgjkbZ esa ikuh miyC/k gksrk gSA yksx gksrs FksA12 xMjk dh rjQ dqvksa dh xgjkbZ c<+us ds dkj.k ikuh [khapus ds
ftldk vuqizek.k fuEu lkj.kh gSA fy, ,d dh txg nks Vksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vr% lkj.k dh eki dq, dh xgjkbZ dh
-la- foLrkj xgjkbZ (iqjl esa) QhV esa vk/kh gks tkrh gSA13
1 lkejksV (nhiyks uthd) 5 30 oS".ko ;k vU; O;fDr ftlds peM+s dh ck/kk (fu"ks/k) gksrh Fkh os yksx
2 Ikkjdj (uxjikjdj rkyqdk) 10 ls 15 60 ls 90 dsUokl (diM+s) dh FkSyh o vkdksyh;k dh Mksj (vkd dh ydM+h ls fudkys
262
dikl tSls js'ks ls cuh Mksj) dk mi;ksx dj [kqn vius gkFkksa ls ikuh fudkyrs Fks ftls ftlls flj ij ykBh ds okj dk vlj de gksA20 is;ty ij fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ dj
cty dgrs FksA14 lkekU; tuks dh fL=;k ikuh ysus dqvksa ij feh ds ?kM+s ysdj ugha gksrk Fkk] flapkbZ gsrq iz;ksx ikuh ds cnys lkekU;r% csxkj ds :i esa dj fy;k
tkrh Fkh ysfdu lkgqdkj yksx ?kjksa ij î[kky* eaxkors FksA peMs+ dh cuh i[kky dks tkrk FkkA21
V ;k lkaM ij Mky dj yk;k tkrk Fkk ftlesa 8 csMs+ (?kM+s) ikuh vkrk FkkA xgjs ikuh dh xxj&ekSjh;s (?kM+s) flj ij j[kus gsrq efgyk, ^lha<q.kh* dk iz;ksx
dq, ;k osjh esa ;fn dHkh xkxj&eksjh&Mksy ;k dksbZ oLrq fxj tkrh gS rks >kcksa (dkp djrh FkhA ,slh lha<q.kh Hkjr (gLrdyk] Handicraft) ds dk;Z ls ifjiw.kZ gksrh Fkh
}kjk lw;Z izdk'k dks ijkfoZfrr (Reflection) dj fckM+h (ca/ks gq, gqdks dk xqPNk) ftl ij dksM&+ fVd&lrkj&eksrh lqUnj rjhds ls xqFks gq, gksrs Fks vkSj ihNs dh rjQ
dh lgk;rk ls fudkyrs FksA15 Nqxks (NsM+ks) yVdkrk jgrk FkkA lha<+.kh dks ngst esa fn;k tkuk vfuok;Z gksrk FkkA22
NkNjks o xMjk ds e/; fNNys dq, ik;s tkrs gSa ftUgsa LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa csjh ;k bl izdkj /kkV esa vusd yksdxhr o dgkorsa ikuh o ckfj'k ij izpfyr gSaA
ikj dgrs gSaA ,slh csjh esa ikuh dh xgjkbZ vkSlru 5 iqjl ls 15 iqjl ds e/;] tks ty ds vfr vYikk ds dkj.k ;gk ds fuokfl;ksa dk vf/kdrj le; ty laxzg.k esa
ckfj'k ij fuHkZj djrh FkhA16 dq, (rMg@rys) dh rjg bu xkoksa dk uke Hkh csjh fudy tkrk Fkk] vr% yksd thou esa ty izca/k ls tqM+h vusd lkekftd o
cukus okys ds uke ij j[kk tkrk FkkA tSls & tSl&s jks&ikj] [khes&jks&ikj] okgks&jh&csjh] lkaLfrd izFkk;sa gSA
dqaHks&jh&csjh vkfnA fL=;ksa }kjk cuk;h x;h csjh tSls #ih&jks&csjh] ekuckbZ&jks&rM+gks] lanHkZ
ckbZ lkgsc&jks&rM+gks (feh xko esa lkSjk.M xqtjkr esa vk;h gqbZ dU;k'kkyk dh 1- dfo;k] 'kfDrnku] lEiknd] lks<+k;.k] jkt- jkT; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 1966
f'kf{kdk dks ckbZ&lkgsc dgrs gSA17) csjh ;k ikj dk ikuh dk Lokn ckfj'k ds ikuh 2- x<+ohj] ,e- vkj-] vCck dh ckrsa] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] 2013
(ikyj) tSlk gh gksrk gSA18 3- tkxw] jk;pUn] jsfxLrku th rokjh[k] oksY;we I, flU/kh vnch cksMZ] gSnjkckn& flU/k 1956
ckfj'k dk ikuh xko ds rkykcksa esa ,df=r gksrk Fkk ftls rykbZ dgrs Fks tks 4- ekgs'ojh] ca'kh/kj] vki.kks lkaLd`frd okjlks] Jh Fkjh pSjhVscy VLV] vgenkckn] 2003
5- ogh
ugkus] diM+s /kksus] eos'kh ds ihus gsrq iz;ksx esa vkrk FkkA ftldh laxzg 'kfDr ikuh
6- iVokj fjdksMZl] l#is dk ryk]
ftrus eghus jgrk Fkk] mlls djrs FksA rkykc ds Hkjko dks fxjh;k (Vdus ftruk)] 7- lk{kkRdkj & Jh Hkwjksey x<+ohj] iwoZ iz/;kid] flU/k] ikfdLrku
xksMk (?kqVus ftruk)] Nkrh] VcksM+ (V Mwcs ftruk) dgrs FksA19 8- lk{kkRdkj & baftfu;j Jh ca'kh/kj ekgs'ojh] vgenkckn
xzke dk uke rjkbZ dk uke Ekghus (tc rd ikuh) 9- lk{kkRdkj & Jh j?kqohjflag lks<+k (oMsyh&mejdksV)] tks/kiqj
feh Uka<h+ ] oM+h rjkbZ 3 & 4 eghuk 10- Lkk{kkRdkj & Jh pUnuflag HkkVh] ckM+esj U;wt Vsd] ckM+esj
11- Lkk{kkRdkj & Jh gqdeflag lks<+k] xko rkeyksj
psYgkj jk.kklj jh rjkbZ 5 & 6 eghuk 12- lk{kkRdkj & Jh veksy[knkl pk.Md] HkwriwoZ lajiap xzke & tSflUnj
psYgkj NNh jh rjkbZ 3 & 4 eghuk 13- ogh
14- lk{kkRdkj & Jh ftrsU Naxk.kh] <kVh iq"dj.kk czk.k
XkMjks ikaNh;kjh jh rjkbZ 6 eghuk
15- lk{kkRdkj & Jherh /kkiqnsoh gsejkt ekgs'ojh] xkxfj;k
[kha;pj & 4 eghuk 16- lk{kkRdkj & Jh egsUflag lks<k] (oMsyh&mejdksV) tks/kiqj
NkNjks cs ehy nwj rjkbZ 3 eghuk 17- ogh
18- izR;{k voyksdu
ikuh dh fdYyr ;gk ds lkekftd o lkaLfrd thou dks izHkkfor djrh
19- lksyadh rstflag] mejdksV fla/k tks bfrgkl (mejdksV rokjh[k)] flU/k] 1935
gSA ikuh ds fy, >xM+s ;gk vf/kd gksrs Fks] pwafd ikuh dks ns[kdj gh clkoV gksrh 20- File No Eur F 208/7 in bf.M;k vkWfQl ykbZczsjh] yUnu
Fkh] vr% ,d dq, ij nks tkfr;k viuk&viuk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl 21- ogh
djrh Fkh ftlds dkj.k >xM+s gksrs jgrs FksA pwafd >xM+k gksuk vke ckr Fkh vr% yksx 22- lk{kkRdkj & Jherh y{ehnsoh rkjkpan ekgs'ojh] xMjkjksM] ckM+esj
vius flj ij iguh gqbZ ixM+h ds uhps dkaL; dk dVksjk ges'kk cka/k dj j[krs Fks
263
egkjkt xaxkflag us vius iq= ,oa ;qojkt lknqZyflag ds uke ij fo-la-1977@1920 bZ-
esa lknZqyiqj ds clkus ls iwoZ ;gk cM+s&cM+s jsr ds Vhys FksA ;gka ty dk L=ksr ek=k
,d dqbZ ^jksfgM+s dh dqbZ* FkhA6
jktx<+ esa ikjaifjd ty izca/ku esa jktx<+ esa fo-la-1974@1917 bZ- dks vejokys Hkxrjke 'kadjnklksth f'koizrki
lekt dk ;ksxnku % ,d losZ{k.k jke&ukjk;.k Vhdek.kh us Vhdek.kh dq,a dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA dq,a ds ikl <k.kk]
ehuk dqekjh [ksy&dksBk] ?kM+ksbZ] ckM+h ,oa ikl esa guqeku eafnj fLFkfr gSA7 ;gha Qrsgiqfj;k dq,a
dks fo-la-1979@1922 bZ- dks Qrsgiqfj;k lsB rulq[kjk; x.kir jkeks.kh o eFkqjkizlkn
chdkusj jkT; dk jktx<+ fBdkuk egkjktk xtflag us chdkusj ls mkj&iwoZ rulq[kjk; jkekS.kh us dq,a cukus ds fy, xaxk'kkgh ljdkj ls tehu yh FkhA8 bl dq,a
{ks= esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djus ds fy, fo-la-1833@1766 bZ- esa vius cM+s csVs jktflag ds dk ikuh ihus ;ksX; FkkA lsBth dh rjQ ls dqvka ckjg efguksa pyrk FkkA /kekZFkZ cus
uke ij clk;kA jktx<+ dh LFkkiuk esa rRdkyhu ea=h o nhoku esgrk c[rkoj flag bl dq,a ds rhu vksj i'kqvksa ds fy, [ks cuh gqbZ gSA blh ds ikl esa Nxuyky
dk izeq[k ;ksxnku FkkA1 jktx<+ dLcs ds clus ls iwoZ ;gka yqnhckl uke dk fBdkuk HkDdM+ dh cuokbZ gqbZ I;k gS] ftlesa ikuh blh dq,a ls fy;k tkrk FkkA dq,a ij rhu
FkkA2 jktx<+ dks clkdj egkjktk us bl {ks= esa iz'kklfud lqn`<r+ k LFkkfir dhA yko pyrs FksA dqvka maGps pcwrjs ij] pkj eqjoks lfgr ,d lqUnj bekjr dk :i fy,
izLrqr 'kks/k i= ^jktx<+ esa ikjaifjd ty izca/k esa lekt dk ;ksxnku % ,d gq, gSA9 lqjsdka laLd`r fo|ky; esa lsB Jh jkethnkl lqjsdk us vius iwT; firkJh
losZ{k.k* dk mn~ns'; chdkusj ds bl egRoiw.kZ {ks= jktx<+ esa ty izca/ku ds fy, rqxujke dh ikou Le`fr esa laor~ 1979@1922 bZ- esa fo'kky dq.M cuok;k FkkA10 ;gha
lekt dh Hkkxhnkjh ,oa lekt ds fofHkUu lsB&lkgqdkjksa o vU; leqnk; ds yksxksa ihjkukiaFkh eqlyekuksa dk cuok;k gqvk dPpk tksgM+k 100&120 o"kZ iqjkuk gS ftldk
}kjk djok;s x;s fuekZ.k dk;Z ,oa mDr {ks= dh rkRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks le>us dk ckn esa th.kksZkj fd;k x;kA11 jktx<+ ds ekSgYyk rkjkx<+ esa lqjk.kk eqjyh/kj pank.kh
fouez iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi ;gka ds lekt dks ty izca/ku ds bl egRoiw.kZ o usrey eqjyh/kjk.kh us 1939 bZ- esa xaxk'kkgh ljdkj ls ckM+h dk iV~Vk ysdj blesa
dk;Z esa jkt us Hkh egRoiw.kZ lg;ksx fn;kA jkt bl yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z gsrq ,oa dq.M fufeZr djok;kA12 vkt bl ckM+h ,oa dq.M dks ikVdj ;gka vkcknh cl pqdh
{ks= dh futZurk ;k fojkuxh de djus ,oa vkcknh o lq[k le`f c<+kus gsrq tyk'k; FkhA jkeukjk;.k Vhdek.kh us jkeckl esa ikuh dh leL;k dks nwj djus ds fy,
fuekZ.k dh eatwjh ds lkFk fuewZY; vFkok ukeek= ds ewY; ij tehu ns nsrs FksA3 yxHkx 160 o"kZ iwoZ ,d cM+s dq,a dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA Jh x.kirjk; Qrsgiqfj;k
v;;u dky esa tehu T;knk vkSj ml ij vkcknh dk ncko vis{kkd`r de gksrk Fkk] us yxHkx 150 o"kZ iwoZ ,d iDdk rkykc cukdj turk dks lefiZr fd;k FkkA
bl dkj.k ljdkj dks ,sls dk;ksZa dks djus esa gkfu dh vis{kk nksgjk ykHk izkIr gksrk jk;cgknqj Jh jkeizlkn th jktxf<+;k us jktx<+ esa ,d iDdk rkykc cuok;k FkkA13
FkkA ;gka ds JheUr oxZ us bl dk;Z esa c<+&p<+dj lgHkkfxrk yhA ;gka ds vf/ lSadM+ksa ch?kk tehu esa ik;ru cuokbZ FkhA ik;ru i'kqvksa ds pjus ,oa tksgM+s dks ikuh
kdrj tyk'k; blh oxZ }kjk fufeZr gSA jktx<+ dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh rRdkyhu ls Hkjus ds dke esa cgqr mi;ksxh FkhA vkt bl tksgM+s dk dksbZ ukeks&fu'kku ugha gSA
egkjkt us orZeku gfj;k.kk ds fHkokuh ftys esa fLFkfr yksgkjh xkao ds iz/kku Jh vkcknh us bl ik;ru dks viuk vkokl LFkku cuk fy;k gSA orZeku gfj;k.kk ds
tsBey dks ;gka clus dk fuea=.k fn;k FkkA bUgksaus gh loZizFke fo-la-1833@1766 bZ- lrykuh ds jgus okys lsB fcj/kh lrukyh us fo-la-1979@1926 bZ- dks ,d pkj eqjos
esa ;gka ikuh dk ,d fo'kky rkykc ,oa x?kkV cuok;k FkkA blh ds ikl jke efUnj dk dqvka cuok;k Fkk]14 ftls lrukfy;ksa ds dq,a ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl dq,a ij
LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA bl rkykc dk jktx<+ ds izkjafHkd fnuksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku <k.kk 4 ?kMksbZ] 2 cM+s dksBs] Hkw.k ,oa rhu vksj [ks cuh gqbZ gSA dq,a ds ikl lkj.k ds
jgkA ;g vkt Hkh dqN vo'ks"kksa ds lkFk fo|eku gS] ;gka efgyk,a iwtk&dhrZu] vo'ks"k utj vkrs gSa] dq,a ds uhps ckM+h Hkh gksrh Fkh] bl dq,a ds ikuh ls eksB&cktjs
tyok&iwtu djus vkrh FkhaA4 jktx<+ dh tkek efLtn fo-la-1908 bZ- esa LFkkfir gqbZ dh f[kpM+h fo'ks"k :i ls cukbZ tkrh FkhA
Fkh] blh ds lkFk blesa dkth vCnqy gd lkgc ds usr`Ro esa eqfLye lekt ds Vhdek.kh /keZ'kkyk esa Vhdek.kh ca/kqvksa }kjk yxHkx fo-la- 1987@1930 bZ-
lg;ksx ls dq.M fufeZr djok;k x;k FkkA fo-la-1969@1912 esa fiatjkiky ds fuekZ.k esa fo'kky dq.M fufeZr djok;k x;k FkkA iksn~nkj /keZ'kkyk ds dq.M dk fuekZ.k
ds lkFk blesa dq.M cuok;k x;k FkkA jktx<+ dLcs ds ikl gh LVs'ku ds nwljh vksj iq#"kksRrenkl iksn~nkj us vius firk lsB Jh dUgS;k yky dh iq.; Le`fr esa cuok;k
264
FkkA15 fo-la- 1990@1933 bZ- esa fufeZr czk.k iapk;r /keZ'kkyk ds lkFk blesa nks lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij fofnr gS fd fnYyh ls eqYrku ,oa fnYyh ls ekjokM+ ds jkLrs
dq.M Hkh cuok;s x;s FksA bl dq.M ds ikuh ls xfeZ;ksa ds pkj efguksa esa I;k yxkbZ jktx<+ ls gh xqtjrs FksA19 VkWM ds vuqlkj jktx<+ chdkusj jkT; dh eq[; O;kikfjd
tkrh FkhA16 jktx<+ dLcs esa Jh Nxuyky ckxM+h us fo-la-1995@1938 bZ- ds Hk;adj e.Mh Fkh ,oa chdkusj jkT; esa vk;kfrr eky dh tdkr dk vk/kk fgLlk jktx<+ ls
vdky ds le; jktx<+ dh turk ds fy, loZfgrdkfj.kh lHkk dks ,d dq.M gh izkIr gksrk FkkA20 bl rjg ;gk tyk'k;ksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa mfpr izca/ku ls {ks= esa
cukdj fn;k FkkA Jh Nxuyky ckxM+h us ;g dq.M vius HkkbZ Jh pEikyky ckxM+h vkcknh dh c<+ksRrjh ds lkFk&lkFk i'kqikyu ,oa O;kikj&okf.kT; esa egoiw.kZ mUufr
dh Le`fr esa cuok;k FkkA ;g dq.M dkQh fo'kky gSA bl dq.M ds ikuh ls gqbZA
loZfgrdkfj.kh lHkk jsyos LVs'ku ,oa esys (jkensoth ,oa nnjsok ds xksxkth) ds lanHkZ
volj ij I;k yxkrh FkhA17 ;gka gj eksgYys esa dqb;ka gksrh FkhA okMZ ua- 6 esa chlksa 1- n;kynkl dh [;kr] ftYn 2] i= 89&90] ikmysV] xtsfV;j vkWiQ fn chdkusj LVsV] i`- 68
dqb;ka gksrh FkhaA izR;sd tkfr dh vyx&vyx dqb;ka FkhA ekfy;ksa ds eksgYys esa 2- jko chdk ds le; ywnh dk 'kkld dkuk iwfu;k FkkA bl txg egkjktk xtflag us
dk'khjke ekyh }kjk fufeZr 100 o"kZ iqjkuk dqvka fLFkr gSA dqUnuey ?kqM+kor ds ?kj vftriqjk ds Bkdqj nhiflag o Nkuh ds >ksjM+ tkVksa dks nf.Mr djus ds fy, jktx<+ dk
esa pj eq[ks dh dqbZ ,oa fo'kky dq.M cuk gqvk gS] blh ds ikl fxj/kkjh yky ?kqMk+ or fdyk o cLrh clkbZ Fkh & n;kynkl dh [;kr ftYn&2] i= 89
ds ?kj esa 80 o"kZ iqjkuk dq.M gSA bu lc ds vfrfjDr ;gka vusd tyk'k; v;;u 3- ehuk dqekjh] pw: e.My eas ty izca/ku % chdkusj ds 'kkldksa o muds lkearksa ds iz;kl&
dky esa fufeZr gq, ftudh lwph bl izdkj gS18& ,d losZ{k.k (vizdkf'kr 'kks/k&i=)
4- Lo.kZ t;arh Le`fr ljkst (1920&1970 bZ-)] Jh fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] 1976] i`- 284&285
1) x<+ dk dq.M] 2) Vhdek.kh Ldwy dk dq.M] 3) usg: cky eafnj Ldwy
5- losZ{k.k ds nkSjku 'ksjeksgEen (mez 80) ,oa tkek efLtn ds beke us ;g tkudkjh nhA
dk dq.M] 4) tksxh vkJe dk dq.M] 5) xksih fd'ku dk dq.M] 6) x.ks'k eksgYys 6- Lo.kZ t;arh Le`fr ljkst (1920&1970 bZ-)] Jh fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] 1976] i`- 125] 255
dk dq.M] 7) rkjkpan czk.k dk dq.M] 8) lsBk.kh okyk dq.M] 9) ukxj /kjsM dk 7- uEcj fely 398 rkjh[k ejtqvk 27-6-17 uke rglhy jktx<+ uEcj 96 (Vhdek.kh eqfue
dq.M (jkensoth eafnj ds ihNs)] 10) ?ksowdk /keZ'kkyk dk dq.M] 11) iw.kZey y{eh ukjk;.k ds lkStU; ls iV~Vk udy izkIr gqbZ)
paxksbZ dk dq.M] 12) fery /keZ'kkyk dk dq.M] 13) ljkoxh /keZ'kkyk dk dq.M] 8- Qrsgiqfj;k dq,a dh iV~Vk udy & Jhjke th] uEcj fely 22 rkjh[k ejtqvk 12-12-17]
14) ialkfj;ksa dh cxhph dk dq.M] 15) eksgrk /keZ'kkyk dk dq.M] 16) 'e'kku uke rglhy jktx<+ ua-157 (Jh cyohj flag tkafxM+] lknqyiqj ds lkStU; ls izkIr gqbZ)
Hkwfe esa fLFkr dq.M] 17) gk;j lsadsMh Ldwy dk dq.M] 18) d.nksbZ dk dq.M] 9- I;k ij Nxuyky HkDdM+ dk f'kykys[k yxk gqvk gS] dq,a ds vkdkj&izdkj dh leLr
19) iqjkuk vLirky dk dq.M] 20) rkjx<+ eksgYys esa ikj[kksa dk dq.M] 21) ikoZrh tkudkjh losZ{k.k ds nkSjku izkIr gqbZA
nsoh dk dqvka] 22) yky dqbZ rsfy;ku eksgYys esa] 23) tho.kh ckbZ ?ksowdk dh dqbZ] 10- Lo.kZ t;arh Le`fr ljkst (1920&1970 bZ-)] Jh fgrdkfj.kh lHkk]1976] i`- 70
11- ekuflag tkafxM+ (mez 90) fjVk;MZ iz/kukpk;Z] jktx<+ us losZ{k.k ds le; tkudkjh nhA
24) eks{kHkwfe dk dqvka] 25) jkensoth eafnj ds ikl dqvka] 26) ';ke eafnj ds
12- Jh jke th] fely ua-41 rkjh[k ejtqvk 21-12-28 uke rglhy jktx<+ ua-21 (22-3-1939
ikl dqvka] 27) /kksfc;ksa dk dqvka] 28) [kkfr;ksa ds eksgYys esa dqb;ka] 29) vksloky dks Jh th cgknqj ds gLrk{kj gq, & iV~Vk udy Jh cyohj flag tkafxM+ ,MoksdsV ds
/keZ'kkyk dk dqvka] 30) x.kxkSj dqvka] 31) Lokfe;ku <k.kh dk dqvka] 32) egknso lkStU; ls izkIr gqbZ)
ljkoxh dqvka] lknqyiqj] 33) Hkkuey fla/kh dk dqvka] 34) fxj/kkjh [kkrh dh dqbZ] 13- Lo.kZ t;arh Le`fr ljkst (1920&1970 bZ-)] Jh fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] 1976] i`- 265] 272
35) Hkafx;ksa dh dqbZ] 36) yrhQqYyk gkth cD'k dh dqbZ] 37) usrth ds Fkku dh 14- ogh] i`- 330&340
dqbZ] 38) dksBkjh dqbZ] 39) ykbjke lqukj dh dqbZ] 40) rkjxk eksgYys dk dqvka 15- losZ{k.k ds nkSjku jkekorkj cSjklfj;k ,oa ca'kh/kj /ka/kkor] (mez 86) lknqyiqj us tkudkjh
bl rjg ls jktx<+ ds leLr oxZ ds leqnk; }kjk fufeZr bu tyk'k;ksa us nhA
16- Lo.kZ t;arh Le`fr ljkst (1920&1970 bZ-)] Jh fgrdkfj.kh lHkk] 1976] i`- 134&135
jktx<+ esa ty ladV ds lek/ku esa ;ksxnku fn;kA ;g tyk'k;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa lcls
17- ogh] i`- 330&340
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku JheUr oxZ dk jgk gSA ty izca/ku ds dkj.k jktx<+ izeq[k 18- 'kks/kkFkhZ us losZ{k.k ds nkSjku o;kso` yksxksa ls leLr tkudkjh ,df=r dhA
O;kikfjd dsUnz ,oa e.Mh ds :i esa fo[;kr gqvk] ftls izks- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k ds 19- izks- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku bfrgkl ds vfHkKku :i] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh]
}kjk jktLFkku ds izeq[k O;kikfjd ekxksZa ds :i esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA vfHkys[kh; t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k] 2010] i`- 212] 213
265
blh xzke ls lUr jkenkl /keZ izpkjkFkZ ekyok {ks= dh ;k=k ij py fn;sA
bUgksaus vusd xkoksa esa jkeLusgh /keZ dk mins'k nsrs gq, vufxur yksxksa dks nqO;Zluksa ls
eqfDr fnykbZA bl ;k=k esa pksjh&pdkjh tSlh ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k Hkh ijfp;ksa esa
lhaFky&[ksM+kik jkeLusgh lUrksa dh ;k=kvksa dk feyrk gSA esokM+ ls gksrs gq, lUr jkenkl xq#n'kZu gsrq lhaFky igqps rRi'pkr cM+xko
,sfrgkfld egRo (fo-la- 1810 ls fo-la- 1883 rd) (ukxkSj)] vklksi] esyk.kk] lhyok] fjtyk.kh] vjfV;k] [ksMk+ ik vkfn ekjokM+ fLFkr
MkW- gjh'k dqekj xkoksa esa mins'k nsrs jgsA fo-la- 1822 [ksM+kik (ukxkSj) ds Bkdqj iqjksfgr ineflag ds
vkxzg ij ;s LFkk;h :i ls ogha jgus yxsA3 bl LFkku ij vius xq# lUr gfjjkenkl
jktLFkku esa jkeLusgh lEiznk; lhaFky (chdkusj) ,oa [ksMk+ ik (ukxkSj) dh dh i/kjko.kh djkus ds fy, lUr jkenkl us vius f'k"; dkUgM+nkl dks cSyxkMh ds
LFkkiuk e'k% gfjjkenkl (fo-la- 1770 ls 1835) ,oa jkenkl (fo-la- 1783 ls lkFk lhaFky HkstkA os ikap fnu pydj 44 dksl nwjLFk lhaFky igqpsA4 lhaFky ds lUr
1855) us dhA lhaFky&[ksM+kik lEiznk; ds izorZd lUrksa ds lkFk [ksM+kik ds gfjjkenkl us vius thoudky esa [ksMk+ ik dh rhu ;k=k, dh & izFke fo-la- 1823
mkjkf/kdkjh lUr n;kynkl (fo-la- 1816 ls 1885) us lEiznk; dh LFkkiuk vkSj vius f'k"; jkenkl ds fuosnu ij leLr f'k"; e.Myh ds lkFk lhaFky ls [ksMk+ ik
vius er ,oa mins'kksa ds izpkj&izlkj gsrq fofHkUu ;k=k, dh ftudk viuk ,sfrgkfld i/kjko.kh] f}rh; fo-la- 1824 QwyMkSy mRlo (gksfydksRlo) ij lhaFky ls [ksMk+ ik
egRo Hkh gSA bu ;k=kvksa dk foLr`r o.kZu nks ijfp;ksa ls izkIr gksrk gS & (1) rRi'pkr nksuksa lUrksa us feydj tks/kiqj ds lUr ykynkl ds vkxzg ij tks/kiqj dh
n;kynkl d`r ^xzUFk Jh ijph th* (fo-la- 1855) (2) ckydnkl d`r ;k=k dh rFkk rhljh ;k=k fo-la- 1832&33 esa gqbZ] blh ;k=k esa lUr gfjjkenkl us
^tu&izHkko&ijph* (fo-la- 1883) lUr jkenkl dk izkjfEHkd lk/kd thou dfBu vius f'k"; jkenkl ds vuq;kf;vksa dh c<+rh la[;k dks ns[kdj mfpr LFkku dk
la?k"kZ rFkk gkiksg esa xqtjk] ek= 25 o"kZ dh vk;q esa bUgksaus ckjg xq#vksa dk f'k";Ro funsZ'k nsrs gq, ogha ij jke/kke cukus dh vkKk iznku dhA xq# ds funsZ'kkuqlkj fo-la-
xzg.k fd;k vkSj vUr esa fo-la- 1809 esa lhaFky ds lUr gfjjkenkl ls nh{kk xzg.k 1834 esa orZeku jke egksyk jke/kke dh uhao j[kh xbZA bl /kke ds fy, Bkdqj
dhA nh{kksijkUr lUr jkenkl xq# ls vkKk ysdj Hkze.k ,oa lk/kuk gsrq mfpr LFkku dh iqjksfgr ineflag us vkidks ;Fks"V tehu ns nhA bl izdkj bu rhuksa ;k=kvksa esa lUr
[kkst esa fudy iM+sA [ksMk+ ik ls N% fd-eh- nwj nf{k.k esa esyk.kk xzke ds ,dkUr LFkku gfjjkenkl us jkeLusgh er dk izpkj&izlkj djrs gq, yksxksa dks mins'k iznku fd, lkFk
esa bUgksaus 6&7 o"kks rd dBksj lk/kuk dhA blh le; fo-la- 1812 esa ekjokM+ esa gh vius f'k"; jkenkl ds c<+rs izHkko dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa mfpr fn'kk&funsZ'k iznku
Hk;adj vdky iM+kA bl izkd`frd vkink esa lkekU; thou vLr&O;Lr gks x;k fd;sA
ftldk fo'kn o.kZu ifjpdkjksa us viuh&viuh ijph esa fd;k gSA Loa; jkenkl ds lUr gfjjkenkl us [ksMk+ ik esa jke/kke dh LFkkiuk dh vkKk nsdj bl lEiznk;
'kCnksa esa %& ds O;kid izpkj&izlkj ds }kj [kksy fn, D;ksafd gfjjkenkl ds izeq[k N% f'k";ksa esa ls
^ler dky ckjkSrM+]S jg~;k lar dksbZ lwjA ,dek= jkenkl }kjk bl lEiznk; dk fodkl gqvkA bUgksaus vius izopuksa }kjk
Hkwanw HkkX;k jkenkl] gfj lwa iM+X;k nwjAA rRdkyhu tu lekt dks vR;f/kd izHkkfor fd;kA [ksMk+ ik ls gh bl lEiznk; dk
esg cjlkoksa ckith] nqfu;k ikoS nq[kA fo'ks"k izpkj&izlkj gqvk rFkk tulkekU; ls ysdj rRdkyhu chdkusj rFkk tks/kiqj
jkenkl dh churh] tuka mitS lq[kAA*1 ujs'kksa us Hkh budks mfpr lEeku fn;kA lUr gfjjkenkl dh rhuksa ;k=k, gksyh ds
blh izokl dky ds fo-la- 1813 esa ejkBk ljnkj ekjokM+ esa ywVikV djrs gq, mRlo ij gqbZA rhuksa ckj mudk HkO; Lokxr fd;k x;k ftldk lqUnj ,oa fo'kn o.kZu
esyk.kk xzke dh vksj c<+s ml le; lUr jkenkl dh izsj.kk ls esyk.kk xzke ds Bkdqj ijfpdkjksa us fd;k gS] blls ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd if'peh jktLFkku dk cgqr cM+k
ukgjflag vius dqN lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ejkBk lsuk ds lkeus {kf=;ksfpr /keZ dh j{kkFkZ tulewg buds mins'kksa ls izHkkfor Fkk rFkk bl lEiznk; dk oSHko ,oa lEiUurk ns[kus
;q djus igqp x;s] bls ns[k ejkBk ljnkj cM+s izHkkfor gq,A mUgsa tc irk pyk fd ;ksX; FkhA budk oSHko ,oa izflf /kkfeZd ik[kf.M;ksa dks [kyus yxh rFkk bu yksxksa
buesa bruk lkgl lUr jkenkl dh izsj.kk ls vk;k gS rks os lHkh muds n'kZu djus us tks/kiqj ujs'k ls f'kdk;r dj nhA D;ksafd jkenkl tkfr&ikfr] o.kZ&O;oLFkk] ewfrZ
vk;sA2 iwtk vkfn dk fojks/k dj jgs Fks vr% fojksf/k;ksa us lukru /keZ ds uk'k dh ckr dgdj
266
tks/kiqj ujs'k fot;flag }kjk fo-la- 1846 QkYxqu 'kqDy 6 dks bUgsa tks/kiqj jkT; ls d`".kk iapeh ds fnu ekyok ,oa xksaMok.kk dh ;k=k ij fudy iM+sA ;s lUr viuh
fu"dkflr djk fn;kA5 vkns'k ikrs gh lUr jkenkl vius xq#nso dh ok.kh] NM+h ,oa lUr e.Myh ds lkFk [ksMk+ ik ls vklksi] esMr+ k] Mkaxkokl] fHk.kk; gksrs gq, ulhjkckn
dacy ysdj rFkk vU; lHkh dqN oSlk gh NksMd + j viuh f'k"; eaMyh ds lkFk py Nko.kh igqpsA ,slk mYys[k feyrk gS fd lUrksa ds vkxs&vkxs py jgs vikj lkeku
iM+sA bldk mYys[k n;kynkl jfpr ^Jh ijph th* esa bl izdkj feyrk gS %& dks ns[kdj vaxzsth QkSt us budk jkLrk jksd fy;kA lkFk gh lkjs lkeku dh ryk'kh
^gkFk NM+h xq#nso dh] dacfy xq: vLFkkuA ysus yxsA blh e esa n;kynkl ls mudh HksaV vkSj okrkZ gqbZA n;kynkl ls izHkkfor
cSBs T;ksa gh mfB pys] gfj/ku thou izkuAA 6 gksdj vaxzsth QkSt us lUr e.Myh dk jkLrk NksM+ fn;kA9 lHkh lUr jkeuke ysrs gq,
jkenkl vius f'k";ksa ds lkFk [ksMk+ ik ls izLFkku dj xzke :fn;k] vjfV;k] fpkkSM]+ tkon] eanlkSj] veykon vkfn xko o uxjksa esa mins'k nsrs gq, lkuUn jryke
ihikM+ o Hkkoh gksrs gq, lkstr igqpsA lkstr] tks/kiqj jkT; dh vafre lhek FkhA ikp igqpsA jryke esa budk [kwc Lokxr lRdkj gqvk lkFk gh vkl&ikl ds xkoksa tSls
fnu dh ;k=k djrs gq, bUgksaus lkstr dks NksM+ dj nsox<+ (esokM+) dh vksj izLFkku edyka esa lUr dkywjke us] >wVkon esa lUr vtqZunkl us] xkSreiqjk esa HkDr dq'kkynkl
fd;kA xzke flj;kjh gksrs gq, lHkh lUr nsox<+ igqps rFkk ;gk 43 fnu Bgjdj djsM+k us vius&vius ;gk bu lUrksa dks cqykdj esyk egksRlo fd;kA blds ckn bu lUrksa us
dh vksj jokuk gks x,A djsMk+ ds jktk xksikynkl ,oa muds iq= fo'kuflag lUr xksaMok.kk {ks= dh vksj izLFkku fd;kA 'kjkSrk ds vkxs taxyh tkuojksa ls ifjiw.kZ fodV
jkenkl ,oa n;kynkl ls cgqr izHkkfor gq, vkSj budk f'k";Ro Hkh xzg.k fd;kA blh igkM+h ekxZ esa fopj.k djrh gqbZ ;g lUr e.Myh f'ko unh ueZnk ?kkV ij igqphA mls
le; lUr jkenkl dks lhaFky ls lans'k izkIr gqvk vr% lHkh lUr lhaFky (chdkusj) ikj dj ;s lUr xksfoUnjke ds vkxzg ij prj[ksMk+ ] rRi'pkr Vheyk fuoklh mxjkjke
dh vksj py fn,A lUr jkenkl ds ns'kkVu dk igyk pkSeklk fo-la- 1847 ds ds ;gk laRlx ,oa mins'k gsrq i/kkjsA Vheyk esa bu lUrksa dks pkanh dh NM+h ,oa fiatl
o"kkZdky esa xzke ekMsY;k (chdkusj) esa lEiUu gqvk rFkk fo-la- 1848 dk nwljk (ikydh) HksaV iznku dh xbZA10 ;gk ls ;s lHkh lUr ekjokM+ dh vksj py fn,A mlh
pkSeklk Hkh ;gh O;rhr gqvkA budh dhfrZ lqudj chdkusj ujs'k lwjrflag us bUgsa fodV igkM+h ekxZ dks ikj dj Hkze.k djrs gq, mTtSu] [kktjksn] eUnlkSj] tkon]
vius ;gk vkefU=r dj buls mins'k izkIr fd;kA chdkusj esa lUr&lekt dk fpkkSM+ gksrs gq, Mkaxkokl] esMr+ k vkSj fQj [ksMk+ ik igqpsA
vR;f/kd lRdkj gqvkA chdkusj ujs'k rFkk ogk ds vketu lUrksa ds mins'kksa dk ykHk fo-la 1883 ekxZ'kh"kZ d`".k 13 ds fnu lUr n;kynkl ,oa lhaFky ds lUr
ikdj vfHkHkwr gks x, %& j?kqukFknkl lUr e.Myh ds lkFk xqtjkr ;k=k ij fudy iM+sA ;s lUr tks/kiqj]
lqjrfla?k chdk.kS jktk] QY;ksa euksjFk lc fl/k dktkA ckyksrjk] fl.knjh] ikyuiqj gksrs gq, [ksM+kik ds FkkEHkk LFkku bZMj igqpsA ogk ds lUr
ns'kekfga gjftu Hky vk;k] jktk iztk] lqD[k cjrk;kAA7 Hkxokunkl ,oa mnSjke us budk HkO; Lokxr fd;kA bu lUrksa dh ogk ds x<+ esa Hkh
blh le; tks/kiqj ujs'k dks dbZ dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] ^Jh ijph i/kjko.kh gqbZA ;gk ls ;s lUr e.Myh n;kjke ds vkxzg ij cM+knS k i/kkjs rFkk HkO;
th* esa bldk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA8 tks/kiqj ujs'k dks viuh Hkwy dk laRlx dhrZu ,oa mins'kksa dk e dbZ fnuksa rd pykA ,slk mYys[k feyrk gS fd
vglkl gqvk mUgksaus vius lans'k&okgd dks Hkstdj lUr jkenkl ls {kek ekax iqu% ;gk ds jktdqekj us lUr n;kynkl ls mins'k izkIr dj pj.k Li'kZ djrs gq, bUgsa
ekjokM+ i/kkjus dk fuosnu fd;kA fo-la- 1849 dkfrZd d`".k 14 dks lUr jkenkl ihul (ikydh) NM+h ,oa nks ?kksM+s HksaV fd,A11 ;gk ls ;s lUr xzke ijkafr ls
viuh lUr e.Myh ds lkFk iqu% [ksMk+ ik ykSV vk;sA vgenkckn] ikyuiqj] Hkhueky] fl.knjh] ckyksrjk] ipinjk] tks/kiqj gksrs gq, fo-la-
fo-la- 1852 lUr jkenkl us jryke (e-iz-) ds lUr ,oa vius f'k"; 1883 QkYxqu lqn 18 dks [ksMk+ ik i/kkjsA
ihFkksnkl dh vafre bPNk iw.kZ djus ds fy, ekyok dh ;k=k dhA ;k=k ds ekxZ] bl izdkj lhaFky&[ksMk+ ik ds lUrksa dh ;k=kvksa dk viuk ,sfrgkfld egRo
nqtZuksa ds "kM+;U=] Mkdqvksa }kjk ywVikV dh ?kVukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk lUr jkenkl ds gSA bu ;k=k o.kZuksa ls rRdkyhu ifjos'k dk O;kid ifjn`'; gekjs lEeq[k mtkxj
ijpksa dk foLr`r o.kZu n;kynkl ,oa ckydnkl us viuh ijfp;ksa esa foLrkj ds lkFk gksrk gSA jkenkl ,oa n;kynkl dh ekyok ;k=kvksa ls ml {ks= ds fofHkUu i{kksa]
fd;k gSA fo-la- 1855 lUr jkenkl ijyksdoklh gq,A mudh [ksMk+ ik xknh ij muds ?kVukvksa ds lkFk] lkekftd&vkfFkZd rkus&ckus dk [kqyklk gksrk gSA ijfpdkjksa us
iq= lUr n;kynkl fojkteku gq,A jryke (e-iz-) jke}kjs ds lUr dchjjke ds ;k=k o.kZu esa ;k=k&ekxZ dk foLr`r o.kZu izLrqr fd;k gS blh e esa ;g Hkh js[kkafdr
fuosnu ij n;kynkl ,oa lhaFky ds prqFkZ egUr j?kqukFknkl fo-la- 1880 QkYxqu fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd jkenkl dh ekyok ;k=k ds ekxZ dk vuqlj.k n;kynkl ugha
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djrs] dkj.k dbZ gks ldrs gSa ijUrq ijfp;ksa esa ckj&ckj nf[ku lsuk ds vkrad dh ckr
dgh xbZ gS vkSj ekjokM+ ds lkFk esokM+ {ks= Hkh bl vkrad dks >sy jgk FkkA bu lUrksa
us jktLFkku ekyok ,oa xksaMok.kk {ks= ds lkFk&lkFk xqtjkr esa jker (;k=k) dj
jkeLusgh er dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k rFkk lkekU;&tu dks mins'k iznku dj muds jktLFkku ,oa xqtjkr ds tutkfr;ksa ds
larki dks nwj fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkekU;&tu ds lkFk&lkFk rRdkfyu 'kkld mRFkku ds .ksrk lar lrh lqjekynkl
oxZ] fBdkusnkjksa us Hkh budk f'k";Ro xzg.k fd;kA MkW- 'kadjyky [kjkMh
lUnHkZ
1- jkenkl th egkjkt dh vuqHko ok.kh&NqVdj lk[kh] NUn 37] 38 jktLFkku jkT; ds nf{k.kkapy dk ,d Hkkx ôkxM+* izn's k gS] tks xqtjkr]ekyok
2- ^br&mr yksx pY;ks dgqa ukgh] FkksHk&HkbZ eSyk.kS ekghA Lokeh th dh xkFkk xkbZ] lsukifr vkSj esokM+ ds e/; fLFkr gSA izkphu le; ls gh ;g izns'k /keZ 'kkS;Z iz/kku jgk gSA
fey n"kZ.k vkbZAA & Jh ijph th foJke&14 NUn 57 ekS;Zdky ls jktiwr dky rd ;gk dbZ eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA izk;% bl izdkj dh
3- ;gka fojktks xke rqEgkjks] n'kZu g~oS f/ku&Hkkx gekjks HkfDr rFkk /kkfeZd Hkkouk ds iszj.kk lzksr lar vkSj eqfu ekuo 'kjhj/kkjh nsonwr gh gksrs
vkJe lgt&LoHkko cuk;k] jkekKk gfjtu fLFkjrk;kAA & ogh foJke 18] NUn 28] 30
gSA bl {ks= dks Hkh bl izdkj dh egku 'kfDr'kkyh nsoh 'kfDr;ka iq=jRu ds :i es
4- ogh] foJke 19] NUn 6 ls 14
5- ^dkSuo.kZ iwT;d i/kfr] ;ks dSlks mins'kA
izkIr gqbZA1 okxM+ jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa okxM]+ oXxM ds :i esa ;qDr gksrk vk;k gSA
dksi uìfr ,sls dg~;ks] NksM+ks Egkajks ns'kAA & ogh foJke 25] NUn 40 laLd`r] kd`r rFkk viHkza'k ds Hkh dbZ fo}ku okXoj] okxM+] oS;kxM] oXxg] oxZV
6- ogh] foJke 25] NUn 48 vkSj oXxM ukeksa ls lEcksf/kr fd;k gSA ijUrq vc rd izkIr vf/kdka'k vfHkysf[k;
7- ogh] foJke 28] NUn 56 lkexzh esa Hkh okxM+ 'kCn dk iz;ksx feyrk gSaA2
8- ogh] foJke 28] NUn 56 rFkk tu izHkko ijph & lIre izHkko NUn 176&179 izkphu okxM+ es orZeku MwWaxjiqj] ckaWlokMk rFkk mn;iqj dk nf{k.kh Hkkx
9- ôga lqa ^Hk.kk;* êsokM+* vk;] vaxjst Nko.kh Qkst ek;A lfEefyr FkkA if'pe es xqtjkr dk iapegy] bZMj] dMk.kk o lkSa/k ds jkT; Hkh
vVdk; vxz lax py u nsg] lc [kksy jlkyk fuxs ysgA* 'kkfey FksA bldh izkphu jkt/kkuh cM+kSnk xkWao FkhA dkykUrj es MwWaxjiqj dks jkt/kkuh
& tu izHkko ijph & izHkko 13 NUn 22&23
cuk;kA jktuSfrd mRFkku iru ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; dh lhekvksa esa Hkh ckj&ckj
10- îhul NM+h tq HksV dj*& tu izHkko ijph] izHkko 13] NUn 118
11- ûi ds daoj Hkzkr dj njlgqA oanu djs tuka inijlgqA
ifjorZu gksrk jgkA okxM+ izns'k 23015* ls 2401* mkjh v{kka'k vkSj 73015* ls
ihul NM+h HksaV djok;sA tqxy ckt fut Hkko p<+k;sAA* 74025* iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds e/; fLFkr gSA bldk {ks=Qy 1460 oxZehy gSA3 okxM+
& tu izHkko ijph] izHkko 14] NUn 34 dh lar ijEijk es lar f'kjkse.kh ekoth egjkt dk uke loZizFke fy;k tkrk gS] tks
18oha 'krkCnh esa gq, FksA bUgsa d`".kvorkjh lar dgk tkrk FkkA
okXojkapy esa lqjekynkl igys vkfnoklh lUr gq, Fks] ftUgksaus bl {ks= esa
lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd tkx`fr gsrq ,d lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyu dk Jh x.ks'k fd;k FkkA
lrh lqjeky (lwjth) uke ls fo[;kr bl lUr dk tUe orZeku xqtjkr jkT; ds
lkacjdkVk ftys ds ylqfM;ka xko esa ,d [kjkMh xks= esa gqvk FkkA bl lar ds
lEcU/k esa vusd bfrgkldkjksa4 us dqN fy[kus dk lQy iz;kl fd;k gS] lkFk gh Vh-
vkj- vkbZ- mn;iqj }kjk Hkh dbZ 'kks/k djok;s] ysfdu lqjekynkl dk fo'ks"k mYys[k
ugha feyk gSA lqjeky Lo;a fuj{kj Fks vr% Lo;a dksbZ lkfgR; ugha fy[k ik;sA vr%
blds fo"k; esa tkudkjh ds fy, muds ifjtuksa ,oa muds f'k";ksa dk lg;ksx ysuk
t:jh gks tkrk gSA
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vkjfEHkd thou ifjp;&lar lqjeky ds tUe lEcfU/kr dksbZ Bksl izek.kksa ylqfM;ka esa ekStwn gSA bl ?kVuk ds ckn ls yksx mUgsa nso iq#"k ;k vorkjh iq#"k ds
dk feyuk dfBu gS] fQj Hkh budk tUe pS= lqnh 9 jkeuoeh 1863 bZ- dks crk;k :i esa iwtus yxs] ;g ?kVuk 1894 bZ- esa gqbZ crkbZ tkrh gSA13 lqjekynkl ds oa'kt
tkrk gSA5 tks Hkh gks budk dky 19oha lnh ds e/; jgk gksxkA izkjEHk esa lqjekynkl okaMhyky [kjkMh ds vuqlkj lUr lqjeky dk izkjfEHkd uke lwjth Hkxr Fkk]14 blds
dk LoHkko ukfLrd ,oa wj Fkk ijUrq ;qokoLFkk esa tc mudh iRuh ds l[r chekj ckn bUgsa ^xkMk* uke ls tkurs FksA
gksus ,oa dqN vuks[kh ?kVukvksa ls muds thou dh fn'kk cny xbZA ;g ekuk tkrk gS jkekny
fd ,d fnu lqjekynkl taxy esa ydM+h dkVus x;s FksA tc os ydM+h dkV jgs Fks] tc lqjekynkl dks oSjkX; mRiUu gksus yxk vkSj jkeuke tius yxsA bUgs
vpkud ,d uhy xk;ksa dk lewg vk;k] lqjeky us bu ij okj djuk pkgk ysfdu os dkfrZd iwf.kZek dks djek ckbZ rkykc 'kkeykth dh iky ij fnO; Kku izkIr gqvkA
xk;s vn`'; gks x;h ftls ns[kdj os gSjku jg x;sA blh le; ,d f"kos'k esa ,d Kku izkfIr ds ckn buds cnys :i dks jkekihj dgk tkus yxkA lqjeky }kjk LFkkfir
egkRek muds lkeus izdV gq,A bUgksaus lqjeky ls iwNk fd cPps! vHkh rqe D;k dj jgs iaFk ^jkekny* ds uke ls izfl gqvkA15 lrh lqjeky us ,ds'ojokn dk leFkZu djrs
Fks] lqjeky us dgk fd egkjkt eSa ydM+h dkV jgk Fkk] ftUgsa cspdj esa vius ifjokj gq, vkRek dh vkSj 'kjhj dh 'kqrk ds lkFk&lkFk Hkxoku dh HkfDr ij tksj fn;kA
dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrk gwA bl ij egkRek us mUgsa 'kkeykth vkJe esa ydfM+;ka ysdj mUgksaus ,d Hkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh fd ^fcuk cyMs jFk pkys Ns* mDr Hkfo";ok.kh esa
vkus dks dgk vkSj vn`'; gks x;sA6 bl ?kVuk ls lwjekynkl vk'p;Z pfdr gks x;sA lkFkZdrk lkQ fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA16 blds vykok lwjth us mUgsa ikyrq i'kqvksa dks [kkus
nwljs fnu lqjekynkl ydfM+;ksa dk Hkkjk (c.My] cks>k) ysdj 'kkeykth vkJe ls euk fd;k gSA17
igqps] tgk ogh egkRek feysA egkRek us ydfM+;ksa ds cnys ,d #i;k esgurkuk fn;k
vkSj dgk fd bl ,d #i;s ls rsjk laiw.kZ thou vkuUne; jgsxkA rw lq[kh jgsxk] ijUrq jkekny esa 'kkfey gksus dk rjhdk
rqEgsa jke&uke dh ti yxkuh gksxhA7 bl rjg f"k ds ifo= mins'k lqudj os iqu% bl iaFk ds vf/kdrj vuq;k;h Hkhy lekt ls Fks] blesa 'kkfey gksus dk <ax
vius xko ylqfM;ka vk jgs Fks] ;gha ls lwjekynkl ds eu esa oSjkX; iSnk gksus yxkA vU; iaFkksa dh Hkkafr gh FkkA loZizFke iaFk esa 'kkfey gksus okyk O;fDr xq# lfgr f'k";ksa
jstqMh ukdk esa egkRek ds feyus ds ckn os 'kkeykth ds ikl dekZckbZ ds rkykc dh dks vius ?kj vkefU=r djrk gS] ?kj esa fyikbZ&iqrkbZ dj lQkbZ djrk gSA xq# ds
iky ij fLFkr eafnj esa jkf= dks foJke fd;kA izkr% mBdj os vius iSr`d xko Lokxr esa ?kh dk nhid tyk;k tkrk gS o jkf= tkxj.k esa Hktu e.Myh ,oa ;K
ylqfM;k igqps] blh chp os yaxMs gks x;s FksA8 fd;k tkrk gSA ;K ds nkSjku xq# }kjk mins'k nsrs gq, dadq vkSj /kw.kh dh Hkcwrh dk
ylqfM;ka esa tgk vkt eafnj ifjlj gS ogka lwjekynkl us vaxhBh9 cukdj jkf= cuk;k I;kyk xq# ea= ds lkFk lEcfU/kr O;fDr dks fiyk;k tkrk gSA xq# ea= dku esa
dks foJke fd;k] os ;gka rsjg fnu Bgjs FksA bu rsjg fnuksa esa lqjeky us eq[; vaxhBh lquk;s tkrs gSaA18 xq# ea= esa ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd vusd nsoksa rFkk xq# dh dìk lsa
ds pkjkas vksj ckjg vU; vaxhfB;ka tykdj le; O;rhr fd;k FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd HkfDr ls foeq[k dks Hkxr cuk;k tk jgk gS] mls ln~ekxZ feysA
bu ckjg vaxhfB;ksa dh txg ckjg vke ds o`{k yxk;s FksA10 orZeku esa Hkh vke ds lYikgkj19
dqN isM+ ekStwn gSA ;fn ;g ?kVuk lR; gS rks mDr ekStwn isM+ Hkh mUgha isM+ksa esa ls gksxsA u;s f'k"; ij yxk, x, izfrcU/k dh ijh{kk ,d ekg ;k <kbZ ekg dh gksrh gSA
bl nkSjku lqjekynkl us vUu xzg.k djuk R;kx fn;k Fkk] os ek= xk; dk xkscj [kkdj ;fn og vDr vof/k esa xq# ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gS rks iqu% xq# mlds fuea=.k ij
thou ;kiu djus yxs FksA11 mlds ?kj tkdj Hktu&dhrZu djrs gSa] ifo= ;K djrs gSa rFkk viuh fpye] xkatk ;k
bu peRdkjh ?kVukvksa ds ckn mudh izflf ,d peRdkjh lUr ds :i esa chM+h f'k"; dks ihus dks nsrs] bls ^lYikgkj* dgk tkrk gSA bl fnu xq# ,oa HkDrtuksa
QSyus yxh vkSj os lrh lqjeky ds uke ls fo[;kr gq,A12 bu ?kVukvksa ds i'pkr dqN dks pkoy] ykilh o Fkwyh [kkus dks nh tkrh gSA
'kkldksa ,oa tkxhjnkjksa us lrh lwjeky dh vfXu ijh{kk ysuh pkghA bZMj ds 'kkld Hkk.kk gkj djuk20
dsljflag us mUgsa lok lsj (625 xzke ds yxHkx) mcyrk gqvk 'kh'kk ihus ds fy, ;fn uo f'k"; mijksDr nks pj.k ikj djrk gqvk xq# ds dgs vuqlkj opuc
dgkA lqjeky us bls glrs gq, ih fy;k vkSj rqjUr mYVh djds mlh ek=k esa ckgj jgrk gS ;k xq# Lo;a mldh tkap dj Hkxr cukus ;ksX; le>rk gS rks gh ml f'k"; dks
fudky fn;kA 'kh'ks dks ftu rjktq esa rksyk Fkk] og rjktq vkt Hkh mudh eq[; /kw.kh Hkxr crk;k tkrk gSA rnqijkUr dqN fnuksa ckn iwf.kZek ;k cht ds fnu f'k"; ds ?kj
269
îkV*21 iwjk tkrk gSA bl fnu Hkxr ,oa xq# u;s f'k"; ds ?kj tkrs gSa] blls igys ?kj djus ds fy, ;gk ds Hkhyksa ls lqj{kk djokus dh ekax dhA28 Qjojh 1874 bZ- rd
dh lQkbZ ,oa u;s crZu yk;s tkrs gSA lksd (Q'kZ ij cuk;h x;h fMtkbZu) ds pkjksa lqjekynkl dk Hkxr vkanksyu nf{k.k jktLFkku esa Mwxjiqj] [ksjokM+k] dksVM+k ,oa
dksuksa ij pkj ty ls Hkjs dy'k (yksVs) j[ks tkrs ga]S ftu ij ,d&,d ukfj;y j[kk xqtjkr ds ekghdkaBk bR;kfn lehiorhZ {ks=ksa ds Hkhy lekt esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr
tkrk gSA lksd ds e/; esa Hkh ,d ukfj;y ;k dy'k j[kk tkrk gSA ;gk /kuq"k ck.k Hkh dj pqdk FkkA29 mnkj ,oa lq/kkjkRed mins'kksa ds dkj.k bl vkanksyu dks ,d
j[kk tkrk gS tks mldh tkfr dk izrhd Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA22 bl rjg lksd lEcfU/kr lkekftd vk/kkj izkIr gks x;k FkkA ebZ 1874 bZ- rd bl {ks= esa lqjth Hkxr ds
laLdkj iw.kZ djus ds ckn f'k"; dks ?kj ds ckgj vka[ksa cka/kdj lksd ij xq# egjkt ds yxHkx 1000 ls vf/kd la[;k esa vuq;k;h ;k Hkxr tqM pqds FksA rhu f'k";ksa dks
le{k yk;k tkrk gSA og xq#th ds pj.k idM+rk gS] xq#th mlds xys esa ^tus* mins'k nsus ds fy, ,oa bl iaFk esa ifjorZu djokus ds fy,] Lo;a lrh lqjekynkl
Mkyrs gSa] vc f'k"; ^t; lhrkjke* dgdj mBrk gSA og ^lksd* ikV dks ,oa }kjk pqus x;s FksA30 ebZ 1874 bZ- rd lwjth Hkxr ds f'k";ksa dh la[;k esokM+ rFkk
jkexn~nh dks ckjh&ckjh ls >qddj iz.kke djrk gSA izkjEHk ls vUr rd dh bl Mwxjiqj esa yxHkx 300 ?kjksa ls 3000 ls Hkh T;knk gks pqdh FkhA31 ogha nwljh vksj
izf;k dks îkV iqjuk* dgk tkrk gS] budh tus ekrk&firk dh izrhd ekuh tkrh esokM+ ls yxh xqtjkr lhek fo'ks"kdj ekghdkaBk esa muds f'k";ksa dh la[;k vuqekur%
gSA bls os vius xys esa /kkj.k djrk gS] vkt Hkh ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gSA23 ckusnkjh 800 FkhA32 lqjekynkl laiw.kZ xko dks vius iaFk esa ifjofrZr djus ds ctk, O;fDrxr
(tus/kkjh) HkDrksa ds vkaxu esa lR; ;k ekrk&firk dk izrhd lQsn /otk Qgjk;h laidZ }kjk izR;sd Hkhy dks vius iaFk esa 'kkfey djus esa T;knk fo'okl djrs FksA bl
tkrh gSA ftls izfro"kZ uojkf= ds vafre fnu dqN cPpksa dks Hkkstu djkdj cnyk lanHkZ esa ebZ 1877 bZ- esa nf{k.kh jktLFkku LVsV~l rFkk xqtjkr dk fujh{k.k djrs oDr
tkrk jgk gSA blds cnyus ls iwoZ Fkky] ikiM+h vkSj ukfj;y dk ifo= gou fd;k ik;k fd ^lHkh ifjorZu O;fDrxr gh izrhr gksrs gSa] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh xko vFkok
tkrk gSA /otk ds M.Ms dks jksirs le; ikap iq#"k gkFk yxkrs gSa] tks iap ijes'oj dh tutkfr esa lqjekynkl ds vuq;k;h cgqr la[;k esa ugha feyrs gSaA33 lqjekynkl dk
ekU;rk ds izrhd ekus tkrs gSaA bls jksius ds ckn bu lHkh iapksa ,oa vU; mifLFkr yksxksa O;fDrxr laidZ ls vuq;k;h cukus dk mudk rjhdk muds iaFk ds fodkl esa ck/kd
ds nkfgus gkFk esa êksyh yPNk*24 cka/kk tkrk gS vkSj dqaedqe dk fryd fd;k tkrk gSA Hkh cuk] pwafd 20 oh 'krkCnh ds iwokZZ esa tc Mwxjiqj] ckalokM+k rFkk larjkeiqj
lUr lqjeky ds flkUr (mins'k)& lrh lqjekynkl (lwjth Hkxr) us vius LVsV~l esa xksfoUn xq# ds v/khu Hkxr vkanksyu dk izknqHkkZo gqvk rks] lwjekynkl iaFk
mins'k nsus ds fy;s efgdkaBk] Mwxjiqj] [ksjokM+k ds {ks=ksa dk p;u fd;kA buds }kjk dh o`f esa deh vkus yxhA xksfoUn fxjh ds Hkxr vkanksyu us bl {ks= ds Hkhyksa esa
iznk eq[; mins'k bl izdkj Fks&25 bZ'oj ,d gS og loZO;kid ,oa loZ'kfDreku gSA foLr`r lkekftd vk/kkj izkIr dj fy;k FkkA nwljk mudh uhfr laiw.kZ xko dks vius
lHkh izkf.k;ksa esa bZ'oj dk okl gS vr,o tho fgalk er djksA vkil esa 'kkafr cuk;s iaFk esa cnyus dh Fkh tks lkFkZd Hkh fl gqbZ34 ;|fi blds ckotwn lqjekynkl us
j[ks o izse rFkk ln~Hkkouk ls jgsaA ekalkgkj ,oa e|iku dk R;kx djsA pkS;Z izo`fr u vius fodkl dks cuk, j[kk FkkA mudh e`R;q ds ckn Hkh muds mkjkf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk
j[ks] vius ifjJe ls mitk, vUu ij thou th;sA vUu xzg.k ls igys Luku t:j f'k";ksa ds }kjk ;g iaFk pyrk jgkA mudk iq= tkynkl Fkk ftlds nks iq= gq,&dkunkl
djsA [kkus ls igys ,oa jkstejkZ ds dke ds ckn gkFk /kksosA bZ'ojh; Kku gsrq bZ'oj dk ,oa /kunklA dkunkl ds 5 iq= gq, ftuesa ls Jh j.kNksMn+ kl ylqfM;ka /kke ds iz/kku
uke tisA dHkh Hkh vlR; dk lgkjk u ysAmcjuk (yaxksV) djds gh Hkkstu idku FksA35 Mwxjiqj] ckalokM+k ,oa ekghdkaBk ds Hkkxksa esa vkt Hkh lrh lqjekynkl dk
pkfg,A ^jkekny iaFk* iw.kZ :i ls thfor gSA eq[; /kw.kh ylqfM;ka ds vykok vFkZq.kk]
ekFkqxkeMk] ekypkSdh] uyok] lheyokMk] mn;iqj esa iksxjk] ds'kfj;kth] fuEcksnk]
jkekny iaFk dk izpkj&izlkj ljkMk vkfn LFkyksa ij lwjekynkl ds leFkZd viuh /kwf.k;ksa dks v[k.M voLFkk esa
lar lqjeky igys lar Fks ftUgksaus esokM+&xqtjkr dh lhek ij cls Hkhy j[ks gq, gSaA
leqnk; esa Hkxr vkanksyu dk lw=ikr fd;k FkkA ;|fi izkjEHk esa mUgsa vius ,ds'ojoknh
fopkj/kkjk ds dkj.k Mwxjiqj ds xSj Hkhy HkDrksa ds fojks/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA26 lrh lqjekynkl dk izHkko
;gk ds Hkhy HkDr mUgsa bLyke erkoyECkh ekudj fojks/k trkus yxs FksA27 bl gkykr lar lqjekynkl ds iaFk dk Hkhy lekt ,oa laLd`fr ij izHkko fdruk ,oa
esa lrh lqjekynkl us 1874 bZ- esa [ksjokM+k ds iksfyVhdy lqifjVsMs.V fgyh VsDV~l fdl :i esa iM+k] ;g ,d tfVy iz'u gks ldrk gSA D;ksafd rRdkyhu ,oa orZeku
ds in ij inklhu Vh-bZ- xksjsu ls HksVdj Mwxjiqj {ks= esa vius er dk izpkj&izlkj fLFkfr dks ns[kk tk, rks xksfoUn fxjh ds Hkxr vkanksyu dk izHkko vR;f/kd utj
270
vkrk gSA xksfoUn ds Hkxr vkanksyu us bls vkPNkfnr dj fn;k Fkk] fdUrq bu lcds 18- izHkqnkl [kjhMh mez 62 o"kZ] lsod ylqfM;k /kke ds vuqlkj
ckotwn lqjekynkl ds iaFk dk egRo de ugh gqvk gSA vkt Hkh muds f'k"; dkQh 19- tutkfr dyk ,oa laLd`fr fo'ks"kkad] Vkbc] [k.M&33] Hkkx 1&4] 2001] Vh-vkj-vkbZ-
la[;k esa bl izns'k esa jgrs gaS] bruk gh ugha muds vkanksyu ds dkj.k Hkhyksa us vius mn;iqj] i`- 120
20- ogh
vki dks u'ks rFkk pksjh ls nwj gVk fy;k o vius dks [ksrhgj fdlkuksa ds :i esa LFkkfir
21- f'k"; ds ?kj ydM+h ds ikVys ij diM+k fcNkdj pkoy] xsgwa] ukfj;y] dsys] xUuk vkfn
dj fy;k FkkA36 ;g vuqeku bl rF; ls Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lqjekynkl Lo;a laxzg dj Hktu dhrZu fd;k tkrk gS bls îkV* iqjuk dgk tkrk gSA
vius izkjfEHkd thou esa ikf'od izo`fr ds jgs Fks vkSj ckn esa ftl rjg mUgksaus vius 22- tutkfr dyk ,oa laLd`fr fo'ks"kkadVkbc [k.M&33] vad 1&4] 2001 Vh-vkj-vkbZ- mn;iqj]
dks bZ'oj dh HkfDr esa yhu fd;k FkkA ;g mnkgj.k LFkkuh; Hkhyksa ds lkeus Fkk] vr% i`- 121&22
dgk tk ldrk gS fd mUgksaus va/kfo'oklksa rFkk vU; 'kfDr;ksa esa fo'okl ds LFkku ij 23 ogh
HkfDr }kjk bZ'ojh; Kku izkIr djus ds fy;s vius vkidks xq# ds lkeus lefiZr dj 24- ;g lkr jaxhyk /kkxk gksrk gS] ftls /kkfeZd ca/ku dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA
fn;k gksxkA 25- izHkqnkl [kjkMh mez 62 o"kZ] lsod ylqfM;k /kke okMhyky [kjkMh] eq- ylqfM;k /kke ls
ladfyr 12 ekpZ 2013
lanHkZ 26- Qksjus ,.M iksyhVhdy fMikVZeUs V] viszy] 1961] i`- 38&47
1- MkW- johUnz Mh- i.M;k] lar ekoth dkyhu xzaFk] egkjklyhyk ds y?kqfp=] dyk laLd`fr 27- jktuSfrd iz'kklfud izfrosnu] jktiqrkuk LV~sVl (Mwxjiqj fj;klr)] i`- 63
foHkkx] jktLFkku] 1988 i`- 1 28- Qkjsu ,.M iksyhVhdy fMikVZeUs V] vizy s 1961] i`- 38&47
2- jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl] oksY;qe&25]i`- 497 29- oh-ds- of'k"B] Hkxr ewoesaV] i`- 1&9
3- lar ekothdkyhu xzaFk egkjklyhyk ds y?kqfp= 30 fjiksVZ vkWu nh iksfyVhdy ,MfefuLVs'ku vkWQ nh jktiwrkuk LVsV] 1847&78bZ-
4- okxM+ ds larkas esa ekoth egkjkt dk vkfnoklh mRFkku es ;ksxnku (vizdkf'kr)] i`- 3&4 31- ogh
5- okMhyky [kjkMh mez 65 o"kZ] eq- ylqfM;k /kke ,oa ,MoksdsV ukjk;.k yky eksfM;k] eq- 32- ogh
fcNhokMk ls lk{kkRdkj 15 ekpZ 2013 33- ogh
6- ogh 34- oh-ds- of'k"B] Hkxr ewoesaV] i`- 1&9
7- ohj fouksn ';keynkl] i`- 1038 35- ogh
8- HkDr ukjk;.k yky eksfM;k (,MoksdVs )] eq- fcNhokMk okMhyky [kjkMh] ylqfM;ka ve`ryky 36- ogh
Mkeksj (O;k[;krk fgUnh)] jk-m-ek-fo- fcNhokMk tutkfr dyk ,oa laLd`fr fo'ks"kkad]
VkbZc] 2001] Vh-vkj-vkbZ- mn;iqj
9- ydfM+;ksa dk <sj cukdj vkx tykus dks ^vaxhBh* dgk tkrk gS] ;g /kw.kh ijEijk dk
izkjfEHkd :i gSA
10- okMhyky [kjkMh mez 65 o"kZ] ylqfM;k ,oa lyqjketh mez 70 o"kZ ls ckrphr 12@3@13
11- ogh
12- ogh
13- ukFkq Hkxr mez 75 o"kZ egUr okxsyk /kq.kh] ukFkqjketh egjkt mez 70 o"kZ egUr ekux< /kke]
okMhyky Hkxr mez 65 o"kZ ls ckrphrA
14- okMhyky [kjkMh mez 65 o"kZ] lwjekynkl ds oa'kt dk lnL; gSA
15- tutkfr dyk ,oa laLd`fr fo'ks"kkad] Vkbc] [k.M&33] 2001] i`- 118&19
16- okMhyky mez 65 o"kZ] y[ke.knkl mez 60 o"kZ] lyqjketh [kjkMh mez 70 o"kZ] eq- ylqfM;k
/kke ls lk{kkRdkj 12 ekpZ 2013
17- bEihfj;y xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] oksY;qe 2] i`- 436
271
vkfnokfl;ksa esa ls gh FksA 7oha 'krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrs ;gk ij pUnsy xqtZj 'kkldksa
dk jkT; LFkkfir gks x;k Fkk] ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd pkax] >kd] vFkw.k] ';kex< vkfn
fBdkus xqtZjksa ds v/khu jgsaA if.Mr xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vkS>k2 us fljksgh ds bfrgkl
vtesj&esjokM+k esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh oa'kkoyh esa okDifrjkt tks fd lkaHkj ds ujs'k Fks] ds nks iq=ksa flagjkt vkSj y{e.k
(phrk&cjM+ leqnk;ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (y[k.klh) dk mYys[k fd;k gSaA y[k.klh (967 ls 982 bZ-) vR;Ur 'kwjohj vkSj
ukMksy (orZeku esa ftyk ikyh) ds jkT; dk laLFkkid gqvk gSA okDifrjkt dk T;s"B
tykyqhu
iq= flagjkt lkaHkj dh xn~nh ij cSBk vkSj y[k.klh ukMksy dh xn~nh dk laLFkkid
cukA okDifrjkt ls pkSgku 'kk[k ds nks egku oa'k i`Fkd gksrs gSaA cM+s iq= flagjkt ls_
HkkSxkfyd ,oa ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe vtesj] j.kEHkkSj] cwanh] dksVk dh 'kk[kk, fudyrh gS vkSj y[k.klh ls nsoM+k (fljksgh)]
vtesj&esjokM+k dh fLFkfr iwohZ xksykbZ esa 25023*30** vkSj 28041* v{kka'k lksuxjk (tkykSj) lkapsjk (lkapkSj)] phrk] cjM+ vkfn oa'k QSyrs gSaA
rFkk 73047*30 vkSj 75027*0** ns'kkUrj ds e/; FkhA vtesj ftys dh yEckbZ mkj esjksa dh mRifk
ls nf{k.k dh vksj 80 ehy yxHkx rFkk pkSMk+ bZ 50 ehy FkhA blh izdkj esjokM+k
esjs tkfr dh mRifk ds lEcU/k esa dfri; fo}kuksa us bUgsa gw.kksa dh 'kk[kk crkbZ
yxHkx 70 ehy dh ldM+h iV~Vh ftldh pkSM+kbZ 15 ehy Fkh] ij fLFkr FkkA
gSaA fljksgh ds bfrgkl esa xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vkS>k3 us budks esj uke ds jktk ls esj
rygVh {ks= esa gksus vkSj e#LFkyh; Hkw&Hkkx dk lhekUr gksus ds dkj.k ;g caxky dh
dgykuk fy[kk gSa vkSj ddZjkt jkBkSM+ }kjk budk jkT; Nhuuk fy[kk gSA Hkheflag
[kkM+h vkSj vjclkxj ds ekulwuksa ds ykHk ls oafpr jg tkrk gSaA bl dkj.k ;gk o"kkZ
useyksr4 us ^pkSgku oa'k dk bfrgkl* iqLrd esa fy[kk gS fd&^^foe laor 520 ds
de vkSj vfuf'pr ek=k esa gksrh gSA o"kkZ dh deh ds dkj.k gh izk;% vdky dh yxHkx ;g tkfr fcYdqy gh fNUu&fHkUu gks x;h FkhA xqtZj tkfr ds bfrgkl esa Hkh
fLFkfr cuh jgrh gSA bl izdkj HkkSxkfyd :i ls vtesj&esjokM+k dh fof'k"V fLFkfr esjksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ykyhjkt] rksj.k] esgjjkt] [ksek vkfn esj usrkvksa dk
jgh gSA duZy VkWM us ^,uYl ,.M bUVhD;wVht vkWQ jktLFkku*1 esa fy[kk gS fd mYys[k feyrk gSA nsox<+&enkfj;k ds ikl esj tkfr ds lkr xkao cls gSa tks [kesjh
^^dqEHkyesj ls vtesj ds ujoj rd dk ioZrh; {ks= ftldh vf/kdrj vkcknh esj uke ls iqdkjs tkrs gSaA cqt [kesjh] xwtj [kesjh] [kkjh [kejh] jktiwr [kesjh bl izdkj
gS] esjokM+k dgykrk gSA** duZy VkWM us Hkwyo'k ;gk dh vkcknh dks esj crk;k gS ds lkr xkao Fks ftUgsa pkSgku ljnkj vugy us vius v/khu dj fy;k FkkA ujoj ls
tcfd bl {ks= esa vkckn phrk&cjM+ leqnk; ds yksx pkSgku oa'kh jktiwr gSA fnosj ds chp jgus okys esj yksxksa us phrk&cjM+ksa dh pkdjh dh muds xqyke cu x;s
vtesj ds nf{k.kh Hkw&Hkkx dk igkM+h {ks= esjokM+k] esjksa dh ekr`Hkwfe Fkh] ftuds rhu izdkj Fks&1- pksVh dV] 2- clh cku] 3- vaxqyh dVA cM+h la[;k esa esj
ftl ij pkSgku oa'kh vUgy o vuwi us vf/kdkj dj fy;k] ftuds oa'kt phrk] cjM+ yksx Hkkxdj esokM+ o ekjokM+ dh rjQ pys x;sA buds izeq[k xkS= Fks&ekgkr]
ds uke ls fo[;kr gq,A phrk oa'k okyksa ds fgLls esa pkax] vFkw.k] >kd] jktkslh o Mkdy] icM+h] fdV] psjM+] cqt&cjxV] cksy&eky] MksfM;k] cxsj vkfnA budh
ujoj ds fBdkus vk;s ,oa cjM+ oa'k okyksa ds ikl gk.k] fnosj] dwdM+k] cjkj vkfn inoh Hkh jkor dh gSaA**
fBdkus jgsaA bl ioZrh; {ks= esa ?kus ou QSys gq, Fks o iFkjhyh Hkwfe gksus ds dkj.k ;gk phrk&cjM+ leqnk;ksa dh mRifk ,oa foLrkj
d`f"k laHko ugha FkhA ;g {ks= mu /kkM+k ekjus okyksa ds fy, lqjf{kr 'kj.kkLFkyh Fkk]
ukMksy jkT; ds laLFkkid y[k.klha dh 'kknh eh.kk lkeUr dh dU;k lgnsa ls
tks vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa esa ywVekj dj ;gk fNi tk;k djrs FksA phrk&cjM+ksa (ftUgsa
gqbZ Fkh] tks "kkgkjh tkfr ls Fkh ftlds nks iq= v.kgy o vuwi mRiUu gq,A jktiwr
vaxzstksa us tkucw>dj esj fy[kk gS) dks dqpyus ds fy;s dbZ 'kkldksa us lSfud
ljnkjksa dks tc lgnsa dh tkfr dk irk pyrk rks mUgksaus lgnsa o mlds nksuksa iq=ksa dk
vfHk;ku fd;s] fdUrq lQyrk 1818 bZ- ds ckn vaxzstksa ds gkFk gh yxhA
fojks/k djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA jko y[k.klh lkaHkj ds ;q esa ohjxfr dks izkIr gq,]
izeq[k tkfr;k rc jktiwrksa ds Hk; ds dkj.k lgnsa vius nksuksa vcks/k jktdqekjksa v.kgy o vuwi dks
esjokM+k ftls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa êxjk* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ;gk izkphu ysdj pkax xkao igqaph tgk pUnsy xqtZjksa dk 'kklu FkkA xqtZj eqf[k;k us nksuksa pkSgku
dky ls esj tutkfr ds yksx fuokl djrs Fks tks ewyr% vkfnoklh Fks ,oa eh.kk jktdqekjksa o mudh ek dks izJ; gh ugha fn;k] cfYd fpkkSM+ ds ikl gyiM+k dk
272
{ks= muds xqtj&clj ds fy, ns fn;k FkkA ohj fouksn ds ys[kd dfojktk ';kynkl5 ^pjM+* dh vkokt ls bUgsa ^phrk* dgk x;k nwljh vksj vuwi ds oa'kt cSBs Fks m/kj ds
us ^Ldsp vkWQ esjokM+k* iqLrd ds gokys ls fy[kk gSa fd ^^y[k.klh (tks/k yk[k.k) cM+ dk Hkkx fxjk rks ^cjM+* dh vkokt gqbZA vr% vuwioa'kh ^cjM+* dgyk;sA bl
us rht dh iwtk djrh gqbZ ftl eh.kh dks cwanh esa idM+k Fkk mldk uke lgnsa (ls<w) izdkj v.kgy o vuwi ds oa'kt e'k% phrk o cjM+ dgykus yxs vkSj vkil esa
Fkk rFkk og m"kkgjh (vk'kkojh) tkfr dh FkhA pkax ds ftu xwtjksa ds ikl lgnsa vius 'kknh C;kg djus yxsA
nksuksa iq=ksa dks ysdj xbZ FkhA os pUnsy xqtZj FksA** (ohj fouksn i`"B 198) pjMkrs phrk Hk;k] cjM+krs cjMkrA
ftu xwtjksa us v.kgy rFkk mldh ekrk dks pkax us 'kj.k nh Fkh] mUgsa v.kgy 'kk[k nksuksa ,d.k ljs] txr c[kk.kh tkarAA
us le; ikd [knsM+ fn;kA ohj fouksn esa v.kgy rFkk vuwi dh ikp ih<+h rd pkax lksyg ih<+h HkkbZ pkjksa pkY;ksa] lkjoha ih<+h gqbZ lxkbZA
esa jguk fy[kk gSa rFkk ikpoh ih<+h esa v.kgy ds nks iq=ksa dkUgk o dkyk ls e'k% ijcw ckbZ ikryky dh] jrulh dj.klh dk us ij.kkbZAA
psrk rFkk cjM+ukeh nks 'kk[kkvksa dk fudyuk fy[kk gSaA ftl le; v.kgy] vuwi o cM+ QkVks C;kSjks gq;ks] fo;ks lxi.k dks lksnksA
mldh larku bl exjs&esjokM+s ds pkax xkao esa vkdj vkckn gq, Fks ml le; ;gk tsrw phrh dj.klh dh] ij.k;ksa HkheV dks /kks/kksAA
esj] eso] ex] Hkhy o eh.kk jgrs Fks cgqr o"kks rd ;g fu;e jgk fd vius yM+dksa mi;qZDr nksgs tu&tu eas vfryksdfiz; gSa ,oa vU; dksbZ izekf.kd rF; ugha gS
dh 'kknh rks esj] eso] ex] eh.kk vkfn dh yM+dh ls dj ysrs Fks] ijUrq viuh tks ;g crks gks fd dc ls phrk o cjM+ uke izpfyr gq, vr% HkkVks o tkxks ds nksgksa
yM+fd;k mUgsa ugha nsrs Fks] ;gk rd fd yM+fd;ksa dks tUe ds le; gh ekj nsrs FksA dks ekuus ds vykok dksbZ mik; ugha gSA ;fn oa'kkoyh] ,sfrgkfld lkexzh] lkekftd
blds ckn xgyksr] HkkVh] jkBkSM+ vkSj iaokjksa ls lEcU/k fd;s vFkkZr~ budh yM+fd;ksa jhfr&fjoktksa dks xEHkhjrk ls ns[kk tk;s rks ;g fl gksrk gS fd phrk&cjM+ leqnk;
ls 'kknh C;kg gksus yxsA ;s xgyksr] iaokj] eksfBl] lksyadh vkfn (lksyg lk[kh) firì{k ls ukMkSy ds pkSgku 'kkld jko y[k.klh ds oa'kt gS vkSj ekrì{k ls lgns tks
ikl&iM+kl S dh fj;klrksa ls exjk&essjokM+s esa vk;s FksA buds vkus dk dkj.k ;g Fkk eh.kk tkfr ls Fkh ds oa'kt gS ,oa le; ds lkFk cgqr lkjs jhfr&fjokt {kf=;ksa ds ,oa
fd fdlh jktk&egkjktk] Bkdqj] Hkksfe;s] jktk vkfn ls budk >xM+k ;k vucu gks eh.kk leqnk; ds viuk fy;s x;sA vaxzstksa us LokFkZo'k bu leqnk;ksa dks esj crk;k gS
xbZ] mudh ukjktxh ij ;s yksx vius cky&cPpksa dks ysdj bl bykds esa 'kj.kkxr tcfd gdhdr esa esj yksx phrk&cjM+7 ds xqyke jgs FksA
gq,A ;s yksx ;gk Hkkxdj] Nhidj] pqids ls vk;s Fks] ftUgsa ;gk ds 'kwjohj v.kgy o jkor&esgjkrksa dk i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls lEcU/k
vuwi ds oa'ktksa us 'kj.k nhA ,slh ekU;rk gS ;k ekU;rk cuk nh xbZ gS fd phrk&cjM+ vFkkZr~ (dkBkr ,oa
,slh fdonarh6 gS fd ,d le; v.kgy o vuwi ds oa'ktksa us bdV~Bk gksdj jkor) i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds oa'kt gSa tSlk fd duZy VkWM us lquh lqukbZ ckrksa ds vk/kkj
iapk;r cSBkbZ fd yM+fd;ksa dh 'kknh dk dqN u dqN LFkkbZ gy fudkyuk pkfg;s ij] duZy fMDlu us fdoanfUr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij] dfojktk ';kynkl us duZy fMDlu
budh gR;k dgk rd djsaxsA xkao lkj.k (ekjokM+ esa gS) esa cqykbZ bl iapk;r esa ds ^Ldsp vkWQ esjokM+k* ds vk/kkj ij ,oa vU; LFkkuh; ys[kdksa us Hkkoukvksa ds vk/
vklu ds ;ksxhjkt tks fd buds /keZxq# Fks dks fo'ks"k:i ls cqyk;k x;k muls U;k; kkj ij bl er dks eku fy;k vkSj tuekul esa ,slh /kkj.k cu xbZ fd jkor]
djus dh xqgkj dh xbZA bl ij ;ksxhjkt us vkns'k fn;k fd ftl cM+ ds isM+ ds uhps esgjkr&(dkBkr) Hkkjro"kZ ds [;kruke] 'kwjohj 'kkld i`Fohjkt pkSgku (r`rh;) ds
cSBs gks oa'kokj vyx&vyx cSB tkvksa bl rjg ,d rjQ v.kgy ds oa'kt rFkk oa'kt gS] fQj dkSu ,sls egku~ O;fDr dk oa'kt gksus ij xkSjokfUor eglwl ugha djsxk]
nwljh rjQ vuwi ds oa'kt cSB x;sA fQj ;ksxhjkt us mins'k nsuk 'kq: fd;k fd l`f"V ysfdu FkksMh+ lh le>nkjh ,oa ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dh iwokZxzg jfgr Nkuchu dh tk,
ds vkjEHk esa {kf=;ksa esa dsoy ,d gh oa'k Fkk] fQj lw;Z o pUnzek ,d gh cki dh rks ;g izekf.kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd phrk&cjM+ tks fd exjk&esjokM+k dh
vkSykn gS ftlls vkt ns'k esa lSdM+ksa oa'kkas ds {kf=; ns[ks tkrs gSaA lks rqe nksuksa oa'kksa eq[; vkcknh gS ewy :i ls lkaHkj ds pkSgku ?kjkus ls lEcfU/kr rks gS ysfdu budk
dks vkil esa 'kknh&C;kg djuk pkfg;sA ;ksxhjkt us ije firk dks ;kn fd;k vkSj lEcU/k i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls u gksdj pkSgkuksa dh nwljh fo[;kr 'kk[kk ukMksy ds
dgk fd ;s cM+ dk isM+ rqEgkjk U;k; djsxkA ijefirk dh yhyk vijEikj gS tc dksbZ laLFkkid jko y[k.klh (tkS/k yk[k.k) ls gSA ;gk MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ8 dh iqLrd
dk;Z Lo;a ml ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS rks mlesa U;kl vo'; gksrk gS] mlh le; cM+ î`Fohjkt r`rh; vkSj mldk ;qx* ds v/;k; ^v.kksZjkt ds iwoZt lu~ 950 ls 1130 bZ-
QVk vkSj pjM+ dh vkokt gqbZA ;g Hkkx v.kgy ds oa'ktksa dh rjQ fxjk vr% rd* esa mYysf[kr fooj.k egoiw.kZ gS ftlesa MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ fy[krs gS fd ^ôkDifr
273
izFke ds nks iq= flagjkt us Hkh vkked uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;k mldk lu~ 956 bZ- 1- phrk&pkSgkuksa dk ewy ukMkSy gS lkaHkj ;k vtesj ughaA
dk ,d f'kykys[k feyk gSA mlus vusd fot;ksa dk oj.k fd;k ,oa ijeHkV~Vkjd& 2- jko y[k.klh dh NBh ih<+h ,oa v.kgy dh ikapoh ih<+h esa gq, Hkhp.kth
egkjktkf/kjkt&ijes'oj dh inoeh /kkj.k dh ----A** fdUrq ;g vkuUne;h fLFkfr vR;Ur 'kwjohj ,oa ;ksk iq#"k gq, ftudh efgek vijEikj Fkh ftUgksaus ukMksy
vf/kd fnu rd u jg ldh lu~ 973 bZ- ds gjl f'kykys[k ls Li"V gS fd dqN le; oa'k dh dhfrZ esa pkj pkn yxk;s FksA
ds fy;s oa'k vkSj t;y{eh 'kkdEHkjh ds pkSgkuksa ds gkFk ls fudy pqdh FkhA
3- phrk&cjM+ oa'k vtesj ds 'kkld i`Fohjkt ls lEcfU/kr u gksdj ukMkSy ls
flagjkt ds mkjkf/kdkjh foxzgjkt f}rh; us iqu% lkaHkj dh 'kfDr dh LFkkiuk dh]
lEcfU/kr gSA
ftls nqyZHkjkt f}rh; us vklkuh ls lkk laHkkyh ,oa lQyrkiwoZd jkT; fd;kA
nqyZHkjkt ds iq= xksfoUnjkt ds jkT;dky esa Hkh pkSgku i;kZIr 'kfDr'kkyh FksA** blds vfrfjDr pkSgkuksa dh vkjk/;nsoh ek vk'kkiqjk dh ekU;rk ij Hkh ppkZ
dh tk ldrh gS_ i`Fohjkt pkSgku dh vkjk/; nsoh pkeq.Mk ekrk Fkh ftudk eafnj
blds ckn 'kkdEHkjh ds pkSgkuksa dks cqjs fnu ns[kus iM+s ijekjksa dh 'kfDr ml
vkt Hkh vt;lj ds igkM+ ij fLFkr gS_ tgk pkSgku 'kkld jkstkuk mikluk gsrq tk;k
le; i;kZIr c<+h p<+h FkhA eqat ijekj us gkfFk;ksa dh lgk;rk ls vk?kkV ds QkVd dks
djrs FksA ek vk'kkiqjk eq[; :i ls ukMkSy 'kk[kk ds pkSgkuksa dh vkjk/; nsoh Fkh vkt
rksMk+ A pkSgku jktk xksfoUnjkt ds iq= okDifrjkt f}rh; us xqfgy jktk vEckizlkn dk
Hkh ekjokM+ o esjokM+k esa lSadM+ksa eafnj ek vk'kkiqjk ds feysaxsA
;q esa o/k dj fpkkSM+ ysus dk iz;Ru fd;k] fdUrq blesa lEHkor% mls lQyrk u
feyhA la?k"kZ pyrk jgk vkSj okDifrjkt dk NksVk HkkbZ vkSj mkjkf/kdkjh oh;Zjke jktk lanHkZ
Hkkst ls yM+rk gqvk ekjk x;kA oh;Zjke dk NksVk HkkbZ pkeq.Mjkt dqN le; rd ujoj 1- VkWM] duZy tsEl] ,uYl ,.M ,.VhD;wVht vkQ jktLFkku] izdk'kd&fLeFk ,.M ,YMj
esa jgkA mlus ukMksfy;k pkSgku v.kfgYy dh lgk;rk ls 'kkdEHkjh dks fQj LorU= dEiuh yanu] 1829] i`- 856
fd;kA lu~ 1079 (laor~ 1136) esa pkeq.Mjkt dk iq= nqyZHkjkt r`rh; lqYrku 2- vks>k] MkW- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn] fljksgh jkT; dk bfrgkl] izdk'kd&jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/
bczkghe xtuoh ls ;q djrk ekjk x;kA** kiqj] 1911 i`- 84&88
3- ogh] i`- 84&88
mijksDr mj.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd& 4- useyksr Hkheflag] pkSgku oa'k dk bfrgkl] izdk'kd&jkor fizUVlZ] C;koj] 1971] i`- 18]
1- flagjkt ds HkkbZ y[k.klh us ukMksy esa uohu jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA 19] o 53
2- y[k.klh ds iq= v.kfgYy (lu~ 1010 bZ-) esa ujoj esa jkT; fd;k tgk mlus 5- nkl] ';key] ohj fouksn] izdk'kd&ljLorh iqLrdky;] xqykc ckx] jkt- ljdkj t;iqj]
1930] i`- 199 ls 201
pkeq.Mjk; dks u dsoy 'kj.k nh cfYd vius oa'k ds iqjkus xkSjo dks iqu%
6- fMD'ku] lh-ts-] Ldsp vkWQ esjokM+k] izdk'kd&fLeFk ,.M ,YMj dEiuh yanu] 1850 i`-
vftZr djus esa iwjh lgk;rk dhA 7 ls 11
3- v.kgy o vuwi i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls cgqr o"kks iwoZ gh gks x;s Fks rks mlds oa'kt 7- phrk&cjM+ & ^^v.kgy dh ikapoh ih<+h esa dkUgk ,oa dkyi gq,] buds le; esa yksx psrk
dSls gks ldrs gSaA xkao esa tkdj cl x,] tks orZeku VkWMx<+ ds ikl gS] ds dkj.k v.kgy ds oa'ktksa dks phrk
4- i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls dkQh le; iwoZ gh ujoj fBdkuk vfLrRo esa FkkA dgk tkus yxkA blh phrk oa'k esa esgjkth gq,] ftudh larku esjkr dgykbZ ,oa esgjkth ds
iq= gjjkt ^dkBk* us 1393 bZ- esa bLyke /keZ Lohdkj dj fy;k] ftuds oa'kt dkBkr
5- v.kfgYy ukMkSy ds pkSgku oa'k ls lEcfU/kr 'kkld Fkk u fd vtesj ;k vU; dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj phrk oa'k esa esjkr (dkBkr) eqfLye /kekZoyEch gSaA**
lsA cjM+ &^^vuwi ds oa'kt cjM+ dgykrs gSa] cjM+ oa'k esa chgy dks jkor dh mikf/k feyh FkhA
,d vU; rF; gS tks vR;Ur mi;ksxh ,oa egoiw.kZ phrk&cjM+ksa ds lHkh tkxks ckn esa 1312 bZ- esa HkheVk dks Hkh jkor dh inoh feyh] bl dkj.k cjM+ oa'kh ^jkor*
(oa'kkoyh ys[kdksa) esa ,d dfok yksdfiz; gS& dgykrs gSaA
8- 'kekZ] n'kjFk] i`Fohjkt r`rh; vkSj mudk ;qx] izdk'kd&jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh]
igys Hkhp.k xkb;s] /kj phrksa dks ewyA
t;iqj] 1972] i`- 11] 12
dkM+ djkjksa ckWdM+ksa] mfj;ksa ukMwyAA
bl dfok esa Hkh dbZ rF;ksa ij izdk'k iM+rk gS elyu&
274
vo/kkj.kkvksa ij lokfx.k :i ls gh iz'u fpUg yxk fn;k vkSj lHkh dks lkezkT;oknh
bfrgkl ys[ku dk vax gh ekukA lbZn fy[krk gS fd] ^;wjksih; lkezkT;okfn;ksa us
vius mifuos'kksa ij 'kklu djus ds fy, ,d rdZ x<+k Fkk fd] îwoZ* vkSj îfe*
duZy tsEl VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku loZFkk fHkUu gSA iwoZ jgL;e; gSA
dh iqulZeh{kk dh vko';drk ;|fi mi;ksfxrkoknh bfrgkldkjksa ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa iwoZ ds izfr O;kIr
foeflag vejkor mudh nqHkkZoukvksa dks Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ftldh ifj.krh ;fn Hkkjr ds
lanHkZ esa dgsa rks] eSdkys fefuV~l esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA fdUrq ,sls bfrgkldkjksa ds
duZy tsEl VkWM dk bfrgkl ys[ku eq[; :i ls jktiwr jkT;ksa rd gh lhfer bfrgkl ys[ku dks ftUgksaus iwoZ ij lh/ks dksbZ vk{ksi ugha fd;k cfYd iwoZ dh izkphu
jgkA mlds nksuksa xzUFk ,ukYl ,aM ,aVhfDoVht vkWQ jktLFkku vkSj VsoYl bu osLVuZ lH;rkvksa ,oa laLfr dh iz'kalk dh gS] lbZn dh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij ns[kuk Hkh
bafM;k] eq[; :i ls ifeh Hkkjr ds jktiwr jkT;ksa ds ,sfrgkfld nLrkost gSA vko';d gks tkrk gSA blls ;g le>us esa Hkh enn feysxh fd nks ,d nwljs ds
lkekU; rkSj ij VkWM jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dk firk ekuk tkrk gSA lkFk gh VkWM dks fo# ekuh tkus okyh fopkj/kkjk, (izkP;oknh vkSj ikkR;oknh] jksekuh vkSj
mUuhloha lnh ds fczfV'k jksekuh bfrgkldkj ekuk tkrk gSA bfrgkldkjksa dk ;g er mi;ksfxrkoknh) okLro esa ,d nwljs dh fojks/kh Fkha ;k fQj ,d gh eafty rd
Hkh gS fd VkWM oLrqr% mi;ksfxrkoknh bfrgkldkjksa ds bfrgkl ys[ku ds fo# igqpus ds vyx&vyx jkLrs ek= FksA lkFk gh ;s fopkj/kkjk, fdl izdkj lkezkT;oknh
vo/kkj.kk,a fodflr djus okyk bfrgkldkj FkkA ;|fi VkWM ds n`f"Vdks.k dks bfrgkl ys[ku ds gh nks vyx&vyx izdkjksa ds :i esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA blh lanHkZ
lkezkT;oknh Hkh] ekuk x;k] fdUrq fey vkSj xzkaV ls bkj gh ekuk x;kA VkWM dk esa VkWM ds bfrgkl xzUFk ,ukYl ,aM ,afVfDoVht ds dqN mj.kksa dks ysdj mudh
fofy;e tksUl] Fkkel ekfjl] fofy;e jkscV~lZu vkfn dh ijEijk dk izkP;oknh leh{kk dh tk,xhA
bfrgkldkj ekuk x;kA bl izdkj VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku dh leh{kk mlds }kjk nh tsEl fey ds Hkkjr laca/kh bfrgkl ys[ku dh ikrdkyhu bfrgkldkjksa us
xbZ tkudkjh dh tkp rd lhfer jgh gSA mlds }kjk tks fy[kk x;k] mldk dVq vkykspuk dh gSA vusd vjksiksa ds lkFk ml ij ;g vkjksi Hkh yxk;k tkrk gS fd
lw{e&iBu ij bruk /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA tcfd lkekU; rkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS mlus loZizFke Hkkjr ds lkaiznkf;d bfrgkl ys[ku dh 'kq:vkr dh FkhA Hkkjr ds
fd] og jktiwrksa dk izcy i{kikrh Fkk vkSj jktiwr laLfr dh egkurk ls cgqr bfrgkl dks fgUnq vkSj eqfLye dky esa ckaVus dk loZizFke dke fey us gh fd;k FkkA
izHkkfor FkkA VkWM ds xzUFkksa dk mi;ksx bfrgkl ys[ku esa fiNyh ,d lnh ls Hkh vf/ okLro esa ;g rRdkyhu lkezkT;oknh fczVsu dh ije vko';drk FkhA Hkkjrh; lekt
kd le; ls gks jgk gS] blh ls VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku dh egkk dks le>k tk ldrk dks [kf.Mr :i esa ns[kuk lkezkT; ds fy;s vR;ko';d FkkA fey ,d mi;ksfxrkoknh
gSA jktLFkku lEca/kh bfrgkl ys[ku ds fy;s VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku dks ns[kuk ,d bfrgkldkj Fkk] fdUrq VkWM us Hkh bl lanHkZ esa fey dh gh rjg Hkkjrh; lekt dks
vfuok;Z vko';drk dh rjg gSA mDr vo/kkj.kkvksa ds lkFk bl i= esa VkWM ds [kf.Mr :i esa u flQZ ns[kk cfYd mls izLrqr Hkh fd;kA xzUFk dh izLrkouk esa og
bfrgkl ys[ku dh leh{kk mlds n`f"Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij djus dk iz;kl fd;k fy[krk gS fd] The collections of jessulmer and puttun, for example
tk,xkA secaped the scrutiny of even the lynx-eyed Alla. blh izdkj og Lo;a
VkWM ds n`f"Vdks.k dks ,MoMZ lbZn ds vksfj,aVfyTe dh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj fey dh fgUnq dky dh vo/kkj.kk dks Lohdkj djrk gSA VkWM eqfLye 'kkldksa dks
ij le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xkA ;|fi lbZn ds bl vo/kkj.kk dks ikrhdkyhu fons'kh] vlH;] dV~Vj dg dj Hkkjr dk 'k=q ?kksf"kr djrk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; laLfr
bfrgkldkjksa ,oa flkUrdkjksa us pqukSrh Hkh nh ,oa mldh e;kZnkvksa dks Hkh mtkxj ds iru dk eqy dkj.k crkrk gSA og Hkkjrh; lekt dks Li"V :i ls fgUnw vkSj
fd;k] fdUrq fQj Hkh bfrgkl ys[ku dks vkSj vf/kd djhc ls ns[kus ,oa le>us ds eqfLye nks Hkkxksa esa ns[krk gS vkSj bruk gh ugha ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt dh
fy;s lbZn dh izkP;okn dh vo/kkj.kk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku ekuh tkrh gSA VkWM orZeku leL;kvksa dk cgqr cM+k dkj.k eqfLyeksa ds vke.k ,oa eqfLye dky jgk
ds bfrgkl ys[ku dks Hkh blh lanHkZ esa ns[kus dh vko';drk gSA ewy :i ls gSA ;|fi og ftu jktiwr jkT;ksa ds iru dk dkj.k eqfLye 'kkldksa dks crkrk gS
lbZn us ;qjksih; bfrgkldkjksa (fo'ks"k :i ls fczfV'k ,oa kafllh) dh iwoZ laca/kh okLro es mudk xkSjoe; dky eqxyksa ds dky esa gh jgk gSA vdcj ls ysdj
275
'kkgtgk ds dky rd jktiwr jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr fujUrj c<+rs e esa etcwr gqbZ FkhA ,d cqfthfo Fkk] ftldh u flQZ Hkkjr cfYd ;qjksi ds bfrgkl esa Hkh #fp FkhA
jktiwr jkT; bl dky esa i;kZIr 'kfDr'kkyh FkssA blh e esa ;fn fczfV'k dky esa mUuhloha lnh dk le; ;qjksi esa izcks/ku dk dky ekuk tkrk gSA mi;ksfxrkoknh
jktiwr jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr dh rqyuk dh tk, rks] ;g Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS bfrgkldkj blh izcks/ku dky ds vuqxkeh FksA
fd] fczfV'k dky esa jktiwr jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr vR;Ur detksj gks xbZ FkhA jktiwr jkT;ksa mijksDr tkp esa ;fn ns[kk tk, rks VkWM ftl izdkj ls Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa
ij fczfV'k izHkqRo dks dk;e djus esa VkWM dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ls Hkh budkj ugha jktO;oLFkk dks le> jgk Fkk og Li"V :i ls Hkkjrh; lekt dks iwoZ vk/kqfud gh
fd;k tk ldrkA eku jgk Fkk vkSj ;g crkus dk iz;kl dj jgk Fkk fd] vusd dkj.kksa ls ;gk vk/kqfudrk
bl izdkj loZizFke rks VkWM ds bfrgkl dks ns[kus ds utfj;s esa nksgjkiu Li"V dk izos'k ugha gks ik;k gS vkSj fczfV'k ljdkj bl lekt dks vk/kqfud cuk ldrh gS
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd] og vizR;{k :i ls ogh vkSj e/;dkyhu leL;kvksa ls eqfDr fnyk ldrh gS] blfy;s fczfV'k ljdkj dk lkFk
dk;Z dj jgk gS tks fd izR;{k :i ls fey dj jgk FkkA fey dh gh rjg fczfV'k vfuok;Z gSA og tc jktiwr tkfr;ksa dk bfrgkl fy[krk gSA rks muds fy;s vaxzsth esa
lkezkT; ds fodkl esa og vius vyx rjhds ls ;ksxnku dj jgk FkkA mldk jkLrk VkbZc 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrk gSA ftldk fgUnh esa vFkZ dnkfi Hkh tkfr ugha gks ldrk
;|fi vyx Fkk fdUrq y{; rks fey dh rjg ewy :i ls lkezkT; dh lsok djuk gh (ftl lanHkZ esa orZeku eas ge tkfr dks le>rs gSa)A
FkkA
VkWM viuh izLRkkouk esa gh bl ckr dks Li"V djrk gS fd] Hkkjr esa ,sfrgkfld
fpUru ds vHkko laca/kh ;qjksih; vo/kkj.kk dks vc [kRe fd;k tk jgk gSA ;|fi
izFke n`"V;k ;g dFku lkQ rkSj ij izkP; lH;rk dk i{k/kj utj vkrk gS] fdUrq
blesa ,d ;g vo/kkj.kk Hkh vUrfuZfgr gS fd] izkP; lH;rk dh Js"Brh dh LohdkjksfDr
Hkh ife dh cgl ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA mldh Js"Brk dks fl djus dk dk;Z
(Hkkj) Hkh ife ds fo}kuksa dks gh djuk iM+ jgk gSA bldks ÔgkbZV eSu cMZu F;ksjh*
ds lanHkZ esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA ;gk iwoZ vkSj ife dk ;g Hksn lkQ utj vkrk
gSA lbZn ftl izdkj ls dgrs gSa fd izkP;okfn;ksa us loZFkk izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls
;g izdV djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd] iwoZ ,oa ife esa Li"V Hksn gS vkSj ife Js"B
gS] mldks bl lanHkZ esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ;fn VkWM Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLfr dh
Js"Brk ij okLro esa vHkhHkwr Fkk rks] fQj mldks LorU= :i ls Js"B D;ksa ugha fl
fd;kA iwoZ pkgs Js"B jgk gks] fdUrq mldh Js"Brk dh fuHkZjrk rks ife ds fo}kuksa
dh oSKkfudrk] 'kks/k vfHko`fk ij gh fuHkZj djrh FkhA
;qjksi esa vk/kqfudrk dk izos'k gks pqdk FkkA ;qjksih; lekt e/;dkyhu
lkeUroknh O;oLFkk ls eqDr gksdj vk/kqfud ,oa oSKkfud cu x;k FkkA /kkfeZd
ekU;rk,] fLFkj lekt] lkeUroknh O;oLFkk] LorU=rk ,oa lekurk dk vHkko vkfn
e/;dky dh fo'ks"krk, ekuh tkrh FkhA uotkxj.k ds dky esa ;qjksi us bu lc ls
eqfDr izkIr dh vkSj vk/kqfudrk esa izos'k fd;kA okLro esa vk/kqfud gksus ds deZ esa
;g vkLFkk fufgr gSa fd psru euq";] dkj.k vkSj foKku dh lgk;rk ls] lkekftd
thou dh HkkSfrd vkSj ckSfd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cny ldrs gSaA akl dh kafr us
vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk dks ,d lSkfUrdrk iznku dhA VkWM Hkh mlh vk/kqfud ;qjksi dk
276
lEeku ds lkFk tjh ds diM+s vkHkw"k.kksa lfgr ^îkx** (ixM+h) igukdj izk;%
^^Mksy** fudky dj ys tkrs FksA3 ;ksa rks yEch vk;q izkIr dj ejus okys L=h ;k iq#"k
dk ^^Mksy** fudkyk tkrk FkkA firk dh thforkoLFkk esa iq= dk ,oa L=h ds
esokM+&jkT; ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd igyw lkl&'olqj ds thfor gksus ij ^^Mksy** ugha fudkyk tkrk FkkA fBdkus esa lkeUr ;k
dk lzksr ^nsoyksd i/kkfj;k dh cfg;ka jktekrk ;k jkuh ds nsgkUr ij ^^Mksy** fudkyus dh izFkk FkhA rc iq#"k dks
(dkuksM+ fBdkuk ds lanHkZ esa) ^^cSdqUBh** esa fcBkdj rFkk L=h dks lqykdj vFkhZ ds vkxs #i;s] iSls] ukfj;y] Qwyh
vkfn mNkyrs gq;s tkrs Fks] mUgsa ^^Mkse** ywVrs FksA xko ds lHkh ukbZ e'kkysa tykdj
MkW- ts-ds- vks>k
pyrs FksA ;g bl ckr dk izrhd Fkk fd] ml lkeUr fo'ks"k ds ej tkus ls fBdkus esa
fnu esa Hkh va/ksjk gks x;kA <ksy&cktksa ds lkFk ^^mRlo** ds vuq#i rRdkyhu
dkuksM+1 &fBdkus ds lkear dh ;k mlds fdlh fudVre lEcU/kh iRuh o eka
jktdh; nkg&LFky] ftls ^êgklfr;k** dgrs] ogk ys tkdj oSfnd ea=ksPpkj.k ds
dh e`R;q gks tkus ij tks Hkh f;k,a ,oa [kpZ vkfn djrs Fks] mudks ,d cgh esa ntZ
lkFk vafre laLdkj djrs FksA ekrk dk nsgkUr gks tkus ij T;s"B iq= vfXu&nku djrk
djrs jgrs FksA bl i= dks rhu cfg;ksa ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa 1883
Fkk ogha firk dh e`R;q ij vafre laLdkj ds le; vfXu&nku f}rh; iq= ;k iqjksfgr
bZ- dh igyh cgh ua- 25] 22-5 lseh- yEch o 224-5 lseh- pkSMh+ gSA blesa dqy 12
djrk FkkA T;s"B iq= egyksa ds njokts rd da/kk nsrk FkkA mlds ckn og rks iqu% ykSV
i`"B gS] muesa izFke pkj i`"Bksa ij jkor mEesnflag (1883 bZZ-) dh e`R;q ds le; dk
tkrkA mls Luku vkfn djkds mlh le; xn~nh ij cSBk fn;k tkrk FkkA ;gk lkekftd&
nku&iq.; vkfn [kpZ dk fglkc gSA i`- 05 ls 11 rd jkor vthrflag (1850 bZ-
) eka lkgc HkfV;k.kh th dk nsgkUr gks tkus ij ,dkn'kh ij fd;s x;s nku&iq.; vkfn /kkfeZd laLdkjksa esa jktuSfrd vko';drkuqlkj mifLFkr yphykiu Li"Vr% fn[kkbZ
[kpsZ dk fglkc gSA 1883 bZ- dh cgh ua- 30 , 21 lseh- yEch rFkk 17-5 lseh- nsrk gSA jktoa'k dks NksM+ dj 'ks"k lHkh oxksZ esa T;s"B iq= gh vfuok;Zr% vfXu&nku
pkSM+h gSA blesa dqy 100 i`"B gSa] muesa izFke 56 i`"B jkor mEesnflag dh e`R;q djrk FkkA fdUrq jktoa'k esa ;g O;oLFkk blfy, dh xbZ D;ksafd jktxn~nh dks ysdj
(1883 bZ-) gqbZ ml fnu ls ^^czHkkst** ,oa ckn dh fofHkUu f;kvksa] nku&iq.;kfn dksbZ fookn iSnk u gksA vr% ;g ladsr Hkh feyrk gS fd] jktoa'k /kkfeZd O;oLFkkvksa
ds [kpksZ dk fglkc gSA 1883 bZ- dh cgh ua- 31] 18-5 lseh- yEch ,oa 14-5 lseh- ls ugha ca/krk Fkk vfirq muds vkoj.k esa vius jktuSfrd&lkekftd o vkfFkZd fgr
pkSM+h gSa ftlesa dqy 40 i`"B gSaA bl cgh esa jkor mEesnflag dh e`R;q ij ^ûqxrk** lk/ku djrk FkkA mkj&f;k ds ckn esa grjksa (Hkkafx;ksa) dks NksM+ dj dkuksM+&fBdkus
(e`R;qHkkst) fd;k mlesa dgk ls fdrus O;fDr;ksa dks cqyk;k x;k] bldh tkudkjh ds lHkh yksx rFkk tkxhjnkj vkfn ^^Hknj** (cky] nkM+h&ewaN dVokuk) gksrs FksA
feyrh gSA blls 'kkld o 'kkflrksa ds chp izdVr% ?kfu"Brk dk cks/k gksrk ogha okLro esa
lkearh; izHkqrk ds fnXn'kZu Hkh gksrs gSA rhljs fnu ls 13osa fnu rd jkf= dks
izLrqr i= esa ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd] 19oha 'krkCnh ds mkjkZ esa esokM+
x:M+&iqjk.k dk ikB djk;k tkrk FkkA bl chp ;fn xn~nh dk eqgwrZ vk tkrk rks x#M+
jkT; dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk le>kus ds fy, dkuksM&+ fBdkus dh
(nsoyksd i/kkfj;k) cfg;ka ,d vPNk lk/ku lkfcr gks ldrh gSA blesa dksbZ lansg iqjk.k egyksa ls iqjksfgr ds ;gk pyh tkrh Fkh vkSj rc iqjksfgr ds ;gk bldk ikB gksrk
ugha fd] ;s cfg;ka lkeUr oxZ ls lEcfU/kr gSa] fQj Hkh tu&lkekU; blls vNwrk ugha FkkA rhljs fnu ls 12osa fnu rd dh fofHkUu f;kvksa dh foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy,
jgkA ml ij bl laLdkj dk izR;{k ;k vizR;{k izHkko iM+uk LokHkkfod gh FkkA ;s cfg;ka egRoiw.kZZ gSA4
lkeUr ;k lEcfU/kr O;fDr dh e`R;q gks tkus ij cgh esa loZizFke e`R;q dk fnu frfFk e`R;q ds volj ij ckjg fnukas ij fd;k tkus okyk e`R;qHkkst] ftlesa czk.k
fy[krs FksA vr% ml O;fDr fo'ks"k dh e`R;q&rkjh[k djus esa dksbZ fookn ugha jg vkfn dks Hkkstu djk ds nku vkfn fn;k tkrk Fkk] mls ^^cz&Hkkst** dgrs FksA 1883
tkrkA tSls&jkor vthrflag dk nsgkUr Jko.k cnh 12] fo-la- 1907] jkor mEesnflag bZ- esa jkor mEesnflag dh e`R;q gqbZ rd cz&Hkkst fd;k x;k mlesa dkuksM+ rFkk
dh e`R;q lkseokj] Ikks"k lqnh 2 fo-la- 1940 dks gqbZA2 rn~i'pkr~ nkg&LFky rd ys vklikl ds dqy 6333 fofHkUu tkfr ds yksxksa dks Hkkstu djk;k x;k FkkA dkuksM+ ds
tkus dh izf;k gksrh Fkh] ftlls Li"V gS fd jkor dh e`R;q gks tkus ij mls 'kkldh; lHkh yksxksa dks Hkkstu ij vkeaf=r fd;k x;k tks fuEukafdr lkfj.kh ls Li"V gS6
277
lkfj.kh la[;k1 31- <ksyh 6 0-15

-la- tkfr dqy izfr'kr 32- eksph 25 0-64
1- egktu 1320 34-74 33- lqukj 75 1-97
2- dqpkefu;k 70 1-84 34- rEcksyh 30 0-78
3- ljnkj 40 1-05 35- czk.k 100 2-63
4- ujfla?kiqjk 240 6-31 36- ukbZ 50 1-31
5- cksyk 202 5-31 37- [kVhd 50 1-31
6- esgrj 125 3-29 dqy ;ksx 3799 100
7- pekj 110 2-89 mi;qZDr lkfj.kh ls rRdkyhu tkfr&O;oLFkk dks cks/k gksrk gS rFkk ;g Hkh Kkr
8- cykbZ 3 0-07 gksrk gS fd ,d fBdkus dh lkekftd] /kkfeZd ,oa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dks lqpk: :i ls
9- eksV~;kj (njksxk) 350 9-21 pykus ds fy, fdu tkfr ,oa O;olk; okyksa dks ykdj clk;k tkuk vko';d gksrk
10- MkofM+;k 450 11-84 FkkA buds vfrfjDr ckgj ls iVsy] xkMjh] ukbZ] tkV] dqEgkj] lk/kq] czk.k] jko]
11- flikgh rFkk ukSdj 125 3-29 HkkV] eh.kk] pkj.k] xqalkbZ] ckck] esgrj] jaxjst vkfn lHkh tkfr ds yksxksa ds vfrfjDr
12- u;s flikgh 6 0-15 fpkkSM+ ls ,d jkeLusgh lk/kq vk;k rFkk 154 HkkV] 225 vfrfjDr <ksyh rFkk yxHkx
13- y[kkjk 18 0-47 450 ^^MkofM+;k** FkhA7 iVokjh] gydkjk] pkSdhnkj] flikgh] pjoknkj] gkyh (gkth)
14- Nhik 18 0-47 vkfn ls gesa dke djus okys fofHkUu inksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA8 lkFk gh eqfLye
15- pjoknkj 9 0-23 leqnk; ds yksxksa dks vkeaf=r djus ls rRdkyhu lkeUrksa dh lfg".kq fopkj/kkjk
Li"Vr% ijyf{kr gksrh gSA ,d 'kkld dh n`f"V esa lHkh iztk cjkcj gksrh gS] vr%
16- lk/kq 1 0-02
fBdkus dh iztk dks rc fcuk fdlh tkrh; vFkok O;olkf;d HksnHkko ds [kkus ij
17- yqgkj 2 0-05
vkeaf=r fd;k x;k FkkA blls izdVr% lkear dh fu"i{k Hkkouk >ydrh gSA
18- gydkjk 2 0-05 dekZUrjh czk.k f;k&deZ lEiUu djkrk Fkk tSls 1850 bZ- esa jkor vthrflag dh
19- rsyh 56 1-47 e`R;q ij eksguyky us f;k djkbZ FkhA9
20- iqjfc;k 10 0-26
esokM+ jkT; esa tkrh;&Hksn ,oa NqvkNqr gksrs gq, gq;s Hkh ijLij oxksZ o tkfr;ksa
21- [kkrh 2 0-05
ds chp [kkbZ ugha FkhA muesa ikjLifjd lEcU/k ,oa fuHkZjrk dks bu cfg;ksa ds vk/kkj
22- fiatkjk 50 1-31 ij Li"V :i ls le>k tk ldrk gS] tcfd izR;sd tkfr dk O;fDr vius&vius <ax
23- dqEgkj 1 0-02 ls dk;Z dks lqlEiUu djrk Fkk10 tSlsukbZ lans'kokgd ds :i esa rFkk Hkkst ds volj
24- xesrh 7 0-18 ij dbZ izdkj ds dk;Z djrk Fkk] dqEgkj ikuh Hkjrk] vNqr ydM+h phjrs] esgrj
25- dyky 70 1-84 lQkbZ vkfn djrs FksA czk.k /kkfeZd R; djkrk Fkk rks ^êgktu** rRlEcU/kh
26- nthZ 35 0-92 lkeku vkfn [kjhnus dk dk;Z djrs Fks tSls jkor mEesnflag ds nsgkar ij czk.k fd'kksj
27- ekyh 50 1-31 th] uuok.kk bZ'ojnkl dks oànkou Hkstk x;k rc e'k% 193 #a ,d vkuk rhu iSls]
28- HkksbZ 36 0-94 164 #a ikap vkuk ,d iSlk [kpZ gq;s rnFkZ fn;s x;s FksA adkj ukFk us czk.kksa dks 91
29- eksfeu 30 0-78 #a 10 vkuk nks iSls ^^nf{k.kk** (nku) esa fn;sA dkywjke uuok.kk dks iq"dj Hkstk
30- /kksch 25 0-64 x;k] rc 76 #a ,d vkuk o dkadjksyh x;k rc 60 #- fn;s x;s FksA ;g jkf'k mlds
278
vkus&tkus o nku vkfn [kpZ ds fy, nh xbZ FkhA11 blh izdkj ls lokbZflag ckcsy] 1 lsj 582-5 xzke
'kkg nsoth] eqfMZ;k] fd'kksjth ukxkSjh] us.kkth] tkjksyh] 'kkg gejkth (gsejkt th) 40 lsj ,d eu 23 fdyks 300 xzke
nkor] xejsth nd vkfn us fofHkUu [kjhnnkjh dk dke fd;k]12 tSls us.kk.kh mi;qZDr lkfj.kh ls Li"V gS fd xsgw] eDdk] 'kDdj] ?kh] rsy] pkoy] tkS
tkjksth dks 350@& #- ?kklk ls xqM+ ykus ds fy;s fn;s rFkk ,d :i;k ,d vkuk mls vkfn [kk|&inkFkksZ dk rksy gksrk Fkk fdUrq diM+k ukius ds fy;s ^gkFk* dk iz;ksx djrs
[kphZ ds fn;sA xesjth nd dks HkhyokM+k crZu ykus ds fy;s Hkstk] mls 2 #- 2 vkuk FksA 2 QqV dk ,d gkFk gksrk Fkk tSls vkB dh pwuj dk ewY; 10 vkuk Fkk rFkk 9 gkFk
vkus&tkus vkfn [kpZ gsrq fn;sA ;ksa bu cfg;ksa ls O;kikjh oxZ ;k lkgwdkj ds lkFk ds QsaVk dh eyey dh dher 1 #- 6 vkuk FkhA vU; oLrqvksa ds izfr ux ds fglkc
lkear ds lEcU/kksa dks le>us ds fy;s vPNh lkexzh miyC/k gksrh gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh ls dher fuf'pr gksrh FkhA16 diM+ksa dh dher mudh fdLe ds vk/kkj ij gksrh Fkh
irk yxrk gS fd] lkekftd thou&p dks pykus ds fy;s ,d nwljs ls feydj tSls ,d ixM+h dh vyx&vyx dhersa Fkh1 #- 9 vkuk] 1 #- 12 vkuk] 3 #- 4
dk;Z djuk vko';d FkkA fofHkUu vkHkw"k.kksa] oL=ksa ,oa nSfud mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkus vkuk] 4 #- vkfnA crZuksa dk dgha ij Hkh rksy ugha ns j[kk gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd
okyh oLrqvksa dh tkudkjh ds fy;s Hkh ;s cfg;ka cM+s dke dh gSa13 tSlsckyk canh] crZu ds vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij mldk ewY; fu/kkZfjr djds izfr ux ds fglkc ls csps
lksus dk Nksxk] eksfr;ksa dh daBh] uFk] ljisap] pkanh dk M+ksjk] eksfr;ksa dh iwapsa] vkfn tkrs FksA dkalk] ihry o rkEcs ds crZuksa dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA17
vkHkw"k.kksa dk] ikeM+h] ikx] okxk] dksV] /kkSrh] eksBM+k] iNsoM+h] nqiV~Vk] jstk] vaxj[kh]
esokM+ jkT; ds O;kikfjd dsUnz ds :i esa HkhyokM+k dh izeq[krk utj vkrh
dqrkZ] uh oL=] ygaxk] dkapyh] iksepk] lkM+h] #eky vkfn] iq#"k ia[kh] Nkrk
gSA 1883 bZ- esa xesjth nd HkhyokM+k crZu ysus x;k FkkA pUnu Hkh.Mj ls eaxok;k]
'k;~;k] jtkbZ] xn~nk] ixj[kh (twrs)] dEcy] gkFkh nkar dk pwMk] Fkkyh] djNh]
?kklk o :.MsMk+ ls xqM+ eaxok;k] :.MsMk+ ls gh jstk rFkk dhdkokl ls /kfu;k] cksgsMk+
ijkr] nsxph vkfn nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA lkFk gh
ls xsgw] fry] lkjaxiqjk ls eDdh eaxokbZ FkhA18 Li"V gS fd ?kklk o :.MsMk+ esa xUuk
[kku&iku esa 'kDdj] ?kh] rsy] pkoy] xje elkyk] xqM]+ puk] ewax] eDdh] vkfn ds
cgqrk;r ds lkFk gksrk Fkk] rks dhdkokl esa /kfu;k] cksgsMk+ ] lkjaxiqjk esa e'k% xsgw]
ckjs esa Hkh bu cfg;ksa ls lkexzh izkIr gksrh gSA14 lekt esa e`R;q ds volj ij izpfyr
eDdh dh iSnkokj vf/kd gksrh FkhA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha dh lkear ds fy;s
fofHkUu nku&nf{k.kk] riZ.k] 'kkafr ds fy;s dh xbZ f;kvksa vkfn ls /kkfeZd fLFkfr
[kjhnnkjh dh tk jgh Fkh blfy;s xM+cM+h ds volj rks de jgrs Fks fdUrq tgk
rFkk czk.kksa ds egRo dks le>k tk ldrk gSA
iSnkokj gks ogk rqyukRed n`f"V ls oLrq lLrh feyrh FkhA 1883 bZ- dh cgh ls ;g
;s cfg;ka rRdkyhu vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks le>us ds fy;s Hkh dkQh mi;ksxh Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd rc lksus dk Hkko 24 #- 8 vkus dk ,d rksyk Fkk rks pkanh 1 #-
gSA [kk|&lkexzh dh tkudkjh ds lkFk&lkFk muds Hkko] ewY; (dher) rFkk og 8 vkuk rksyk FkhA mn;iqjh] pkUnksMh+ ] Lo:i'kkgh] vny] Vdk o dynkj dk flDdksa
lkexzh fo'ks"k dgk ls eaxokbZ xbZ Fkh] bldk irk Hkh yxrk gSA15 ds :i esa izpyu FkkA19 pkanh ds mn;iqjh flDds ds ,d #i;s esa 165 xzsu] vkB vkuk
lkfj.kh la[;k&2 esa 77 xzsu] pkj vkuk esa 38 xzsu otu gksrk FkkA pkanksM+h&#i;s esa 167 xzsu] vkB vkuk
-la- ftUl dher izfr ,d #i;k fdyks esa esa 86 xzsu] pkj vkuk esa 42 xzsu] nks vkuk esa 21 xzsu o ,d vkuk esa 10 xzsu otu FkkA
1850 bZ- 1866 bZ- 1883 bZ- pkanksM+h #i;s dk jkT; esa ysunsu ds fy;s 12 vkuk ewY; Fkk fdUrq cktkj esa /kkrqbZ
1- xsgw 14-562 19-32 14-71 ewY; ds dkj.k bls dsoy 6 vkuk esa Lohr fd;k x;k FkkA NksVs flDdksa dh dher
2- tkS 23-3 buds cjkcj gh FkhA mRlo vkfn voljksa ij HksaV Lo:i nsus ds fy;s rc Lo.kZ fefJr
3- pkoy 7-165 pkanksM+h flDds Hkh izpfyr FksA ;s flDds ckn rd izpyu esa jgs FksA
4- pus dh nky 22-56 23-3 cfg;ksa esa Hkkstu vkfn ij dqy [kpZ ds ;ksx ls tSls 1850 bZ- esa 4800 :-]
5- [kkaM ('kDdj) 1-875 2-27 14 vkuk] 3 iSls_ 1866 bZ- esa 3464 #- 14 vkuk] 1 iSlk dqy [kpZ gqvkA mlesa
6- ?kh 1-395 e'k% 2200 #-] pkj vkuk] 2 iSls] 2538 #- dsoy e`R;qHkkst ij [kpZ gqvk rFkk
7- rsy 3-88 3-45 1883 bZ- esa 13955 #- 3 vkuk] 2 iSlk dqy [kpZ gqvk FkkA Li"V gS fd uohu lkear
8- xqM+ 3-65 }kjk fnoaxr lkear dh 'kkafr ,oa riZ.k ds fy;s tks [kpZ fd;k tkrk Fkk] mlesa mlds
279
Lo;a dk Lrj o opZLo izfr"Bkfir djus dh Hkkouk vf/kd jgrh FkhA pwafd ;g [kpZ
^^jktdh; en** esa ls fd;k tkrk Fkk vr,o bldk jktdh; dks"k ls vf/kd Hkkj
dkuksM&+ lkear ds tkxhjnkjksa ,oa varr% tu&lkekU; ij iM+rk FkkA bl izdkj ls
esokM+ jkT; dh lkeUrh;&O;oLFkk ds vraxZr lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dks lwjtdaoj C;ko jh cgh & fo'ks"k lanHkZ
tkuus ds fy, bl izdkj dh cfg;ka Hkh ,d vewY; lzksr gS ftudk mi;ksx djds (oSokfgd jhfr;k vkSj ngst dk C;kSjk)
uohu ifjizs{; esa vkykspukRed ,sfrgkfld v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA MkW- vYiuk nqHkk"ks
lUnHkZ
1- jktLFkku xtsfV;lZ] mn;iqj fMfLVDV 1979] i`- 2&3] dkuksM+ mn;iqj ls 65 fdeh- nf{k.kh&iwoZ egkjktk Jh xtjktflag f}rh; ds 60osa jktfrydksRlo o"kZ ds miy{; esa
esa 24040* 7400* iw- ij fLFkr gSA MkW- egsUnzflag uxj }kjk lEikfnr dh xbZ iqLrd lwjtdaoj C;ko jh cgh ,sfrgkfld
2- dkuksM+ laxzg (Jhefr lj;wnsoh vks>k laxzg esa lqjf{kr)] cLrk ua- 1 cgh ua- 30 ,] cM+k n`f"Vdks.k ls vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ nLrkost gSA esjk 'kks/k&i= o"kZ 1776 esa rRdkyhu
gqtwj mEesnflagth nsoyksd i/kkjs mlds [kpZ dh cgh] i`- 1 cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- 25]
nku&iq.; dh cgh] i`- 05-
egkjktk vthrflag th dh ckbZthyky Jh lwjtdqaoj Jh cM+h HkVh;k.khth dh
3- dkuksM+&laxzg] cLrk ua- 1] cgh ua- 1] cgh ua-30 , cM+k gqtwj mEesnflagth nsoyksd i/kkjs lqiq=h ds fookg dh cgh ij vk/kkfjr gSA lokZf/kd izkphu cfg;ksa esa ls ,d gSA fo-
mlds [kpZ dh cgh] i`- 2&8] 24&26] cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- nku&iq.; dh cgh] i`- 09- la-1776 dh T;s"B cnh dks 9 dks tks/kiqj ds egkjktk vthrflag dh jktdqekjh
4- oghA lwjtdaoj dk fookg vkesj ds egkjktk lokbZ t;flag ds lkFk lEiUu gksus esa ftu
5- dkuksM+&laxzg] cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- 31] uqaxrk dh cgh] i`- 6&13 jhfr&fjoktksa] ijEijkvksa rFkk oSfnd fookg ijEijk esa laLdkjkFkZ fufeZr fd;s x;s
6- ogh] i`- 06 eaMi] osnh] rksj.k vkfn dk vk[kksa ns[kk gky mYysf[kr gSA ;g cgh iqLrd izdk'ku
7- ogh] i`- 6&13- ekad 333 ds :i esa egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz] esgjkux<+ tks/kiqj
8- ogh] i`- 6&11-
9- dkuksM+&laxzg] cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- 25] nku&iq.; dh cgh] i`- 7-
esa lqjf{kr gSA
10- ts-ds- vks>k] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] fnYyh] 1980] i`- 287- cgh ds izkjfEHkd 'kh"kZd esa bls ^ckbZ th lwjdaojth js C;ko jh cgh* dgk
11- dkuksM&+ laxzg] cLrk ua- 1] cgh ua- 30 , cM+k gqtwj mEesnflagth nsoyksd i/kkjs mlds [kpZ x;k gSA fookg dk;Ze esa gksus okys O;; ds vkdM+s tkudkj e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds
dh cgh] i`- 6&9 oSHko ,oa jktdqyksa dh f'k"Vkpkj dh ijEijk ds fuokZg dk Kku rks gksrk gh gS lkFk gh
12- ogh] i`- 5&26- fookg laLdkjksa esa viukbZ tkus okyh ifr o fof/k fo/kku dk gj igyw Li"V gksrk
13- ogh] cLrk ua- 2] cgh ua- 25] nku&iq.; dh cgh] i`- 7&10
gSA1 loZizFke lokbZ t;flag ds fuosnu ij jktk vthrflag us fookg dh ?kks"k.kk dh
14- ogh
15- ogh vkSj viuh iq=h ds fookg dh rkacwy ohfVdk (iku) lokbZ t;flag dks HksaV djus dh
16- ogh vkKk ^chfM;k* Qrsgpan dks nhA egkjktk vthrflag us lokbZ t;flag dks vkxzg
17- ogh izseiwoZd Lohdkj fd;k rFkk t;flag dks vius Msjs ls fonkbZ nhA
18- dkuksM&+ laxzg] cLrk ua- 1 cgh ua- 30 ,] cM+k gqtwj mEesnflagth nsoyksd i/kkjs mlds [kpZ vius Msjs ij igqp dj jktk t;flag us viuh izlUurk dk vkxkt] jkxjax
dh cgh] i`- 3&10- vk;ksftr djds fd;kA vius osnKksa] fo}ku iafMrksa dh ea=.kk ls fookg dh frfFk vkSj
19- vkj-,y- lkej] dkWbUl vkWQ esokM+] okjk.klh] 1963] i`- 78-
eqgwrZ fuf'pr dj ykSfdd O;ogkj ds vuqlkj [khaolh HkkVh ds iq= ekuflag vkSj
O;kl Qrspan dks yxu nsdj fookg dh rS;kjh djus gsrq dgyk;kA rRi'pkr~ tukuk
M~;ks<+h ij mifLFkr yksxksa dks ekaxfyd xqM+ forfjr fd;k vkSj iafMrska rFkk T;ksfrf"k;ksa
dks nf{k.kk HksaV vkfn nhA i= la[;k 18 ls 20 rd oSokfgd jhfr&fjoktksa dk e ls
280
o.kZu gSA izeq[k :i ls gkFk dke] fouk;d LFkkiuk] dkad.k MksjMk cka/kuk] ih<+h] e.Miksa dh yEckbZ] pkSMk+ bZ vkSj pkbZ vkfn dk eku gkFk oS| rFkk vewy ls fn;s x;sA
laikM+k] Luku] paojh esa igqp dj nsorkvksa dh iwtk gFkysok] xBtksMk+ ca/ku] lIrinh] bu e.Miksa esa yxkbZ tkus okys [kEcks dks etcwrh nsus ds fy;s vke] dsys rFkk ckl ds
fookg ds mijkUr 'kdqu djuk vkfn dk lfoLrkj o.kZu gSA2 iRrksa dks yisV dj cka/kus latkus rFkk }kj ds fuekZ.k dk fo/kku ifjtkr uked
gkFk dke esa jktdqekjh dks ikV ij fcBk dj M~;ks<h ls vk;s iwtk ds Fkky }kjk ^fuca/k xzUFk* ,oa ^dqaM* e.Mi flf/k 'kkL=h xzUFkksa esa mYysf[kr ijEijk dks n'kkZrk gSA
O;kl vkSj tksf'k;ksa us iwtk dh jLe vnk dhA rRi'pkr jktdqekjh dh ekrk HkfV;k.kh jko tks/kk pkSd ds vykok yksgk iw.kZ enkZuh M~;ks<+h flUnqfj;k iksy tuk<+h M~;ks<h vkSj
ds egy esa ys tkdj ih<+h dk nLrwj fd;kA bl ekSds ij efgykvksa dks ufj;y] xqM]+ ukx.ksph ekrk ds Fkku ij Hkh rksj.k LFkkfir fd;s x;s FksA bu rksj.ks dh izeq[k
?kh usx fn;k x;kA lkFk gh nsoLFkkuksa] jktjkf.k;ksa] jktdqekjksa] jktdqekfj;ksa] jktekrkvksa] fo'ks " krk ;g Fkh fd ;s lHkh pk n h ds cus gq , Fks rFkk bu rks j .kks a
egkjktk dh lklqvksa] iklokfu;ksa] juoklfu;ksa] [kkylk dh lgsfy;ksa] egyksa dh eaxydrkZ Jh x.ks'k th dh ewfkZ;k vkSj pkS[kVksa esa izrhd fpUgksa ds :i esa dey]
iM+nk;rf.k;ksa] cM+kjf.k;ksa] fofHkUu dkj[kkuksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa] eksph] l: Nksrjs] lqXxs (rksrs)] eksj] dsy] eksxjh] iq"i tkyh] iqrfy;ksa] egjkcksa] xqMg+ y
egkjksa] Nhiksa] oS| vkfn dks xqM+ ckVk x;kA iq"iksa] dey dfy;ksa] vkfn vyadj.kksa ls ltkoV dh xbZ tks rRdkfyd dq'ky
cgh esa vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa ds ukeksa rFkk jktiwrksa dh vyx&vyx deZdkjksa dh vR;f/kd mPp dYiuk'khyrk o jpuk/kfeZrk dk ifjp; nsrh gSA5
'kk[kkvksa dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA lkFk gh esa tks/kiqj dh O;oLFkk] ml le; ds pkanh ds rksj.k esa tks cM+h iksy esa fLFkr rksj.k Fkk mldk Lo:i bl izdkj Fkk]
nsoLFkku rFkk rRdkyhu eafnjksa dh lwph Hkh izkIr gksrh gSA3 fookg dh izf;k ds rksj.k ds e/; esa x.ks'k dh ewfrZ 3] dey 2] lq# iqu<h esa 3] dey 5] ?ksoj lsoh
vUrxZr fouk;d th dh LFkkiuk gsrq ewfrZ dqEgkj ds ;gk ls ykdj LFkkfir dh xbZ (lqXxs) 4] eksj vkfn blh izdkj yksgkiksy esa ,d x.ks'k] 3 dsy] 2 l:] 10 Nksrsjs]
rFkk dqEgkj dks usd vkSj nkik fn;k x;kA O;ogkfjd volj ij cuk;s tkus okys 4 lqok (rksrs)] 5 dey ij] 2 eksj] 4 eksxjs] 4 iq"i NksVk] 1 tkyh rFkk vU; izdkj
idoku (oL=kfn) rFkk ekaxfyd Hkkstu ds :i esa ykilh x<+ mijyh ykilh xq?kM+h psxj dh rf.k;ka vkfnA ejnkuh M~;ks<h+ ds rksj.k esa 2 Qryh] 1 x.ks'k th] 2 Nsrjs] 1
(xqxjh) csaVh (ckaVh) esgyka (jfuokl) lk;cka js dM+kbZ (d<+kbZ yksg okyh)] nhoh chV iq"i] 4 dey] 5 pksxV (}kj dk izrhd) nksuksa rjQ cuh gqbZA flanwjh iksy ds
vFkkZr~ (tks ykilh ckaVh tkrh vFkok HksaV esa Fkky dkalk ijkslk tkrk mldks dM+kbZ nsuk rksj.k esa 6 dey] 2 iqfYy;k] 6 y?kq iq"i] 2 egjkcsa] ikap pkS[kVksa ls LFkkfir dj
dgrs gaAS tSls xkaoksa esa vkt Hkh ekrkth dks d<+kbZ (ykilh) djuk dgrs gSaA) vkSj lfTtr FkkA6 lwjtdaoj C;ko jh cgh esa vkHkw"k.k dh Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gSA xSg.kksa
?kw?kjh ;s Hkkstu cukdj xfM+;ks] vksMks NkcMks eas Hkjdj fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij Hksth tkrh tqgkj[kkuk tqgkj[kkuk lqa tM+k&1 pksVhca/k pqUuh iuka jh tM+r jh fder 319)
gSA mYys[k gS fd] lkS eu ls Hkh vf/kd ykilh nqxZ vkSj rygVh ds egyksa esa forfjr chfV;k fder 2827 ghjka jh 2 us iuka jh 2] us ek.kd jh 3&7 (uFk) ckyh eksrh 2]
dh xbZA jktdqekjh ds fy;s xkts&ckts ds lkFk xhr xkrh fL=;ksa ds lkFk rygVh ls pwuh 2 cM+h eksj eksjuh lq/kh yVdus eksrh;k jh chfN;ka jh tksM+h ekod pqUuh iuk
fofHkUu jkf.k;ksa] iklokuksa] [koklksa] egkjktk dh lklqvksa vkfn dh vksj ls feBkb;ksa ds tM+r jh dher 216] dher 626 daBljh ghjk iuk jh fe.kh;ka jh uS eksrh iks;ksMk+
Fkky Hkstus dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA bl izdkj bl cgh esa dsoy fookg ds vk;kstu dher 3885) dj.kQwyka jh tksfM+;ka 'kkapkoyh ghjk jh tM+r jh eksrh ikapksM+k
dk gh mYys[k ugha gS cfYd lqj{kk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ dh vugksuh u gks rFkk dksbZ fre.kh;ka ghjk jk tM+r jk iuM+h;k ghjka jh eksrh;k iks;ksMk+ phM+k jh vsot tk;xk eksrh
xyr O;fDr Hkhrj izos'k u djs blds fy;s cMkj.ks] tukuk egy esa izos'k djus okyh dher 2241) :fi;k
fL=;ksa dh lwph Hkh cukbZ tkrh FkhA ,slh gh ,d lwph izkIr gksrh gS] ftlesa izos'k dkad.kh;ka jh tksMh+ ghjka jh tM+r jh dher 2242) :fi;k
djus okyh fL=;ksa dh e'k% tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA cgh esa ckbZth yky lwjtdaoj 1 daBks eksrh 18 iuka jh 20 fe.kh;ka jh nqxnqxh ghjka jh dher 13000) frcka
dks vkHkw"k.k oL=kfn ,oa crZu] ngst esa iznku fd;s x;s (lksus ,oa pkanh ds vkHkw"k.k ux 12 eksrh;ka jhA
dk rksy Hkh cgh esa vafdr gSA)4 1 gfM~M;k jh tksM+h ux 6 eksrh;ka jhA
,d egoiw.kZ tkudkjh ;g Hkh izkIr gksrh gS fd] 'kknh dk e.Mi jko tks/ Vhdks ghjk jks vyksyd eksrh 7 dher 2500)
kk th ds pkSd esa cuk;k x;k FkkA ;g pkSd VwVh pkSd ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA tukuh
M~;ks<h dk eq[; pkSd ;gh ij fLFkr gSA fof/k dk fuekZ.k rFkk ml ij cuk;s tkus okys 1 iqa.kph;ka jh tksMh+ ghjk jh ljkjknkj dher 3744) #fi;k
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lksuk jks xsg.kks & 1 lkVka jh tksMh+ rksyk 70)277

<ksyh;k 3&1 MsjS esfy;ksa 21 ikxka jks ckl (fo'ks"k vlk/kkj.k) ljktke lq/
kksA Jh j[kjktkth x<+ mij iksf<+;k rj :ik jk ikxka jks ltckt lq/kks 1 <ksyh;k Mk;tk
esa lksuk jk ikxka jks lkjktke lq/kksA
[kkuk fjdkWMZl~ esa {ks=h; bfrgkl %
egkMksy eq[key jk dke lq lwjs xk;js iwaN jks ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u
gkFkh 2&1 vackM+h lq/kksA nwtks vackM+h eq[key lqa eaMh;ksM+h MkW- vfuy iqjksfgr
4 ?kksM+k T;kjS dkBh;ka cukr lqa eaMh;ksM+ks
{ks=h; bfrgkl dh tkudkjh ds egRoiw.kZ L=ksr gesa vfHkys[kkxkjh; lkexzh
tksVyk :ik jk] BsdM+k jks rqjjk :ik jk xksVk] xknhiqj ds :i esa izkIr gksrs gSA dsUnzh; lkk (eqxy) dh :ijs[kk ij jktiwrkuk ds eulcnkjksa
[k.M&10&1 ghaMyk "kkV okyks (oru tkxhnkj) }kjk cgh[kkuksa rFkk iksFkh[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ rFkk iz'kklu ,oa
9 jFk okj xhjA8 thou ds vU; i{kksa ls lacaf/kr jktdh; lwpuk,a ,d= dh tkus yxhA ,d izdkj ls
bl cgh esa mYys[k gS fd fookg ds i'pkr~ xk; n'kZu djkus dk fjokt+ Hkh xtV&ys[ku vkjaHk gqvkA cfg;ksa] :Dds] ijokus] lunksa] foxrksa ds ek/;e ls ,d
FkkA bl izdkj fookg tSls ekaxfyd dk;Z jhfr&fjokt] mudh HkO;rk] C;ko ngst dky ,oa {ks= fo'ks"k dh iz'kklfud] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] /kkfeZd
tuekul dk lg;ksx ,oa [kqf'k;k inkf/kdkjh&deZpkjh vkfn dks lkSais x;s dk;ksZa ,oa xfrfof/k;ksa ds nSfud rFkk okf"kZd o`kkUrksa dks lqjf{kr j[kk tkus yxkA buds vfrfjDr
O;ogkfjd tek&[kpZ cgh dh fosrk rks gS gh] lkFk gh Kkr&vKkr ,sfrgkfld [;krkssa rFkk ckrksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh tkudkfj;k fjdkWMZ dh tkus yxhA pwfda eq[; :i
bekjrksa] bfrgkl laLfr] jktuhfrd laca/k vkSj ekjokM+ ds jhfr&fjoktksa ds lUnHkZ esa ls ;s vfHkys[k jktdh; ,oa iz'kklfud nLrkost gS] vr% buesa izkIr vf/kdka'k lkexzh
egRoiw.kZ i{k Hkh cgh esa mYysf[kr gSA fuf'pr gh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld rFkk tkudkjh oLrqfuB gksrh gSA vkt bfrgkl fo'o&O;oLFkk ds mkj&vk/kqfud
nLrkost gSA voxeu ds vUrxZr fy[kk tkus yxk gS rFkk ekbks&LVMht~ ds vUrxZr {ks=h;
bfrgkl egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA LFkkuh; ls {ks=h; rFkk {ks=h; ls jk"Vh; bfrgkl
lanHkZ
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
1- uxj] MkW- dqa- egsUnzflag] Jh lwjtdaoj ckbZlk jS C;ko jh cgh] tks/kiqj] 2013] i`- 5&6
2- mDr] i`- 7&8 vfHkys[kkxkjh; lkexzh esa ekjokM+ jkT; ds ^[kkuk fjdkMZl~* egRoiw.kZ LFkku
3- jkBkSM+ MkW- foeflag & tks/kiqj jkT; dh nLrwj cgh] tks/kiqj] 1994] i`- 68 j[krs gSaA 1886&1934 ds dky ds [kkuk fjdkMZl~ dh la[;k 105 gSa] ftuesa mijksDr
4- lwjtdaoj O;ko jh cgh] i`- 10- dky dh izR;sd tkudkjh lajf{kr gSA ;ss fjdkMZl~ lwpukvksa ds Hk.Mkj gS rFkk
5- tks/kiqj jkT; dh nLrwj cgh] i`- 75 lacaf/kr ^[kkuk* dh lwpuk ds vfrfjDr O;kikj&okf.kT;] O;kikfjd dsUnz] O;kikfjd
6- uxj] MkW- egsUnz flag] ekjokM+ ds jktoa'k dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk, Hkkx&2] tks/kiqj] 2011] ekxZ] jhfr&fjokt] R;kSgkj] lkaLd`frd mRlo] cSfdax iz.kkyh] jktLo O;oLFkk] dkj[kkuk
i`- 333&334] lwjtdaoj C;ko jh cgh] i`- 11- ifr vkfn dh foLr`r lwpuk,a nsrs gSaA ^[kkuk* dk rkRi;Z foHkkxokj@ fo"k;okj
7- mDr] i`- 202
QkbYl dk foHkktu gSA pwfda QkbYl dks gSM okbt foHkkftr dj o"kZ Hkj dh
8- tks/kiqj jkT; dh nLrwj cgh] i`- 30&51
lwpuk,a ,d= dh tkrh Fkh] vr% bu fjdkMZl~ dks [kkuk fjdkMZl~ iqdkjk x;kA ;s
fjdkMZl~ bfrgkl ys[ku dh n`f"V ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ blfy;s gks tkrs gS] D;ksafd ;s
jktra=] fcfV'kra= rFkk yksdrU= ds lae.k&dky ds fjdkMZl~ gSA bl le;
ekjokM+&jkT; iz'kklfud&vkfFkZd lkekftd n`f"V ls ifjofrZr gks jgk FkkA fj;klrh
iz'kklu rFkk jhfr&fjoktksa essa fczfV'k izHkko Li"V fn[kykbZ nsus yxk Fkk rFkk dbZ
rduhfd ,oa vkfFkZd ifjorZu gks jgs FksA [kkuk fjdkMZl~ tks/kiqj jkT; ds egdek
282
[kkl ds leku gh fgUnh fjdkWMZ gSA blesa jkt?kjkus] tukuk] ljnkj] jkojktk] tukuh 6- fVC;wV vey jh fpf;ka] iV~Vk jk eklkSnk ok lunk ([kkuk ua- 8& lu~
M~;ks<h] jktfryd] nLrwj ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA jkt?kjkus ds vykok 1890&1925) % fVC;wV] vey jh fpf;ka] iV~Vk jk eklkSnk] iV~Vk jh lunka] uhtj
buesa deBk] tokgj[kkuk] uxkj[kkuk] Vdlky] cSad] vWkfMV&vkfQl] yoktek] usrk] oSDlhus'ku Qhl dh olwyh] tkxhnkj dh e`R;q ij lwpuk] js[k pkdjh dh
taxykr] ckxkr] okYVjd`r lHkk] /kkekbZ] ykB&lkgc] lqrj[kkuk] lQk[kkuk] olwyh bR;kfnA
gSfl;rdksVZ] iqfy;k] paojh] Qjkl[kkuk] gkml gksYM o vU; lhxksa (foHkkxksa) dk 7- nsodq.M ([kkuk u- 10) i=kofy;ksa esa laLdkj ds dk;ns] egkjktk Jh
gokyk (fjdkMZ) feyrk gSA [kkuk fjdkMZl~ egkjktk tloUrflag f}rh; ds le; ls lqesjflag ds FksMs+ ,oa dktf;k ds lEcU/k essa tkudkjh feyrh gSA
'kq# gksrs gaSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls Hkh ;g fjdkMZ fofHkUu igyqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyus ds
8- tukuh M~;ks<h ([kkuk u- 12&lu~ 1910&1922) jko ekynso ls ljnkj
dkj.k ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA iqfyl] gSfl;r dksVZ] vWkfM~V&vkfQl vkfn
flag th rd dh jkf.k;ksa dh lwph] lkyfxjg] <wa< dk mRlo] egkjkt o jkf.k;ksa ds
ml le; dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh nsus esa lgk;d gSaA jkT; ds fodkl
Qwy gfj}kj Hkstus vkfn dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
dk;Z tSls ckyleUn] ykylkxj] e.Mksj o fdys ds ckjs esa Hkh bl fjdkMZl~ ls
tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA paojhykx] R;kSgkj vkfn ls bl le; dh lkekftd 9- nLrwjh ([kkuk u- 13&lu~ 1879&1921) tSlyesj ds egkjkoyksa dh
jhfr&fjokt dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA deBk] Vdlky] cSad o [kkuk fjdkMZl~ dh 'kknh ij dqadqi=h lS[kyhrks] tks/kiqj ykus okys dks ?kksMk+ fljksiko] ckn.kokM+k daojth
vU; foHkkxksa dh i=kofy;ksa dk v/;;u dj bl le; dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk irk dks lhjksiko vkfn dk fooj.k feyrk gSA
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA [kkuk fjdkMZl~ esa dqy 105 [kkusa gS] ftuesa dqN eq[; gS& 10- tokg[kkuk ([kkuk u- 19&lu~ 1906&1915) tokgj[kkuk dh i=kofy;ksa
1- gSfl;r dksVZ ([kkuk u- 44 lu~ 1901&1927) gSfl;r dksVZ dh i=kofy;ksa esa egkjkf.k;ksa] ekft;ksa o iM+nk;rksa ds lksus] pkanh ds cuk;s tkus okys xguksa dh
eas tkxhjnkjks ij vf/kd .k gks tkus ,oa mudh fLFkfr fcxM+ tkus ij mudh tkxhj Lohd`fr;ksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
gsfl;r dksVZ ds v/khu gks tkrh Fkh] tkxhjnkjksa dks muds thou fuokZg gsrq dqN fgLlk 11- Vdlky ([kkuk u- 20&lu~ 1902&1930) blesa lksus&pkanh dh jde]
fn;k tkrk] 'ks"k ls lkgwdkjksa dk .k pqdkuk ,oa .k iwjk gksus ij tkxhjnkjksa dks iqu% Qsfeu ds le; ljdkj ds tfj, fcduk] eky/k.kh dks okftc iSls fn;s tkus] ukxkSj
tkxhj ykSVkus vkfn dk fooj.k feyrk gSA Vdlky ds gkly dk btkjk vkfn dk fooj.k feyrk gSA
2- gncLrgokyk ([kkuk u- 63&1895&1924) dh i=kaoyh;ksa esa [kljs ,oa 12- Ukxkj[kkuk ([kkuk u- 23&lu~ 1878&1925) blesa egkjkt daoj ds
csjs ds ekfydksa ds mkjnk;h O;fDr;ksa dks fn;s tkus laca/kh izkFkZuk&i=ksa dk gokyk] tUe ij c/kkbZ ds ukxkjfp;ksa dks tkfxjnkjksa ls 1000 :i;s dh ns[k ij nl vkuk ds
vdky ds le; NwV] vtZnkLrksa dk mYys[k vkfn dk fooj.k gSA fglkc ls ijokus fd;s tkus] tks/kiqj ds fdys dh uhao esas rhu HkkafHk;ksa dks ftUnk pqu
3- egkjktk ([kkuk u- 01) egkjktk daoj ds gkFk [kpZ ,oa mldh Lohd`fr;ka tkus dk fooj.k ,oa ukxkjfp;kas ds iwoZtksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA
rFkk o"kZxkaB ij gksus okys mPNo vkSj [kpZ ds fooj.k vkfn feyrs gSaA 13- lDZ;wyj fgnk;rk ([kkuk u- 29&lu~ 1888&1927) blesa pkj.k dkSe
4- jkojktk ([kkuk u- 03) jkojktkvksa dks gkFk [kpZ nsuk] xehZ ds le; ds yMdksa dks tk;nkn esa cjkcj fgLlk feyuk] pksjh&/kkM+k jksdus dh O;oLFkk]
jkT; ls nLrwjh feyuk] fljksiko nsuk] jax ds isp nsuk] fookg ds volj ij nLrwjh ekjokM+ esa chts'kkgh flDdk can djus dk bf'rgkj] dpsMh+ dk le;] vQljks dks
feyuk] izFke ih<h dks 'kknh dk [kpZ jkT; ls feyuk rFkk infHkrksa o muds iq=ksa dks fgnk;rsa vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA
vyx ls edku nsuk bR;kfn Hkh 'kkfey gSA 14- okYVjd`r lHkk ([kkuk u- 31 lu~ 1901&1927) bl lHkk dh
5- nhokuksa ds dkxtkr ([kkuk u- 7&lu~ 1879&1894) blesa nhokuksa ds i=kofy;k 'kknh ;k xeh dh O;oLFkk ij] vly jktiwr dk vly tkfr ls 'kknh
dkxtkr] jktdqekjh ds fookg ij U;ksrkjk tkxhjnkjksas ls izkIr djuk] egkjktdqaoj ds djuk] the.k ds fu;e vkSj ekSlj ij jksd vkfn ds ckjs esa fooj.k izLrqr djrh gSA
fookg ij ^?kksM+k utj* ds 250 #i;s ;k ?kksM+k fn;k tkrk FkkA gqdeukek u Hkjus okys 15- dkj[kkuktkr ([kkuk u- 38&lu~ 1900&1928) blesa dkj[kkuktkr
tkxhjnkjksa dh tkxhjsa gokyk ds ns[k&js[k esa j[ks tkus vkfn dk fooj.k feyrk gSaA ds dk;Z gsrq lkeku dh fjiksVks] [kpsZ dh Lohd`fr;ksa] fdyksa dh iM+rky] xsLV dk
283
fglkc] lu~ 1927 esa chdkusj njckj ds vkus ij O;oLFkk ,oa fgnk;rksa ds ckjs esa 3- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] jkojktk] cLrk la[;k 01] 1886&1919
tkudkjh feyrh gSA 4- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] fnokjk jk dkxtkr] cLrk la[;k 01] 1879&1913
16- paojhykx ([kkuk u- 47& lu~ 1885&1933) bu i=kofy;ksa esa paojhykx 5- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] fVfC;wV] cLrk la[;k 02 vkSj 03] 1890&1925
ds Bsds ij ijxusokj nsuk] paojhykx dk ,d :i;k ,d Vdk olwy djuk] paojh xq:
6- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] egkjktk ljnkj flag th dh 'kknh mn;iqj gksus ck(cr)] cLrk
dh e`R;q ij mlds mkjkf/kdkfj;ksa dks diM+s ds dksBkj ls pn~nj nsuk] Bsdsnkj }kjk
la[;k 02 vkSj 03] 1889&1916
olwyh djuk rFkk lwpuk gkde dks nsuk] vkWfMV vkfQl }kjk Bsds nsuk vkfn dk
fooj.k miyC/k gksrk gSA 7- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] nsodq.M] cLrk la[;k 04] 1886&1918
17- lk;jkr ([kkuk u- 62&lu~ 1901&1928) bu i=kofy;ksa esa lk;jkr 8- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] jktfryd] cLrk la[;k 04] 1911
vkenuh] [kpZ eqyktekuksa dh fu;qfDr;ka] iz'kklu] lk;jkr lEcU/kh Lohd`fr;ka vkfn 9- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] tukuh M~;ks<h+ ] cLrk la[;k 05] 1910&1918
dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA 10- ogh] nLrjh] cLrk la[;k 06] 1884&1921
18- ykxckx] gdwet vkSj dksVokyh ([kkuk u- 73&lu~ 1900&1908) 11- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] ijol jax fljksiko
blesas paojhykx] iVokj] <ks<h nLrqj] Hkjksgh] dcwyk;r] uhtj vkfn yksxksa dk mYys[k
12- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] LVkEil~ cks jftLVh] cLrk la[;k 06] 1876&1878
feyrk gS rFkk lkykuk ykx dk fooj.k Hkh miyC/k gksrk gSA
13- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] gtwjh nrj] cLrk la[;k 06] 1885&1928
19- cDlh tkxkSj ([kkuk u- 79& lu~ 1901&1927) blesa xkoksa dh js[k
gqdeukek eqtc Hkjus] fofHkUu xkaoksa dh js[k dk C;ksjk] js[k ugha ysus okys xkoksa ls 14- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] eqa'khfxjh] cLrk la[;k 06] 1885&1928
lkykuk utjkuk fy;k tkuk] cdk;k ,oa pkyw jde dh tkudkjh Hkh miyC/k gksrh gSA 15- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] deBk] cLrk la[;k 06] 1905&1914
20- frokj ([kkuk u- 105&lu~ 1901&1912) frokj esa HkwriwoZ tks/kiqj 16- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] tokj[kkuk] cLrk la[;k 06] 1906&1915
jkT; ds R;ksgkjksa] nhikoyh] xksxkue] x.ks'k pkSFk vkfn eukus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA 17- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Vdlky] cLrk la[;k 07 vkSj 08] 1902&1930
nhikoyh ij nhiekfydk] xksxkue ij feV~Vh ds ?kksMk+ dh iwtk fd;s tkus ij nLrwj
18- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] uxkj[kkuk] cLrk la[;k 09] 1878&1925
dk ,d #i;k fn;s tkus dh izkFkZuk] x.ks'k pkSFk ij Jh th lk;ck ds caxys ij ykMw
fn;s tkus dk eqdjZj gksuk vkfn dk fooj.k feyrk gSA 19- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] cSad] cLrk la[;k 09] 1914&1921
bl rjg [kkuk fjdkMZ fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkjh miyC/k djkrk gSA ;s 20- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] iqLrd izdkku] cLrk la[;k 09] 1884&1925
fjdkMZ 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA bu fjdkMZl~ ds v/;;u ls ,d dky 21- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] pUMw iapkax] cLrk la[;k 09] 1891
fo'ks"k laca/kh tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ;ss fjdkMZl~ vHkh rd vNwrs jgs gaS rFkk 22- ogh] vksfMV&vkWfQl] cLrk la[;k 09] 1903&1920
buesa izkIr gksus okyh lwpukvksa dh tkp rRdkyhu cfg;kssa rFkk ,fMfefuVsfVo fjiksVZl~
23- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] eqkQjdkr] cLrk la[;k 10 vkSj 11] 1857&1927
ls dh tk ldrh gSA bu fjdkMZl~ dk v/;;u gesa fuf'pr :i ls uohu tkudkjh nsus
esa l{ke gksxkA 24- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] ljD;wyj] fgnk;r] vksgnsnkjh] rjDdh] cnfy;k] eksdqQh]
bekjrh iV~Vk] cLrk la[;k 12 vkSj 13] 1888&1927
jktLFkku jkT; ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj dh tks/kiqj esa vxzfyf[kr [kkuk fjdkWMZ~l
miyC/k gksrs gSa] ftuds fooj.k muds foosP; o"kZ ,oa cLrk la[;k ds lkFk bl izdkj 25- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] yoktek jh eatwfj;k] cLrk la[;k 14] 1880&1923
gS 26- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] okYVjd`r lHkk] cLrk la[;k 14] 1901&1927
1- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Ekgkjktk] cLrk la[;k 01] 1886&1919 27- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] taxykr] cLrk la[;k 15] 1900&1923
2- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Tkukuk] cLrk la[;k 01] 1900&1909 28- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] ckxkr] cLrk la[;k 15] 1858&1907
284
29- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Jh ykV lk;ck jh rljhQ vkookjh] cLrk la[;k 16] 56- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] vcnkj [kkuk] cLrk la[;k 40] 1896&1926
1886&1934 57- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Ykkx]ckx] gqdqer vkSj dksVokyh jh] cLrk la[;k 40] 1878&1930
30- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] /kk; HkkbZ] cLrk la[;k 16] 1895&1897 58- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Qsfeu] cLrk la[;k 41] 1910&1913
31- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] dkj[kkuk tkV] cLrk la[;k 17 vkSj 18] 1906&1927 59- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] fnYyh njckj] cLrk la[;k 41] 1903&1913
32- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] lqrj[kkuk] cLrk la[;k 19] 1911&1923 60- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] feYVh Qrsgiksy] cLrk la[;k 41] 1904&1919
33- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] lQk[kkuk] cLrk la[;k 19] 1896&1907 61- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] cD'kh tkxhj] cLrk la[;k 41 vkSj 42] 1910&1926
34- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] cMh oQkyr] cLrk la[;k 20] 1888&1921 62- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] tqjk;e is'kk] cLrk la[;k 43] 1884&1914
35- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] gsfl;r dksVZ] cLrk la[;k 21] 1901&1927 63- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] vkcdkjh] cLrk la[;k 44]45 vkSj 46] 1891&1926]
36- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] iqfyl] cLrk la[;k 22] 1901&1925 64- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] xtV] cLrk la[;k 46] 1913&1919
37- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] pofj;k ykx] cLrk la[;k 23] 1885&1933 65- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] x[kkuk] cLrk la[;k 46] 1900&1923
38- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] ih;kn cD'kh] cLrk la[;k 24] 1892&1902 66- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Ekkreiks'kh] cLrk la[;k 46] 1891&1923
39- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Qjkl [kkuk] cLrk la[;k 24 vkSj 25] 1888&1911 mijksDr fjdkMZl~] tks ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj tks/kiqj esa lajf{kr esa 19oha rFkk
40- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] gkl gksYM+] cLrk la[;k 26] 1925&1927 20oha 'krkCnh esa ekjokM+ ds iz'kklu ds fofHkUu i{kksa dh foLr`r rFkk izkFkfed
41- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] lQj [kpZ] cLrk la[;k 26] 1899&1901 tkudkjh feyrh gS] tks jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ys[ku dks ,d uohu fn'kk iznku dj
ldrh gSA
42- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] rcsyk&cxh[kkuk] cLrk la[;k 27] 1897&1923
43- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Bsdk] cLrk la[;k 28] 1895&1929
44- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] vUu jk dksBkj] cLrk la[;k 29] 1891&1910
45- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] f'kdkj[kkuk] cLrk la[;k 30] 1902&1924
46- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] [kklk jlksoMk] cLrk la[;k 30] 1895&1923
47- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] :[kLr] cLrk la[;k 31] 1901&1915
48- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] [kklh ckxj] cLrk la[;k 31] 1894&1904
49- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] Lkk;jkr] cLrk la[;k 32] 1901&1928
50- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] gokyk] cLrk la[;k 34]35 vkSj 36] 1895&1925
51- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] ckdh;kr] cLrk la[;k 37] 1893&1916
52- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] 'kknh] cLrk la[;k 37] 1916&1925
53- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] esgekunkjh] cLrk la[;k 37] 1911&1919
54- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] ckbZth jh 'kkfn;k] cLrk la[;k 38] 1878&1924
55- [kkuk fjdkWMZ] diM+k jk dksBkj] cLrk la[;k 39] 1884&1926
285
uhep esa pkj eq[; lSfud eqdke dk;e dj j[ks FksA buds vykok C;koj rFkk
[kSjokM+k esa LFkkuh esj vkSj Hkhyksa dh lSU; VqdfM+;ka FkhaA ,fjuiqjk esa ^tks/kiqj&yhft;u*
dk eq[;ky; FkkA 1857 ds fonzksg ds le; jktLFkku ds bu lHkh fczfV'k lSU;
jktLFkku esa 1857 dk izFke Lora=rk laxzke & fBdkuksa@Nkofu;ksa esa ikp gtkj ns'kh lSfud Fks] ftudh mifLFkfr ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk
vkmok (ekjokM+) ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ds fy, fpUrk dk fo"k; cu xbZ Fkh D;ksafd mu ij fu;a=.k LFkkfir djus ds fy,
dfudk Hkuksr jktLFkku esa vaxzst lSfud ugha ds cjkcj FksA dsoy ekm.V vkcw esa dqN chekj xksjs
lSfud Fks4 tks fdlh dke ds lkfcr ugha gks ldrs FksA 1857 ds fonzksg dh rkjh[k 31
ebZ r; dh xbZ Fkh fdUrq] esjB esa lSU; fonzksg le; ls igys gh 10 ebZ dks 'kq: gks
lu~ 1857 esa fczfV"k lkk ds fo# gqvk fonzksg vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds bfrgkl
x;kA5 jktiwrkuk ds ,-th-th- duZy ykWjsUl dks esjB rFkk fnYyh esa gq, lSU; fonzksg
dh lokZf/kd egoiw.kZ rFkk vHkwriwoZ ?kVuk gSA jktLFkku esa ulhjkckn] uhep] nsoyh]
dh lwpuk 19 ebZ dks ekm.V vkcw esa feyhA6 duZy ykWjsUl us rRdky vtesj dks
,fjuiqjk vkfn lSU; Nkofu;ksa esa foIyo dh vfXu izTofyr gks mBhA ekjokM+] dksVk]
izLFkku fd;k rFkk vtesj igqp dj 23 ebZ] 1857 dks ,d fMDysjs'ku tkjh dj
mn;iqj vkfn dh ns'kh iyVuksa us vFkok LFkkuh; lkearksa us viuh turk ds leFkZu rFkk
jktLFkku ds lHkh ujs'kksa dks vius&vius jkT; esa 'kkafr dk;e j[kus rFkk fonzksfg;ksa dks
lg;ksx ls fczfV'k 'kfDr dks l'kDr pqukSrh ns nhA jktLFkku esa ;g foIyo dsoy
idM+us ds fy, dgk x;kA7 bl le; tks/kiqj esa egkjktk r[rflag (1843&1873
ekjokM+] dksVk rFkk esokM+ rd gh lhfer ugha jgk oju~ foIyo dh vkx rRdkyhu
bZ-)8 dk 'kklu FkkA og ;g ckr vPNh rjg le>rk Fkk fd ekjokM+ esa mldh lkk]
jktLFkku ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa Hkh QSy xbZA1
lEeku o 'kfDr dk vfLrRo fczfV'k leFkZu ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA vr% mlus ,-th-
tgk rd ekjokM+ esa gq, 1857 ds fonzksg dk iz'u gS ;gk ij gqvk fonzksg th- }kjk 23 ebZ] 1857 dks mDr ?kks"k.kk tkjh fd, tkus ls iwoZ gh 21 ebZ dks tks/kiqj
vkmok ds Bkdqj dq'kkyflag pkaikor dh blesa jgh Hkwfedk ds dkj.k vR;f/kd esa fu;qDr fczfV'k iksfyVhdy ,tsUV dSIVu ekWd eSlu dks ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk duZy
egoiw.kZ cu x;k FkkA izLrqr 'kks/k&i= dks rRlEcU/kh rF;ijd fo'ys"k.k ,oa ykWjsUl dks vxzsf"kr djus ds fy, ,d i= fn;k ftlesa egkjktk us ;g fy[kk Fkk fd]
iqujkoyksdu ij dsfUnzr djrs gq, bl fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr dfri; u, fu"d"kZ ^êSa vkidks fo'okl fnykrk gw fd tks/kiqj dk jktk n; vkSj vkRek ls vkidk vkns'k
izfrikfnr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd vkmok] Lora=rk ls iwoZ feyrs gh vkidh lgk;rk djsxk] D;ksafd gekjs fgr leku gSaA9 egkjktk r[rflag us
ds ^jkt&ekjokM+* (tks/kiqj jkT;) dk ,d egoiw.kZ fBdkuk Fkk] ftldk tkxhjnkj ekWd eslu ds 22 ebZ ds i= esa pkgh xbZ lqj{kk&O;oLFkkvksa dk izcU/k Hkh rRdky dj
Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor Fkk] tks ekjokM+ esa fczfV'k loksZPp lkk dks pqukSrh nsus ds fn;kA10 dq'kyjkt fla?koh ds usr`Ro esa tks/kiqj dh v'okjksgh lSU; VqdM+h vtesj
dkj.k lelkef;d vkSj ijorhZ ppkZ dk dsUnz fcUnq cuk FkkA mYys[kuh; gS fd lu~ esxthu dh j{kk ds fy, Hksth xbZA ulhjkckn rFkk uhep ds fonzksgh lSfudksa dk ihNk
1818 bZ- esa fczfV'k loksZPp lkk ds lkFk tks/kiqj] chdkusj] t;iqj vkSj mn;iqj ds tks/kiqj lsuk ds }kjk fd;k x;k rFkk ,fjuiqjk fLFkr tks/kiqj dh ckxh gks xbZ ^tks/kiqj&
jkT;ksa us ^lrr fe=rk] xBca/ku] vkSj fgrksa dh ,drk* dh laaf/k;ka djds2 ,d izdkj yhft;u* dk neu djus ds fy, fdysnkj vukM+ flag ds usr`Ro esa tks/kiqjh njckjh
ls fczfV'k lkk dh v/khurk Lohdkj dj yh FkhA izHkkoLo:i fczfV'k laj{k.k esa gh QkSt Hksth xbZA11 bl le; tks/kiqj ds egkjktk r[rflag us fljksgh esa vtesj&esjokM+k
vius dks lqjf{kr ekuus okys bu jktkvksa ds vaxzstksa ds izfr fu"Bk&Hkko dk ifj.kke rd ds {ks= dh j{kk fonzksfg;ksa ls djus dk nkf;Ro lg"kZ Lohdkj fd;k FkkA12 ;gh
;g fudyk fd 1857 ds fonzksg ds le; jktLFkku ds vf/kdka'k jktkvksa us fonzksg dk ugha fonzksg dky esa tks/kiqj] fczfV'k&lsuk ds lapkj ek/;e dk egoiw.kZ dsUnz Hkh cu
neu djus ds fy, fczfV'k ljdkj dks lg;ksx iznku fd;k FkkA lu~ 1857 ds fonzksg x;k FkkA13
ds le; jktiwrkuk esa duZy tkWtZ lsaV iSfVd ykjsUl (twu ls fczxsfM;j tujy)
jktLFkku esa fonzksg dh 'kq:vkr 28 ebZ] lu~ 1857 dks ulhjkckn Nkouh esa
dk;Zokgd ,-th-th- (,tsUV Vw fn xouZj tujy) ds in ij fu;qDr FkkA blds 14
gqbZ FkhA uhep Nkouh esa 3 twu dks fonzksg vfXu izTtofyr gqbZ FkhA ekjokM+ jkT; esa
v/khu ml le; mn;iqj] tks/kiqj] dksVk] Hkjriqj rFkk t;iqj esa iksfyVhdy ,tsUV
fonzksg dh 'kq:vkr ,fjuiqjk fLFkr tks/kiqj&yhft;u (tks/kiqj QkSt) ds fonzksg ds
fu;qDr FksA tks/kiqj dk iksfyVhdy ,tsUV dSIVu ekWd eSlu FkkA3 vaxzst gqdwer us
lkFk gqbZ FkhA 21 vxLr dks ekm.V vkcw ls 2 ehy nwjh ij fLFkr vuknjk esa jksgqok
iz'kklfud vkSj lSU; fu;a=.k ds fy, jktLFkku esa vtesj] ulhjkckn] nsoyh vkSj
286
(fljksgh jkT;) ds Bkdqj dks nckus ds fy, ,fjuiqjk ls Hksth xbZ tks/kiqj yhft;u dh dks fy[kk rFkk mldh ,d izfrfyfi fdysnkj vukM+ flag dks Hkh HksthA26 blh le;
,d VqdM+h us vkSj ekm.V vkcw esa rSukr blh yhft;u dh ,d dEiuh esa ,d lkFk ,-th-thus vukM+ flag dks lkefjd (;q lEcU/kh) ijke'kZ nsus ds fy, ysfVusUV
ekm.V vkcw esa vaxzst lSfudksa dh cSjdksa vkSj tks/kiqj yhft;u ds vaxzst vQlj ghFkdksV dks Hkh fcBkSM+k Hkst fn;kA27 bl i= dk vukM+ flag ij peRdkfjd izHkko
dSIVu gky ds fuokl ij /kkok cksy fn;kA bl geys esa ,-th-th- ykjsUl dk iq= ,- gqvk vkSj mlus fonzksfg;ksa ij geyk cksy fn;kA ijUrq] nks fnu pys bl ;q esa tks/kiqj
ykjsUl ?kk;y gks x;kA15 ;|fi mDr vke.k lQy ugha jgk fdUrq] bldh lwpuk njckj dh tcnZLr ijkt; gqbZ vkSj fdysnkj vukM+ flag Hkh ekjk x;kA dq'ky jkt
tks/kiqj&yhft;u ds eq[;ky; ,fjuiqjk igqp xbZ vkSj 22 vxLr dks ,fjuiqjk fLFkr fla?koh vkSj fot;ey esgrk j.k{ks= ls Hkkx x;s vkSj vaxzst vQlj ysfVusUV
tks/kiqj yhft;u ds lSfudksa us fonzksg dk fcxqy ctk fn;kA16 blh fnu ekm.V vkcw ghFkdksV Hkh viuh tku cpkus ds fy, ogk ls Hkkx NwVkA tks/kiqj njckj dh QkSt dh
ls fonzksgh lSfud Hkh ,fjuiqjk igqp x,A17 fonzksgh lSfudksa us LVs'ku vkSj Nkouh dks f'kfoj lkexzh] rksisa vkSj xksyk&ck:n vkmok Bkdqj ds vf/kdkj esa vk x,A28 bl ;q
ywVk rFkk vtesj dh vksj dwp fd;k] ijUrq ikyh ls viuk ekxZ cny dj vkmok esa ijkt; vkSj vius ;kskvksa ds ekjs tkus ls egkjktk dks fdruk vf/kd 'kksd gqvk
igqp x;sA vkmok dk Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor dfri; dkj.kksa ls tks/kiqj egkjktk gksxk] bldk vuqeku rks ek= blls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd bl 'kksd esa jktizklkn esa
vkSj vaxzstksa ls vlarq"V rFkk #"V py jgk FkkA18 mlus bu fonzksgh lSfudksa dks viuh nksuksa le; ctus okyh ukSir esa ls ,d le; dh ukSir cUn j[kokbZ xbZA29 oLrqr% ;g
lsok esa ys fy;kA19 ;gh ugha vkmok Bkdqj us vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka eglwl dj vaxzstksa tks/kiqj njckj dh gh ugha vaxzst gqdwer dh Hkh ,d ,slh gkj Fkh] ftlls tks/kiqj
ds fo# fonzksg Hkh dj fn;kA20 fonzksgh tks/kiqj&yhft;u] 25 vxLr] 1857 dks njckj ,oa vaxzstksa dh la;qDr 'kfDr fryfeyk mBh Fkh vkSj vkmok Bkdqj dks usLrukcwn
tc vkmok igqph Fkh] rc ogk ds tkxhjnkj Bkdqj dq'kkyflag pkaikor us mUgsa iwjk djus dks d`rladYi gks xbZ FkhA
vkJ; fn;k FkkA ml lSU; VqdM+h esa ml le; ,d gtkj flikgh vkSj N% lkS vkmok ij nwljk vke.k vkSj ykjsUl dh gkj (18 flrEcj] 1857)
?kqMl+ okj FksA vkmok Bkdqj us bl lsuk dk usr`Ro Lohdkj fd;kA21 fonzksgh tks/kiqj& vaxzst lkk lefFkZr tks/kiqj dh QkSt dks feyh f'kdLr ls fczfV'k Hkkjr dh
yhft;u ds vykok vklksi Bkdqj f'koukFk flag dwaikor] xwyj Bkdqj fc'kuflag vaxzst lkk dh fLFkfr ij cqjk izHkko iM+sxk] ;g lksp dj ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk]
esMf+ r;k vkSj vkyfu;kokl Bkdqj vthrflag Hkh vius&vius lSU; cy ds lkFk fczxsfM;j ykjsUl C;koj ls ,d QkSt ysdj vkmok ij p<+kbZ djus ds fy, Lo;a gh
vkmok igqp x,A22 gesa ;g tkudkjh Hkh feyrh gS] fd vkmok Bkdqj ds vU; py iM+kA tks/kiqj ls ogk dk fczfV'k iksfyVhdy ,tsUV ekWd eSlu rFkk ikyh ls
lg;ksfx;ksa esa tks/kiqj jkT; ds ykfEc;k] ckark] Hkhaokfy;k] jM~Mkokl vkSj cktkokl dq'kyjkt fla?koh Hkh viuh&viuh lsuk,a ysdj ykjsUl ls vk feysA bu rhuksa dh
rFkk esokM+ jkT; ds lywEcj] :iuxj] ylk.kh] vklhUn vkfn ds ljnkj Hkh FksA bl la;qDr lsuk us 18 flrEcj] 1857 dks vkmok ij /kkok cksy fn;kA ijUrq] ;q esa ,-
rjg mldh lSU; 'kfDr 6 gtkj ds yxHkx gks xbZ FkhA23 th-th- ykjsUl dh viekutud ijkt; gqbZA mldh lsuk dk lcls viekutud
uqdlku ;g gqvk fd tks/kiqj dk iksfyVhdy ,tsUV dSIVj ekWd eSlu ekjk x;k vkSj
vkmok ij izFke vke.k ,oa tks/kiqj dh njckjh QkSt dh gkj (8&9
vkmok ds fonzksfg;ksa us mlds flj dks fdys dh izkphj ij yVdk fn;kA ml le;
flrEcj] 1857) %
turk dh fczfV'k fojks/kh Hkkouk,a fdruh vf/kd mxz gks pqdh Fkh] bldk vuqeku ek=
,fjuiqjk dh fonzksgh tks/kiqj&yhft;u QkSt dk ihNk djus ds fy, tks/kiqj blls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd] vaxzst HkDr tks/kiqj dk egkjktk mlds 'kksd esa ukSir
egkjktk r[r flag us fdysnkj vukM+ flag] yks<k+ jko jktey] esgrk N=ey vkSj ctkuk rd cUn ugha dj ldkA30 mn;iqj esa fu;qDr rRdkyhu fczfV'k iksfyVhdy
uktj eq'rkd dks ,d gtkj flikgh rFkk pkj rksisa nsdj ikyh Hkstk ftlus ckn esa ,tsUV dSIVu 'kkWolZ ds vuqlkj] jktLFkku esa loksZPp lSfud ,oa jktuhfrd lkk ds
vkmok ds fudV fcBkSM+k xko esa Msjk MkykA24 tks/kiqj njckj ds vkns'k ij dq'kyjkt /kuh fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl dh ijkt; ,d xEHkhj ?kVuk FkhA blls Hkh Hk;kog
fla?koh rFkk fot;ey esgrk Hkh ikp lkS ?kqMl + okj ysdj fdysnkj vukM+ flag dh ?kVuk dSIVu ekWd eSlu dk o/k vkSj mlds flj dks fdys dh izkphj ij fonzksfg;ksa ds
25
enn ds fy, fcBkSM+k (fcBqM+k) igqp x,A ijUrq] tks/kiqj dh bl QkSt ds }kjk }kjk Vkaxuk Fkk] tks muds mcyrs gq, tu vlarks"k dh vfHkO;fDr FkhA31 Hkkjr ds
fonzksfg;ksa ij rRdky geyk ugha fd, tkus ij ,-th-th- fczxsfM;j tujy ykWjsUl xouZj tujy us Lo;a vkmok ds fo# ,-th-th- ykjsUl ds bl vlQy vfHk;ku ds
mf}Xu gks x;k vkSj mlus O;aX;kRed dBksj Hkk"kk esa ,d i= egkjktk tks/kiqj r[r flag izfr vizlUurk izdV dh FkhA32
287
mRlkfgr fonzksfg;ksa dk fnYyh dh vksj dwp (10 vDVwcj] 1857) fojks/k djds dSIVu ekWd eSlu dk o/k djok;kA vr% ;g lwpuk nh tkrh gS fd ;fn
jktiwrkuk ds ,-th-th- fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl dh bl ijkt; us fonzksfg;ksa fdlh O;fDr us vkmok Bkdqj ;k mlds lg;ksxh dks enn ;k 'kj.k nh rks mls fczfV'k
ds gkSlys cqyUn dj fn, FksA vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor vkaXy fojks/kh eqfge ljdkj rFkk mlds fe= tks/kiqj egkjktk dk 'k=q le>k tk,xk vkSj mlds f[kykQ
dk ,d uk;d cu dj mHkjrk gqvk n`f"Vxr gqvkA ekjokM+ dh 1857 dh kafr ek= lSU; dkuwu ds varxZr dk;Zokgh dh tk,xhA43
vkmok rd gh lhfer ugha FkhA kafr ds usr`RodrkZvksa dk lEidZ fnYyh ls rFkk vkmok ij rhljk vke.k vkSj vaxzstksa dh lQyrk (tuojh] 1858)
lywEcj (esokM+) ds ckxh Bkdqj jkor dsljh flag ls Hkh FkkA33 dq'kky flag dk ,d fnYyh fot; ds ckn tkjh dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk ds i'pkr~ ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk]
lg;ksxh xr nks o"kks ls esokM+&ekjokM+ ds tkxhjnkjksa esa ,drk ds fy, iz;kl dj jgk fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl us esokM+ vkSj ekjokM+ ds fonzksgh Bkdqjksa dk neu djus rFkk
Fkk] rkfd ekjokM+&esokM+ esa fczfV'k lkk rFkk ujs'kksa ds fo# laxfBr :i ls fonzksg vkmok ij vf/kdkj djus ds fy, 'kh?kz lsuk Hksth tkus dk vuqjks/k fczfV'k ljdkj ls
fd;k tk ldsA34 10 vDVwcj] 1857 dks vkmok ds lg;ksxh Bkdqjksa rFkk fonzksgh fd;kA44 bl ij tuojh] 1858 esa cEcbZ ls jktLFkku esa dqed vk xbZA bl ij duZy
tks/kiqj yhft;u us ckn'kkg ls leFkZu vkSj lSU; lgk;rk izkIr djus ds fy, fnYyh gksEl dh deku esa cEcbZ dh lSU; VqdM+h vkSj ulhjkckn dh 12oha cEcbZ usfVo
dh vksj dwp fd;kA35 fnYyh tkus okys Bkdqjksa ds uke fuEukafdr Fks36&vklksi ds bUQSUVh us vkmok dh ?ksjscUnh dj yhA vaxzst QkSt esa 700 v'okjksgh lSfudksa ds
f'koukFkflag] xwyj ds fc'ku flag] vkyfu;kokl ds vthr flag] cktkokl ds vykok 1100 inSy lSfud] rksi[kkuk] QkSt vkSj lSfud bathfu;j FksA45 m/kj fczfV'k
tks/kflag] flukyh ds pkan flag vkSj vkmok ds izfrfuf/k igkM+ flag rFkk lywEcj ds i{k dh vksj ls yM+us okyh tks/kiqj jkT; dh QkSt esa fuekt vkSj jkl ds Bkdqj FksA46
izfrfuf/k r[r flagA fnYyh dh vksj dwp djus okys bu Bkdqjksa ds lkFk yxHkx pkj nksuksa i{kksa dh vksj ls ;q esa Hkkx ysus okys lSfudksa dh la[;k dks ysdj dqN erHksn
gtkj flikgh FksA buds fnYyh tkus dk ms'; Fkk & eqxy ckn'kkg ls lgk;rk ysdj vo'; gSaA47 20 tuojh dks ;q vkjEHk gks x;kA vaxzst QkSt ij igyk geyk vkmok
vtesj ij vf/kdkj dj esokM+ vkSj ekjokM+ esa fczfV'k lkk dks lekIr djukA37 xko ls rksi nkx dj fd;k x;kA48 ijUrq] lkefjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh foo'krk dks
vkmok ds Bk- dq'kky flag pkaikor us tks/kiqj egkjktk r[r flag dks vinLFk djds le>rs gq, vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor] muds HkkbZ i`Fohflag vkSj ifjokj ds
Lo- /kksady flag ds iq= dks tks/kiqj dh xh ij fcBkus dh ;kstuk Hkh cukbZ FkhA38 lnL;ksa us 23 tuojh dks rwQku vkSj va/ksjs dk ykHk mBk dj] fdys dh j{kk dk Hkkj
ijUrq] fnYyh ij vaxzstksa dh fot; (14&20 flrEcj] 1857) vkSj 16 uoEcj] 'ks"k 700 lSfudksa ij NksM+ dj esokM+ dh vksj izLFkku dj fn;kA49 rnuUrj] vkmok esa
1857 dks fczfV'k dek.Mj fczxsfM;j xsjkMZ ds }kjk ukjuksy esa tks/kiqj&yhft;u dks fonzksfg;ksa dk usr`Ro ykfEc;k ds Bkdqj us lEHkky fy;kA50 ;|fi ukFkwjke [kM+xkor
Hkh"k.k ijkt; ns fn;s tkus ls vkmok Bkdqj dh lkjh ;kstukvksa ij ikuh fQj x;kA39 dk er gS fd Bkdqj dq'kky flag vius HkkbZ i`Fohflag dks fdys dh j{kk dh ftEesnkjh
fnYyh esa fonzksfg;ksa ds fo# vkaXy lkk dks feyh bl lQyrk ls lewpk ifjn`'; gh lkSai dj Lo;a lSU; lgk;rk tqVkus ds fy, vkmok ls fudyk FkkA51
cny x;kA 21 vDVwcj] 1857 dks ,-th-thus ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh] ftlesa jktiwrkuk ds ikp fnuksa rd nksuksa i{kksa esa Hkh"k.k ;q tkjh jgk vkSj xksykckjh gksrh jghA ,sls
jkT;ksa dks ;g psrkouh nh xbZ fd os fdlh Hkh fonzksgh flikgh vFkok vkmok ds Bkdqj mYys[k feyrs gSa fd 24 tuojh dks j{kdksa us fj'or ds ykyp esa vkdj fdys ds }kj
tSls ?kksfkr vijk/kh dks vius ;gk 'kj.k ugha nsosaA40 tks/kiqj egkjktk r[r flag us [kksy fn,A52 vkmok ds fdys ij fczfV'k fu;a=.k LFkkfir gks x;kA blds i'pkr~
vaxzst gqdwer dks fnYyh esa ckfx;ksa ds fo# feyh lQyrk dks 21 rksisa nkx dj duZy gksEl dh lsuk us vkmok dks cqjh rjg ls ywVkA fdyk] egy] ijdksVk vkSj
lSyhczsV fd;kA41 1 vDVwcj] 1857 dks vkmok Bkdqj dq'kkyflag dh tkxhj tCr edku vkfn u"V dj fn, x,A yksxksa dks funZ;rkiwoZd ;kruk,a nh xbZa vkSj vkmok esa
djds mls Jhpan ds uke fd, tkus ds vkns'k izlkfjr fd, x,A42 ;|fi tks/kiqj vekuqf"kd O;ogkj fd;k x;kA53 tujy ykjsUl ds vkns'k ij vkmok Bkdqj ds rhu
egkjktk ds bl vkns'k ds ckotwn Jhpan dHkh Hkh vkmok tkus dk lkgl ugha tqVk izeq[k lg;ksfx;ksa & vklksi ds f'koukFk flag] xwyj ds fc'ku flag vkSj vkyfu;kokl
ldkA 6 tuojh] 1858 dks vtesj esa ,-th-th- jktwirkuk] fczxsfM;j tujy ykWjsUl ds vthr flag ds x<+ksa dks u"V dj fn;k x;kA54 vkmok ds x<+ ls 6 ihry dh rFkk
us vkmok Bkdqj fo"k;d ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh ftlesa ;g dgk x;k fd vkmok Bkdqj us 7 yksgs dh rksisa rFkk 3 Vu ck:n izkIr gqvkA blds vykok rhu gtkj jkm.M dk
ekjokM+ ds vU; Bkdqjksa ds lg;ksx ls vius egkjktk ds fo# fonzksg fd;k_ tks/kiqj xksyk&ck:n Hkh feykA55 vkmok ds fdys ls izkIr nl flj vkSj 54 gkFkksa okyh
QkSt ds fonzksgh lSfudksa dks viuh lsok esa j[kk vkSj xr flrEcj esa fczfV'k lsuk dk egkdkyh (lqxkyh ekrk) dh izfrek vaxzst vius lkFk ekm.V vkcw ys x,A56
288
vkmok ds la?k"kZ dh vuojrrk vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag pkaikor dh e`R;q ds lkFk gh ekjokM+ esa fczfV'k
vkmok dk xko] fdyk vkSj egy vkfn u"V gks tkus ds ckotwn vkmok Bkdqj izHkqlkk rFkk tks/kiqj ujs'k egkjktk r[r flag dh fujadq'k lkk ds la;qDr ekspsZ dk
dq'kky flag pkaikor dk gkSlyk cqyUn jgkA mlus izfrjks/k dks tkjh j[kkA ekjokM+ izfrjks/k djus okys Lora=rk izseh dh xkSjo xkFkk dk Hkh var gks x;kA ijUrq] mlds
jkT; dh gdhdr cgh esa57 vafdr C;kSjs ls Kkr gksrk gS fd] dq'kky flag us iqu% fdys fonzksgh thou dh xkFkk ekjokM+ ds yksd xhrksa eas vej gks xbZA vusd bfrgklKksa us
ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA duZy gksEl dks nwljh ckj Bkdqj dq'kky flag ds fo# mls 1857 ds izFke Lora=rk laxzke ds uk;dksa esa 'kqekj dj ns[kk vkSj mlds la?k"kks dh
dk;Zokgh dj fdys ij iqu% vf/kdkj djuk iM+k FkkA ijUrq blds ckn Hkh vkmok eqDrd.B iz'kalk dhA64 ;|fi] ;g ckr lR; gS fd vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag
>qdk ughaA gdhdr cgh ls gesa ;g Hkh fofnr gksrk gS fd tks/kiqj ujs'k] vkmok Bkdqj pkaikor vkSj mlds leFkZd lkearksa o tkxhjnkjksa ds }kjk ekjokM+ esa fd;k x;k fonzksg
ds izfrjks/k dks lekIr djus ds fy, le;≤ ij ek/kksflag] fot;ey esgrk vkSj vius izkjfEHkd nkSj esa jk"Vh; eqfDr laxzke ds ctk; vius lkearh vf/kdkjksa dh j{kkFkZ
uktj eq'rkd vkfn ljnkjksa dks lSfudksa lfgr vkmok Hkstrs jgs fdUrq] muesa ls dksbZ Hkh gh FkkA fonzksgh Bkdqjksa vkSj tks/kiqj ds egkjktk r[r flag ds chp js[k] pkdjh]
dq'kky flag dks ijkLr ugha dj ik;kA Bkdqj us xksM+okM+ dh igkfM+;ksa dks viuk dsUnz utjkuk] mkjkf/kdkj kqYd rFkk ijEijkxr lkearh vf/kdkjksa dks ysdj xEHkhj erHksn
cuk fy;k vkSj Nkikekj dk;Zokfg;ksa ds }kjk tks/kiqj egkjktk dks izfrjks/k nsus dk e rFkk Vdjko dh fLFkfr FkhA blds vykok vkmok Bkdqj dq'kky flag dk fcBqMk+ xko
ds mkjkf/kdkjh ds iz'u ij vizy S ] lu~ 1857 esa tks/kiqj ujs'k r[rflag ls llSU;
vuojr :i ls tkjh j[kkA lSU; dk;Zokgh ds vfrfjDr vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Hkh vkmok 65
la?k"kZ Hkh gks pqdk FkkA bl n`f"Vdks.k dk izfriknu ds-,l- lDlsuk] tcj flag vkSj
Bkdqj dh 'kfDr dks detksj djus ds fy, mlds lg;ksxh Bkdqjksa & vklksi Bkdqj
vkj-ih- O;kl vkfn us vius 'kks/k izcU/kksa esa fd;k gS66 rFkk vius n`f"Vdks.k ds
f'koukFk flag] xwyj Bkdqj fc'ku flag dh tkxhjksa ds iV~Vs Hkh tCr dj fy,] ijUrq
izfriknu ds i{k esa dbZ rF; Hkh izLrqr fd, gSaA ijUrq] ;g iwjh rjg ls ,di{kh; vkSj
fQj Hkh os la?k"kZ djrs jgsA58 ;g vo'; Fkk fd vc fonzksg dk Lo:i LFkkuh; ujs'k
udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k izrhr gksrk gSA blesa ekjokM+ ds vkaXy&fojks/kh tu vlarks"k dks
rFkk tkxhjnkjksa ds >xM+s esa ifj.kr gks x;k FkkA59
fcYdqy gh vuns[kk dj fn;k x;k gS ftlus ckn esa bl fonzksg ds es:n.M dk Lo:i
leiZ.k vf[r;kj dj fy;k FkkA ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd vkmok rFkk mlds leFkZd
igkM+ksa esa Nkikekj ;ksk dk thou fcrk jgs vkmok Bkdqj dks dksBkfj;k fonzksgh Bkdqjksa us vaxzst fojks/kh lafpr tu vkks'k dks usr`Ro iznku fd;k FkkA
(esokM+) ds tkxhjnkj jkor tks/kflag pkSgku us vius ;gk 'kj.k iznku dhA60 le; tulk/kkj.k] lkearksa ds fgrksa vkSj LokFkksZa dh j{kkFkZ muls ugha tqM+k Fkk oju~ og vius
dh ekx vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh foo'krk ds dkj.k var esa 8 vxLr] 1860 dks uhep esa vkaXy&fojks/kh lksp ds pyrs] vkaXy lkk ds fo# eqfDr laxzke dk fgLlk cuus ds
fczfV'k ljdkj ds le{k vkReleiZ.k dj fn;kA fczfV'k ljdkj ds tkp vk;ksx }kjk fy, bu lkearksa ls tqMk+ FkkA
funksZ"k ?kksf"kr fd, tkus ij xouZj tujy us mls 10 uoEcj] 1860 dks lifjokj fcuk vkmok Bkdqj vkSj mlds lg;ksfx;ksa us 1857 esa fczfV'k lkk dks l'kL=
'krZ {keknku ns fn;kA61 ;|fi] mldh tkxhj #i;s esa nl vkus (vFkkZr~ 60 izfr'kr) pqukSrh nsdj Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dks Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa izsj.kk iznku djus dk tks
tCr dj yh xbZA vkmok Bkdqj ds vU; lg;ksxh Bkdqjksa dh tkxhjksa ds vf/kdka'k dk;Z fd;k Fkk] og Hkh de egoiw.kZ ugha FkkA txnh'k flag xgyksr rFkk ukFkwjke
fgLls Hkh tCr dj fy, x,A fczfV'k lSfud U;k;ky; ds }kjk bu fonzksfg;ksa dks [kM+xkor tSls bfrgkldkjksa us bl n`f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu Hkh fd;k gSA67 rRdkyhu
{keknku fn;s tkus dk ewy dkj.k ;g Fkk fd bUgsa iwjh rjg dqpyk ugha tk ldk vkSj dforkvksa vkSj yksdxhrksa esa jktLFkku esa fczfV'k fojks/kh Hkkoukvksa dk foLQksV Li"V
u gh budk izfrjks/k gh lekIr fd;k tk ldkA bUgksaus tks/kiqj ujs'k ds fy, ekjokM+ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS vkSj bls usr`Ro iznku djus okys fonzksgh vkmok Bkdqj o mlds
dk 'kklu pykuk vlEHko dj fn;k FkkA62 ;gk ;g rF; Hkh /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd lg;ksfx;ksa dks uk;d ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA rRdkyhu pkj.kksa dh jpukvksa
fczfV'k ljdkj ds }kjk eqDr dj fn, tkus ds ckotwn Hkh Bk- dq'kky flag pkaikor us esa rRlEcU/kh i;kZIr lkexzh ikbZ tkrh gSA dfojktk ckadhnkl] egMw ny th]
vius LokfHkeku ds fo# tks/kiqj esa jguk mfpr ugha le>k vkSj mldh e`R;q 25 ekuflag] ykyl ukFkwjke] pSuth] fxjojnku] ehl.k lwjtey] ckjgB fc'kunkl rFkk
tqykbZ] 1864 dks mn;iqj esa gh gqbZ FkhA ,sls mYys[k feyrs gSa fd mudh e`R;q ds ckn ckjgB fryksdnku vkfn dks bl e esa fo'ks"k :i ls m`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkmok dh tkxhj mlds iq= nsohflag dks 1868 bZ- esa iqu% izkIr gqbZ FkhA63 vkmok lEcU/kh QqVdj nksgksa] yksd&xhrksa] dforkvksa vkfn ls Li"Vr% /ofur gksrk gS
289
fd vkmok Bkdqj dq'kkyflag dks fczfV'k lkk ds fo# O;kid tu leFkZu izkIr FkkA 19- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 27
rF;ksa ds fu"i{k foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ulhjkckn] uhep vkSj ,fjuiqjk esa fonzksg 20- lh-,y- 'kkolZ] , feflax pSIVj vkWQ n bf.M;u E;wfVuh] i`- 84] yanu] 1888
dk dkj.k lSfud vlarks"k Fkk ijUrq vkmok dk fonzksg vaxzstksa ds fo# tu vlarks"k 21- txnh'k flag xgyksr] jktLFkku ds jktoa'kksa dk bfrgkl & 'kks/kiw.kZ ys[kksa dk laxzg] i`- 112]
dk foLQksV FkkA tgk rd bl foIyo esa Hkkx ysus okyksa ds n`f"Vdks.k vkSj ml le; tks/kiqj] 1980
22- lun cgh la[;k 126] i`- 546] tks/kiqj LVsV fjdkWM~lZ] jk-jk-v-ch-
dh tuHkkoukvksa dk iz'u Fkk ;g ckr fufoZokn :i ls izekf.kr gksrh gS fd foIyo esa
23- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 112
Hkkx ysus okyksa dk n`f"Vdks.k fczfV'k lkk fojks/kh Fkk vkSj tuHkkouk,a Hkh vkaXy 24- tks/kiqj jkT; dk nL=h fjdkMZ] gdhdr cgh la- 18] i`- 384] jk-jk-v-ch-
fojks/kh Fkha ftls ekjokM+ esa vkmok Bkdqj tSls ckxh lkearksa us usr`Ro rFkk ,d fn'kk 25- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 112
iznku dhA 26- fizpkMZ] iwoZ-] i`- 236
lanHkZ 27- vkWfQf'k;y eseksj.Me fizis;MZ ckbZ ekWd eSlu] fn- 10 flrEcj] 1857
28- ghFkdksV~l fjiksVZ vkWQ fn izkslhfMaXl vxsaLV n E;wVhfu;lZ vkWQ tks/kiqj yhft;u] fn- 13
1- MkW- izdk'k O;kl] jktLFkku dk Lok/khurk laxzke] i`- 175] t;iqj] 1985
flrEcj] 1857
2- nz"VO;] lh-;w-,fplu] dySD'ku vkWQ VhVht] ,axt s esaV~l ,.M lun~l] Hkkx&3] dydkk]
29- gdhdr cgh la- 18] i`- 384&85] tks/kiqj fjdkWM~lZ] jk-jk-v-ch-
1892
30- ukFkwjke [kMxkor] iwoZ-] ogh] i`- 387
3- ds-,l- lDlsuk] n iksfyVhdy ewoesaV~l ,.M vosdfuax bu jktLFkku (1857&1947)] i`-
31- dSIVu 'kkWolZ] iwoZ-] i`- 107&08
48] ubZ fnYyh 32- ds-,l- lDlsuk] iwoZ-] i`- 260
4- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] jktLFkkUl jksy bu n LVxy vkWQ 1857] i`- 16] t;iqj] 1857 33- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 155&158
5- ch-Mh- lkojdj] 1857 dk Hkkjrh; Lokra; lej] i`- 96] 101] ubZ fnYyh] 1966 34- ogh] i`- 153&155
6- tkWtZ lsaV iSfVd ykjsal] jksfefulUl vkWQ QksVhZ Fkzh bZ;lZ bu bf.M;k] i`- 278] yanu] 1874 35- ogh iwoZ-] i`- 159&60
7- jkT;ksa ds izfr ,-th-th- dh ?kks"k.kk] lSVs jh Vw n xouZeasV vkWQ bf.M;k dks fy[kk x;k i=] 36- ogh]i`- 156
ua- 462] fn- 23 ebZ] 1857 (ds-,e-lDlsuk] iwoZ-] i`- 50 ij ls m`r) 37- ds-,l- lDlsuk] iwoZ-] i`- 61
8- r[rflag gsrq nz"VO; & fo'os'ojukFk jsm] ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] f}rh; Hkkx] i`- 442&462] 38- tcj flag] iwoZ-] i`- 131
tks/kiqj] 1940 39- fot; dqekj of'k"B] jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh (1832&58 ,-Mh-)] i`- 273] t;iqj
9- tcj flag] n bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ,.M ekjokM+] i`- 113] t;iqj] 1973 40- izksDyses'ku b';wM ckb fn ,-th-th- QkWj jktiwrkuk LVsV~l] fn- 21 vDVwcj] 1857
10- bl nkSjku tks/kiqj egkjktk }kjk fczfV'k lkk dks iznku dh xbZ lSU; ,oa vU; enn gsrq 41- fiz;kMZ] iwoZ-] i`- 250
nz"VO; & tcjflag] iwoZ-] i`- 113&118 ,oa 124 42- gdhdr cgh la[;k 18] i`- 393] tks/kiqj LVsV fjdkM~lZ] jk-jk-v-ch-
11- ogh] i`- 115&116 rFkk 124 43- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 152&53
12- ogh] i`- 115 44- ds-,l- lDlsuk] iwoZ-] i`- 61
13- vkbZ-Vh- fizpkMZ] n E;wfVuht bu jktiwrkuk] , ilZuy ujsfVo (fczfV'k fizUV 1860] bf.M;u 45- fczxsfM;j tujy ykjsUl] ,-th-th- dk lSsVjh Vw fn xouZesaV vkWQ bf.M;k dks izsf"kr i=
fizUV 1976)] i`- 192&194] vtesj] 1976 la[;k 160@1858
14- fjiksVZ vkWQ n ,-th-th- bu jktiwrkuk Vw nh lssVjh] xouZesaV vkWQ bf.M;k 46- vkj-ih- O;kl] iwoZ-] i`- 138
15- fczxsfM;j tujy dks izsf"kr dSIVu gky dh fjiksVZ] fn- 28 vxLr] 1857 47- tks/kiqj fjdkM~lZ [k.M ds nL=h fjdkMZ] gdhdr cgh la[;k 18] i`- 411 esa vaxt zs h QkSt dh
16- tks/kiqj yhft;u ds fonzkgs ckcr ys- dksuksyh dh fczxfs M;j tujy ykjsUl dks izfs "kr fjiksVZ] la[;k 1500 crkbZ xbZ gS_ ukFkwjke [kM+xkor % iwoZ-] i`- 51 ds vuqlkj] ;g la[;k djhc 30
fn- 29 vxLr] 1857 (tcjflag] iwoZ-] i`- 121 ls m`r) gtkj FkhA
17- ogh] i`- 122 48- nLrjh fjdkMZ] tks/kiqj gdhdr cgh la[;k 18] i`- 408] jk-jk-v-ch-
18- nz"VO; & vkj-ih- O;kl] jksy vkWQ uksfcfyVh bu ekjokM+ (1800&1873 ,-Mh-)] i`- 49- ogh_ jktiwrkuk ,tsalh fgLVksfjdy fjdkMZ] Qkby la[;k&84] tks/kiqj (vksYM)] Hkkx&1]
119&134] ubZ fnYyh] 1969 i`- 101
290
50- nLrjh fjdkMZ] tks/kiqj gdhdr cgh la[;k&18] i`- 409] jk-jk-v-ch-
51- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 45
52- nL=h fjdkMZ] tks/kiqj gdhdr cgh la[;k&18] i`- 409] jk-jk-v-ch-
53- ogh] i`- 411( vkj-ih- O;kl % iwoZ-] i`- 139) jktLFkku dh tu&tkx`fr esa vkjafEHkd i=&if=dkvksa
54- tcj flag] iwoZ-] i`- 134
55- vkj-ih- O;kl] iwoZ-] i`- 138 dk ;ksxnku (1849&1920 bZ- rd dh
56- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 122_ orZeku esa ;g ewfrZ ikyh ds laxzgky; esa gSA i=&if=dkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa)
57- nLrjh fjdkMZ] tks/kiqj gdhdr cgh la[;k&18] i`- 411] jk-jk-v-ch-
58- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 46 MkW- lqjs'k dqekj
59- xksihukFk 'kekZ] iwoZ-] i`- 153
60- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 114 Hkkjr esa lekpkj i= izdkf'kr gksus ds i'pkr jktLFkku esa 69 o"kksZa ckn rd
61- ukFkwjke [kM+xkor] iwoZ-] i`- 176&77 dksbZ lekpkj i= izdkf'kr ugh gks ik;k FkkA jktiwrkuk esa fudyus okys izkjfEHkd i=
62- ogh jkT; ds vkJ; esa izdkf'kr gksrs FksA loZizFke Hkjriqj ds 'kkld us jkT; dh vksj ls
63- txnh'k flag xgyksr] iwoZ-] i`- 114&15 mnwZ ,oa fgUnh esa f}Hkk"kh i= êtg:y l:j* dk izdk'ku 1849 bZ- esa fd;kA
64- xksihukFk 'kekZ] iwoZ-] i`- 162] 63] 64
ysfdu ;g ekfld i= FkkA bls jktiwrkus dk loZizFke i= ekuk tkrk gSA ysfdu
65- vkj-ih- O;kl] iwoZ-] i`- 125&134
66- nz"VO; & bu ys[kdksa ds iwoZ of.kZr 'kks/k&izca/k (izdkf'kr) bldh dksbZ izfr miyC/k ugh gSA1 bl dky esa fgUnh Hkk"kh izns'k esa lekpkj i=ksa dk
67- txnh'k flag xgyksr] jktLFkku ds jktoa'kksa dk bfrgkl] tks/kiqj] 1980 vHkko Fkk vr% bl i= dk lekpkj i=ksa dh Js.kh esa mfpr LFkku ugha fey ldk
ijUrq bl i= dk mYys[k aklhlh ys[kd rklh ds ^fMLdkslst* esa gSA t;iqj esa
1856 bZ ^jkst rqy rkyhe* ;k jktiwrkuk v[kckj iz/kkuk/;kid dUgS;kyky ds laiknu
es 'kq: gqvk blesa fgUnh ,oa mnwZ nksuks Hkk"kk esa lkexzh izdkf'kr gksrh FkhA vtesj ls
1861 esa ^tx ykHk fprad* rFkk 1863 esa ^txfgr dkj* i=ksa dk izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA
;s iw.kZr% fgUnh Hkk"kh i= FksA tks/kiqj njckj dh vksj ls 1864 bZ- esa ^tks/kiqj xouZesUV
xtV* 'kq: gqvkA ;g lkIrkfgd i= FkkA ;g i= fgUnh o vxzasth nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa es
fudyrk FkkA2 tks/kiqj ls gh 1866 bZ- esa ekjokM+ xtV dk izdk'ku izkjEHk gqvkA blh
o"kZ tks/kiqj esa mnwZ esa êqfgcs ekjokM+*] fgUnh esa ê#/kj fe=* dk Hkh izdk'ku izkjEHk
gqvkA buesa lk/kkj.k lekpkj ,oa ys[k gksrs Fks] tcfd ekjokM+ xtV esa fgUnh ,oa mnwZ
esa fj;klr dh vkKk ls jkT; ls ckgjh vkSj vkUrfjd lekpkj izdkf'kr gksrs FksA3
ekjokM+ xtV egkjktk r[rflag ds 'kklu dky esa izkjEHk gqvkA bl lekpkj
i= ds izcU/kdrkZ ckcq ghjkyky FksA ekjokM+ xtV esa bl le; gkfdeksa dh cnyh]
rSukrh vkfn [kcjsa Nirh FkhA dksbZ ys[k dHkh&dHkkj Ni tkrk FkkA vU; [kcjs fgUnh
,oa mnwZ i=ksa ls NkaVdj ns nh tkrh FkhA4 mn;iqj ls 1869 bZ- eas mn;iqj xtV dk
izdk'ku gksus yxkA ;g fgUnh Hkk"kk dk i= FkkA ysfdu ;g lQy u gks ldkA 1879
bZ esa esokM+ 'kkld lTtuflag ds uke ls ;g i= ^lTtu dhfrZ lq/kkdj* ds uke ls
fudyus yxkA ^t;iqj xtV* dk izdk'ku 1878 bZ- esa- t;iqj ls izkjEHk gqvkA
291
HkkjrsUnq gfj'kpUnz dh izsj.kk ls ukFk}kjk ls iafMr eksguyky fo".kqyky ikWM~;k us jktLFkku* 'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr ys[k esa ,-th-th duZy iksysV }kjk uhekt ds Bkdqj dks
1881 bZ- es fo|kFkhZ lfEefyr gfj'kpUnz pafnzdk ,oa eksgupUnz pfUnzdk dk izdk'ku vius o` dkenkj ls lEcU/k u j[kus dk funsZ'k nsus ds mYys[k fd;k rFkk lkFk gh ;g
izkjEHk fd;kA5 vtesj ls 1882 bZ- esa ns'k fgrS"kh6 ukFk}kjk ls 1883 bZ- esa xksLokeh Hkh fy[kk x;k gS fd ;fn ekjokM+ ds ijs'kku lkear yksx ikWfyfVDy ,tsaV ds ikl
xksoZuyky ds laj{k.k esa oYyHk dqy lEiznk; dk ekfld ^lHkZ Lekjd&lHkZ eaf=eMay ds f[kykQ f'kdk;rsa ysdj tkrs gaS rks mUgsa gj ckj ;gh izfrmRrj feyrk gS]
izpkjd rFkk 1884 bZ- esa t;iqj ls ekfld ^lekpkj ekrSM* ,oa blh o"kZ Qrgiqj ls fd fczfV'k ,tsUV jkt dk;ksZ esa n[kyUnkth djus ds lUnHkZ esa vf/kdkjghu gSA15 bl
dk;LFk O;ogkj dk izdk'ku izkjEHk gqvkA7 vtesj ls 8 vxLr 1885 bZ- dks vaxzsth izdkj ^jktiwrkuk gsjkYM* us fczfV'k ,tsaV dh nksgjh uhfr dks mtkxj dj vke&tu
lkIrkfgd jktLFkku VkbEl ,oa fgUnh esa jktLFkku if=dk ds uke ls izdk'ku izkjEHk dk tkxzr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA ^jktiwrkuk xtV* 1885 bZ- esa vtesj ls fudyuk
gqvkA8 chdkusj ls 1887 bZ- esa ^chdkusj jkti=*] vtesj ls euh"kh leFkZnku ds 'kq: gqvkA blds laiknd ekSyoh eqjkn vyh chekj FksA16 ;g i= mnwZ esa Nirk FkkA
lEiknu esa 1889 bZ- esa ^lkIrkfgd jktLFkku*] 1890 bZ- cwanh ls ^loZfgr* i= dk ;g ,d lkIrkfgd i= FkkA ckjg i`"B ds bl i= ds vkB i`"B mnwZ rFkk pkj i`"B
izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA9 fgUnh esa Nirs FksA bl i= dk mn~ns'; fj;klrh vR;kpkjksa dks turk ds le{k Lora=
t;iqj ls 1889 bZ- esa ^Hkkjr ekrkSM*+ ] 1901 esa ^lekykspd* ,oa 11 Qjojh Hkko ls izdkf'kr djuk FkkA ekSyoh eqjkn vyh Loar= ys[ku okys O;fDr FksA
1905 dks i- ek/koizlkn 'kkL=h ds laiknu esa ekfld ^Hkkjr loZLo* fudysA 1901 dkuqu&dk;nksa ds fo"k; esa dqN ugh le>rs FksA muds ys[k oSpkfjd lR;rk ij
bZ- esa vtesj ls ekfld îjksidkjh* fudykA ;g vk;Z lekt dh ijksidkfj.kh lHkk vk/kkfjr FksA os xkS&j{kk ds dV~Vj leFkZd FksA17 vtesj esa 1885 esa vxzsth esa
dk i= FkkA blls pkj o"kZ i'pkr vtesj ls ^HkkxZo if=dk* dk izdk'ku csfjLVj ^jktiwrkuk VkbZEl* ,oa ;gh i= fgUnh esa jktLFkku if=dk ds uke ls izdkf'kr gqvkA
xkSjh'kadj HkkxZo ds laiknu esa 'kq: gqvkA vtesj ls gh 1902 esa ekfld ^vukFk ;g lkIrkfgd i= FkkA bl if=dk us iz'kklfud folaxfr;ksa ,oa ns'kh fj;klrksa ds
j{kd* Jhen n;kuUn vukFkky; ls izdkf'kr gqvkA blds lEiknd lsB ekaxhyky vR;kpkjksa ds f[kykQ tu&tkx`fr QSykus esa egRrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA jktiwrkuk VkbEl
dfo fdadj FksA Hkjriqj ls 1911 esa ^Hkjriqj xtV* ,oa tks/kiqj ls blh o"kZ vf[ky us vius izos'kkad ds lEikndh; esa viuk mn~ns'; lekt ,oa iz'kklu esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa
Hkkjrh; nkfgek czk.k egklHkk dh vksj ls iafMr xksfoUn ukjk;.k ds lEiknu esa dh vksj vke&tu dk /;ku vkd`"V djuk rFkk mu cqjkbZ;ksa ij izgkj djds lekIr
^nf/kerh*] 1914 esa /kkSyiqj ls ^/kkSyiqj xtV*11] 1915 esa vkcqjksM ls ekfld fgUnh djus dk iz;Ru djuk cryk;kA jktLFkku lekpkj dks 1889 bZ- esa eqa'kh leFkZnku us
vtesj ls fudkykA ;g lkIrkfgd i= FkkA bldk izdk'ku lksyg i`"Bksa esa gksrk FkkA
lkfgR; xzUFkkoyh ,oa Hkjriqj ls fucU/kekyk rFkk 1916 esa vtesj ls txUukFknkl ds
leFkZnku Lokeh n;kuUn ds f'k"; FksA dqN le; ds fy, tc ;g i= lIrkg esa nks
lEiknu esa jkekuqt lEiznk; ds ekfld i= ^Jh oS".ko* dk izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA
ckj Nius yxk] rc blds i`"B ckjg gks x;sA 1904 esa :l&tkiku ;q ds le; ;g
vtesj ls 1918 esa f=Hkk"kh êsjokM+k xtV* fudykA blh o"kZ tks/kiqj ls ikf{kd
nSfud gks x;kA rc blus jtokM+ksa ds ekeys es fdlh&fdlh ckr ij viuh vkokt
^;qxkUrj* rFkk ekfld êkjokM+h vksloky* ,oa ^vksloky* fudysA 1919 esa tks/kiqj
cqyUn dj viuh Loar=rk dk ifjp; Hkh fn;kA18 jktLFkku lekpkj vk;Z lekt
ls ekfld iq"dj.kk czk.k iq"dj.kk czk.kksidkjd] ^lSuh 'kqHk fpard* rFkk ^lSuh
iz'kald FkkA fdUrq dqN le; i'pkr blus viuk joS;k cny fn;kA jktLFkku
lekpkj* vkSj 1920 esa >kyjkikVu ls lkSjHk dk izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA12
lekpkj us f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls fiNM+s jktiwrkus esa fgUnh dk izpkj djus dk iz;kl fd;k
ekjokM+ dk êkjokM+ xtV* u dsoy ljdkjh lwpuk,Wa izdkf'kr djrk Fkk] rFkk jktiwrkus dh turk esa lekpkj i<+us dh #fp dks tkxzr fd;kA jktLFkku lekpkj
vfirq dkaxzsl dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh Vhdk&fVIi.kh djrk FkkA ekjokM+ xtV esa esa eq[;r% jktiwrkuk dh fj;klrksa ds lekpkj] muds lEcU/k esa fVIif.k;ksa rFkk
jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ij Hkh ys[kksa dk izdk'ku gksrk FkkA ekjokM+ xtV us jktuhfrd jktuhfrd ys[k gksrs FksA iafMr jkeizrki 'kekZ ds lEiknu ls 20 Qjojh1890 bZ ls
fo"k;ksa ij yksxksa dks lkspus ds foo'k vo'; fd;kA13 ekjokM+ xtV us lkekftd ikf{kd loZfgr if=dk cwanh fj;klr ls izdkf'kr gksus yxkA ;g i= jkT;kfJr gksrs
dqjhfr;ksa ij izgkj vo'; fd;kA ekjokM+ esa ,d L=h dks Mk;u gksus ds lUnsg esa izFkk gq, Hkh dbZ ek;uksa esa fof'k"V FkkA loZfgr ;|fi jktdh; eqnz.kky; esa izdkf'kr gksrk
ds vuqlkj dkaVksa esa tykdj ekj Mkyus dh [kcj tc êkjokM+ xtV* esa Nih rc Fkk] fQj Hkh og dsoy xtV ek= ugha FkkA mlesa lEikndh; fVIif.k;kWa] ns'k&fons'k
lEiw.kZ izkar esa gMdEi ep x;kA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i bldh tkWap ds vkns'k fn;s ds ,oa LFkkuh; lekpkj izdkf'kr gksrs FksA ;g i= ns'k HkfDr dh Hkkouk tkxzr djus
x;sA14 jktiwrkuk gsjkYM ds 30 ekpZ 1885 ds vad esa ^, dkbZ vkWQ ,afXo'k Wke esa dfVc Fkk loZfgr xkSjoe;h Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dk leFkZd FkkA Hkkjr
292
dh orZeku n'kk ij f[kUurk trkrs gq, laikndh; esa fy[kk gS fd ;gkWa ds yksxksa dk izfrcfU/kr dj fn;k x;kA blh ds lkFk tgkWa vk;Z lekt ds lkfgR; ij Hkh jksd yxk
;'k :ih >aMk vkdk'k esa Qgjkrk FkkA ;gkWa ds fo}ku U;k;] ehekalk] xf.kr'kkL=] nh xbZ] ogha ckgj ds i=ksa ^deZ;ksxh* ^ve`r cktkj* if=dk ^jk"Ver* dky dsljh
Hkwxksy] [kxksy] T;ksfr"k vkfn fo|kvksa esa ifjiw.kZ Fks ,oa vU; ns'kksa ds fo|kFkhZ ;gkWa dks t;iqj ,oa tks/kiqj esa izfrcfU/kr dj fn;kA22 bu fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckotwn
rkyhe ikus vkrs FksA ;g ogh ns'k gS] tgkWa fdlh le; esa vusd vk'p;ksZRiknd dk;Z lkearokn ds vU;k; ,oa Lora=rk ukxfjdrk ds guu ds fojks/k esa dqN lkglh yksx
gksrs FksA ;s lHkh m|ksx ds Qy FksA tc ;gkWa ds oklh vkyL; ds o'k esa gks x;s rks] vkxs vk, ,oa mUgksaus i=dkfjrk ds ek/;e ls ml fn'kk esa tutkx`fr dk iz;kl fd;kA
os dku fgykus rd esa vleFkZ gks x;sA bZ'oj ls ;gh izkFkZuk gS fd oks Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks bl le; i=&if=dkvksa dk fo"k; Lora=rk vkSj jktuhfrd tkx`fr ykuk FkkA blh
Hkwys gq, ekxZ ij okil yk;sA loZfgr esa vius ,d laikndh; esa ns'k dh nfjnzkO;oLFkk dkj.k jktiwrkuk dk i=dkfjrk dk bfrgkl Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dk gh bfrgkl gSA
ij f[kUurk izdV djrs gq, mldk gy <wa<us ij cy fn;kA mlus nfjnzrk ,oa n;uh; ;gkWa dh jktuhfr mlds vkUnksyu dh 'kq:vkr ls gh i=dkjksa ds gkFk esa jghA23 bu
fLFkfr dk ewy dkj.k fo|k/;;u dh deh ,oa ijLij esy u gksuk crk;kA19 loZfgr i=&if=dkvksa ds lQy lEiknu dk gh ifj.kke Fkk fd 1920 ds i'pkr gksus okys
us jktiwrkus dh turk dks f'k{kk xzg.k djus ,oa vkil esa ,dtqV gksdj dk;Z djus ds jk"Vh; vkUnksyu esa jktiwrkus dh fofHkUu fj;klrksa dh turk us viuh lgHkkfxrk dks
fy, izsfjr djus dk dk;Z fd;k jktiwrkus esa i=&if=dkvksa dk izkjEHk 1849 bZ- ls gh iznf'kZr fd;kA
gks pqdk Fkk] ijUrq fj;klrh vadq'k ds dkj.k bls izksRlkgu u fey ldkA blh
fj;klrh izfrcU/k ds ifj.kkeLo:i leFkZnku pkj.k] yTtkjke esgrk] >kcjey 'kekZ] lUnHkZ
fot;flag ifFkd tSlh izfrHkkoku i=dkjksa dks tUe nsdj Hkh jktiwrkus esa i=dkfjrk 1- HkVukxj vkj-vkj] jkbZt ,.M xzksFk vkWQ fgUnh tuZfyTe] i`-76
2- oktis;h] vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 126
xfr u ik ldhA20
3- oSfnd osnizrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fofHkUu vk;ke] i`- 164
chloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq: esa t;iqj ds czteksgu ds usr`Ro esa ^vfHkuo Hkkjr 4- oktis;h] vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 125
lfefr* uked ,d xqIr kafrdkjh laLFkk dh jktLFkkuh 'kk[kk xfBr dh xbZA vtesj 5- oSfnd osnizrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fofHkUu vk;ke] i`- 165
esa jk"Vh; i= fudkyus ds nks ckj vlQy iz;kl fd;s x;sA ;g og le; Fkk] tc 6- izHkkdj euksgj] jktLFkku esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk] i`- 20
dkaxzsl dh dk;Zokgh dk ijks{k :i ls ns'kh jkT;ksa ij Hkh izHkko fn[kkbZ nsus yxk FkkA 7- oSfnd osnizrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fofHkUu vk;ke] i`- 165
vaxzsth ,oa fgUnh lekpkj i= jk"Vh; Hkkoukvksa ,oa mxz fopkjksa dk izpkj dj jgs FksA21 8- lDlSuk ds-,l] n ikWfyfVDy eqoesUVl ,.M vosdfuax bu jktLFkku i`- 18
blds izHkko ls jktiwrkuk vNwrk ugha FkkA fj;klrksa esa i=&if=dk,a fudkyus dh 9- HkVukxj vkj-vkj-] jkbt ,.M xzksFk vkWQ fgUnh tuZfyTe i`- 740
vuqefr u feyus dh fLFkfr esa jktuhfrd tkx:d dk;ZdrkZ ckgj ds i=ksa esa vius 10- oktis;h vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl&i`- 240
11- oSfnd osnizrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds fofHkUu vk;ke] i`- 166
ys[kksa dks Hkstus yxsA bl dk;Z esa os bruh lko/kkuh ls j[krs fd Mkd fj;klr ls u
12- izHkkdj euksgj] jktLFkku esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk&i`- 110
Hkstdj nwljs LFkku ls Mkd }kjk Hkstk tkrk FkkA blds fy, mUgsa 20&30 fdyksehVj 13- xqIr] ckyeqdqUn] xqIr fucU/kkoyh] i`- 361&65
iSny pyuk iM+rk FkkA 14- oktis;h vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl&i`- 125
chloha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa jktiwrkuk esa jktuhfrd tkxzfr dh i=dkfjrk 15- jktiwrkuk gsjkYM] 30 ekpZ 1885] jk-jk- v chdkusj
dk lw=ikr djus okys fot;flag ifFkd us ml le; dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq, 16- HkVukxj vkj-vkj-] jkbt ,.M xzksFk vkWQ fgUnh tuZfyTe] i`- 130
^Lons'k* esa fy[kk& jktiwrkuk esa izkjEHk esa fLFkfr va/kdkje; FkhA dksbZ lekpkj i= 17- oktis;h vafcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 192
'kklu dk vkykspukRed ys[k ugha Nkirk FkkA ;fn Nkirk rks fHkUu&fHkUu dwVuhfr 18- oktis;h vafcdkizlkn] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 204
mik;ksa ls mls izrkfM+r fd;k tkrkA chloha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk ds nks n'kdksa esa 19- loZfgr] 1 vizy S 1894] jk-jk-v- chdkusj
jktuhfrd&tkxzfr dh fn'kk esa iz;kl gksus ds lkFk gh fj;klrksa us mls nckus ds fy, 20- ehjk if=dk 18 tuojh 1947] vtesj
21- Lons'k] 29 tuojh 1920] jk-jk-v chdkusj
neukRed dne mBkus 'kq: dj fn;sA blh neu uhfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i Vksad]
22- lDlSuk ds-,l-] ogh] i`- 124&125
fljksgh] /kkSyiqj] Mwaxjiwj] djkSyh] >kykokM+] 'kkgiqjk vkfn esa dkuwu ykxw dj 23- t;Hkwfe] t;iqj 1954] i`- 570
i=&if=dkvksa ds izdk'ku ij jksd yxkus ds lkFk gh lHkk,Wa rFkk Hkk"k.k nsuk Hkh
293
fo# la?k"kZ ds fy, tksM+kA jktLFkku dsljh us ns'kh jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr ij lekpkjksa ,oa
lEikndh; fVIif.k;ksa ds ek/;e ls 'kkldksa dks lq/kkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k viukus ,oa vke
turk esa vius vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk gh dkZO;ksa ds izfr tkx`r djus dk iz;kl fd;kA 5
jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke esa i=&if=dkvksa dk izHkko
uohu jktLFkku % ns'kh jkT;ks dh rqyuk esa fczfV'k 'kkflr {ks=ksa esa vis{kkd`r
(1920 bZ- esa 1947 bZ- rd) turk dks dqN Lora=rk FkhA vr% fj;klrh turk ij gks jgs vR;kpkjkas ds f[kykQ
MkW- fnus'k jkBh la?k"kZ ds fy, ftu&ftu usrkvkssa us vtesj dks viuk dsUnz cuk;kA mUgksaus lekpkj i=ks
dk izdk'ku dk Hkh fu'p; fd;kA vtesj esa jktLFkku lsok la?k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn
jktiwrkus ds jktuhfrd tkxj.k ds :i esa ,oa lkekftd thou ds izfrfcEc blds 1922 esa lkIrkfgd uohu jktLFkku dk izdk'ku izkjEHk fd;kA6 blds laiknd
ds :i esa lekpkj i=ksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA fd'kksjflag oekZ Fks rFkk okf"kZd ewY; rhu #i;s j[kk x;kA7
jktiwrkuk esa i=dkfjrk dk izkjEHk ,sls i=ksa ls gqvk ftuds laiknd eq[; :i uohu jktLFkku dk vkn'kZ okD;& ^;'k oSHko dh pkg ugha] ijokg ugha
ls tu&vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djus okys FksA jktiwrkuk esa i=dkfjrk dk bfrgkl tu thou u jgs] ;fn bPNk gS rks ;g gS] tx esa LosPNkpkj neu u jgsA* vc bldh ,d
lk/kkj.k dk bfrgkl dgk tk ldrk gSA 1920 ds i'pkr tks i=&if=dkvksa dk izfr chl&iPphl yksx i<+us yxsA8 bl i= us fctksfy;k fdlku vkanksyu] csxq rFkk
izkjEHk gqvk os Lora=rk vkanksyu ls ifjiw.kZ FkhA mudk mn~ns'; lkekftd] /kkfeZd fljksgh ds Hkhyksa ds vkUnksyuksa dk lEkFkZu fd;k rFkk egkjk.kk mn;iqj dks iz'kklfud
rFkk jktuSfrd tkx`fr FkkA1 1919 bZ- esa ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dk guu djus okys jksysV lq/kkj djus ds fy, ncko MkykA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i dbZ lq/kkj dk;Z fd;s x;sA
,DV vkSj tfy;kokyk ckx gR;kdk.M ds fo# jk"Vh; izfrf;k us vtesj ,oa
vkl&ikl dh fj;klrksa ds uo;qodksa dks >d>ksj dj j[k fn;k bu uo;qodksa us uohu jktLFkku us lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks lekIr djus ds fy, e|fu"ks/k]
fczfV'k ukSdj'kkgh ,oa lkear'kkgh dk izfrjks/k djus ds fy, lekpkj i=kas dk izdk'ku L=h lq/kkj] fons'kh i=ksa dh gksyh rFkk [kknh dk izpkj lEcU/kh ys[k izdkf'kr dj
djus dk fu'p; fd;kA lkekftd dqjhfr;kas ij izgkj fd;kA 2 twu 1923 bZ- dks esokM+ ljdkj us uohu
1909&10 bZ- esa fj;klrksa esa fu"ks/kkK,a2 ykxq fd;s tkus ds dkj.k mUgksaus jktLFkku ij jksd yxk nh rFkk bldks i<+us okys ij vkfFkZd n.M nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
vtesj dks izsl vkUnksyu dk dsUnz cuk;k tgka ls jktLFkku dsljh 1920] uohu ifFkd dks tsy esa can dj fn;kA9 jktLFkku lsok la?k dks izfrcaf/kr dj fn;kA10
jktLFkku 1922] r#.k jktLFkku 1924] jktLFkku 1925] jktLFkku lUns'k 1927] R;kx r#.k jktLFkku % uohu jktLFkku ij izfrca/k yxus ds dkj.k blds lEikndksa
Hkwfe 1927] uoT;ksfr 1936] vkxhck.k 1937] uothou 1939 rFkk u;k jktLFkku us bldk uke cnydj r#.k jktLFkku dj fn;kA11 r#.k jktLFkku us fe'kujh
1945 bZ- vkfn izkjEHk fd, x,A i=dkfjrk dks vkxs c<+krs gq, vkanksyu dk leFkZu izkjEHk j[kk ,oa tutkx`fr dh fn'kk
jktLFkku dsljh 1920 bZ % jktiwrkuk e/; Hkkjr lHkk fnlEcj 1919 bZ- esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA r#.k jktLFkku us cawnh vkanksyu dk tksjnkj leFkZu
ve`rlj vf/kos'ku esa ,d lkIrkfgd i= fudkyus dk izLrko ikfjr fd;k x;kA ekpZ fd;kA r#.k jktLFkku ds rh[ks rsoj ls ?kcjkdj esokM+ esa ml ij izfrca/k yxk fn;kA
1920 esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd blds fy, ,d dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr xfBr dh blds i'pkr vyoj] fljksgh ,oa cwanh fj;klrksa esa Hkh r#.k jktLFkku ds izos'k ij jksd
tk; rFkk bl i= dk uke jktLFkku dsljh j[kk tk;A jktLFkku dsljh i= dk eq[; yxk nh xbZA12
mn~ns'; ns'kh jkT;ksa dh mUufr rFkk mlds fy, oS/kkfud mik;ksa dk izpkj djuk FkkA fctkSfy;k vkanksyu dh lQyrk esa tgka izrki ,oa uohu jktLFkku i=ksa dh
;g ns'kh jkT;ksa dh iztk dk igyk eq[k i= FkkA3 bl i= ds lEiknd fot;flag eq[; Hkwfedk jgha ogha csaxq] cwanh vkSj Hkhy vkanksyu dks xfr iznku djus esa r#.k
ifFkd rFkk izdk'kd ,oe~ lgk;d lEiknd jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh cusA4 jktLFkku us lf; ;ksxnku fn;kA cwanh vkUnksyu ds nkSjku i- u;uwjke 'kekZ dh
dk;ZdrkZvksa ds mRlkg ,oa yXu ls dk;Z djus ds dkj.k i= dh tYnh gh fxjrkjh] mUgsa pkj lky dh dSn rFkk mu ij vR;kpkjksa dks izdkf'kr dj turk dks
/kkd te xbZA jktLFkku dsljh i= us ns'kh fj;klrksa dh turk dks fczfV'k ljdkj ds tkx`r djus dk mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;kA13
294
jktLFkku % 1923 bZ- esa C;koj ls rRi'pkr vtesj o cwanh ls izdkf'kr bl Hkkjrh;ksa esa Hkh ns'kHkfDr dk vadqj.k fd;kA fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa }kjk tulk/kkj.k ds
i= ds laiknd f"knk esgrk FksA iwoZ esa vU; i= if=dkvksa ds lEiknu ls esgrk us iSlksa dks vius O;FkZ ds 'kkSd&ekSt esa mM+kus dh Hkh rhoz HkzRlZuk dhA dbZ ckj bu
bl {ks= esa vR;f/kd [;kfr izkIr dj pqds FksA esgrk dk iwjk ifjokj ns'kHkfDr dh fo"k;ksa ij csckd fVIif.k;ksa dhA bl i= us ;qok 'kfDr dks tkx`r djus dk egRoiw.kZ
Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr FkkA vkids firk fuR;kuUn lkxj o iRuh Jherh lR;Hkkek us dk;Z fd;kA ^;ax jktLFkku* dk igyk vad 24 Qjojh 1929 dks fudyk vkSj vafre
bl dk;Z esa c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx fy;kA esgrk us vius lEikndh; ys[kksa dh Jà[kyk vad 26 fnlEcj 1929 dks izdkf'kr gqvkA bl i= dk thou ek= ,d o"kZ gksus ds
^jktLFkku dh leL;k,a* ds ek/;e ls u dsoy yksxksa ds lkeus oLrqfLFkfr izLrqr dh ckotwn jktLFkku esa lkekftd&jktuhfrd tkx`fr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA ^;ax
oju~ muesa dkQh gn rd tkx`fr ykus esa Hkh lQy gq,A14 esgrk us ^jktLFkku* esa jktLFkku* can djus dk ys[k egkRek xka/kh us Lo;a ^vyfonk* 'kh"kZd ls fy[kk FkkA17
jktiwrkuk dh izeq[k fj;klrksa o vU; LFkkuksa ds Hkh tu vkanksyu dks cM+h gh fuMjrk xka/kh th Lo;a ds }kjk ys[k fy[kk tkuk gh bl i= dh egkk dks Lo;a gh LFkkfir dj
iwoZd ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls izeq[k LFkku fn;kA bl if=dk esa lekpkj ds 'kh"kZd Hkh nsrk gSA
brus rh{.k gksrs Fks fd vke turk dks Hkh eu rd >d>ksj nsrs FksA ^lhdj ds vk;Z ekrZ.M % vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk jktLFkku us 13 Qjojh 1923 ls fgUnh
nqHkkZX;*] ^djkSyh 'kklu ij ,d n`f"V*] ôs mM+kbZ xbZ Fkh] ^/keZHkz"V dh tkus okyh Hkk"kk esa lkIrkfgd ^vk;Z ekrZ.M* uked i= izkjEHk fd;kA blds izFke lEiknd
Fkh*] ^cwanh esa iksaxk iafFk;ksa dh mNy dwn* tSls 'kh"kZd ls oLrqfLFkfr dk cM+k gh if.Mr jkelgk; 'kekZ vkSj feB~Buyky HkkxZo FksA blds eq[; i`"B ij vafdr iafDr&
ltho fp=.k fd;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj ls ;g i= lkekftd&jktuhfrd tkx`fr esa ^n;kuUn vkfnR; ls ikdj T;ksfr izp.MA
viuk vxz.; LFkku j[krk gSA /oal naHk ik[k.M dk djs ^vk;Z ekrZ.MAA
jktLFkku lans'k % jktLFkku esa tutkx`fr ds egklej esa ^jktLFkku dsljh* bl i= dk mn~ns'; lkekftd&/kkfeZd :f<+;ksa ds fo# vkUnksyu djuk FkkA
viuh ikcafn;ksa dks >syrs gq, ^r#.k jktLFkku* ds :i esa lQj djrs gq, ^jktLFkku ued lR;kxzg 1930 bZ-] Hkkjr NksMk+ s vkUnksyu 1942 bZ-] Hkkjr foHkktu 1947 bZ-]
lans'k* ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkus yxkA bls Hkh vtesj ls lkIrkfgd :i esa jktLFkku ,dhdj.k 1948&50 bZ- vkfn jktuhfrd ?kVuke ds lekpkjksa dks Hkh bl
fot;flag ifFkd us izkjEHk fd;kA15 bldk /;s; okD; vR;ar gh ekfeZd ,oe~ i= us le;≤ ij izdkf'kr fd;kA vk;Z ekrZ.M us lkekftd lq/kkj ds dk;Z esa
lans'kkRed :i esa Fkk ^bPNk gks ;k fd vfuPNk gks] gks izse fd blls }s"k rqEgsa] gS thuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA vk;Z lekt ds jktiwrkuk esa fo/kok fookg ds fy,
rks lquuk gksxk Ukwru ;qx dk lans'k rqEgsaA* bl if=dk dk lcls T;knk o xgjk izHkko tutkx`fr vfHk;ku esa ^vk;Z ekrZ.M* us egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA i= us tSu 'kkL= dks
turk ij iM+k vkSj ;g bldh lQyrk dk gh iSekuk ekuk tk;sxk fd blds izHkko m`r dj fo/kok fookg dh odkykr esa cgqr dqN fy[kkA18 Hkjriqj ,oe~ chdkusj
Lo:i tu vkanksyuksa esa turk dk leFkZu vkSj Hkkxhnkjh dh ck<+ lh vk x;hA blh oS'; e.My us fo/kok ds fy, tks dk;Z fd,] mUgsa bl i= us cgqr izpkfjr fd;k
dM+h esa ,d egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k ;g vkrk gS fd bl if=dk esa tks/kiqj iqfyl rkfd vU; lekt ds yksx Hkh izsfjr gks ldsA bl i= us tgka fo/kok fookgksa dh
lqifjUVsaMsUV dk t;ukjk;.k O;kl ds ckjs esa fn;k x;k tks c;ku izdkf'kr fd;k mlls lwpuk,a izdkf'kr dh] ogha ;qok fo/kokvksa ds oSokfgd foKkiu fu%'kqYd nsus ds lkFk
tuer tqVkus ,oe~ tkx`fr ykus dh fn'kk esa cgqr enn feyhA gh yksxksa dk fo/kok fookg ds fy, vkxs vkus dk vkg~oku fd;kA ^vk;Z ekrZ.M* us
;ax jktLFkku % i=&if=dkvksa dk izHkko tuekul ij rks tcjnLr :i ls ekgs'ojh ;qok fo/kokvksa] xkSM]+ czk.k dU;k] vksloky fo/kok vkSj jktiwr fo/kok ds
iM+ gh jgk FkkA fdarq blds lkFk gh lkFk vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa rd fj;klrksa dh turk fookg ds foKkiu izdkf'kr fd,A i= us bl nkSjku ftrus Hkh fo/kok fookg gq, muds
dh fLFkfr o Hkkoksa dks igpkus dk dk;Z vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr ^;ax jktLFkku* us lekpkj iz'kalkRed fVIif.k;ksa ds lkFk izdkf'kr djrs gq, ,sls lkglh yksxksa dks c/kkbZ
cM+h gh dq'kyrk ls lEiUu fd;kA blh /;s; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,s jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh nh ,oe~ vU;ksa dks blls izsj.kk ysuk dk vkxzg fd;kA
,oe~ 'kksHkkyky xqIrk us 1929 bZ- esa vaxzsth lkIrkfgd i= fudkykA 'kh?kz gh ;g i= R;kxHkwfe % 1 uoEcj 1927 dks jktLFkku dh i=dkfjrk ds bfrgkl esa
yksdfiz; gks x;k rFkk ljdkjh gydksa esa Hkh ;g i= cM+s pko ls i<+k tkus yxkA16 bl egoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA ^R;kxHkwfe* ekfld fgUnh i= dk izdk'ku blh fnu 'kq:
i= ds lEikndh; ys[kksa ds }kjk tuekul ds lkFk gh lkFk vaxzsth i<+us fy[kus okys gqvk tks jktuhfrd okrkoj.k vkSj lkaLd`frd tkxj.k dk izrhd FkkA blds laiknd
295
iafMr gfjHkk mik/;k; vkSj {ksekuUn jkgr FksA xka/khfopkj /kkjk dh ltZukRed ls 1945 bZ- esa Hkkjr NksMks vkanksyu esa nksuksa dh fxjrkjh gksus ds dkj.k ;g i= can
jpukvksa ds izdk'ku ds fy, gfjHkk mik/;k; us lLrk lkfgR; e.My] vtesj ls jgkA 1945 bZ- esa ;g i= iqu% izdkf'kr gksus yxkA 1936 ls 1942 bZ- ds e/; i= us
izkjEHk fd;kA R;kxHkwfe dk izR;sd vad pkSlB i`"Bksa dk gksrk Fkk vkSj mlesa jktuhfrd] jktkvksa ds fujadq'k 'kklu dh T;knfr;ksa dk izfrjks/k djus dh izsj.kk nhA t;ukjk;.k
lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd rhuksa gh fo"k;ksa ij Lrjh; lkexzh gksrh FkhA bl i= esa 16 O;kl us flrEcj 1935 bZ- esa eqEcbZ ls ^v[k.M&Hkkjr* uke ls ,d nSfud i= dk
i`"B fL=;ksa esa lkekftd tkx`fr mRiUu djus ds fy, jf{kr fd, x, FksA bl if=dk izdk'ku 'kq: fd;kA ;g i= Hkh vU; i=ksa dh Hkkafr gh fj;klrksa esa fujadq'k 'kklu
esa ,d vksj tgka 'kkldh; vR;kpkjksa ds f[kykQ lVhd ,oe~ fu"i{k laikndh; vkSj muds vR;kpkjiw.kZ dk;Z dks ns'k ds lkeus ykus dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dh vksj
fVIif.k;ka gksrh Fkh] ogha nwljh vksj xka/khoknh fopkj/kkjk ls vksrizksr l`tukRed vxzlj FkkA jk"VO;kih vkanksyuksa dh tuekul rd tkudkjh igqapkus esa yxk gqvk FkkA
jpuk,a Hkh gksrh FkhA19 [kknh izpkj vkSj xka/kh lkfgR; dks izdkf'kr dj ftys esa i= us ijarq vkfFkZd ladV ds dkj.k 'kh?kz gh bldks can djuk iM+kA
jpukRed dk;Z dks yksdfiz; cuk;kA 1930 bZ- ds ued lR;kxzg vkUnksyu esa Hkkx blh dM+h esa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa ^vkxhok.k* ikf{kd i= dk Hkh izdk'ku
ysus vkSj fczfV'k fojks/kh okrkoj.k rS;kj djus esa bl i= us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA gqvkA ftlds lEiknd t;ukjk;.k O;kl Fks] ftUgksaus 20 uoEcj 1937 bZ- esa 'kqHkkjEHk
tks/kiqj (ekjokM+) ljdkj }kjk 1931 bZ- esa ekjokM+ fgrdkfj.kh lHkk ds neu vkSj fd;kA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa gksus ds dkj.k ;g jktLFkku esa vR;f/kd yksdfiz; i= gqvk
ekjokM+ ;wFk yhx }kjk jk"Vh; /ot Qgjkus ij yxk, x, izfrca/kkas ds fo# bl i= FkkA LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ds dkj.k ;g i= vf/kd izHkkoh fl gqvkA bl i= ds ek/;e ls
us jks"k izdV fd;kA20 tks/kiqj esa êkjokM+ ;wFk yhx* us tc LVsV dkSafly dh fu"ks/kkKk lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa o jktuhfrd nklrk ij izgkj fd;k x;kA tuekul esa jk"V ds
dh vogsyuk djrs gq,s viuh cSBd esa ,d izLrko ds tfj, t;ukjk;.k O;kl dks fy, cfynku nsus dh izsj.kk esa ;g i= dkQh gn rd lQy jgkA 20 ebZ 1939 dks
C;koj esa ekjokM+ LVsV ihiqYl dkasal vk;ksftr djus ds fy, vf/kd`r fd;k rks t;ukjk;.k O;kl ds fxjrkj gksus ij ;g i= Hkh cUn gks x;kA24 chdkusj] t;iqj]
^R;kxHkwfe* us bldh dk;Zokgh dks foLrkj ds lkFk izdkf'kr fd;kA21 ;g dkasal vyoj] Hkjriqj o vU; fBdkuksa esa jkT; vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs nqO;Zogkjksa ds
C;koj esa u gksdj iq"dj esa 25 uoEcj 1931 dks gqbZ vkSj mlesa mkjnk;h ljdkj dh fo# lekpkj izdkf'kr fd;sA
LFkkiuk] ukxfjd vf/kdkj rFkk f'k{kk ,oe~ LokLF; laca/kh tks izLrko ikfjr fd,] mu jktLFkku ds Lora=rk laxzke esa mijksDr of.kZr i=&if=dkvksa ds vykok
lHkh dks R;kxHkwfe us izeq[krk ds lkFk izdkf'kr fd;kA vusdkusd vU; i=&if=dkvksa dk ;ksxnku Hkh vxz.; FkkA izrki] v[k.M Hkkjr]
01 tuojh 1930 dks txnh'k izlkn nhid us ukjh dsfUnzr êhjk* uked x.ks'k] lSfud] yhMj] fizalyh bafM;k] ckacs kfudy] vtqZu vkokt] uothou]
lkIrkfgd if=dk dk izdk'ku izkjEHk fd;kA i= us ukjh tkxj.k dk okrkoj.k rS;kj fgUnqLrku VkbEl] n VkbEl vkWQ bf.M;k ^vkt* bR;kfn vusd i=&if=dk,a Hkh blh
djus esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA ukjh dks jk"Vh; tkxj.k o jk"V fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ / Js.kh esa j[ks tk ldrs gSaA bu i=ksa us le;≤ ij ;gka dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks rks
kqjh ds :i esa bl i= esa js[kkafdr djus dk dk;Z fd;kA22 dbZ ikSjkf.kd o ,sfrgkfld izpkfjr fd;k gh gS] jktLFkku esa jktuhfrd psruk tkxzr djus esa Hkh egkh Hkwfedk
vk[;kuksa }kjk lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkanksyuksa esa fL=;ksa dks Hkkx ysus dh izsj.kk nhA dk fuoZgu fd;kA
;g ,d lkfgfR;d if=dk gksrs gq,s Hkh fj;klrksa esa gks jgs neu vkSj vR;kpkj ds lanHkZ
lekpkj Hkh izeq[krk ls izdkf'kr djrk FkkA blds lkFk gh L=h f'k{kk dk okrkoj.k 1- t;Hkwfe t;iqj 1954] i`- 57
rS;kj djus esa Hkh egkh Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA23 2- xks;y] lkSHkkX;] vtesj esa tu vkUnksyu] ifjf'k"B & 7] i`- 196
jktLFkku lsod e.My] ftldh LFkkiuk 1936 bZ- esa gqbZ] us 25 vDVwcj 3- dsyk Hkxoku nkl] ns'kh jkT;ksa dh tu tkx`fr] i`- 48
4- jktLFkku dsljh fot;flag Le`fr xzaFk] i`- 73
1936 bZ- dh ûoT;ksfr* uked lkIrkfgd i= dks izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA fj;klrksa esa
5- pkS/kjh] jkeukjk;.k] orZeku jktLFkku] i`- 43
tu&tkx`fr ykus ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA blesa jktLFkku ds tu&thou dks 6- oSfnd osn izrki] fgUnh i=dkfjrk&fofo/k vk;ke] i`- 166
izfrfcfEcr djds vkSj fdlku&Hkhyksa ds vHkko&vfHk;ksxksa dks izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA 7- okt;is;h vfEcdk izlkn] lekpkj i=kas dk bfrgkl] i`- 300
blds laiknu dk dk;Z jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh o nqxkZizlkn pkS/kjh }kjk fd;k x;kA 1942 8- jktLFkku dsljh fot;flag Le`fr xzaFk] i`- 211
296
9- xks;y] lkSHkkX;] ogh] i`- 155

10- pkS/kjh jkeukjk;.k] ogh] i`- 86&87
11- pkS/kjh jkeukjk;.k] ogh] i`- 86
12- pkS/kjh] jkeukjk;.k] ogh] i`- 80 jktLFkku esa Lok/khurk vkUnksyu % vtesj esjokM+k ds
13
14-
iqjksfgr] izdk'k] jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzkedkyhu i=dkfjrk] i`- 69
iqjksfgr] izdk'k] ogh] i`- 72
eqfLye Lo=Urk lsukfu;ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa
15- jktLFkku dsljh fot;flag Le`fr xzaFk] i`- 18 MkW- bdcky Qkfrek
16- pkS/kjh jkeukjk;.k] ogh] i`- 108
17- ogh] i`- 136&137 jktLFkku dh fj;klrksa esa 19oha o 20oha 'krkCnh esa vusd vkUnksyu gq, Fks]
18- lDlsuk vkj-ds-] ,T;wds'ku ,.M lksf'k;y ,efyvksjs'ku vkWQ oweu] i`- 105 ftuesa eqfLye Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA vtesj&esjokM+ }ks=
19- izHkkdj] euksgj] jktLFkku esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk] i`- 115 ds eqfLye Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa esa ls dqN dk ifjp; ,oa Lok/khurk la?k"kZ esa mudk
20- R;kxHkwfe] 19 twu 1931 bZ-] ;ksxnku fuEukuqlkj izLrqr gSA
21- ogh] 10 tqykbZ 1931 bZ-
22- ehjk] 10 tuojh 1930 ekSyoh eqjkn vyh & jktiwrkuk o vtesj&esjokM+k esa loZizFke vke yksxksa
23- ogh] 15 tqykbZ 1934 dh leL;kvksa ij fufHkZdrk ls fopkj izdV djus okys i=dkj&laiknd ekSyoh eqjkn
24- xks;y lkSHkkX;] ogh] i`- 158 vyh dk uke jktLFkku ds i=dkfjrk bfrgkl eas fo'ks"k LFkku j[krk gSA lu~ 1885 esa
ekSyoh eqjkn vyh us vtesj ls loZizFke jktuhfrd lekpkj i= ^jktiqrkuk xtsfV;j*
dk izdk'ku 'kq: fd;kA bleas jktiqrkuk dh fj;klrksa ds jktkvksa&tkxhjnkjksa }kjk
turk ij fd;s tkus okys vU;k;] 'kks"k.k o vR;kpkjksa dh ?kVukvksa ij foLrkjiwoZd
izdk'k Mkyk tkrk FkkA og bu fo"k;ksa ij fuHkhZd fVIif.k;ka fy[krs FksA blls ns'kh
fj;klrksa dh turk esa fuMj vkSj Lora= fopkjksa dks izksRlkgu feyrk FkkA ;g lekpkj
i= mnwZ esa Nirk Fkk ,oa lkIrkfgd FkkA ckyeqdUn xqIrk ds vuqlkj] ^jktiqrkuk&xtV*
esa mnwZ ds lkFk fgUnh esa Hkh lekpkj izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs FksA 'kq: ds vkB i`"B mnwZ esa
rFkk ckn ds pkj i`"B fgUnh esa eqfnzr gksrs FksA1 ekSyoh eqjkn vyh cM+s fuHkhZd O;fDr
Fks] dkuwu&dk;nksa dh dqN Hkh ijokg ugha djrs FksA os fuMj gksdj izfrf;koknh
'kfDr;ksa ds f[kykQ fy[krs FksA blh dkj.k vaxzsth iz'kklu o jtokM+ksa dh vka[kksa eas
fdjdjh cus gq, FksA muds turk ds fgr o vf/kdkjksa ds lEcU/k esa fy[ks lekpkjksa ls
tgka turk cgqr [kq'k Fkh] ogha ljdkj ukjkt FkhA blh dkj.k mUgsa ,dk/k&ckj ltk
Hkh gqbZ FkhA os xkS&j{kk ds dV~Vj leFkZd FksA2
^jktiqrkuk xtV* us rRdkyhu >kykokM+ ds 'kkld tkfyeflag >kyk ds ckjs
esa fy[kk Fkk % ^^vaxzst ikWfyfVdy ,tsUV ds lkFk viuh iVjh fcBkus ds fy, ,d
jktk dks pkfg, fd og izfrfnu mlds ?kj tkdj lyke djs vkSj ,d vPNk&[kklk
?kksM+k mldh gktjh eas rSukr djsA tc jktk chekj gks rks og ,tsUlh ds vaxzst ltZu
dks gh cqyk, t:jh ugha og MkWDVj dh fy[kh nok fi;sA fdarq ikWfyfVdy ,tsUV dks
[kq'k djus ds fy, mls [kjhnuk t:jh gSA vxj og ;g lc djrk gS rks ikWfyfVdy
297
,tsUV mlds ckjs esa vaxzst ok;ljk; dks vPNh fjiksVZ nsxk] Hkys gh mldk 'kklu dj fn, FksA yksd ifj"kn~ us blds f[kykQ 25 ekpZ] 1942 esa p.Mkoy vkSj fuekt
fdruk gh cqjk D;ksa u gksA**3 lu~ 1896 esa vaxszt ljdkj ds i{kikriw.kZ joS;s ds dkj.k vkfn fBdkuksa eas vkUnksyu fd,A Bkdqjksa us yksd ifj"kn ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ij neukRed
tkfyeflag dks >kykokM+ dh jktxn~nh ls mrkj fn;k x;k] blds fo# vkokt mBkrs dk;Zokfg;ka dh rFkk mUgsa ^mkjnk;h 'kklu LFkkiuk fnol* ugha eukus fn;kA ekSykuk
gq, ^jktiqrkuk xtV* us ekax mBkbZ fd >kykokM+ ds ekeys dks iwjh turk ds le{k vrgj eksgEen us tkxhjnkjksa ds fo# fd, x;s bu vkUnksyuksa esa c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx
j[kk tkuk pkfg, rFkk rF;ksa dh tkudkjh nh tkuh pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha fd;k x;k fy;k FkkA
rks 'kkld oxZ ;g vuqHko djus yxsxk fd laf/k dk ikyu ugha gks jgk gSA4 bl izdkj ekjokM+ yksd ifj"kn }kjk mkjnk;h 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds fy, 11 ebZ] 1942
og fczfV'k ljdkj dh xyr uhfr;ksa o fu.kZ;ksa dk tu&fgr esa fo'ys"k.k dj fojks/k dks nwljk lR;kxzg vkUnksyu 'kq: djus dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA t;ukjk;.k O;kl
izdV djrs jgsA eqjknvyh us vkfFkZd o lkekftd leL;kvksa ij Hkh fy[kk rFkk blds izFke fMDVsVj fu;qDr fd;s x;sA 26 ebZ] 1942 dks O;kl th dks fxjrkj dj
vukFkky;ksa dh cqjh O;oLFkk ds lkFk vtesj jsYos&yksdks ds deZpkfj;ksa dh n'kk o fy;k x;k rFkk vxys 2&3 fnu esa yksd ifj"kn ds vxz.kh usrkvksa o dk;ZdrkZvksa dks
ekaxksa ij Hkh izk;% lEikndh; fy[krs Fks] tks lh/ks dsUnzh; fczfV'k ljdkj ds vUrxZr Hkh jkT; ljdkj }kjk fxjrkj dj fy;k x;kA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa yksd ifj"kn dk
FksA5 ekSyoh eqjknvyh ds nsgkUr ds ckn Hkh mudh iRuh eksrh csxe us lu~ 1912 esa dsUnzh; dk;kZy; tks/kiqj ls C;koj LFkkukUrfjr fd;k x;k] rkfd ogka ls vkUnksyu dk
viuh e`R;q rd jktiqrkuk xtV dk izdk'ku tkjh j[kk rFkk mlh csckdh ls leL;kvksa lapkyu lQyrkiwoZd fd;k tk lds vkSj tks/kiqj ljdkj ls lh/kk la?k"kZ u gksA rc
ij fopkj rFkk lekpkj izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs jgsA6 ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen vktkn us C;koj esa jgdj yksd ifj"kn~ ds vkUnksyu dks
ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen & budk tUe C;koj esa lu~ 1895 esa jaxjst Qrg lf; lg;ksx fn;kA 9 twu] 1942 dks tks/kiqj esa tkdj mUgksaus vU; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds
eksgEen ds ;gka gqvk FkkA ;qokoLFkk ls gh budk >qdko ns'k dks vktkn djkus dh vksj lkFk lR;kxzg vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i jk/kkd`".k cksgjk ^rkr*]
jgkA ml le; C;koj 'kgj jk"Vh; Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz FkkA j.kNksMn+ kl xV~Vk.kh] ckyeqdqUn fcLlk] Hkaojyky ljkZQ o ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen
fudVorhZ ns'kh fj;klrksa ds jktusrk Hkh ;gha vkdj vius vkUnksyuksa dh j.kuhfr;ka dks Hkkjr j{kk dkuwu fu;e 26 ch ds rgr utjcUn djds vfuf'pr dky ds fy,
cukrs FksA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d O;kikfjd ?kjkus esa tUe ysus ds ckotwn ekSykuk lsUVy tsy] tks/kiqj eas cUn dj fn;k x;kA8
lkgc jk"Vh; vkUnksyu esa lf; :i ls Hkkx ysus yxsA lu~ 1920 ds vlg;ksx tsy esa jktuhfrd cfUn;ksa ds lkFk ljdkj dk cjrko dSlk jgsxk\ bl iz'u
vkUnksyu rFkk lu~ 1930 ds lfou; vkUnksyu esa lR;kxzgh ds :i eas vkidks dks ysdj ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen us lHkh cfUn;ksa ds lkFk 11 twu] 1942 ls Hkw[k
fxjrkj dj tsy esa canh cuk;k x;kA gM+rky 'kq: dh] tks 20 twu 1942 dks lekIr gqbZA tsy esa bUgsa vusd dfBukb;ksa dk
Jh t;ukjk;.k O;kl us ekjokM+ fj;klr esa 1938 bZ- esa ekjokM+ yksd ifj"kn~ lkeuk djuk iM+kA ysfdu ck/kk;sa mUgsa jk"Vizse ds ekxZ ls u fMxk ldhA jkT;
ds uke ls ,d iz[kj jktuSfrd laxBu LFkkfir fd;kA yksd ifj"kn~ us viuh LFkkiuk ljdkj us lHkh 29 utjcfUn;ks dks fnlEcj] 1942 ds igys lIrkg eas lsUVy tsy ls
ds lkFk gh yksdfiz;rk izkIr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA mldh c<+rh yksdfiz;rk vkSj tks/kiqj ls 8 fd-eh- nwj r[rx<+ (ekfp;k) nqxZ esa Hkst fn;k FkkA bUgsa csfe;kn
'kfDr ls ?kcjk dj turk esa mldh izfr"Bk de djus ds mn~ns'; ls ljdkj us vusd utjcUn fd;k x;k vkSj vUr esa lu~ 1944 esa lcds lkFk mUgsa fjgk fd;k x;kA9
rjhds viuk,A t;ukjk;.k O;kl ds lkFk vCnqy jgeku valkjh vkSj ekSykuk vrgj vkius eqfLye yhx o ns'k foHkktu dk [kqydj fojks/k fd;kA tsy ls fjgk gksus ds
eksgEen dks Hkh fxjrkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA tsy ls fjgk gksus ds ckn vCnqy jgeku ckn Hkh og jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqMs+ jgsA budh iRuh dk vkdfLed nsgkUr
valkjh us rks lf; jktuhfr ls gh lU;kl ys fy;k tcfd ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen us ;qokoLFkk esa gh gks x;k Fkk ,oa mudh dksbZ lUrku Hkh ugha FkhA fdUrq ifjokj okyksa ds
tks/kiqj ds ctk; iqu% C;koj dks viuh xfrfof/k;ksa dk dsUnz cuk fy;kA fdUrq fQj ncko ds ckotwn Hkh mUgksaus iqufoZokg ugha fd;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd vc rks og
Hkh os tks/kiqj dh jktuhfr ls vuojr vkSj lf; :i ls tqM+s jgsA mUgksaus 1940 o viuk thou ns'k lsok dks lefiZr dj pqds FksA10 ns'k ds vktkn gksus ds ckn Hkh
1942 ds jk"Vh; vkanksyuksa esa C;koj ls tks/kiqj igqapdj fxjrkjh nhA7 ekjokM+ mUgkasus viuk thou lekt lsok esa yxk;kA mUgksaus Lok/khurk izkfIr ds ckn dksbZ in
fj;klr dh ljdkj }kjk tkxhjnkjksa ds izfr i{kikriw.kZ uhfr viuk, tkus ds dkj.k Hkh xzg.k ugha fd;kA og fgUnw&eqfLye ln~Hkko vkSj jk"Vh; ,drk ds dV~Vj leFkZd
tkxhjnkj cgqr mPNà[ky gks x;s FksA mUgksaus turk ij [kqydj vR;kpkj djus vkjEHk FksA mudk vf/kdka'k le; vius fgUnw fe=ksa ds ;gha O;rhr gksrk FkkA ekSykuk vrgj
298
eksgEen dk nsgkUr lu~ 1951 eas C;koj eas gqvkA lu~ 1976 uxj ifj"kn] C;koj us yM+kbZ yM+hA fd'kux<+ esa tc dkafrpUnz pkSFkk.kh ds iz;Ruksa ls lu~ 1939 esa iztke.My
loZlEefr ls izLrko ikfjr dj C;koj ds izeq[k Lora=rk lsukuh ds :i esa mudh dh LFkkiuk gqbZA rc mUgsa iztke.My dk v/;{k cuk;k x;kA iztke.My ds ek/;e
;knxkj cukus dk fu'p; fd;k FkkA mudh Le`fr esa Lekjd cuk;s tkus dk izLrko ls fj;klrh ljdkj ls bUgksaus mkjnk;h 'kklu dh ekax dhA
ikfjr gqvkA 15 vxLr 2015 dks tks/kiqj ds ekfp;k nqxZ esa 1942&44 ds nkSjku dSn Jh egewn & ;s fd'kux<+ ds jgus okys FksA teky'kkg dh v/;{krk okys
j[ks x;s LorU=rk lSukfu;ksa dh Le`fr esa muds fp=ksa dk vukoj.k fd;k x;k gSA mlh iztke.My esa bUgksaus ea=h dk dk;ZHkkj laHkky j[kk FkkA
fnu ,d HkO; vfHkuUnu lekjksg dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k x;kA ftlesa ekSykuk vrgj MkW- valkjh & vtesj esa kafrdkfj;ksa us 'kq: ls gh fofo/k izdkj dh xfrfof/
eksgEen dh lqikS=h uljhu ckuks dk 'kky vks<k dj vfHkuUnu fd;k x;kA k;ka pyk j[kh FkhA lHkh vkUnksyuksa eas bUgksaus lexz Hkkx fy;kA MkW- valkjh vtesj ds
csfjLVj eksgEen ;klhu uwjh & budk tUe C;koj esa gqvk ,oa jktuSfrd kafrdkfj;ksa esa vfxze iafDr esa FksA 1920 bZ- esa f[kykQr vkUnksyu ds nkSjku vtesj
thou C;koj ls gh 'kq: gqvkA mUgsa rFkk muds ifjokjtuksa dks jk"Vh; Lok/khurk esa Hkh f[kykQr lfefr cuk;h x;h Fkh] ftlesa MkW- valkjh us egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
vkUnksyu esa lf; Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds dkj.k vusd izdkj dh ;kruk,sa >syuh iM+h fn;kA
fdUrq os vfMx jgs vkSj jk"V dh ewy /kkjk ls tqM+s jgsA egkjk"V dk cEcbZ 'kgj budk
ekSykuk eksfg;qn~nhu fp'rh & vki vtesj ds fuoklh FksA mUgksaus MkW- valkjh]
izeq[k dk;Z{ks= cukA rRdkyhu cEcbZ izkUr ds izFke dkaxszlh ea=he.My 1937&39
'ks[k vCckl vyh ds lkFk ekpZ] 1920 esa lsB teukyky ctkt dh v/;{krk esa gq,
bZ- esa] os dSfcusV ea=h pqus x;s vkSj viuh dk;Z dq'kyrk ls lcdks izHkkfor fd;kA11
^jktiwrkuk e/; Hkkjr lHkk* ds lEesyu eas Hkkx fy;k FkkA vtesj esa mUgha fnuksa
1942 esa tks/kiqj fj;klr esa 'kklu dh vksj ls py jgs neup vkSj fueZe vR;kpkjksa
f[kykQr lfefr dh cSBd gqbZ Fkh] blesa Hkh mUgksaus lf; ;ksxnku fn;kA dkaxzsl ds
ds fojks/k esa ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa izfrf;k gks jgh Fkh blh lUnHkZ esa cEcbZ esa
vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa vkius lR;kxzgh ds :i esa fxjrkjh nhA
HkwriwoZ ea=h eksgEen ;klhu uwjh dh v/;{krk eas ,d fojkV lkoZtfud lHkk dk
vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftlesa vej 'kghn ckyeqdqUn fcLlk dks HkkoHkhuh Jkatfy 'ks[k vCckl vyh & ;g Hkh vtesj ds izeq[k O;olk;h FksA og ekSykuk
nh x;h rFkk tks/kiqj dh ?kVukvksa dh fu"i{k vkSj foLr`r U;kf;d tkap dh ekax dh eksfg;qn~nhu ds lg;ksxh ,oa jk"Vh; Hkkouk ls vksrizksr dk;ZdrkZ FksA mUgksaus f[kykQr
xbZA12 lfefr o jktiwrkuk e/; Hkkjr lHkk esa mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA og lkEiznkf;d
ln~Hkko ds Hkh dV~Vj leFkZd FksA lu~ 1947 esa ns'k foHkktu ds le; vtesj esa
oruijLrh ds lkFk&lkFk budk f'k{kk ls Hkh xgjk yxko FkkA og Lo;a
lkEiznkf;d naxs QSy x;s Fks] mlesa jsYos LVs'ku ds lkeus fLFkr vCckl vyh dh
baXyS.M ls cSfjLVj dh fMxzh ysdj vk, FksA jktLFkku] vgenkckn o cEcbZ bR;kfn
nqdkusa Hkh naxkb;ksa }kjk tyk nh xbZ FkhA blds ckotwn bUgksaus vtesj esa gh jgus dk
fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij bUgksaus odkyr dh izSfDVl dh FkhA lu~ 1932 esa C;koj (vtesj)
fu'p; fd;kA vktknh feyus ds ckn Hkh og jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+s jgs vkSj
esa eksgEen vyh eSeksfj;y gk;j lSd.Mjh Ldwy dh LFkkiuk] C;koj o vtesj ds
vtesj 'kgj ls fo/kk;d Hkh pqus x;sA15
eqlyekuksa dh vuFkd dksf'k'kksa ls dh xbZ FkhA bldk mn~ns'; eqfLye fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
f'k{kk o Kku dk izlkj djuk FkkA 1932 esa ^jktiwrkuk VLV lkslk;Vh* vtesj ds rgr eksgEen vCnqy xQwj & ;g vtesj ds fuoklh Fks lu~ 1935&1947 rd
bl Ldwy dk iz'kklu pyk;k x;kA eksgEen ;klhu uwjh] bl laLFkk ds twfu;j okbl dkaxzsl dh fofHkUu jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa eas lf; jgsA blds lkFk gh mUgksaus vtesj
izSlhMsUV FksA og bl le; vgenkckn esa ckj ,sV ykW FksA13 lu~ 1947 esa ns'k ds esjokM+k dh lkekftd leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k djrs gq, ,d lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ dh
foHkktu us Ldwy dh uhao dks fgyk fn;k FkkA rRdkyhu fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
eksgEen ;klhu uwjh dks Ldwy dk v/;{k vkSj laj{kd pquk x;kA og Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; ekSykuk vCnqy 'kdwj & ekSykuk vCnqy 'kdwj vtesj eas jk"Vh; fopkj&/kkjk
dkaxzsl ds lnL; vkSj jktLFkku ds fxus pqus usrkvksa eas ls ,d FksA mUgksaus vius izHkko ds vfxze iafDr ds eqfLye usrk FksA mudk tUe vtesj esa lu~ 1912 esa gqvk FkkA os
ls jktLFkku ljdkj ls lEidZ LFkkfir dj Ldwy dks ljdkjh lgk;rk fnyokbZA os mnwZ] vjch vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk ds fo}ku FksA muds ij egkRek xka/kh dh fopkj/kkjk dk
1947&1969 bZ- rd eksgEen vyh Ldwy ds lnj jgsA14 cgqr xgjk izHkko FkkA mUgksaus 'kq: ls Lons'kh dk ozr ys j[kk FkkA mUgksaus izsl vkSj
Jh teky'kkg & ;s fd'kux<+ ds fuoklh FksA bUgksaus vkthou vktknh dh eap&nksuksa ls vaxzsth jkt dks lekIr djus ds fy, tuer dks txkus dk cgqr cM+k
299
dk;Z fd;k FkkA mUgksaus dbZ o"kksZa rd fnYyh ds mnwZ nSfud ^vytfe;r* uked izxfr'khy fopkjksa o ys[ku ds fy, vkidk lEeku fd;k tkrk gSA
v[kckj ds lEikndh; foHkkx esa dk;Z fd;k FkkA jktiwrkus dh vusd fj;klrksa esa fu;kt eksgEen & fu;kt eksgEen 'ks[k dk tUe C;koj ds ikl jruiqjk esa
vkUnksyu ds le; pquko ds le; Hkk"k.k nsus ds fy, mUgsa fo'ks"k :i ls vtesj ls gqvk Fkk A mUgksusa jk"Vfirk egkRek xka/kh vkSj xqytkjh yky uUnk ds lkFk o"kZ 1942
cqyk;k tkrk FkkA 1942 dh vxLr kafr ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu esa Hkkjr j{kk dkuwu esa vgenkckn esa etnqjksa ds lkFk vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ fd;k Fkk A og egkRek
dh /kkjk 27 (1) (ch) ds vUrxZr 9 vxLr 1942 dks 3 o"kZ dh ltk nh xbZ Fkh xka/kh ds lkFk lkcjerh tsy esa Hkh jgs FksA f}rh; fo'o ;q esa vktkn fgUn QkSt dh
ftleas ls 2 o"kZ 5 efgus dh ltk Hkqxr dj os 9 tuojh] 1945 dks tsy ls fjgk gq, vksj ls mUgkasus yM+kbZ yM+h FkhA 2014 eas 97 o"kZ dh vk;q esa tks/kiqj esa vkidk nsgkar
FksA16 nsk dh vktknh ds ckn og jkT;lHkk ds fy, pqus x;s FksA gqvkA18
tekyqn~nhu ê[ewj* & ;g vtesj&esjokM+k ds lf; Jfed usrk ,oa lUnHkZ
Lora=rk lsukuh FksA mUgksaus fczfV'k lkk ds fo# jk"Vh; vkUnksyu esa c<+&p<+dj 1- ckyeqdan xqIrk % fucU/kkoyh] i`- 375
fgLlk fy;k FkkA ;g vtesj&dkaxszl desVh ds mik/;{k Hkh jgsA og vtesj esa 2- vafcdk izlkn oktis;h] lekpkj i=ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 192
dsUnzh; ljdkj ds v/khu fo'kky jsYos yksdks ,oa dsfjt dkj[kkus ds gtkjksa etnwjksa ds 3- jktiwrkuk xtV] 8 Qjojh] 1896
fgrksa ds fy, fujUrj la?k"kZ djrs jgsA 4- mijksDr] 8 ekpZ] 1896
pkn eksgEen ^vktkn* & jktLFkku ds Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ds izeq[k dsUnz 5- euksgj izHkkdj] jksy vkWQ izsl] iap'khy izdk'ku] 1981 i`- 15&16
C;koj 'kgj esa 12 vxLr] 1932 dks budk tUe gqvkA izfl Lora=rk lsukuh 6- jes'k tSu] Hkkjr esa fgUnh i=dkfjrk] i`- 172
7- euksgj dksBkjh] iwoksZDr] i`- 205&206
ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen ^vktkn* muds lxs pkpk FksA Lok/khurk ds vfUre la?k"kZdky
8- ckyd`".k Fkkuoh] ekjokM+ yksd ifj"kn ds tu vkUnksyu] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj 1993] tks/
esa vkSj ckn esa Hkh vki lf; vfxze iafDr ds okeiaFkh Nk= usrk jgsA C;koj LVwMsUV kiqj] i`- 25
;wfu;u ds ;g laLFkkid v/;{k jgsA 1942 bZ- ds Hkkjr NksMk+ s vkUnksyu ,oa 1945&46bZ- 9- mijksDr] ifjf'k"V la- 6] i`- 79
esa vktkn fgUn QkSt ds leFkZu esa NsM+s x;s vkUnksyu o tqywlksa eas bUgksaus lf; Hkkx 10- ekSykuk vrgj eksgEen ds Hkrhts Jh pkan eksgEen }kjk nh xbZ tkudkjh ij vk/kkfjr
fy;kA17 fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa C;koj uxj dh lukru /keZ Ldwy o dkWyst ds v/ 11- oUnsekrje~] iwoksZDr] i`- 89
;kidksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fczfV'k lRrk ds fo# rhoz Hkkouk ik;h tkrh FkhA bl dkWyst 12- euksgj dksBkjh] iwoksZDr] i`- 226
eas esokM+ o ekjokM+ ds xkaoksa o 'kgjksa ds Nk= cM+h la[;k esa izos'k ysrs FksA Jh pkan 13- tkSgj Lekfjdk] Lo.kZ t;Urh fo'ks"kkad 1983] C;koj] i`- 20
eksgEen Lora=rk&izkfIr ls igys vksj mlds ckn Hkh lf; Nk=&usrk ds :i esa 14- mijksDr] i`- 23
yksdfiz; jgsA 15- lqeus'k tks'kh] iwoksZDr] i`- 393
16- Jh pkan eksgEen }kjk fn;s x;s lk{kkRdkj ij vk/kkfjr] vizsy 2009
1963 bZ- ls ;g jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; ds vf/koDrk gSaA l-/k- LukrdksRrj 17- mijksDr
egkfo|ky;] C;koj esa vkius ,y-,y-ch- d{kkvksa esa v/;kiu djk;kA 1972 bZ- ls 18- jktLLFkku if=dk ls lkHkkj
jk"Vh; ,drk if=dk dk laiknu ,oa izdk'ku vkids }kjk fd;k x;kA fiNys 50 o"kksZa
esa fgUnh o vaxzsth esa fofHkUu fo/kkvksa ij 40 ls vf/kd iqLrdksa dh jpuk ,oa izdk'ku
buds }kjk fd;k x;kA buesa ^Lokeh foosdkuUn % thou vkSj fopkj*_ êgkRek xka/kh
vkSj lkEiznkf;d ,drk*_ ^Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fojklr*_ ^Hkkjrh; usrk vkSj lkEiznkf;d
leL;k*_ ^Vhiw lqYrku* rFkk ^ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy % thou vkSj fopkj* fo'ks"k
:i ls mYys[kuh; gSA jk"Vh; Lrj ds fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa esa budh jpuk,a
izdkf'kr gksrh jgh gSaA vkdk'kok.kh ds t;iqj dsUnz o t;iqj nwjn'kZu dsUnz ls viuh
vusd okrkZ,a ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkef;d fo"k;kas ij izlkfjr gksrh jgh gSaA orZeku esa Hkh
300
laxfBr djus dk dk;Z fd;kA

flgksV ds Bkdqj ekuflag ds vR;kpkj ds f[kykQ 'ks[kkokVh dh efgykvksa us
,d o`gn~ efgyk lEesyu dVjkFky (lhdj) 24 vizsy 1934 dks vk;ksftr fd;kA
Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku 'ks[kkokVh {ks= esa lEesyu dh la;ksftdk mkek nsoh FkhA tc efgyk lEesyu dh ?kks"k.kk gks pqdh Fkh
tu&tkx`fr esa efgykvksa dh HkwfedkA rks lhdj fBdkus us lEesyu ugha gksus nsus ds vusd mik; fd;sA xkao ls efgykvksa dh
ujsUnz dqekj lSuh fudklh ij jksd vkSj /kefd;ka nh xbZA dVjkFky esa nQk 144 ykxw dj nh xbZ vkSj
?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ;fn dksbZ efgyk ;k iq#"k Hkkx ysxk rks mls fxjrkj dj fy;k
'ks[kkokVh dh efgyk;sa vius 'kkS;Z] R;kx vkSj cfynku ds fy, lnSo gh tk;sxkA 'ks[kkokVh ds dksus&dksus ls efgykvksa ds tRFks dVjkFky igqapus yxsA bl
vxz.kh jgh gSA tgk ;gk dh efgykvksa us iq#"kksa ls da/ks ls d/kk feykdj [ksr lEesyu esa yxHkx 5000 efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA 'ks[kkokVh esa efgykvksa dk ;g
[kfygku vkSj dkj[kkuksa esa dke fd;k gS ogha bUgksaus vkUnksyuksa esa vR;kpkjksa ds izFke o`gn~ lEesyu Fkk ftldh v/;{krk fd'kksjh nsoh us dhA efgykvksa ds tRFkksa dk
f[kykQ iq#"kksa ds lkFk&lkFk la?k"kZ fd;k rFkk tsy x;h gSA 'ks[kkokVh dh vke usr`Ro ftu ohj efgykvksa us fd;k muesa nqxkZorh 'kekZ (ipsjh cM+h)] Qwyka nsoh
xfy;ksa esa tkxzfr dk vadqj.k lu~ 1925 ls izLQqfVr gqvk tc mUgsa f'k{kk dh vksj (ekaMklh)] fd'kksjh nsoh (Hkkejokl)] jeknsoh (ewaMok) vkfn izeq[k FkhA dwnu]
vkd`"V fd;k x;kA dksfyM+k] ikyM+h] iyFkkuk] chchiqj] lksfr;k ckl vkfn vusd xkaoksa ls efgykvksa ds
lu~ 1932 tkV egklHkk] >qU>quw esa gtkjksa efgyk;sa lfEefyr gqbZ Fkh ftUgksaus tRFks lEesyu esa 'kkfey gq;sA 'ks[kkokVh bl efgyk lHkk esa bruk vkks'k Fkk fd os
fo|kFkhZ Hkou cukus ds fy, iUusflag nsojksM+ ds vkg~oku ij lHkk LFky esa vius xgus fdlh Hkh izdkj ds vR;kpkj dk lkeuk djus ds rS;kj FkhA mkek nsoh ds tksf'kys
mrkj fn;s Fks rFkk ckn esa lhdj esa iztkifr egk;K esa 1934 bZ- esa cM+h la[;k esa Hkkx Hkk"k.k us muesa vkSj tku Qwad nhA lEesyu esa r; fd;k fd fL=;ksa dks viekfur
fy;kA ml le; vusd efgyk dk;ZdkkZ eSnku esa vk pqdh FkhA Jherh mkek nsoh djus okyksa dks drbZ ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxkA mUgkasus izfrKk dh fd tc rd
ds usr`Ro esa ,d l'kDr efgyk laxBu cu pqdk FkkA tks iq#"kksa dh Hkkfr lekt lq/kkj fBdkusnkjksa dks fBdkus ugha yxk nsaxh] os pSu ls ugha cSBsaxhA
vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij vR;kpkjksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ djus dks rS;kj FkhA izR;sd 1935 bZloh esa t;flagiqjk esa MwaMyksn Bkdqj ds NksVs HkkbZ bZ'oj flag }kjk
xkao esa 'ks[kkokVh ds vfxze iafDr ds usrkvksa dh /keZ ifRu;ka LFkkuh; usr`Ro djus xksyhdk.M esa pkS- Vhdwjke dh e`R;q rFkk efgykvksa ij xksfy;ksa dh ckSNkj dks ysdj
yxhA mUgksaus #f<+xzLr laLdkjksa dks frykatfy nsdj vk;Z laLdkjksa dks Lo;a xzg.k LFkku&LFkku ij efgykvksa us lHkk;sa dhA ikrwljh xkao esa cukjlh nsoh dh v/;{krk esa
fd;k vkSj lekt esa mudk iwjk izpkj fd;kA ijEijkxr yksd xhrksa dh txg u;s yksd cM+h lHkk gqbZA ftlesa vkl&ikl dh gtkjksa efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA
xhrksa dks viuk;kA efgykvksa ds mRFkku dks rhoz xfr iznku djus gsrq fo|kFkhZ Hkou] >qU>quwa esa ,d
laHkzkr vkSj tkx:d efgykvksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls nqxkZnsoh] mkeknsoh] jkes'ojh o`gn efgyk lEesyu 11 ekpZ 1938 bZ- dks cqyk;k x;kA ftlesa 'ks[kkokVh ds
nsoh 'kekZ (Jhek/kksiqj)] jek nsoh (lhdj)] fd'kksjh nsoh iRuh ljnkj gjyky flag] nwj&njkt ds bykdksa ls gtkjksa dh la[;k esa efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA bl lEesyu dh
Qwyka nsoh (ekaMklh)] vuqlw;k nsoh (cXxM+)] foeyk nsoh (fpM+kok)] fl.kxkjh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd ek csVh vkSj iq=o/kq rhuksa us Hkkx fy;k bu fdlku efgykvksa esa
nsoh (ijrkiiqjk)] Egksjh nsoh (ikrqljh)] xkSjka nsoh (guqekuiqjk)] fd'kksjh nsoh iRuh tkx`fr dk lans'k Qwaddj f'k{kk dh vksj izsfjr djuk rFkk vius vki dks iq#"kksa ls ghu
[;kyhjke (>kejoklh)] jkeI;kjh nsoh] vatuk nsoh vkSj vuqlq;k cfgu th (v/ u le>us dh izsj.kk nsus ds mn~ns'; ls ;g lEesyu cqyk;k x;kA Lokxr Hkk"k.k esa
;kfidk,a) vkfn izeq[k FkhaA ftUgksaus efgykvksa dks laxfBr fd;k vkSj iq#"kksa dh Hkkafr dqekjh 'khry ckbZ us dgk&îgyk dkZO; gekjk ;gh gS fd ge f'kf{kr cus vkSj
fdlh Hkh la?k"kZ dk eqdkcyk djus dks izsfjr djrh jgrh FkhA buds ,d vkg~oku ij viuh ckfydkvksa dks f'kf{kr cuk;sA cxSj f'kf{kr gq, gekjh gkyr gjfxt ugha
gtkjksa efgyk;sa ,df=r gks tk;k djrh Fkh bUgksaus xkao&xkao vkSj ?kj&?kj tkdj lq/kj ldrhA eSa cy iwoZd dgrh gw fd tc rd ns'k ;k lekt dh L=h tkfr f'kf{kr
Lora=rk dh T;ksfr izTtofyr dh rFkk ukjh f'k{kk rFkk izR;sd dk;Z esa Hkkxhnkjh dk ugha gksxh rc rd dksbZ ns'k ;k lekt mUur ugha gks ldrk vkSj u gh gqvk gSA ftl
ikB i<+k;k pkgs buesa ls dqN ,d efgyk;sa vui<+ jgh gks fQj Hkh bUgksaus efgykvksa dks ns'k dh ekr` 'kfDr detksj gks tkrh gS ml jk"V dk iq#"k lekt Hkh detksj jgrk
301
gSA** bl lEesyu ls efgykvksa esa cM+h tkx`fr vk;h vkSj cgqr lh efgykvksa us lHkk vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, izsfjr djrhA fczfV'k Hkkjr esa ;g dk;Z ns'knzksg dk
LFky ij gh ?kwa?kV izFkk NksM+ nhA vijk/k ekuk tkrk Fkk ftls vatuk nsoh pkS/kjh us fd;kA dbZ ckj mudh ryk'kh yh
>qU>quwa efgyk lEesyu ds ckn bl {ks= ls 11 Nk=kvksa dks 1938 bZ- esa xbZ lkexzh tCr dh xbZ rFkk tsy Hkh tkuk iM+kA fctksfy;k esa Hkh vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro
ouLFkyh fo|kihB esa v/;;u ds fy, Hkstk x;k ftUgksaus f'k{kk mijkUr lekt dks fd;k ftl dkj.k tsy dh ;k=k,a djuh iM+hA
,d ubZ fn'kk gh ugha nh cfYd lqn`<+ usr`Ro Hkh iznku fd;k vkSj vkt Hkh dj jgh gaSA iztke.My dk okf"kZd mRlo >qU>quw esa 4 vizSy 1941 dks gqvk Fkk mlesa
mu izfrHkk'kkyh Nk=kvksa esa Fkh&lqfe=k dqekjh] euksjek dqekjh] deyk dqekjh] nsoh ouLFkyh dh Nk=kvksa us cktkj eas tqyql fudkykA bl bykds esa Nk=kvksa }kjk fudkyk
lqfejk] lq/kk] dqekjh lqfHkjk] dqekjh ljLorh] dqekjh 'kkafr] ikoZrh dqekjh vkfn FkhA x;k og izFke tqyql Fkk ftls yksxksa us cM+s dkSrqgy ls ns[kk vkSj mlls f'k{kk xzg.k
buesa ls vkxs pydj lqfe=k flag vkSj Jherh deyk us jktLFkku ds ea=heaMy esa dhA Jherh lqHknzk tks'kh dh v/;{krk esa >qU>quwa esa ,d efgyk lEesyu gqvk ftlesa
'kkfey gksdj lekt ,oa jkT; dk lQy lqn`<+ usr`Ro fd;k vkSj vius O;fDrRo dh nsgkr dh gtkjksa dh efgyk;sa vk;h FkhaA uoyx<+ ds lsB lhrkjke dh iRuh us bl
vfeV Nki NkssMh+ A lEesyu esa vkstLoh Hkk"k.k fn;k vkSj mlesa inkZ izFkk NksM+us] [kknh /kkj.k djus] xguksa
t;iqj iztke.My dk lR;kxzg 1939 bZ- esa 'ks[kkokVh dh efgykvksa dk R;kx dk R;kx djuk vkSj f'k{kk ij cy fn;kA rRik'pkr~ ukjh f'k{kk 'ks[kkokVh esa fujUrj
vkSj cfynku Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa fpjLej.kh; jgsxkA 15 ekpZ 1939 bZ- dks ljnkj c<+rh pyh xbZA
gjyky flag dh fxjrkjh ds fnu ftl u`'kalrk ls t;iqj jkT; dh iqfyl us tc tc ns'k esa jk"Vh; vkUnksyu gq;s 'ks[kkokVh dh efgyk;sa muesa vfxze
lR;kxzfg;ksa ij ykBh;ka cjlkbZ vkSj ?kksM+s nkSM+k;s] og ccZj vR;kpkj dh wj dgkuh iafDr esa [kM+h gqbZA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] ued lR;kxzg] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ls
gSA mlesa efgykvksa ds tRFkksa us iqfyl ds vR;kpkjksa dks lgu fd;kA t;iqj ds ysdj gSnjkckn fdlku lR;kxzg rd esa x;hA dydkk vkSj cEcbZ tSls fo'kky uxjksa
tkSgjh cktkj esa efgykvksa ds tRFks ysdj fxjrkfj;k nsus igqphA nqxkZnsoh 'kekZ ds esa 'ks[kkokVh ds izoklh yksxksa dh fL=;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA vuqlw;k nsoh] T;kudh nsoh]
usr`Ro esa izFke tRFkk 18 ekpZ 1939 dks igqpkA iqfyl gSjku gks x;h ijUrq nqxkZnsoh] jek nsoh tks'kh] jkes'ojh nsoh] vatuk nsoh us fctksfy;k fdlku vkUnksyu esa usr`Ro
Qwyknsoh vkSj mudh iq=o/kq jkedkSjh nsoh ftldh xksn esa 6 ekg dk ckyd Fkk] fd;k vkSj muesa jk"Vh;rk dh Hkkouk dks dwV&dwV dj Hkj fn;kA usr`Ro 'kfDr es
fd'kksjh nsoh ftldk xksn esa 7 ekg ckfydk Fkh] xksjka nsoh] fl.kxkjh nsoh] Egksjh nsoh] 'ks[kkokVh dh efgykvksa dk eqdkcyk ugha] bUgksaus vk;Z lekt dh f'k{kkvksa dks
jkes'ojh nsoh] jek nsoh vkfn us fxjrkjh nh vkSj 4 ekg rd dsanzh; dkjkx`g t;iqj ?kj&?kj rd igqapkus dh ftEesnkjh yhA
tsy esa jghA buds vfrfjDr vU; vusd efgykvksa us fxjrkjh nh ftUgsa 3 ls 6 ekg
rd dh ltk nh xbZA nwljs tRFks esa yxHkx 50 efgyk;sa Fkh] tks Jherh fd'kksjh nsoh jkes'ojh nsoh Jhek/kksiqj dh ,dek= efgyk ftlus L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dk
ds usr`Ro esa x;h Fkh] ijUrq le>kSrk gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa fxjrkj ugha fd;k x;kA usr`Ro fd;k t;iqj fj;klr dh Jhek/kksiqj uxjikfydk esa pquh gqbZ vdsyh efgyk
t;iqj lR;kxzg 'ks[kkokVh dk efgykvksa dh fxjrkjh ds dkj.k loksZPp f'k[kj ij Fkh] ftlus vU; efgykvksa ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks= esa fuHkZ; gksdj dk;Z djus dk
igqp x;k FkkA ;fn ;g lR;kxzg 19 ekpZ 1939 dks lekIr ugha gksrk vkSj fxjrkfj;ksa ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA t;iqj lR;kxzg esa Hkh jkes'ojh nsoh] fd'kksjh nsoh] nqxkZ nsoh us
dk flyflyk tkjh jgrk rks gtkjksa efgyk;sa tsy tkus dks rS;kj FkhA efgykvksa dk usr`Ro fd;k rFkk pkj&pkj ekg ds dkjkokl dh ltk dkVh vatuk nsoh
,oa jek nsoh us 1931 bZloh esa fctksfy;k fdlku vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dk usr`Ro
lhdj dh jeknsoh 10&11 o"kZ dh mez fo/kok gks xbZA blds mijkUr i<+uk
fd;k Jherh jkeI;kjh dqekokl us vU; lR;kxzfg;ksa ds lkFk gSnjkckn lR;kxzg esa
izkjaHk fd;k vkSj iwjh f'k{kk xzg.k djus ds ckn lhdj esa v/;kfidk cu x;hA
'kkfey gqbZ A
dkykUrj esa jktLFkku lsok la?k esa Hkh dk;Z djus yxhA jeknsoh ,oa vatuk pkS/kjh
(uhe dk Fkkuk) fctkSfy;k lR;kxzg esa Hkh lfEefyr gqbZA vatuk nsoh pkS/kjh izfl ;gk ds jk"Vh; vkUnksyuksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk iq#"kksa ls de ugha jghA
Lora=rk lsukuh jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh dh iRuh FkhA ogk ij os nksuksa fot; flag ifFkd ftl lkgl] fgEer vkSj n`<+ fu'p; ls vkUnksyuksa esa Hkkx fy;k bfrgkl esa mldk
ds lEidZ esa Hkh vk;hA jk"Vh; vkanksyu ds nkSjku vatuk nsoh us vtesj ls uhe dk dksbZ lkuh ugha gSaA fuHkhZd] n`<+ vkSj Li"Vokfnrk ds xq.kksa ls nhf{kr 'ks[kkokVh dh ek]
Fkkuk lekpkj i= lwpuk,a] iksLVlZ vkfn ykdj yksxksa esa ckaVrh rFkk mUgsa jk"Vh; cgq&csfV;ksa us tks usr`Ro fd;k og vius vki esa ,d fe'kky gSA
302
lanHkZ
1- feJ] jruyky] 'ks[kkokVh dk bfrgkl] dqVhj izdk'ku] eaMkok] >qU>quwa] 1998
2- feJ] jruyky] 'ks[kkokVh ds Lora=rk lsukuh] dqVhj izdk'ku] eaMkok] >qU>quwa
3- vk;Z] MkW- gjQwy flag] 'ks[kkokVh dk jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] iap'khy izdk'ku] xksok eqfDr laxzke esa >kykokM+ ds lR;kxzgh %
t;iqj 2013
4- flag] eksgku] 'ks[kkokVh esa Lora=rk vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] jfoUnz izdk'ku] >qa>quwa
Jh NksVsyky oekZ
5- 'ks[kkor] j?kqukFk flag] 'ks[kkokVh izns'k dk jktuhfrd bfrgkl] Bkdqj eYywflag Le`fr MkW- vpZuk f}osnh
xzaFkkxkj dkyh igkM+h] >qU>quwa 1998
6- esgj] tgwj [kk ,oa xgyksr] lq[kohj flag] jktLFkku Lora=rk vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] Jh 1510 ls 1961 bZ- rd xksok] neu] }ho iqrZxkfy;ksa ds mifuosk jgsA
txnh'k flag xgyksr 'kks/k laLFkku] tks/kiqj 1992 xksekrad izns'k ij 450 o"kZ dk iqrZxkyh lkezkT; dk bfrgkl jktuSfrd neu] vkfFkZd
7- 'kekZ] iafMr >kcjey] lhdj dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku ,tsalh] cMk cktkj] dydkk
'kks"k.k vkSj /kkfeZd og'khiu dh Hk;adj dkfyekiw.kZ dgkuh gSA xksok ij iqrZxkfy;kas
dk vf/kdkj fu%lgk; xksok fuokfl;ksa ds fy, gR;k vkSj ekSr dk iSxke Fkk] 'kfDr ds
en esa pwj lkezkT;oknh yqVsjkas us tks dqN fd;k og vdFkuh; gSA rRdkyhu iqrZxkyh
ok;ljk; fcu vcqYddZ Loa; dgrs gaS& ^êSaus cLrh eas vkx yxk nh gj euq"; dks
viuh ryokj dk f'kdkj cuk;k] tks yksx tgk dgha Hkh feys mUgsa ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj
fn;kA**1 ftl le; Hkkjr eas vaxzstks ds f[kykQ Lok/khurk la?k"kZ viuh pje lhek esa
Fkk ml le; xksok {ks= dh turk Hkh iqrZxkfy;kas ls vktknh dh vk'kk yxk;s cSBh FkhA
1946 ls 1953 bZ- rd xk/kh th ds flkar ds vuq:i vkarfjd lR;kxzg ds nkSj
pyrs jgsA bu lR;kxzg ds fofHkUu nkSjksa esa ns'k ds dksus&dksus ls lR;kxzgh vkrs jgsA
,sls lR;kxzfg;kas esa >kykokM+ ftys ds lR;kxzfg;ksa us Hkh mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA
izLrqr 'kks/ki= esa >kykokM+ ftys ds pkj lR;kxzfg;ksa esa ls ,d Jheku~ NksVsyky oekZ
ds O;fDrRo ,oa frRo dh ppkZ dh tk jgh gSA
iqrZxkyh 'kklu }kjk lR;kxzfg;kas ds lkFk fd, vR;kpkjkas ls xksokokfl;ksa eas tks
vkrad vkSj fujk'kk iSnk gqbZ] mlls Hkkjrh; tuekul bl 'kklu ds fo# mB [kM+k
gqvkA xksok dks iqrZxkyh 'kklu ls eqDr djkdj Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; eas 'kkfey fd;k
tk;s] blh y{; ds fy, iwuk eas ^xksok foekspu lgk;d lfefr* 1954 bZ- esa cukbZ
xbZA bl lfefr us ns'kokfl;kas ls xksok eqfDr laxzke eas Hkkx ysus dh vihy dhA bl
vihy dk ns'k dh turk ij vuqdwy izHkko iM+kA2 izkjEHk esa NksVs&NksVs tRFks xksok dh
lhek eas izos'k dj vfgald lR;kxzg djrs jgsA iqrZxkyh lsuk dk vekuoh; O;ogkj
vkSj ccZjrkiw.kZ dk;Zokgh ls lfefr dks iquZfopkj djus ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+k vkSj
15 vxLr 1955 bZ- ds fnu O;kid iSekus ij lkewfgd lR;kxzg fd, tkus dk
fu'p; fd;k x;kA ns'k ds dksus&dksus ls xksok dks eqDr djkus ds fy, lR;kxzfg;ksa ds
tRFks bl lkewfgd lR;kxzg eas Hkkx ysus ds fy, iwuk igqpus yxsA3 LokfHkekuh
303
ns'kHkDr ,oa viuh ekr`Hkwfe ij vius izk.kkas dks U;kSNkoj djus okys j.kckadqjksa ds jDr vkius laHkkyhA pkj HkkbZ vkSj ,d cgu dks firk dh deh eglwl ugh gksus nhA
ls jaftr izns'k jktLFkku ls Hkh cM+h la[;k eas yksxksa us bl ,sfrgkfld lR;kxzg esa Hkkx vkidh iRuh ikoZrh nsoh dgrh gS & Jh oekZ lk xka/kh Mk;jh eas vius izksxzkeksa
fy;k vkSj iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk nh xbZ dBksj ;krukvksa dks lgkA vusd lR;kxzgh 'kghn gq, dks uksV djrs FksA jkstukepk fy[kuk mudh vknr esa FkkA mueas ,d vkSj vknr Fkh fd
vkSj vusd vkthou viaxA ckn eas lSfud dk;Zokgh dj Hkkjr ljdkj us xksok ij ;fn mUgas dksbZ Hkh lkeku ?kj ls eaxokuk gksrk rks viuh fu'kkuh isu] ?kM+h ;k vius }kjk
vf/kdkj fd;kA xksok dks iqrZxkyh 'kklu ls eqDr djkus ds fy, py jgs bl fy[kk gqvk dkxt nsdj fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ?kj Hkstrs FksA Jh oekZ lk ,d vkn'kZ]
lR;kxzgh egklaxzke eas >kykokM+ ds Hkh ohj liwrksa us viuh tku dh ijokg fd, fcuk dkZO;ijk;.k] fuHkhZd i=dkj FksA ru&eu&/ku lHkh ls ns'k o etnwjksa dh lsok eas
xksok lR;kxzg vkUnksyu eas Hkkx fy;kA dIrku Jh NkssVsyky oekZ] Jh iUuk yky vkthou lefiZr jgsA xksok tkus dh ckr tc vkius dgh rks eSaus mUgsa lg"kZ fonk
;kno] Jh jruyky fgUnqLrkuh ,oa Jh izrkiukjk;.k frokjh us xksok lR;kxzg eas Hkkx fd;kA** ekrk th ls fot; fryd yxokdj] vk'khokZn ysdj vki xksok eqfDr
fy;kA 11 vxLr 1955 bZ- dks dksVk ls 41 lR;kxzfg;ksa dk ,d tRFkk nsgjknwu lR;kxzg esa dwn iM+sA 11 vxLr 1955 dh lqcg 41 lR;kxzgh dksVk ls nsgjknwu
,Dlizsl ls xksok dks eqDr djkus ds fy, jokuk gqvkA ftleas e.Mkoj ds Jh ,Dlizsl esa lokj gksdj py fn,A Qwy&ekykvksa vkSj xqykc ls gj LVs'ku ij yksxksa us
iUukyky ;kno 'kghn gq,A mRlkgh ,oa ekr`Hkwfe ds fy, ej feVus okys bl lR;kxzgh Lokxr fd;kA 12 vxLr dks iwuk vkSj 13 vxLr dks csyxke igqpsA 14 vxLr dks
us xksok ds ^fFk,* uked xkao eas cjlrs ikuh eas vius ny ds lkFk jkf= foJke fd;kA vkidk tRFkk lkeUrokM+h igqpk] fQj ogk ls vkjksUnkA vkjksUnk ls dqN nwjh ij gh
izkr% 6%00 cts xkao ds ,d lkoZtfud efUnj ds f'k[kj ij bl ny us Hkkjr dk Hkkjr xksok lhek feyrh FkhA vc vkxs dh dgkuh lR;kxzgh dh tqckuh crkrh
jk"Vh; /ot ygjk;k] blesa Jh iUukyky lcls vkxs FksA gw^^Hkknz ekg ds ".k i{k ds ?kqIi v/ksjs vkSj cjlrs ikuh eas xksokuh ekxZn'kZdksa dks
iqrZxkfy;kas xksok NksM+ksa tSls tks'khys ukjksa ls ccZj iqrZxkfy;ksa vkSj muds lkFk gekjk tRFkk jkf= 11%00 cts py iM+kA rksjk[kksy [kkM+h ikj djds dbZ ehy
lSfudksa dh uhansa mM+ xbZ vkSj lR;kxzgh ny dks lko/kku ('kV&vi) gksus dk vkns'k pydj jkf= 3%30 ij tRFkk fufnZ"V LFkku ij igqpkA vafglk eas gekjh vkLFkk vkSj
fn;kA vkns'k u ekuus ij iqrZxkyh lSfudkas dh vkx mxyrh xksyh pyh] tks ghjkyky gekjk fugRFkkiu ml jksekapdrk eas o`f gh djrs FksA >.Mk vfHkoknu ds fy, ge
tSu vkSj iUukyky th ds chp ls fudyhA rc Hkh fugRFks iUukyky th us /kS;Z ugh xkao ds ,d ljdkjh Ldwy esa [kM+s FksA >.Mkjksg.k ds ckn mRlkg tks'khys ukjksa ds :i
[kks;k vkSj vius ny dks tks'k fnykdj vius frjaaxs dh j{kk ds ukjs yxk,sa vkSj xksok eas QwV iM+k&
ds fy, vius izk.kkas dh cfy nsdj vej 'kghn dgyk,sA Jh iUukyky ;kno th dk vktkn xksok ftUnkckn] ûgha&ugha dHkh&ugha Hkkjr&xksok vyx ugha* iqrZxkyh
jkexate.Mh esa Lekjd cuk gqvk gS (Jh ;kno th jkexate.Mh eas jgus yxs Fks)A lSfud dh xksyh ls lkFkh iUukyky ;kno ukjs yxkrs gq, Hkwfe ij fxj iM+s vkSj 'kghn
>kykokM+ ds eaxyiqjk fuoklh Jh izrkiukjk;.k frokjh] cpiu ls gh fuHkhZd vkSj gks x,A 'ko efUnj eas j[kok fn;k vkSj igjk cSBk fn;kA 'ko ijh{k.k gqvk vkSj dqN
es/kkoh jgsA vkius ns'k dh LorU=rk ds fy, vkUnksyuksa eas Hkkx fy;kA xksok eqfDr le; ckn vejhdh i=dkj gksej tSd vius QksVksxzkQj ds lkFk ogka vk x,A fQj
laxzke esa vki vius tRFks dh gkSlyk vQtkbZ djrs jgsA vkidk fu/ku mTtSu esa gels lSfudksa us dgk x;k fd vki yksxksa dks tsy fHktokus ds iwoZ MkWDVjh eqvk;uk
gqvkA djokuk gS vkSj ,d&,d djds ,d rax dksBjh esa 37 yksxksa dks HksMk+ sa dh rjg Hkjdj
Jh NksVsyky oekZ ;g uke gS xksok eqfDr laxzke eas Hkkx ysus okys >kykokM+ ds rkyk yxk fn;k xk;A djhc vk/ks ?k.Vs ds ckn gesa mlls ckgj djds cSBk fn;kA lkjk
lR;kxzgh dkA >kykokM+ esa 7 Qjojh 1923 dks tUesa NksVsyky oekZ ckY;dky ls gh fnu ccZj iqrZxkfy;kas dh utjcUnh esa ekj [kkrs xqtj x;kA gaVjksa vkSj M.Mksa ls
gksugkj vkSj dq'kkxz cqf okys FksA vkius vkRefuHkZjrk ds flkUr dks Lohdkjrs gq, ihV&ihVdj HksM+&cdfj;ksa ls Hkh xqtjh gkyr esa gesa cl esa Hkj fn;k x;k vkSj
d{kk 4 eas i<+rs gq, d{kk 5 dh V~;w'ku dhA 11&12 o"kZ dh mez eas gh jktnjckj esa rsjk[kksy [kkM+h ds fdukjs fLFkr dSj dh dLVe pkSdh ij ys vk,A ,d Vkijh eas geas
ulZjh] txkr] ukdsnkj] QhYMesu dh ukSdjh dhA vkius fgUnh eas ch-,- Hkk"kk jRu dh cSBk fn;k x;kA ge îSdvi* gS u fgy ldrs gSa u Mksy ldrs ga]S rstxehZ vkSj ne
f'k{kk izFke Js.kh esa eqEcbZ ls izkIr dhA 21 o"kZ dh mez esa vkidk fookg N=iqjk ?kqVrk tk jgkA lkjh jkr xqtj xbZ] gesa ekjrs&ekjrs csne dj fn;kA ,d cts VsyhQksu
(>kykokM+ jksM)+ fuoklh Jh vkSadkjyky dh lqiq=h ikoZrh nsoh ds lkFk gqvkA vk;kA lSfudksa esa dqN dkukQwlh gqbZ vkSj ckgj iqrZxkyh lSfudksa esa HkxnM+ ep xbZA
vkids pkj iqf=;k ,oa iq= gq,A firk dh e`R;q ds ckn ifjokj dh ckxMksj cMs+ HkkbZ o lqcg gks xbZ] gesa 'kkSpkfn ls fuo`k gksuk gS] ijUrq ;gk dkSu gS tks gekjh lqusA 8%00
304
cts gksaxs] iqrZxkyh flikfg;ksa us uk dqN dgk] uk dqN lqukA cl gaVj] M.Mksa vkSj LFkkiuk dh] tks ilhuk lekpkj i= fudkyrh FkhA ;g i= igys ikf{kd fQj
ykfB;ksa ls ekj&ekj dj cstku dj fn;kA lSfud pys x,A xkMZ ij cl ,d xksokuh lkIrkfgd vkSj Ms<+ n'kd rd nSfud Hkh jgkA6 bl lekpkj i= us lu~ 1972&95 bZ-
lSfudA mldk n; vkf[kj fi?ky x;kA mlus gekjs fy, ihus dk ikuh eaxok;kA rd esgurd'k yksxksa dh vkokt dks cqyUn fd;kA mUgksaus vius lEikndh; eas turk
10%00 cts ,d LVhe cksV ij gesa p<+k;k tk jgk gSA ykp ij lokj gksus ds fy, ,d dh leL;kvksa dks turk dh Hkk"kk esa okLrfod :i eas izLrqr fd;kA le; dh
thuk mrjuk iM+rk Fkk] tSls gh ogk igqprs ykBh gaVjksa dh ekj 'kq: gks tkrh vkSj rc ikcUnh oekZ th ds thou dk ewy ea= FkhA ilhuk ikf{kd dh ;g dfork muds
rd pyrh jgrh tc rd fd ykp ij lokj ugha gks tkrsA LVhej fdukjs ls FkksMk+ nwj ms'; dks c[kwch O;Dr djrh gS7&
gS chp esa ikuh dks ikj djuk iM+ jgk gSA ikuh esa yksgs dh ifk;k vkSj dhys x<+h gqbZ esgur dk xeZ [kwu gh curk gS ilhukA
Fkh] ftuls gekjs ikao ygwyqgku gks x,A geas tcju Hkkjrh; lhek dh vksj /kdsy fn;k lksus esa [kkds eqYd cnyrk gS ilhukAA
x;kA vc ge Hkkjrh; lhek esa vk x, FksA ukxiqj esfMdy lgk;rk f'kfoj ds Lo;a mBrk gS nnZ&, teha tc ftxj dks phjA
lsod izkFkfed fpfdRlk ds fy, rRij FksA mUgksaus gekjh ejge iV~Vh dh vkSj [kkus v'ds Qyd jks jks ds cjlrk gS ilhukAA
dks jksVh] pk; vkSj ikuh fn;kA bl rjg 38 ?k.Vs i'pkr~ ,d cfynkuh lkFkh dh feV~Vh esa feyds eqLdjk nsrk gS csfxykA
;knxkj vkSj Hk;kud ;krukvksa eas VwVs ru eu dh gkyr esa xksok foekspu lfefr ds gjlw cks Qwy cu ds egdrk gS ilhukAA
lR;kxzgh vkjksank dSEi eas igqp x,A ;gk ij lSdM+ksa lR;kxzgh ?kk;y voLFkk esa iM+s eSa xqy'kus oru esa cgkj ykds jgwxkA
gq, Fks] ftUgsa lgk;rk nh tk jgh FkhA**4 gljr ;gh rks ysds fudyrk gS ilhukAA
tufgr la?k"kZ ds fgrS"kh Jh NksVsyky oekZ us 1945 bZ- eas chM+h etnwjkas dh yEch chekjh ds ckn 9 vDVwcj 2002 esa vkidk fu/ku gks x;kA thouHkj
lgdkjh lfefr dk xBu djds mUgsa 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr izkIr djus dh jkg fn[kkbZA ns'k etnwjksa ds ljdkjh o lsfB;k 'kks"k.k ds fo# yM+kbZ;ka yM+h vkSj mUgas mudk gd
dh vktknh yM+rs&yM+rs vkius Jfed oxZ ds 'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ ekspkZ [kksydj fnyk;kA cwUnh esa tujy etnwj ;wfu;u ds tfj;s dbZ etwnjksa dks vf/kdkj fnyk;kA12
vius lkekftd nkf;Rokas dks e`R;qi;ZUr fuHkk;kA lu~ 1946&47 bZ- tc lks'kfyLV êkjsaxs ugh ekusaxs ugh* ,slh cst yxh vuks[kh [kkdh onhZ /kkj.k djus okys Jh oekZ
ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rks os mlls tqM+ x;s vkSj etnwjksa }kjk NsM+s x, la?k"kksZ eas th dks jktLFkku LFkkiuk dh Lo.kZ t;Urh ij jkT; dh vksj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
c<+&p<+dj fgLlk ysrs jgsA lu~ 1953 bZ- esa flapkbZ nj esa voS/kkfud o`f ds ogha 2001 eas LorU=rk lsukuh lEeku vkidks fn;k x;kA
f[kykQ lektoknh usrk MkW- jke euksgj yksfg;k }kjk mkj&izns'k ds Q:Z[kkckn eas lUnHkZ
pyk;s ûgj jsV o`f fojks/kh vkUnksyu* eas Hkh Jh oekZ th us Hkkx fy;k vkSj fxjrkj 1- deZohj] lekpkj i=] ([k.Mok) 18 fnlEcj 1998
gq,A 01 fnlEcj 1958 bZ- ls jktLFkku lks'kfyLV ikVhZ us viuh 21 lw=h ekaxks dks 2- vkuUn y{e.k [kk.Msdj] xksok eqfDr la?k"kZ] flagkoyksdu] vf[ky Hkkjrh; xksok lR;kxzgh
ysdj ns'k O;kih vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;kA blh nkSjku eq[;ea=h eksguyky lq[kfM+;k dk vf/kos'ku] iq.ks&Lejf.kdk] 2006] i`- 104
dksVk esa lkoZtfud dk;Ze FkkA mu ij ukFk}kjk] lknM+h] lksukdkaM rFkk cwUnh eas 3- vkj-,u- JhokLor (la-)] xksok eqfDr laxkz e vkSj e/;izn's k ds lR;kxzgh] 'kkldh; ekudqo j
tehu gM+ius ds vkjksi yxs FksA blh dks ysdj lR;kxzfg;ksa us mUgas fxjrkj djus dk ckbZ dyk ,oa okf.kT; Lo'kklh efgyk egkfo|ky; tcyiqj] 2012] i`- 5
fu'p; fd;kA fxjrkj djus okys lR;kxzgh tRFks ds yhMj Fks Jh NksVsyky oekZA 4- xksok lR;kxzg eqfDr ny iqLrd ls fy;s lEikfnr va'k] nz"VO; Lekfjdk% xksok eqf
LorU=rk lsukuh Lo- NksVsyky oekZ] 2009] i`- 14
iqfyl dIrku tSlh [kkdh onhZ igudj] gFkdM+h ysdj lkoZtfud dk;Ze ds
5- gjh'k [kyksjk (ofj"B i=dkj] nSfud HkkLdj) jkexate.Mh] dk vkys[k nz"VO; Lekfjdk%
nkSjku lq[kkfM+;k th dks fxjrkj djus igqps vkSj fxjrkj fd;kA rc ls [kkdh onhZ xksok eqf LorU=rk lsukuh Lo- NksVsyky oekZ] 2009] i`- 55
,oa dIrku lk uke vkidh igpku cu xbZA5 xksok dks vktkn djkdj ykSVs lR;kxzgh 6- Lekfjdk] xksok eqf LorU=rk lsukuh Lo- NksVsyky oekZ] 2009] esa i=dkj Jh ine tSu
JhoekZ esa nfyr ,oa 'kksf"kr oxksZ ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr ,oa lkgp;Z dk tks Hkko Fkk] og eaxyiqjk] >kykokM+ dk vkys[k] i`- 59
vc eq[kfjr gksus yxkA mUgksaus vius vkidks etnwj ,oa esgurd'k yksxkas ds lkFk 7- ilhuk ikf{kd] o"kZ 4] vad 32] lu~ 1975 eas izdkf'kr
tqMd + j LFkkuh; Jfed la?k dh vkokt cqyUn djus ds fy, îlhuk izsl* dh 8- nSfud vaxn] 11 flrEcj 2002] dksVk
305
5 vxLr 1915 dks feLVj oqM ikWfyfVdy lsdsVh] fczfV'k&ljdkj ds

mn;iqj vkxeu ds volj ij Hkkst esa egkjk.kk us vius Lokxr Hkk"k.k esa fo'o&;q
esa fczzfV'k&ljdkj dh fot; dh dkeuk djrs gq, iqu% fczfV'k&ljdkj dks gj lEHko
izFke fo'o;q esa esokM+ dk ;ksxnku lgk;rk miyC/k djokus dk opu fn;k] rn~uqlkj feLVj oqM us egkjk.kk dk /kU;okn
MkW- jktsUnzukFk iqjksfgr Kkfir djrs gq, dgk fd vkt esokM+ ds lkFk fe=rk dh ijEijk dk iquZohuhdj.k gks
x;k gS rFkk vHkh gky gh esa egkjk.kk }kjk ,d yk[k #i;kas dh dh xbZ vfrfjDr
20oha 'krkCnh ds nwljs n'kd esa teZuh ds lezkV dslj fofy;e f}rh; dh lgk;rk ds fy, Hkh vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gwaA10
lkezkT;oknh uhfr ds QyLo:i lEiw.kZ ;wjksi nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr gks x;k FkkA ,d ;q izkjEHk gksus ds ckn fczfV'k&ljdkj us ,d rkj }kjk egkjk.kk us
xqV esa fczVsu] kal] :l rFkk tkiku Fks] nwljs xqV esa teZuh] vkfLV;k] gaxjh rFkk bVyh lSfud&lgk;rk dk vuqjks/k fd;kA11 rn~uqlkj egkjk.kk us 500 jax:V izf'k{k.k gsrq
FksA nksuksa xqVksa ds chp foLrkjoknh izfrLi/kkZ ds dkj.k 28 tqykbZ 1914 dks izFke nsoyh Nkouh HkstsA12 blds vfrfjDr v'olSfudksa (esokM+ ykUllZ) ds ,d ny esa
fo'o ;q izkjEHk gks x;kA1 Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl us ;q esa fczfV'k&ljdkj dks ,d Hkkjrh; vQlj] 3 nQsnkj] 4 ykUl nQsnkj] ,d lsY;wVjh] ,d QSjh;j vkSj 43
lg;ksx nsus dk fu.kZ; fy;k] rn~uqlkj jk"Voknh usrk egkRek xak/kh us Hkh fczfV'k ?kqM+lokj fczfV'k&ljdkj dh lgk;rk gsrq ;wjksi Hksts x;sA13 fczfV'k&ljdkj ds
ljdkj dks lgk;rk nsus dk vketu ls vkg~oku fd;kA2 vuqjks/k ij egkjk.kk us mnkj rFkk lEekutud 'krks ij mUgsa ?kqMl
+ okj miyC/k djokus
jktiqrkuk dh fj;klrksa Hkh fczfV'k lkezkT; dk ,d vax Fkh] vr% bu fj;klrksa dk vk'oklu fn;k] rn~uqlkj bl dk;Z gsrq vaxsztksa us estj ,UMjlu dks mn;qij Hkstk]
}kjk fczfV'k&ljdkj dks lg;ksx djuk mudk uSfrd nkf;Ro FkkA jktLFkku dh t;iqj] ,UMjlu us egkjk.kk ds lSU;ny ds 47 ?kksM+ksa dk p;u fd;k] ftudks fczfV'k ;q
tks/kiqj fj;klrs bl dk;Z esa vxz.kh jgh] fdUrq esokM+&jkT; Hkh bl volj ij fczfV'k foHkkx us vf/kx`fgr dj fy;kA egkjk.kk dh bl lgk;rk dh iz'kalk Lo:i
lg;ksx esa ihNs ugha jgkA esokM+ us Hkh ;FkklkeFkZ lSU; lgk;rk vkSj /kujkf'k miyC/k fczfV'k&ljdkj us mUgsa fyf[kr /kU;okn izsf"kr fd;kA14
djok dj fczfV'k&ljdkj dks mir fd;kA 7 vxLr 1914 dks egkjk.kk Qtg flag
ladV ds le; egkjk.kk us iqu% fczfV'k&ljdkj dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq,
us jktiqrkuk ds ,-th-th- dksyohu dks mn;iqj jktegy fLFkr 'kaHkqfuokl esa Hkkst ij
ljdkj dks 60 izf'kf{kr ?kksM+s nsus vkSj muds cnys esa vizf'kf{kr ?kksM+s ysus dks izLrko
vkaef=r fd;kA3 egkjk.kk us Lokxr Hkk"k.k esa fo'o ;q dh ?kVuk ij vQlksl
Hkstk] blds mkj esa vaxzstksa us egkjk.kk ds bl ;ksxnku dh iz'kalk djrs gq, mUgsa
tkfgj djrs gq, fczfV'k&ljdkj dks Hkjkslk fnyk;k fd ;q esa vko';drk iM+us ij
/kU;okn HkstkA15 ladV dh bl ?kM+h esa fczfV'k&ljdkj dks vkfFkZd lg;ksx djus esa
esokM+ vius fe= baXySaM dh gj lEHko lgk;rk djsxkA baXySaM dks vius fe=ksa vkSj
lg;ksfx;ksa ij iw.kZ fo'okl j[kuk pkfg,A4 izR;qkj esa ,-th-thus egkjk.kk dk / Hkh esokM+ vxz.kh jgkA jsMkl ,lksfl;s'ku laLFkk rFkk ,;jkV vkfn ;q laca/kh
kU;okn Kkfir djrs gq, dgk fd vkids bl vk'oklu dh lwpuk xouZj tujy dks dbZ lgk;rk QaMksa esa egkjk.kk us fofHkUu voljksa ij 1000000 (nl yk[k) #i;s dh
Hksth tk,xh] ftlls mUgsa vfrizlUurk gksxhA5 lgk;rk dh rFkk ,;jkV fuekZ.k esa iz;qDr gksus okyk [kfut vHkzd esokM+ dh [kkuksa
ls Hkstk x;kA16
dksyohu dh bl eqykdkr ds ckn egkjk.kk us ;q lgk;rk dks"k esa 100000
(,d Ykk[k) #i;s HkstsA6 9 vDVqEcj 1914 dks foDVksfj;k gkWy esa esokM+ ds ljnkjksa esokM+ jkT; us fczfV'kljdkj 1300000 (rsjg yk[k) #i;s mnkj C;kt nj
rFkk iklokuksa dh ,d lHkk vk;ksftr gqbZ ftlesa lHkh mifLFkr O;fDr;ksa us ;FkklkeFkZ ij .kLo:i miyC/k djok;sA 'kaHkwfuokl esa 7 ebZ 1917 dks egkjkt dqekj Hkwiky
pUnk ,df=r dj fczfV'k ljdkj dh lgk;rkFkZ HkstkA7 blh fnu mn;iqj bZEihfj;y flag ,oe~ jsftMsaV ds e/; ea=.kk gqbZ] ftlesa esokM+ dh vksj ls fczfV'k&ljdkj dks
lfoZl fjlkyk ds estj oscj rFkk teknkj Hks: flag HkkVh dks fo'o&;q esa Hkkx ysus dtZ ds :i esa Hksth xbZ jkf'k 277000 (nks yk[k lrgRrj gtkj) #i;s dh lwph
gsrq egkjk.kk us mn;iqj ls fonk fd;kA8 blh rjg 31 vDVqcj 1914 dks jsftMsalh rS;kj dh xbZA17 egkjk.kk us 15 yk[k #i;s pkanh ds cnys .k ds :i esa fczfV'k&ljdkj
ltZu MkDVj csVh dks egkjk.kk us ;q{ks= (kal) esa viuh lsok,a nsus gsrq fonk dks HkstsA18
fd;kA9 lu~ 1918 bZ- esa egkjk.kk us vius iq= egkjkt dqekj Hkwiky flag ds uke ls
306
;q esa lgk;rkFkZ 5 yk[k #i;s dh /kujkf'k lk<s+ ikap izfr'kr C;kt dh nj ls dtZ ds 8- ogh] i`- 32
:i esa iznku dhA19 ljdkj }kjk egkjk.kk dh bl lgk;rk dk vkHkkj O;Dr fd;k 9- ogh] i`- 39
x;kA 14 Qjojh 1918 dks fczfV'k&ljdkj }kjk mijksDr /ku ij C;kt dh jkf'k tks 10- ogh] i`- 105&106
11- y{eh vxzoky] mi;qZDr] i`- 68
18]333 #i;s 5 vkuk 4 ikbZ Fkh] egkjk.kk dks ykSVk nh xbZ] egkjk.kk us bl jkf'k dks
12- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] i`- 856
jk"Vh; lqj{kk ij [kpZ djus ds fufek iqu% fczfV'k&ljdkj dks ykSVk nh vkSj bPNk 13- y{eh vxzoky] mi;qZDr] i`- 68
O;Dr dh fd jkf'k egkjkt dqekj Hkwiky flag ds uke ij fdlh Hkh dks"k esa Mky nh 14- ogh] i`- 68
tkosA20 rn~uqlkj fczfV'k&ljdkj us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd C;kt dh ;g jkf'k Hkkjr esa 15- ogh] i`- 68
lqj{kk ;krk;kr ds fy, QksMZ eksVj xkfM+;ka [kjhnus esa mi;ksx dh tkos rFkk eksVjksa ij 16- ogh] i`- 856
;g vafdr fd;k tkos fd ;g okgu esokM+ egjktkdqekj Hkwiky flag dh HksaV gSA vf/ 17- ogh] i`- 856
k'ks"k jkf'k dk mi;ksx lqj{kk ds dk;ksZ esa fd;k tk;sA21 18- nsoukFk iqjksfgr] esokM+ dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] i`- 200
19- y{eh vxzoky] mi;qZDr] i`-69
egkjk.kk }kjk jktiqrkuk ok;q lsuk vkSj e'khuxu Q.M ds fy, ,d yk[k #i;s 20- ogh] i`- 69
rFkk nks yk[k :i;s Hkkjrh; jkgr dks"k esa vuqnku Lo:i iznku fd;s x;sA22 21- ogh] i`- 69
fczfV'k&ljdkj dh ekax ij 1300 e.k ccwy dh Nky ;q dk;Z esa iz;qDr gsrq Hksth 22- ogh] i`- 69
xbZA23 23- nsohyky ikyhoky] esokM+ ,.M nh fczfV'k] i`- 242
;|fi fczfV'k&ljdkj ,oe~ esokM+ jkT; ds e/; dbZ elyksa ij fLFkfr 24- y{eh vxzoky] mi;qZDr] i`- 70
25- ogh
rukoiw.kZ Fkh] fQj Hkh jk"Vh; ladV dky esa egkjk.kk us esokM+ jktoa'k dh lukru / 26- txnh'kflag xgyksr] jktiqrkus dk bfrgkl i`- 294
keZuhfr ds vuqlkj ekuo lekt dh thou j{kk gsrq fczfV'k&ljdkj gks gj lEHko
lgk;rk iznku dhA egkjk.kk Jh Qrg flag dh bu lsokvksa ds miy{k esa fczfV'k&lezkV
us mUgsa tuojh lu~ 1918 esa th-lh-oh-vks- dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k rFkk esokM+
dh rksi&lykeh dk lEeku 19 ls cM+kdj 21 dj fn;k x;kA24 egkjkt dqekj
Hkwikyflag dks Hkh ;q esa mYys[kuh; lg;ksx dh iz'kalk Lo:i ds-lh-vkbZ-bZ- dh
mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA25 jktLFkku ds bfrgkl esa ;g igyk mnkgj.k Fkk fd
fczfV'k&lezkV us ,d 'kkld ds thoudky es muds iq= dks Hkh mPp mikf/k ls
vyar fd;kA26
lUnHkZ
1- y{eh vxzoky] egkjk.kk Qrgflag th vkSj mudk dky i`- 67
2- vkj-ih-O;kl] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk o`gr~ bfrgkl Hkkx&2] i`- 308
3- iqjksfgr laxzg] cgh la- 14] 1914-16 bZ-] i`- 12
4- ogh] i`- 12
5- ogh] i`- 12
6- jktegy esokM+ vuqla/kku dsUnz] jktegy] izdkf'kr gdhdr cghM+k] 27&37 9 vDVqcj
1914] i`- 179
7- iqjksfgr laxzg] mi;qZDr] i`- 32
307
cPpksa dks e`R;q ds eq[k esa er ys tkukA* vFkkZr~ mldks vius dksikHkktu dk f'kdkj u
cukrs gq, vkvks vkSj fcuk dksbZ uqdlku fd;s pyh tkvksA9 bl chekjh dk fczfV'k
dky esa leqfpr bykt u gksus ds dkj.k ;gka ij vusd ekSrsa gksrh jgrh FkhaA tks bl
tSlyesj jkT; esa ijEijkxr fpfdRlk lqfo/kk % chekjh ls cp Hkh tkrs Fks muds psgjs ,dne fcxM+ tkrs FksA vka[kksa esa vxj pspd ds
,d v/;;u (1818&1900 bZ-) nkus vk tkrs rks yksx dkus ;k ,dne va/ks gks tkrs FksA10 vkyksP; dky esa tSlyesj
jkT; esa gStk Hkh ,d egkekjh ds :i esa QSyrk FkkA11 bl chekjh ds ejht dks
MkW- ,e-vkj- x<ohj
tksj&tksj ls mYVh gksrh Fkh vkSj tYnh gh e`R;q gks tkrh FkhA xehZ esa bl chekjh dk
T;knk tksj gksrk FkkA Vh-ch- laked jksx gSA bldk izpyu tSlyesj {ks= esa T;knk gh
tSlyesj jkT; esa fpfdRlk dh leqfpr O;oLFkk ugha FkhA jkT; esa vdky FkkA LFkkuh; cksyh esa bls ^fly* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk FkkA12 bldk eq[; y{k.k
vkSj egkekfj;ksa dk izdksi vuojr xfr ls py jgk FkkA1 ;gka ds Hkksys&Hkkys xzkeh.k [kkalh vkuk FkkA bl {ks= ds dbZ o`tuksa ls lk{kkRdkj ysus ij crk;k x;k fd dbZ iwjs
yksx chekjh dks iwoZtUe ds dqdeks dk Qy crkdj vius eu dks le>k ysrs FksA ifjokj Vh-ch- jksx ls xzflr gksdj e`R;q dks izkIr gks x;sA13 bl laked jksx dk {ks=
fpfdRlk ds :i esa muds iz;klksa esa tM+h&cawVh] >kM+&Qwad] >ksad yxkuk] rkcht esa cgqr vkrad FkkA ftl ?kj esa Vh-chdk izos'k gks tkrk Fkk] ml ifjokj dh fLFkfr
cka/kuk bR;kfn VksVds gqvk djrs FksA v/;;u dky esa bl {ks= ds tu&leqnk; esa cM+h nwHkj gks tkrh FkhA ;gka ds eqfLye lekt esa ;g chekjh T;knk gksrh FkhA blds
vaxzsth nokb;ksa ds izfr #fp mRiUu gks xbZ FkhA2 ihN ewy dkj.k ;g Fkk fd bl lekt esa ,d gh Fkkyh esa 4&5 O;fDr;ksa ds lewg ds
chekfj;ksa ,oa egkekfj;ksa dk izdksi :i esa cSBdj [kkus dh izFkk vf/kd izpfyr FkhA14 vr% laked gksus ds dkj.k Vh-
tSlyesj {ks= esa vdky ds lkFk lkFk Hk;adj chekfj;ksa dk izdksi Hkh 'kq: gks ch- lekt esa T;kn QSy x;hA yksx bl chekjh ds dhVk.kqvksa ls brus ?kcjkrs Fks fd
tkrk Fkk] v/;;u dky esa pspd] NksVh pspd] Vh-ch-] eysfj;k] gStk vkSj nek dh os vU; lkekU; vfFkZ;ksa dh rjg Vh-ch- ls ejus okyksa dk vfUre laLdkj Hkh ugha
chekfj;ka lkekU; :i ls ikbZ tkrh FkhA3 jkT; dh iz'kklfud fjiksVks ls Kkr gksrk gS djrs FksA fgUnw rFkk eqlyeku nksuksa gh tykus ;k nQukus ds LFkku ij bl jksx ls e`r
fd pspd vkSj gStk dh chekfj;ka dHkh&dHkh Hk;adj egkekjh dk :i /kkj.k dj O;fDr;ksa ds 'ko o`{kksa ij QSad nsrs FksA15 blds ihNs ekU;rk ;g Fkh fd rst /kwi esa Vh-
ch- ds dhVk.kq tydj ej tk;saxs vkSj dqN gn rd jksx ds QSyko ls cpk tk ldrk
ysrh Fkha] ftls LFkkuh cksyh esa ^ywl* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrkA4 tSlyesj jkT; dh
gSA bu egkekfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr Vk;QkbM Hkh ,d Hk;kud chekjh Fkh] ftls LFkkuh
tux.kuk fjiksVks esa yxkrkj c<+rh gqbZ e`R;q nj5 dh lquh lqukbZ ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij
cksyh esa ûsdkks* ;k îk.kh>jk* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk FkkA16 vakrksa dh bl chekjh ls
egkekfj;ksa ds izdksi dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ,slh Hk;kog ?kVukvksa dks ;gka
cpko djus gsrq tSlyesj ds {ks=oklh 21 fnu rd Hkkstu u djds ek= aVuh ds nw/
ds fuoklh ^byker* ds uke ls iqdkj dj vkt Hkh flgj mBrs gSaA6 eysfj;k ls tks k dk lsou djds bl chekjh dk mipkj fd;k djrs FksA bu chekfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr
yEcs le; rd cq[kkj vkrk gS vkSj lkekU;r;k ,d fnu NksMd + j nwljs fnu vkrk gS] dqDdj [kkalh] f[kzjVh;k] jrkSa/kh bR;kfn chekfj;ksa dk bl le; tSlyesj jkT; esa
bls ;gka dh cksyh esa ^lhvks&ri* dgk tkrk Fkk] vFkkZr~ lnhZ yxdj cq[kkj vkukA7 izpyu FkkA17
pspd dh chekjh ls yksx cM+s ?kcjkrs FksA bls nsoh&izdksi le> dj êkrk* ds uke
bl {ks= esa chekfj;ksa ls yM+us gsrq yksxksa ds ikl dksbZ mik; ugha FksA fpfdRlk
ls iqdkjrs rFkk cpko gsrq /kkfeZd iwtk] vpZuk dk lgkjk fy;k djrs FksA 'khryk
dh dksbZ leqfpr O;oLFkk ugha FkhA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fiNM+s bl jsfxLrkuh {ks= esa
lIreh dk R;ksgkj pspd dh chekjh ls vius ifjokj vkSj cPpksa ds dq'ky{kse gsrq vk/kqfud fpfdRlk iz.kkyh cM+h nsj ls vkbZA18 yksx chekjh dks ,d izkfrd izdksi]
euk;k tkrk FkkA bl fnu nsoh dh iwtk vkjk/kuk esa fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k iwoZ deks dk Qy ;k byker le>dj tks ifj.kke gksrk] mls Lohdkj dj fy;k djrs
tkrk FkkA8 FksA Mwcrs dks fruds dk lgkjk ds :i esa {ks= esa ikbZ tkus okyh tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls dqN
nsoh ekrk B.Mk yksMk nsA 'kh;M+ ekM+h B.Mk >ksyk nsAA bykt fd;k tkrk FkkA19 dqN vk;qosZfnd uqL[kksa dk Hkh mi;ksx gksrk FkkA ,yksiSfFkd
blds cpko gsrq ekrk,a vius cPps dks xksn esa ysdj [kstM+h ds isM+ ds uhps nokbZ dk mi;ksx tSlyesj uxj ds laHkzkar yksxksa rd gh lhfer FkkA xzkeh.k thou eas
pspd dh vkjk/kuk djrh gqbZ dgrh gSa fd ^'khryk ekrk vk rks tkvksxh] ysfdu esjs bldk izkjEHk cgqr ckn esa gqvkA20
308
tM+h&cwVh ls fpfdRlk cM+h izkfrd nsu ekuh tk ldrh gSA28 ^rwEck* Hkh ,d rjg dk ykHknk;d ikS/k ekuk
Hkkjr esa tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls fpfdRlk fof/k dh ijEijk iqjkrudky ls pyh vk x;k gSA bl {ks= esa xyxaB dh chekjh T;knk gksrh gSA rwEcs dh csy dks tykdj
jgh gSA21 Jh jkepUnz Hkxoku }kjk Jhyadk ds ;q esa y{e.k dk ?kk;y gksdj ewfNZr eyge cukdj QksM+s&Qqafl;ksa ij yxkus ls QksM+s&Qqalh Bhd gks tkrs gSaA cxjk vkSj
gks tkuk vkSj ohj guqeku }kjk muds mipkj gsrq lathouh cwVh gsrq iwjk ioZr mBkdj HkjhM+k uked ikS/kksa dh lCth cukdj f[kykus ls jrkSa/kh jksx lekIr gks tkrk FkkA
ykus ds o`kkUr ls tM+h&cwfV;ksa ds iz;ksx dk mnkgj.k feyrk gSA tSlyesj jkT; ds ^cxjk* uked ikS/ks dh lCth ls isV nnZ vkSj dCt Hkh lekIr gks tkrh gSA29 bl
fuoklh Hkh dqN chekfj;ksa dk bykt {ks= esa ikbZ tkus okyh tM+h&cwfV;ksa vkSj isM+& ikS/ks ls foVkfeu ^,* i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gksrk gS vr% vka[kksa dh chekfj;ksa ds fy,
ikS/kksa ds }kjk fd;k djrs FksA22 tSlyesj esa isM+&ikS/kksa esa uhe dk o`{k fofHkUu jksxksa dh ;g fo'ks"k :i ls ykHknk;d ekuk tkrk gSA jsfxLrku dh izkfrd fpfdRlk ds {ks=
jksdFkke dh n`f"V ls cM+k gh ykHknk;d fl gqvk gSA uhe ds ikksa dks xeZ djds esa vkd dk ikS/kk Hkh Js"B ekuk tkrk gSA vkd ds ikksa dks xeZ djds 'kjhj ij cka/kus
ihB ij cka/kdj lksus ls nnZ esa vkjke fey tkrk FkkA ifk;ksa dks fcLrj ij fcNkdj ls 'kjhj dk nnZ lekIr gks tkrk gSA flj ij cka/kdj lksus ls flj nnZ ls Hkh jkgr
lksus ls Hkh jksxh dks eysfj;k ls dqN gn rd vkjke feyrk FkkA bl isM+ dh Nky dks feyrh gSA tSlyesj {ks= esa ehaly uke dk ikS/kk cgqrk;r ls ik;k tkrk gS ;g ek=
ihldj vkSj ysi dj yxkus ls QksM+s&Qqalh Bhd gks tkrs FksA23 uhe ds cht ,d QhV gh apk c<+rk gSA ehaly dh tM+ksa dks ikuh esa mcky dj fiykus ls vLFkek
^fuEcksfy;ksa* dks ihldj mlds jl dks flj ds ckyksa esa yxkuk bl {ks= dh vkSjrksa esa jksx dk izHkko de gksus yxrk gSA30 vktdy dsj dh lCth dk lsou cM+s&cM+s 'kgjksa
vke ijEijk jgh gSA blls ckyksa dh LoLFkrk cuh jgrh gS vkSj lkFk gh flj esa tq,a Hkh esa Hkh gksus yxk gSA erhjs dh csy dks ihldj eyge ds :i esa yxkus ls QksMs+&Qqafl;ka
ej tkrh gSaA uhe dk nkrqu djus dh ijEijk ;gka ij izkphu dky ls gh jgh gS blls feV tkrh gSA31 jrutksr uked ikS/ks ds lsou ls jrkSa/kh uked jksx [kRe gks tkrk FkkA32
nkar lkQ jgrs gSa vkSj dhM+s Hkh ej tkrs gSaA dweV ds rus ls fudyus okys jl ls cuk >kM+&Qwad vkSj tknw&Vksuk ls bykt
xksan dks lnhZ esa [kkus ls [kwu dh lQkbZ gksrh gSA xwan dk ihB ij ysi djds lksus ls tSlyesj ds xzkeh.k lekt esa Hkksik&Hkksih vkSj >kM+&Qwad dk fo'ks"k :i ls
ihB nnZ ls eqfDr feyrh gSA24 'kjhj ds tksM+ksa ds nnZ dks jksdus gsrq xwan dk mi;ksx T;knk cksyckyk FkkA Hkksiksa }kjk >kM+&Qwad esa dbZ izdkj dh eukSrh ekaxh tkrh Fkh vkSj
fd;k tkrk FkkA izlo okyh vkSjrksa dks xwan fofHkUu O;atuksa esa feykdj f[kyk;k tkrk /kwi&/;ku gsrq lkexzh eaxokbZ tkrh FkhA bl lkexzh dks LFkkuh cksyh esa ^d<+.kk* ds
FkkA blls izlo tfur jksxksa ls eqfDr fey tkrh gSA dej nnZ dks jksdus gsrq vkS"kf/k ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA33 vkyksP; dky esa vLirky vkSj nokbZ dh bl fiNM+s jkT; esa
:i esa xwan vfr mke ekuk tkrk gSA ;gka ds gM~Mh tksM+ fo'ks"kK rUnq#Lrh gsrq jksxh mfpr O;oLFkk ugha FkhA vr% tM+h&cwVh ds }kjk bykt djus ds lkFk yksxksa dks FkksM+h
dks xwan ds lsou dh jk; nsrs FksA cgqr vk'kk dh fdj.k blh >kM+&Qwad dh ifr esa fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA >kM+&Qwad djus
jsfxLrku esa cgqrk;r ek=k esa miyC/k [kstM+h dk o`{k Hkh LokLF; dh n`f"V ls okys dks ^>kM+krS h* dgk tkrk FkkA34 liZna'k esa >kM+&Qwad dk T;knk mi;ksx fd;k
vfr mke ekuk tkrk gSA jsfxLrku esa bl isM+ ds laj{k.k vkSj laoZu gsrq ^[kstM+yh tkrk FkkA {ks= esa dgha&dgha rks >kM+&Qwad gsrq iwjs lewg ds :i esa yksx jgrs FksA ,d
dk esyk* cM+h /kwe/kke ls euk;k tkrk gSA25 bl isM+ dk Qy ^lkaxjh* LokLF; ds iwjh Hktu e.Myh gksrh Fkh ftlesa dqN rEcwjk ctkrs Fks] dqN <ksyd vkSj vU;
fy, vPNh ekuh tkrh gSA bl {ks= ds yksxksa esa ekU;rk gS fd rhu o"kZ dh iqjkuh ok|;a= ctkdj xk;k djrs FksA Hktu xk;u dh ,d fo'ks"k 'kSyh gksrh Fkh ftls bl
lkaxjh dh lCth cukdj f[kykus ls dSlh Hkh mYVh vkSj nLr gksa] Bhd gks tkrs gSaA {ks= esa ^dkQh* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA dkQh xk;u ls Hkksik dks Nk;k vkrh Fkh]
Nk;knkj isM+ tky Hkh LokLF; ds fy, ykHkizn gS vkSj fofHkUu chekfj;ksa ds jksdFkke og ukprk&dwnrk Fkk vkSj jksxh ds jksx dk dkj.k crkrk FkkA bl izdkj >kM+&Qwad
esa dke vkrh gSA bldh ifk;ksa dks mckydj] mlds xeZ ikuh dks fiykus ls tqdke vkSj tknw&Vksuk dh fof/k ls jksxh dk bykt djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk FkkA35 jksxh dks
Bhd gks tkrk FkkA26 csj ds isM+ dh ifk;ksa dks mckydj Luku djus ls QksM+s Qqafl;ka >ksad vkSj ni yxkdj mlesa vkRefo'okl iSnk fd;k tkrk FkkA
feV tkrh FkhA lso.k dh ?kkl dks tykdj vkSj mldh jk[k dks ikuh esa feykdj nsoh&nsork ds le{k eukSrh Hkko
Luku djus ls mYVh&nLr dh chekjh nwj gks tkrh FkhA izk;% cPpksa esa mYVh&nLr dks ;gka ds vkjk/; nso jkenso ihj dh lk/kuk vkSj efgek ds :i esa xk;s x;s
jksdus gsrq bl izdkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA27 tSlyesj {ks= esa lso.k dh ?kkl xhrksa ls bl dFku dh iqf"V gksrh gSA tSlyesj jkT; ds izR;sd ?kj esa fdlh u fdlh
vf/kd ek=k esa gksrh gS vkSj bl ikS/ks ls ,slh fpfdRlk dh fof/k izkIr gksuk ,d cgqr nsoh nsork ds nsoy ;k Fkku cus gq, gSa] buesa ls dqN fo'ks"k jksxksa ls fuo`fk gsrq fo'ks"k
309
nsoh&nsorkvksa dh eukSrh dh tkrh FkhA liZna'k ds jksxh ds cpko gsrq xksxkth dh] vtokbu dk lka/kk.kk Hkh Js"B lka/kk.kksa esa ekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk lka/kk.k
dks<+ ds jksx ls eqfDr gsrq jkensoth dh] ihfy;k jksx ds cpko gsrq papyukFkth dh lkekU;r;k xHkZorh fL=;ka gh [kk;k djrh FkhA42 lksaB dk lka/kk.kk fo'ks"kdj izlo
vkSj pspd ds jksx ls cpko gsrq 'khryk ekrk dh iwtk dh tkrh FkhA36 QksM+s&Qaqlh ls dky ds i'pkr~ f[kyk;k tkrk FkkA blesa ukjh ds 'kjhj dk Hkkjhiu nwj gksrk Fkk vkSj
cpko gsrq tSlyesj ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij cuh ihjksa&Qdhjksa dh njxkgksa ij tkdj jDr dh 'kqrk vkus ls 'kkjhfjd LQwfrZ mRiUu gksrh FkhA ^/kk.kk dk lka/kk.kk* xehZ ds
yksx eukSfr;ka djrs gSaA eukSfr;ksa ds :i esa izlknh] /keZHkkst vkSj i'kqcfy dk p<+k;k ekSle esa cuk;k tkrk FkkA 'kjhj esa xehZ dks nwj djus vkSj B.Md mRiUu djus gssrq
fd;k tkrk FkkA 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu djus dk T;knk izpyu Fkk] ftlesa ^ykilh* O;atu /kk.kksa dk lka/kk.kk f[kyk;k tkrk FkkA ykSnj uked tM+h&cwVh dks ihldj bldk
T;knk curk FkkA37 ,slh eukSfr;ksa esa eqfLye lUrksa vkSj Qdhjksa dh dczkas ij lkr lka/kk.kk cukus dk fjokt FkkA43 ;g vR;f/kd B.Mh gksrh gS] blls 'kjhj dh xehZ
lkseokj dks 7 ckj vkdj nqvk ekaxuk ,d izdkj dh eukSrh Fkh] bls ^lkrlkgklkse lekIr gksrh gSA tSlyesj esa ;s lka/kk.ks uo&fookfgrk ds ek;ds ls Hkh HksaV ds :i esa
HksUVuk* dgk tkrk FkkA38 Hksts tkrs FksA lkl vkSj lkfy;ka vius thtk dks Hkh cukdj Hkstk djrh FkhA bl izdkj
izlo tfur chekfj;ka ,oa mipkj ds O;atuksa dh efgek esa vusd izdkj ds xhr bl {ks= esa xk;s tkrs gSaA
ukjh dh dqN chekfj;ksa esa izlo tfur chekfj;ka izeq[k ekuh tkrh gSaA izlo [kM+d nsuk
tfur chekfj;ksa dks LFkkuh cksyh esa ^lwvkM+* ds jksx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa T;knk fpfdRlk ds lkekU; iz;kl djus ds lkFk&lkFk jksxh dks ,dkfUrd LFkku ij
jDr{kh.krk ls ykSg jDr dh deh vkrh gSA ;gh detksjh le; ij lko/kkuh ugha insZ esa j[kk tkrk FkkA ;g izf;k pspd ds jksx vkSj liZna'k ds f'kdkj O;fDr ds fy,
j[kus ls e`R;q dk dkj.k Hkh cu tkrh gSA vkyksP; dky esa bl {ks= esa lqvkM+ (izlo) T;knk viukbZ tkrh FkhA jksxh dks ckgj ds okrkoj.k ls nwj j[kus gsrq ,dkfUrd LFkku
gksrs gh ukjh dks lkSaQ ds yM~Mw cukdj f[kyk;s tkrs FksA39 vtokbu] lwaB] lhaxksMk+ ] ij j[kk tkrk FkkA44 ;g ejht lkr fnu ls ysdj nl fnu rd dejs ds vUnj gh jgrk
pwjh dk HkkVk] xksan bR;kfn dks ?kh ds lkFk feykdj f[kyk;k tkrk FkkA blls izlo FkkA bl lEcU/k esa ,d yksd dgkor gS fd
tfur chekfj;ksa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj dh detksfj;ksa ls eqfDr fey tkrh FkhA izlodky vkB fnu vBksj ltls]
esa lka/kk.ks dk T;knk izpyu gksrk FkkA ;gka ds ukjh lekt esa dgkor gS40 ues fnu uels vkSj]
lka/kk.kh ys u] lkaeh cSBh [kkosA nlosa fnu <ylsA
Mhdjs js ykjs] ehBk ykMw HkkosA vFkkZr~ nl fnu ds ckn O;fDr iw.kZ LoLFk gksdj ?kj ls ckgj fudyrk FkkA ;g
vFkkZr~ izlo esa iq= izkfIr gksus ds ckn eka vius f'k'kq dks xksn esa ysdj vkSj g"kZ iwjh izf;k ^fdjh* dgykrh Fkh vkSj fdjh ds lekiu ij jksxh LoLFk gksdj ml LFkku
foHkksj gksdj yM~Mw [kk jgh gSA ls ckgj fudyrk FkkA ?kj esa ^fj;k.k* dh tkrh FkhA xkao ds fj'rsnkjksa dks cqyk;k tkrk
FkkA bl laLdkj dks ^[kMd* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk FkkA vkxUrqd yksx ejht dks
lka/kk.kk
LoLFk gksus ij c/kkbZ;ka nsrs Fks vkSj migkj Lo:i Voky vkSj lkQs igukrs FksA45 bl
tSlyesj {ks= esa vusd ikSf"Vd inkFkks ls ;qDr O;atu cukus dk fjokt jgk gSA izdkj dk laLdkj vkSj ekgkSy ifjokj esa izlUurk dh ygj mRiUu djrk FkkA lkFk gh
bu O;atuksa dks LFkkuh; cksyh esa ^lka/kk.kk* uke ls iqdkjk tkrk FkkA41 ^lka/kk.kk* cukus
jksxh dks euksoKS kfud :i ls Hkh lEcyrk iznku djrk FkkA
ds ihNs ewy ms'; gksrk Fkk 'kjhj dh gM~Mh tksM+ esa etcwrh ykuk vkSj [kwu dh
LoPNrk dks cuk;s j[kukA blds vfrfjDr vka[kksa dh jks'kuh dks cuk;s j[kuk] dej ik'pkR; fpfdRlk ifr dk tuthou ij izHkko
nnZ dks jksduk bR;kfn izeq[k ms'; gksrs FksA lka/kk.kk ds vusd izdkj gksrs FksA esFkh dk foosP; dky esa tSlyesj {ks= esa /khjs&/khjs ik'pkR; fpfdRlk ifr dk Hkh
lka/kk.kk buesa izeq[k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS dPph esFkh vkSj iDdh izHkko c<+us yxkA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj dh i=kofy;ksa esa yxs gq, nokb;ksa ds
esFkh dk lka/kk.kkA ;g lka/kk.kk lnhZ dh rq esa cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa ?kh] xksan vkSj dksVs'kuksa vkSj foi=ksa ls ;g lgt gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd vk/kqfud
[kksijk (ukfj;y dk pwjk) feyk;s tkrs FksA bl {ks= esa isM+ dweV ls i;kZIr ek=k esa fpfdRlk ifr us tu lkekU; ds thou dks izHkkfor fd;k FkkA chekfj;ksa dh
xksan fey tkrk Fkk] vr% xjhc O;fDr Hkh bl izdkj dk lka/kk.kk cuk gh ysrk FkkA jksdFkke gsrq vkSj 'kjhj esa jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk mRiUu djus gsrq Vhdkdj.k dh ijEijk
310
Hkh 'kq: gks xbZA bl fpfdRlk ifr us yksxksa dh thou 'kSyh dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;kA 13- ogh] Hkkx f}rh;] i`- 556
:f<+xr vkSj ijEijkoknh lekt esa tgka tknw&Vksuk] >kM+&Qwad] ni yxkuk bR;kfn 14- Lora=rk lsukuh rstwjke ls HksaVokrkZ] fn- 4-8-97
vU/kfo'okl viuk LFkku n`<+ cuk pqds Fks ogka ij ,yksifS Fkd fpfdRlk us yksxksa dks 15- ogh
tkx:d cuk fn;kA bl fof/k ls izHkkodkjh vkSj ldkjkRed ifj.kke Rofjr xfr ls 16- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 417@346] 1913] i`- 27] jk-jk-v-ch-
17- ogh] i`- 28
lkeus vk;s ftlls yksxksa dh ekufldrk Hkh cnyus yxhA yksxksa dk >qdko vU; {ks=ksa
18- ,MfefuLVs'ku fjiksVZ vkWQ tSlyesj LVsV] 1902] i`- 21
esa Hkh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vksj c<+us yxkA e`R;q nj esa deh vkbZA {ks= esa Vhdkdj.k 19- HkkV ohjpUn ls HksaVokrkZ
gksus ls chekjh dk izHkko Hkh de gqvk] blls yksx fuf'pr gksdj vU; izxfr'khy 20- y{ehpUn] iwoksZDr] i`- 25
xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+ x;sA lekt esa rkfdZd vkSj oSKkfud 'kSyh esa thou ;kiu gksus 21- ds'kjhey ds'kjh ls HksaVokrkZ
yxkA LokLF; ds izfr yksxksa dk u;s rjg ls n`f"Vdks.k cuus yxkA jksx funku ds 22- ogh
lkFk&lkFk] jksx u gksus dh lko/kkfu;ksa ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tkus yxkA vLoPNrk vkSj 23- y{ehpUn] rokjh[k] i`- 85
xUnxh ds okrkoj.k dks fofHkUu chekfj;ksa dh tM+ ekurs gq, lQkbZ ij /;ku nsus dk 24- VkWM] ,ukYl] Hkkx f}rh;] i`- 436
iz;kl fd;k tkus yxkA ^,d LoPN vkSj etcwr fnekx gsrq ,d etcwr 'kjhj dh 25- [kstM+yh dk esyk] QykSnh tks/kiqj
vko';drk gksrh gSA* bl izdkj dh /kkj.kk dk yksxksa ds thou esa izos'k gqvkA 26- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 94@1927] i`- 15] jk-jk-v-ch-
,yksifS Fkd fpfdRlk ifr us ek= fpfdRlk txr esa gh ifjorZu ugha fd;k cfYd 27- HkkV ohjpUn ls HksaVokrkZ
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd i{k dks Hkh vk/kqfud :i ls ltkus vkSj laokjus dk dk;Z 28- MkW- ds'kjhey ds'kjh ls HksaVokrkZ
29- VkWM] iwoksZDr] Hkkx 2] i`- 41
fd;kA [kku&iku] igukos vkSj vU; jhfr&fjoktksa esa ik'pkR; 'kSyh dk izHkko izfrfnu
30- HkkV ohjpUn ls HksaVokrkZ
c<+us yxkA f'k{kk dks lexz :i ls fodflr djus esa Hkh vk/kqfud fpfdRlk ifr 31- y{ehpUn] rokjh[k] i`- 85
dk izR;{k ,oa ijks{k :i ls ;ksxnku jgk gSA 32- ogh] i`- 86
lUnHkZ 33- x<ohj] iwoksZDr] i`- 12
1- jk"Vh; vfHkys[kkxkj] izksflfMaXl ua- 159] QkWjsu fMikVZesaV] bUVjuy ,] tqykbZ 1900] ih- 34- ogh
15] ubZ fnYyh 35- y{ehpUn] rokjh[k] i`- 86
2- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 203@1903] i= nhoku tSlyesj Vw jsthMsUV osLVuZ 36- x<ohj] vkdk'kok.kh okrkZ ckM+esj] lS;n dk'ke 'kkg dh njxkg] fnukad 7-3-1995
jktiwrkuk ua- 16@7-3-1904] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj 37- uUnfd'kksj 'kekZ] tSlyesj dk lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`- 11
3- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 20@1898&1903] Vhdkdj.k gsrq lkfj.kh] jktLFkku 38- feBh dwuh okjks MkMks] lkgs lkse okjks <kMksA ;s ine fla/kh Hkk"kk ds xhr ds gSa] ftUgsa ;gka
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj ds eqlyeku Qdhjksa dh njxkgksa ij vkdj xkrs jgrs gSaA
4- iqLrdky;] ,Mfefu- fjiksVZ 1902] i`- 4] jk-jk-v-ch- 39- LVsV~l QkbZYl tSlyesj] ua- 95] jk-jk-v-ch-
5- ogh] i`- 5 40- lka/kk.kk ij vk/kkfjr LFkkuh; xhr
6- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 228@1903] i`- 22] jk-jk-v-ch- 41- ogh
7- HkkV ohjpUn ls HksaVokrkZ] fnukad 4-7-97 42- LVsV~l QkbZYl tSlyesj] ua- 95] Mh-vks- ua- 686] 16 flrEcj 1928] Vw nhoku cwanh] jk-jk-v-
8- ogh ch-
9- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 527@814] jk-jk-v-ch-] i= jsthMsUV dk nhoku; 43- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 20@1898&1903] jk-jk-v-ch-
tSlyesj ds uke ekad 612@fnukad 4-5-1903 45- ogh] QkbZy ua- 30@15 ih] 1924] i`- 51
10- ,MfefuLVs'ku fjiksVZ vkWQ tSlyesj LVsV] 1902&8] i`- 214&15
11- fjdkMZ egdek [kkl tSlyesj] QkbZy ua- 30@15 ih] 1924] i`- 31] jk-jk-v-ch-
12- ogh] QkbZy ua- 94@1927 (ekfld izfrosnu)
311
;g Hkh vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh] fd os vius ifjtuksa] fj'rsnkj o futh fe=ksa dks ysdj bu
uxjksa esa clk,aA4 jkT; dh vksj ls bu O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, ;g O;oLFkk Fkh fd mUgsa u,
uxjksa o dLcksa esa clkoV ds fy, ,oa O;kikj&dkjksckj ds fy, fu%'kqYd Hkwfe
chdkusj fj;klr vkSj vkS|ksfxd ,oa O;kikfjd oxZ vkokl] f"k ds fy, Hkwfe rFkk O;kikj ds fy, txkr 'kqYd esa vk/kh NwV dk izko/kku
MkW- egsUnz iqjksfgr FkkA5 fo-la- 1853 (1796 bZ-) ds ,d ijokus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd rRdkyhu egkjkt
lwjrflag us xtflagiqj uke dLcs dks vkckn djus dk nkf;Ro eksgrk tSr:i ls ysdj
m|e vkSj O;ikj dh lQyrk fu%lansg fdlh Hkh jkT; vFkok ml {ks= dh lkg eqdqUn nkl jkiqfj;sa dks lkSaikA6 blh rjg egkjktk Mwaxjflag us jru uxj dLcs dks
oLrq fLFkfr] HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k ,oa mfpr ekax ij fodflr oLrq cktkj ij vkfJr fodflr djus ds fy, lsB uUnjke dks pkS/kjh ds :i esa fu;qDr fd;kA7 ;s O;kikjh
jgrh gS] ysfdu blh ds lkFk ;g izlax Hkh fopkj.kh; gS fd veqd m|ksx o O;kikj pkS/kjh vFk;k eqf[k;k gksus ds lkFk&lkFk bu dLcksa esa ,d jktdh; izfrfuf/k ds :i
vFkok O;kikfjd oxZ dks jkT; iz'kklu }kjk D;k&D;k lqfo/kk,a miyC/k gks ldrh gS] esa dk;Z djrs Fks] ftudk vfrfjDr nkf;Ro Hkw&jktLo o vU; 'kqYd ,df=r dj
tks jkT; dks vkfFkZd lEcyrk iznku dj lds lkFk gh mUgsa Hkh ykHk igaqpk ldsA fj;klr esa tek djokuk FkkA bu dLcksa dks vkfFkZd :i ls vkckn djus dk nkf;Ro
O;olkf;;ksa ds lelkef;d 'kkldksa ls lEcU/k ,oa jktdh; laj{k.k&18 dkBksfr;ksa ,oa ljkZQk O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa dks fn;k x;kA8 bl rjg vkfFkZd Lrj ij ,d
oha lnh ds chdkusj fj;klr ds lanHkZ esa v/;;u ;g Li"V djrk gS fd bl dky esa lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd leUo; dk lw=ikr gqvkA fdUrq 19 oha lnh ds mkjkZ
'kkldksa dks ewy /;s; o iz;kl ;gh Fkk fd vf/kd ls vf/kd m|eh oxZ ,oa O;kikfjd ,oa 20 oha lnh ds izkjEHk esa O;kikfj;ksa ,oa 'kkld oxZ ds e/; iwoksZDrk lEcU/kksa esa
lewg jkT; esa vkdj clsa o viuk&viuk O;olk; djsa] rkfd jkT; dks vkfFkZd O;kid ifjorZu n`f"Vxkspj gq,A LFkk;h dkjksckj] ikjxeu O;kikj esa ykHk rFkk izotu
LFkkf;Ro fey lds rFkk chdkusj esa m|eksa ds fodflr gksus ls jkstxkj dh lEHkkokukvksa ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa O;kikj&okf.kT; lapkyu esa vge Hkwfedk ,oa vaxzsth laj{k.k izkIr
esa Hkh o`f gks ldasA lelkef;d cfg;ksa ,oa fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld i=&i=kofy;ksa ls gksus ls bu O;kikfj;ksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dkQh vPNh gks xbZA vc bu O;kikfj;ksa ds
;g tkudkjh feyrh gS fd chdkusj dk 'kkld oxZ okf.kT;&O;kikj dh mUufr ds ikl bruk /ku Fkk fd ;s 'kkldksa dks ;q] vkUrfjd minzo] jktdh; ?kkVs dh iwfrZ gsrq
fy, O;olkf;;ksa dsk vusd izdkj dh lqfo/kk,a iznku djus dks vkrqj FkkA izkIr /ku ,oa fofHkUu jktdh; ;kstukvksa esa viuk vkfFkZd lg;ksx ns ldrs FksA bl rjg bu
lkfgfR;d nLrkostksa ls jkT; ds ckgj ls vkdkj clus okys O;kikfj;ksa dks jktLo ds O;kikfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk ^jktdh; lkgqdkjksa* ds :i esa mHkj dj vkbZA mYys[kuh; gS
:i esa izkIr gksus okyh txkr esa vk/kh o pkSFkkbZ NwV iznku djus ,oa jkT; esa fcuk fd 1787 ls 1882 bZ- rd egkjktk lwjrflag ds dk;Zdky esa jkT; esa gksus okys
fdlh ladksp ds O;kikj o dkjksckj djus ds fy, ijokus tkjh djus dk mYys[k lkeUrksa ds fonzksg ,oa fudVorhZ tks/kiqj jkT; ds lkFk fujUrj gksus okys lSfud >M+iksa
feyrk gSA1 1776 ls 1785 bZ- ds nkSjku jkT; ds rRdkyhu 'kkld dh vksj ls fn, esa jkT; ds jktdks"k dk Hkjiwj nq#i;ksx gqvkA9 ftldh iwfrZ ds fy, lwjrflag dh
tkus okys ijokuksa ls ;g iqf"V gksrh gS fd bl vof/k esa fd'kux<+ ds eqg.kksr pw: ds lsB fetkZey iksrnkj ,oa iqjksfgr gjyky ls 4 yk[k #i;s dtZ ysus iM+sA
Qdhjnkl] cqjke] Fkkuflag] lkaHkkflag rFkk eqa'kh f'konkl dks jkT; esa viuk O;kikj egkjkt us bu #i;ksa ds ,sot esa gq.Mh fy[kdj nh ftlds vuqlkj jkT; dh vk; ds
djus gsrq txkrk 'kqYd esa vk/kh NwV iznku dh xbZA2 blh Hkkafr dkxn~ cgh&chdkusj ls dqN izeq[k L=ksr bu O;kikfj;ksa ds ukfer dj fn, x,A10 dkxn~ cgh] chdkusj ls
fofnr gksrk gS fd lu~ 1820 bZ- esa rRdkyhu 'kkld egkjktk lwjrflag us fnYyh ds fofnr gksrk gS fd lwjrflag ds i'pkr~ egkjktk jruflag us Hkh tSlyesj ds ,d iVos
lsB gjukjk;.k txUukFk dks chdkusj esa viuk dkjksckj djus ds fy, vusd izdkj dh lkgqdkj ls rhu yk[k #i;s rFkk js.kh ds lsB f'kothjke pkpk.k ls nl gtkj vkB lkS
NwV ,oa lqfo/kk,a iznku dhA3 #i;s m/kkj fy;s FksA11
jktdh; lkgqdkjksa ds :i esa O;kikj&jkT; dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lqfuf'pr egkjktk jruflag ds i'pkr~ ds 'kkldksa us Hkh O;kikfjd lg;ksx ysus dk e
djus ds lanHkZ esa rRdkyhu chdkusj 'kkldksa us uohu iz;ksxkRed 'kSyh dks Hkh rjght tkjh j[kkA egkjkt ljnkjflag us jkT; ds gh izfl O;kikjh vxjpUn xksysPNk ls
iznku dh] mnkgj.k ds fy, vusd ckj 'kkldksa }kjk] u, uxjksa vFkok dLcksa dh chl gtkj #i;s m/kkj fy,A12 ljnkjflag ds ckn tc Mwaxjflag 'kkld rks bl le;
LFkkiuk ds i'pkr~ bu uxjksa dh clkoV ,oa ;gka dh vkfFkZd :i js[kk o O;kolkf;d jkT; ij vkfFkZd .k dk Hkkj vk pqdk FkkA bl dky esa jkT; ij 39]63]987 #i;s
<kaps ds fu/kkZj.k dk nkf;Ro Hkh O;kikfj;ksa dks lqiqnZ dj fn;k x;kA bu O;kikfj;ksa ls dk O;kikfjd .k ds :i esa cdk;k FksA13
312
jkT; dh fodkl'khy ;kstukvksa esa O;kikjh QyLo:i bl le; rd jkT; esa m|fe;ksa o O;kikfj;ksa dk LFkku fof'k"V gks x;k
jkT; ds O;kikfj;ksa us ,d vksj tgka 'kkldksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku dh FkkA iz'kklu dh vksj ls m|fe;ksa o O;kikfj;ksa dks Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds lEeku ,oa fof'k"V
ogha mUuloha lnh mkjkZ o 20 oha lnh ds izkjEHk esa bu O;kikfj;ksa us chdkusj jkT; lqfo/kk,a Hkh miyC/k gksus yxh Fkh] blds vfrfjDr jkT; dh iz'kklfud xfrfof/k;ksa
ds HkkSfrd fodkl ,oa fodkl'khy ;kstukvksa esa Hkh viuh iwath fuos'k dj jkT; dks esa Hkh O;kikfj;ksa dks volj fn, tkus yxs FksA20 Qyr% O;kikfjd oxZ dkykUrj esa
f"k ,oa vkfFkZd n`f"V ls lEeqUur djus dk iz;kl fd;kA egkjktk Mwaxjflag dh ,d izHkko'kkyh oxZ ds :i esa mHkj dj vk;kA
e`R;q ds i'pkr xaxkflag ds dk;Zdky (1887&1943 bZ-) esa jkT; fodkl dh lUnHkZ
vk/kqfud /kkjk ls ifjfpr gqvkA bl dky dh nks egRokdka{kh ;kstukvksa dk mYys[k 1- cgh ijokuk] ljnkju] chdkusj laor~ 1800&1900] i`- 225&26 (jk-jk-v-)
djuk blfy, U;k; laxr gksxk fd bu ;kstukvksa us chdkusj jkT; ds Lo:i esa O;kid 2- eqg.kksr Qdhjnkl] cq/kjke ds uke ijokuk] laor~ 1833 ikS"k lqnh&13 (jk-jk-v-)
ifjorZu fd,A ;s ;kstuk,a Fkh& izFke jkT; esa jsy ykbuksa dk foLrkj vkSj f}rh; 3- dkxn~ cgh] chdkusj] laor~ 1877 ua- 26 (jk-jk-v-)
egRodka{kh ifj;kstuk xaxugj dk fuekZ.kA14 egkjktk xaxkflag dh bu ;kstukvksa dks 4- cgh ijokuk ljnkju] chdkusj laor~ 1800&1900] i`- 231 (jk-jk-v-)
tu lg;ksx vkSj le` O;olkf;;ksa dk vkfFkZd lg;ksx okaNuh; FkkA jsy ykbu ds 5- ûksgj esa vkdj clus okys nks vxzoky tkfr ds oS'o O;kikfj;ksa dh f"k djus gsrq fu%'kqYd
fodkl esa tc vFkZ dh deh vkbZ rks le` O;kikfj;ks us fodkl dh xfr dks le>rs f"k Hkwfe ijokuk feys&vxzoky iwj.k txh ldykuh ds uke ijokuk laor~ 1823 ferh
Qkx.k lqn&8 (jk-jk-v-)
gq, Lo;a igy dhA bl le; lsB dLrwjpUn Mkxk igys ,sls O;fDr Fks] ftUgksaus vkxs
6- cgh ijokuk ljnkju] chdkusj] 1800&1900] i`- 226 (jk-jk-v-)
vkdj egkjktk dks rhu yk[k fN;kyhl gtkj #i;s .k ds :i esa fn,A15 7- ogh] i`- 226&227
egkjktk xaxkflag ds }kjk jkT; esa vk/kqfud fodkl dks vkRelkr djus ds 8- Hk.Mkjh lq[k lEifr jk;] vksloky tkfr dk bfrgkl] i`- 565
fy, vusd dk;Ze rS;kj fd, x, ftuesa ^chdkusj xoZesaV yksu* ,d izeq[k 9- flag] MkW- dj.kh] chdkusj jkt?kjkus ds dsUnzh; lkk ls lEcU/k] i`- 145&148
dk;Ze Fkk] ftlesa jkT; ds O;kikjh jktdh; ;kstukvksa esa fu% ladksp gksdj /ku yxk 10- egkjktk lwjrflag dh vksj ls lsB fetkZey o iqjksfgr gjyky ds uke fy[kh gq.Mh] laor~
ldrs FksA bl fofu;ksx esa O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, ukeek= Hkh tksf[ke ugha FkkA bl 1884] ferh Hkkno onh&2 (uxj Jh pw:)] dkxn cgh] chdkusj laor~ 1884 ua-&33@2
dk;Ze esa O;kikfj;ksa us 18]96]850 #- rhu o"kZ ds fy, yxk,A bl ;kstuk dks 11- dkxn cgh] 1871 ua- 20] i`- 31 (jk-jk-v-)
12- fjiksVZ vkWu n isfyfVdy ,MfefuLVs'ku vkWQ nh jktiwrkuk LVsV] i`- 10 (jk-jk-v-ch-)
vk'krhr lQyrk feyhA16 rRi'pkr~ 1929 bZ- esa tc chdkusj LVsV ifCyd yksu
13- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&f}rh; i`- 489
uked dk;Ze iqu% izkjEHk fd;k x;k rks blesa O;kikfj;ksa us vkSj Hkh c<+ p<+ dj 14- fjiksVZ vkWu nh iksysfVdy ,MfefuLVs'ku vkWQ nh jktiwrkuk LVsV] 1898&89 bZ- i`- 93
fgLlk fy;kA jkT; ds le` O;kikfj;ksa o m|fe;ksa us 25]63]000 #i;ska ds ckW.M 15- egdek [kkl] ogh
[kjhn dj jkT; dh vkfFkZd enn dhA17 16- Qkbusal fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1926 ua- &,&204&210] i`- 22 (jk-jk-v-)
og Hkh fooj.k feyrk gS fd tc izFke fo'o;q dk lw=ikr gqvk rks vaxzsth 17- Qkbusal fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1929 ua- ch&658&690] i`- 22 (jk-jk-v-)
ncko ds pyrs chdkusj jkT; dks Hkh lSfud lsok,a miyC/k djokuh iM+hA ,sls esa jkT; dh vkfFkZd enn djus ij egkjkt xaxkflag }kjk iznk lsfB;k HkS:nku dks [kkl #Ddk
iqu% vFkZ dh leL;k mRiUu gqbZ] QyLo:i egkjkt xaxkflag us ôkj yksu ckW.M* laor~&1984 fefr vklkst lqnh&10 (lsfB;k ykbczsjh] chdkusj)
18- jsosU;w fMikVZesaV] chdkusj lu~ 1923] u- ch- 558&562] i`- 7&8 (jk-jk-v-)
;kstuk dk izkjEHk fd;kA egkjktk us chdkusj ds le` O;kikfj;ksa dks bu ckW.Mksa esa
19- ljnkj'kgj ds pSu:i lEirjke nqxM+] chdkusj ls t;ukjk;.k Mkxk] lqtkux<+ ds Fkkuey
fuos'k djus o jkT; ds vfLrRo dh j{kk gsrq lg;ksx dk vkxzg fd;kA Qyr% jkT; jkeiqfy;k rFkk pw: ds ds'kjhpUn dksBkjh] lkxjey oSn us jkT; dh fodkl ;kstukvksa esa
ds lHkh NksVs&cM+s O;kikfj;ksa us bu ckW.Mksa esa fuos'k fd;kA18 bl rjg jkT; ds /kuh lokZf/kd /ku [kpZ fd;kA lq[k lEifrjk;] vksloky tkfr dk bfrgkl i`- 240
,oa le` O;kikfj;ksa }kjk iznr ;g vkfFkZd lg;ksx fuf"; iM+ jgh fodkl ;kstukvksa 20- ih-,e- vkWfQl] chdkusj] 1941] Qkby ua- 7 i`- 71&72 (jk-jk-v-)
ds fy, thounku fl gqvkA19 jkT; ds izcq O;kikfj;ksa us u dsoy jkT; dks
vkfFkZd enn nh cfYd jktdh; dk;ks ds lkFk&lkFk tu dY;k.k ds dk;ks esa Hkh
vrqfyr /ku [kpZ fd;kA chdkusj iz'kklu dks fujUrj vkfFkZd lg;ksx nsus ds
313
t;iqj jkT; ds 'kkldksa ds Hkh lkgwdkjksa ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k gks x;sA lkgwdkj
ejkBksa dh ekaxksa dh iwfrZ gq.Mh ds ek/;e ls djrs FksA og ejkBk ljnkjksa ds i{k esa
gq.Mh tkjh djrs FksA t;iqj jkT; ds lkgwdkj eulkjke lwjrjke us 1810 bZ-] 1811 bZ-
jktLFkku dh cSafdax O;oLFkk esa mHkjrh uohu esa t;iqj jkT; dh vksj ls ejkBk ljnkjksa dks gq.Mh ds ek/;e ls /ku fHktok;kA blesa
izo`fk;k (18oha ls 19oha 'krkCnh rd) 70]000] 71]000] 30]000 ,oa 20]000 :i;s dh gqf.M;k nkSyrjko flaf/k;k ,oa
MkW- dqyoUr flag 'ks[kkor c[rkojey jk;pan ds i{k esa tkjh dh FkhA3 jktiwr jktkvksa ls lkgwdkjksa ds ?kfu"B
lEcU/k LFkkfir gks x;s og mudh .k dh vnk;xh ds fy, Hkh xaHkhj FksA blds fy,
jkT; viuh vk; ds lzksrksa dks muds i{k esa vkjf{kr dj nsrs FksA 19oha 'krkCnh ds
eqxy lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh jktLFkku ds jktiwr jktkvksa us e'k%
izkjEHk esa lkgwdkj deZpkjh jkT; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lg;ksx ls lEcfU/kr {ks= esa tkrs
v/khurk Lohdkj djus yxsA ifj.kker% mudk /;ku viuh fj;klrksa ls gVdj dsUnzh;
Fks ,oa vk; dh olwyh djrs FksA ftlds fy, lsB ds deZpkfj;ksa dks lqfo/kk,
lkk dks izlUu ,oa iksf"kr djus esa yx x;kA vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa eqxy lkezkT; ds miyC/k djokbZ tkrh FkhA vr% vkjf{kr {ks= esa olwyh ds fy, lkgwdkjksa ds xqek'rksa
{kh.k gksus ds lkFk dbZ uohu izo`fk;ksa dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA v;ksX; usr`Ro lEiw.kZ jk"V ds }kjk dk;Zokgh djuk jkT; ds iz'kklu esa gLr{ksi tSlk Fkk tks iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
dks ,d iz'kklfud ra= esa cka/kus esa vl{ke fl gqvkA vUrr% fj;klrksa ds 'kkld esa lkgwdkjksa dk fu;a=.k Fkk ftlds fy, 'kkld vius vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Li"V funsZ'k nsrs
vius ewy jkT;ksa dh vksj mUeq[k gq, rks ,d vksj 'kkld eqxy lsok ls fy, u, Fks fd lsB ds deZpkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk djsA ;g O;oLFkk .k dh olwyh ds fy,
vuqHko vius esa lesV yk, Fks lkFk gh ns'kh jkT;ksa ds izfr mudk izse uohu mRlkg fn[k dkjxj FkhA4
jgk FkkA ,slh uohu ,oa cnyrh jktuSfrd ifjn`'; dk jktLFkku dh vkfFkZd fokh;
jkT;ksa dh .kxzLrk dk jkT;ksa dh fokh; {kerk ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+kA
O;oLFkk ij Hkh izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr 'kkspuh; FkhA chdkusj jkT; dk 1699 esa dqy vk; esa .k
jktLFkku dh izeq[k jktiwr fj;klrksa ds }kjk vius jkT;ksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa dk 19-15 izfr'kr tks 1795 esa c<+dj 30-16 izfr'kr gks x;kA5 ;g Li"V gS fd
lqn`<h+ dj.k djus dh izf;k ds fy, lSfud iz'kklfud ,oa Hkouksa ds fuekZ.k esa rsth 18oha&19oha 'krkCnh ds e/; jktiwr jkT;ksa dh fokh; O;oLFkk iw.kZr;k lkgwdkjksa ds
vkbZA eqxfy;k oSHko dh izfrNk;k jktiwr fj;klrksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA .k ls lapkfyr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
jktiwr jkT;ksa dh HkO;rk ds Lo:i ds fy, vR;f/kd /kujkf'k dh vko';drk jkT;ksa ds 'kkldksa dk lkgwdkjks] cksgjksa ,oa egktuksa ls izxk<+ lEcU/kksa dk izHkko
FkhA lhfer jktLo lzksrksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i lkgwdkjksa ds .k ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk vFkZO;oLFkk esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA lkgwdkj ,oa egktu dsoy fokh; ysu&nsu gh ugha
FkkA 18oha 'krkCnh esa jktiwr jkT;ksa ds mkjkf/kdkjh fooknksa ds dkj.k ejkBksa vke.kksa oju~ vukt O;kikj ,oa eqdkrsnkjh O;oLFkk esa Hkh layXu gks x;sA
dh rhozrk vkbZ mudh /kujkf'k dh ekax jktiwr jkT;ksa dks .kxzLr cuk fn;kA jktiwr lkgwdkj ,oa egktu f"kxr vFkZO;oLFkk ls ?kfu"B :i ls layXu FksA ftlls
'kkldksa dh .kxzLrk ls LFkkuh; lkgwdkjksa ls .k lEcU/k fujUrj] yEcs LFkkfir gks og vuk;kl vukt O;kikjh ds :i ls izfrf"Br gks x;sA "kd ds }kjk Hkw jktLo
x;sA chdkusj ds 'kkld lwjrflag (1787&1827 bZ-) us pw: ds izfl lsB fetkZey vnk;xh ,oa f"kxr vko';drkvksa ds fy, egktu ls .k ysrs Fks ftldh vnk;xh
ikskj ls 1827 bZ- esa 4 yk[k #i;s dk .k fy;kA1 chdkusj ds 'kkldksa dk ikskj lsBksa rS;kj Qly ls djrs FksA lkgwdkj ds ikl fxjoh j[ks [ksr dh Qly ij Hkh lkgwdkj
ls fujUrj ysu&nsu pyrk jgkA t;iqj] tks/kiqj] dksVk jkT;ksa dks ejkBk vke.k ds dk vf/kdkj FkkA6 jkT; viuh Hkw jktLo fgLlsnkjh ds vukt dh fch bUgha egktuksa
dkj.k /kujkf'k dh vko';drk iM+h ftldh iwfrZ lkgwdkjksa ,oa cksgjksa ds .k ls gksrh dks djrs FksA jkT; ds funsZ'k ij egktu .k miyC/k djokrs FksA jkT; mUgsa jkT; dh
FkhA dbZ ckj jkT; dh vksj ls lkgwdkj lh/ks ejkBksa dh /kujkf'k ekax ds fy, muds Qlyksa dh [kjhn dk vf/kdkj nsrk FkkA7
i{k esa gq.Mh tkjh djrs FksA 1790 bZ- ekjokM+ jkT; esa esMr+ k ;q ds i'pkr~ egkjktk 18&19oha 'krkCnh esa lkgwdkj ,oa egktu oxZ eqdkrsnkjh (btkjsnkjh) O;oLFkk
fot;flag us egknth flaf/k;k dks 310079 #i;s 12 vkuk gq.Mh ds ek/;e ls vnk esa izHkko'kkyh oxZ ds :i esa mHkjk ,oa bl O;oLFkk ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k LFkkfir dj
fd;s FksA2 fy;kA bl O;oLFkk esa jkT; dh jktLo lzksrksa dh olwyh dk vf/kdkj lhfer volj
314
ds fy, fuf'pr /kujkf'k nsdj izkIr dj ysrs FksA izks- fnyckx flag] e/kq VaMu lsfB;k FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa eqnzk dh tkp ,oa mldks cnyus dk dk;Z egRoiw.kZ gks x;kA
us 'kks/kiw.kZ v/;;u esa ik;k fd btkjsnkjksa ds lkekftd lajpuk esa lkgwdkjksa&cksgjksa dh jktLFkku esa LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa bl dk;Z dks îj[kkbZ* dgk tkrk FkkA ij[kkbZ dk dk;Z
vPNh la[;k FkhA iwohZ jktLFkku esa 1498 btkjsnkjksa esa 321 lkgwdkj btkjsnkj FksA8 Lora= :i ls ljkZQkvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA tgk ljkZQkvksa dh miyC/krk ugha gksus
18oha&19oha 'krkCnh esa lkgwdkj] egktu ,oa cksgjs fokh; ysu&nsus ds lkFk vU; ij jkT; ds }kjk eqnzk dh ij[kkbZ ds fy, dne mBkuk ,d fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr dk
vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxs ftlls og vFkZO;oLFkk ds fu;ked izrhr ifjpk;d gSaA tks/kiqj jkT; dh lun&ijokuk cgh ua- 55 fo-la- 1858 (1801 bZ-)
gksus yx x;sA jkT; muij iw.kZr;k fuHkZj FkkA ds ,d nLrkost ls jkspd tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSa fd jkT; us turk ds fy, eqnzk dh
'kkldksa dh .kxzLrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT;ksa dks .k nsus okys oxZ dk mn; ij[kkbZ (tkp) ds fy, ,d lqukj dks eqdjZj fd;k tks 20 xkoksa dh eqnzk dh ij[kkbZ
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA chdkusj jkT; ds 'kkldksa ds }kjk vYikof/k ds fy, de jkf'k ds djsxk ftlds cnys esa mls lok #i;k deh'ku feysxkA11 jkT; ds }kjk eqnzk dh tkp
ph C;kt njksa ij .k ysus ds dkj.k xqalkbZ] iqjksfgr] O;kl] pkSfV;k] ,oa cSjkxh dh O;oLFkk djokuk ,d uohu ifjorZu dk |ksrd gSA lkFk gh jktdh; Vdlkyksa
leqnk;ksa dk jkT; dks .k nsus okys oxZ ds :i esa mn; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA budk dh la[;k esa o`f ls eqnzk <yokus ds dk;Z ds fy, LFkkuh; ljkZQkvksa oxZ ds dk;Z esa
ijEijkxr O;olk; iwtk ikB] nku&nf{k.kk ,oa iksfFk;ka fy[kuk FkkA chdkusj jkT; esa vfHko`f gqbZA eqxydkyhu jktLFkku esa vtesj] ukxkSj] j.kFkEHkkSj esa 'kkgh Vdlkys
19oha 'krkCnh ds rhljs] pkSFks n'kd esa bl izdkj ds lkgwdkj (.knkrk) rsth ls FkhA 18&19oha 'krkCnh esa izeq[k jktiwr jkT;ksa dh 4&5 Vdlkyas ,d jkT; esa LFkkfir
fodflr gksrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gS ftldh iqf"V dkxnkas&jh&cfg;ksa ,oa fpV~Bk [kkrk jh gksus ls eqnzk <yokus dk dk;Z izeq[k gks x;kA Vdlky fuf'pr /kkrq ykus ij ftls
cfg;ksa ls izkIr i=ksa ls gksrh gSA buds }kjk miyC/k djok;s .k ij jkT; 24] 36 ^pkluh* dgk tkrk FkkA uohu flDds <kydj ns fn;s tkrs FksA chdkusj dh
izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt vnk djrk Fkk tks lkekU;r;k izpfyr C;kt nj ls vf/kd FkkA9 dkxnksa&jh&cgh ua- 4 fo-la- 1831 (1774 bZ-) esa chdkusj jkT; esa ljkZQk fugky]
;g lkgwdkj fujUrj ,oa fu;fer .k ysu&nsu ugha fd;k vr% ;g ,d izdkj ls v.kq lqjk.kk ,oa iseks nslk.kh eqnzk <yokus ds dk;Z esa layXu FksA13
fuos'k djrk Fks tks de le;kof/k esa .k ls C;kt ds :i esa vPNk ykHk izkIr djuk bl izdkj Li"V gS fd 18 oha&19oha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku tc jktiwr fj;klrsa
pkgrs FksA eqxyksa ls Lora= gqbZ ,oa fczfV'k lkk ds izHkko esa vkus ls iwoZ rd mUgksaus viuh Lora=
eqxydkyhu Hkkjr esa eqnzk /kkfRod 'kqrk ,oa ,d:irk fy;s gq;s FkhA lkk lapkfyr dh ml uohu ifjn`'; esa cSafdax O;oLFkk Hkh izHkkfor gqbZA vFkZO;oLFkk
ljkZQkvksa ds }kjk eqnzkvksa dh f?klkoV ds vk/kkj ij eqnzkvksa ds cnyus dk dk;Z fd;k esa jkT;ksa dh .kxzLrk ds lkFk lkgwdkj dh izHkko'khyrk] NksVs lkgwdkjksa dk .knkrk
tkrk FkkA jktiwr jktkvksa ds }kjk mkj eqxydky esa Lora= jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk ds :i esa mHkjuk] lkgwdkj oxZ dk vU; vkfFkZd f;kvksa ,oa iz'kklfud xfrfof/k;ksa
esa layXu gksuk vkSj ljkZQkvksa dh Hkwfedk esa vfHko`f gqbZA 19oha 'krkCnh ds mkjkZ
viuh Lora= eqnzk iz.kkyh ,oa uohu Vdlkyksa dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk eqnzk dh tkp ,oa
esa fczfV'k vkSiusofS 'kd vFkZO;oLFkk dk ns'kh fokh; O;oLFkk ij izHkko iM+kA ftlls
cnyus ds dk;Z esa LokHkkfod :i ls vfHko`f gqbZA vkSajxtsc ds i'pkr~ detksj
dbZ O;oLFkkvksa esa cnyko Hkh gqvkA
eqxy lezkVksa ds }kjk jktiwr 'kkldksa dks viuh&viuh eqnzk tkjh djus dh vkKk iznku
djus ds i'pkr~ izR;sd jktiwr jkT; us vius&vius flDds tkjh fd;s tks /kkfRod lUnHkZ
'kqrk ,oa otu esa vyx&vyx FksA 1754 esa t;iqj ds 'kkld bZ'ojflag us 1- egkjktk lwjr flag o lsB fetkZey ikskj dk .k i=] Hkknok cnh 2] fo-la- 1884 (1827
>kM+'kkgh flDdk] 1759 bZ- esa chdkusj ds 'kkld us xt'kkgh] dksVk dk xqek'k'kkgh] bZ-) yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku] uxj&Jh pw:] xksfoUn vxzzoky% pw: eaMy dk 'kks/kiw.kZ
tSlsyesj dk v[kS'kkgh] esokM+ ds pknsMh] fpkkSMh+ ,oa cwnh dk <kyh flDdk tkjh bfrgkl] pw: 1976 i`-- 486&89
2- MkW- th- vkj- ifjgkj] ekjokM+ ,.M nh ejkBkl~ (1724&1843)] fgUnh lkfgR; efUnj] tks/
fd;kA10 bu flDdksa dks <kyus ds fy, esokM+ jkT; esa 5 Vdlky] tks/kiqj jkT; esa 6
kiqj] 1965 i`- 220
Vdlky] t;iqj esa 7 Vdlky] dksVk jkT; esa 4 Vdlkysa LFkkfir Fkha blds vykok 3- diM+}kjk nLrkost ua- 945 ls 948] xksiky ukjk;.k cksgjk] pUnzef.k flag dsVykWx vkWQ
chdkusj] djkSyh] vyoj] tSlyesj] cwanh] izrkix<+ vkfn fj;klrksa dh viuh Lora= fgLVksfjdy MkWD;wesUV~l bu diM+}kjk] t;iqj] i`- 126&127
Vdlkysa FkhA jktLFkku esa bu fofHkUu Vdlkyksa ls tkjh flDds eqxyksa dh eqnzk iz.kkyh 4- chdkusj jkT; ds jktdh; vkns'k] Hkknok cnh 2] fo-la- 1884 (1827 bZ-) dkxnka&s jh&cgh
dh rjg /kkfRod 'kqrk dh ,d:irk ugha Fkh budk otu ,oa 'kqrk vyx&vyx ua- 33@2 chdkusj fjdkWM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
315
5- th- ,l- ,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk (1574&1818 bZ-) chdkusj 1981]
i`- 204&06
6- ch- ,y- xqIrk] VM S ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku M~;wfjax ,VhaFk lsUpqjh] t;iqj] 1987 i`- 103]
.k i= QkYxqu cnh 4] fo-la- 1832 (1775 bZ-) yksde.kh laxzg cgh] Hkkjrh; fo|k efUnj t;iqj dh Cyw ikWVjh gLrdyk dh ,sfrgkfldrk
'kks/k izfr"Bku] chdkusj
7- MkW- ,l- ih- xqIrk] nh ,xzfs j;u flLVe vkWQ bLVuZ jktLFkku (1650&1750) fnYyh 1986] (17oha lnh ls 20oha lnh rd)
i`- 101&102 iwtk fljksyk
8- fnyckx flag] nh LVsV] yS.MykWMlZ ,.M isatVas ] ubZ fnYyh] 1990] i`- 137] e/kq VaMu lsfB;k
jktiwr ikWfyVh t;iqj 2003] i`- 303 t;iqj esa ijEijkxr dykvksa ,oa gLrdykvksa dks jktdh; laj{k.k feyrk jgk
9- dkxnkas&jh&cgh ua- 33@2 fo-la- 1884 (1827 bZ-)] fpV~Bk ,oa [kkrk jh udy dh cgh ua-
gSA t;iqj dh [;kfrizkIr eq[; dykvksa esa LFkkiR; dyk] ewfrZdyk] fp=dyk vkfn
1@1 fo-la- 1820 (1763 bZ-) chdkusj fjdkWM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
10- ch-,y- xqIrk] iwoksZDr i`- 167
gS] gLrdykvksa esa Cyw ikWVjh] ehukdkjh ,oa dqUnu dk;Z] yk[k fufeZr mRikn]
11- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 55 fo-la- 1858 (1801 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkWM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; laxejej dk dk;Z] dkxt cukus dh dyk] oL= vkdYiu bR;kfn izeq[k jgs gSaA
vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj gLrdyk yksxksa ds fy;s Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr iwfrZ dk gkfnZd :i ls izrhd gSA1
12- dkxnksa&jh&cgh ua 4 fo-la- 1831 (1774 bZ-) chdkusj fjdkWM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe
vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij KkrO; gS fd rkezik"kk.k dkyhu laLd`fr ds
vfoHkkZo esa flU/kq lH;rk dk izlkj mkjh Hkkjr esa fo'ks"kdj jktLFkku esa dkyhcaxk]
vkgkM+ (mn;iqj)] fpkkSMx+ <+] HkhyokM+k] vtesj] t;iqj rFkk Vksad rd FkkA2 f'kdkj
ds lkFk i'kqikyu ,oa [ksrhckM+h izkjEHk dj nh xbZ FkhA [kkus ihus dh oLrqvksa dks
j[kus ds fy;s izkjafHkd ekuo us crZu cukus dh dyk dks tUe fn;kA bl le; yksx
e`nHkk.M dyk esa fo'ks"k :i ls fl gLr gks x;sA mUgksaus feV~Vh ds crZuksa dks ukuk
izdkj dh vkd`fr;ksa ls ltk;kA bl izdkj e`nHkk.M dyk dk ekuo thou esa
lek;kstu gqvkA dkykUrj esa vuUrj fodkl ds pyrs fofHkUu jaxksa ds Hkk.Mksa dk
l`tu laHko gqvkA Cyw ikWVjh dk fuekZ.k dk;Z izFker% phu esa gqvkA3 phu ls gh ikWVjh
dyk vU; LFkkuksa ij igqaph ftuesa bZjku] vQxkfuLrkj] lejdan] cq[kkjk] eqYrku]
fnYyh bR;kfn jgsA Cyw ikWVjh gLrdyk jktLFkku ds fofHkUu vapyksa esa Hkh izlkfjr
gqbZ tgka budh fdLesa] jax vkSj vkd`fr fHkUu gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ vyoj dh Mcy
odZ dh ikWVjh dkxth ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA4 dksVk dh Cysd ikWVjh Qwynkuksa]
IysVksa vkSj eVdksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k :i ls izfl gSA nsoh nsorkvksa dh iwtk vpZuk ds
volj] vusd ioks ,oa R;kSgkjksa ij t;iqj esa rS;kj dh tkus okyh ^Cyw ikWVjh* vkt
bruh yksdfiz; gS fd blus vU; LFkkuksa dh ikWVjh dyk dks Li/kkZ esa ihNs NksM+ fn;k
gSA
t;iqj dh Cyw ikWVjh gLrdyk dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe
Cyw ikWVjh dk dk;Z eqxy ckn'kkgksa ls vkesj 'kkldksa ds lEcU/kksa ds izHkkokUrxZr
316
fnYyh ls t;iqj yk;k x;kA 1562 bZ- esa vkesj ds egkjktk ekuflag izFke dks eqxy fl[kk;k ugha x;k cfYd vius iq=ksa lkaoyflag vkSj tequkizlkn dks gh bl gLrdyk
ckn'kkg vdcj }kjk eqxy lsuk esa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA5 dykRed vfHk#fp okys esa izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA13 vius firk ls bl dk;Z esa izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds i'pkr~
ekuflag izFke }kjk Cyw ikWVjh cukus okys dykdkjksa dks viuh jkt/kkuh vkesj yk;k lkaoyflag us t;iqj esa xwaxk esgjk dh xyh] x.kxkSjh cktkj fLFkr vius ?kj esa gh dk;Z
x;kA vkjEHk fd;kA dkykarj esa lkaoyflag dks dyk fo|ky; (Ldwy vkWQ vkVZ) esa Cyw
ekuflag izFke ds i'pkr~ vkesj ds 'kkldksa esa lokbZ t;flag f}rh; ikWVjh fl[kkus ds fy;s izf'k{kd ds rkSj ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA14 bl izdkj egkjktk
(1700&1743 bZ-) ftudh dyk ,oa gLrdykvksa esa fo'ks"k #fp FkhA egkjktk jkeflag f}rh; ds 'kkludky esa Cyw ikWVjh gLrdyk dk t;iqj esa foLrkj gqvkA
t;flag f}rh; }kjk vusdksa gLrf'kfYi;ksa dks ykHknk;d izLrko is'k fd;k fd og jkeflag f}rh; ds ckn Cyw ikWVjh gLrf'kYi dks iYyfor djus esa ek/kksflag
t;iqj vkdj cls] ftlls mudh gLrdyk dks vR;f/kd :i ls i;kZIr laj{k.k izkIr f}rh; (1880&1922 bZ-) dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgkA buds 'kklu dky esa fczfV'k
gks ldsxkA6 egkjktk }kjk Cyw ikWVjh dyk dks fodflr djus ds fy;s fudVorhZ lkezkT; t;iqj esa LFkkfir gks x;k Fkk] rc fczfV'k lkk dk Hkh Cyw ikWVjh gLrdyk dks
fnYyh] vkxjk] eFkqjk] c;kuk bR;kfn {ks=ksa ls Cyw ikWVjh ds dykdkjksa dks vkeaf=r izksRlkgu izkIr gqvkA ek/kksflag f}rh; ds 'kkludky esa 1883 bZ- esa t;iqj esa ,d
djds laj{k.k iznku fd;k x;kA7 oSls rks egkjktk t;flag f}rh; ds i'pkr~ ls izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu gqvkA bl izn'kZuh dh vof/k nks ekg vkSj nks fnu Fkh] ftlesa
jkeflag f}rh; ds 'kklu dky ds e/; rd t;iqj ds izk;% lHkh 'kkldksa us dyk ,oa dqy 2]36]950 O;fDr;ksa }kjk dykRed mRiknksa dk voyksdu fd;k x;kA15 bl
gLrf'kYi esa #fp iznf'kZr dh rFkk le` ijEijkvksa dks iksf"kr fd;k ysfdu jkeflag izn'kZuh ds v/;{k FkkWel gkYcksu gsaMys dks cuk;k x;kA bl izdkj egkjktk }kjk
f}rh; us gLrf'kYiksa dks fodflr djus esa fo'ks"k :i ls ;ksxnku fn;kA fofHkUu gLrdyk dks izksRlkfgr fd;k x;kA
jkeflag f}rh; (1835&1880 bZ-) ls izkIr laj{k.k ls Cyw ikWVjh dks iquthZou egkjktk ekuflag f}rh; (1922&1949 bZ-) ds 'kkludky esa ;g gLrdyk
izkIr gqvkA MkW- gaVj dh izsj.kk ls egkjktk }kjk 1866 bZ- esa dyk fo|ky; (Ldwy lkaoyflag ,oa tqeukizlkn ds ifjokj rd gh lhfer jg x;hA dkykUrj esa Cyw ikWVjh
vkWQ vkVZ) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA8 gqujh enjlk uked fo|ky; flVh iSysl ds ckny gLrdyk vkaf'kd :i esa dh tkus yxh] D;ksafd ns'k dk jktuSfrd okrkoj.k ifjofrZr
egy esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA9 jkeflag f}rh; ls lacaf/kr ,d fooj.k ds vuqlkj os nks gks jgk FkkA vktknh ds lkFk gh ns'k ,oa jkT;ksa ds lEeq[k fofHkUu leL;k,a FkhA bl
dqEgkj Hkkb;ksa ds lEidZ esa vk;s] ftuds uke pwMk+ e.k ,oa dkywjke Fks] buds firk Cyw ekgkSy esa gLrdykvksa dks i;kZIr izksRlkgu uk fey ldkA 1950 rd ;g gLrdyk
ikWVjh ds dk;Z esa ikjaxr FksA ;g nksuksa HkkbZ Hkh crZu cukus dk dk;Z fd;k djrs FksA t;iqj ls [kRe gks xbZ] ij fp=dkj dìkyflag 'ks[kkor }kjk deyknsoh pVksik/;k;
izfl dykfon~ dìkyflagth ds vuqlkj ;g dqEgkj HkkbZ t;iqj egkjktk jkeflag ds ds lg;ksx ls bls iqu% izkjEHk fd;kA ckn esa gLrdykvksa dks iquthZou nsus esa ekuflag
iraxcktksa ls iraxckth dh izfrLi/kkZ djus ds fy;s vpusjk ls t;iqj vk,A bl f}rh; dh iRuh egkjkuh xk;=hnsoh dk vewY; ;ksxnku jgkA16 1963 bZ- esa egkjkuh
izfrLi/kkZ esa pwMk+ e.k ,oa dkywjke fot;h gq, rc pwMk+ e.k us jkeflag dks crk;k fd xk;=h nsoh }kjk lokbZ jkeflag f'kYidyk eafnj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA dìkyflag
irax ds /kkxs esa Xyst p<+k;k x;k gS tks fd uhys gjs crZuksa dk gSA10 t;iqj egkjktk 'ks[kkor dks blds izkpk;Z in ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 'ks[kkorth }kjk Cyw ikWVjh
mu nksuksa }kjk cuk, x, crZuksa dks ns[kdj vR;f/kd izHkkfor gq,A gLrdyk esa viuh esgur ,oa ;ksX;rk ds cy ij u, vk;ke iznku fd, x,A muds
egkjktk jkeflag us rnqijkUr mUgsa ikWVjh gLrdyk dks izksRlkfgr djus gsrq }kjk vkjEHk esa fp=dkjh dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk FkkA17 fp=dkjh dh dyk esa ikjaxr gksus
t;iqj vkdj clus dks vkeaf=r fd;kA11 egkjktk ds }kjk dyk fo|ky; (Ldwy dh otg ls mUgsa ikWVjh gLrf'kYi dks fodflr djus esa lgk;rk feyh D;ksafd Cyw
vkWQ vkVZ) esa ikWVjh dyk ds fy, ,d u;k oxZ [kksyk x;kA jkeflag us Cyw ikWVjh ikWVjh esa vkd`fr vadu fd;k tkrk gSA igys ls gh fp=dkjh vkus ds dkj.k muds
gLrdyk dks t;iqj esa fodflr :i iznku djus ds fy;s pwMk+ e.k vkSj dkywjke dks fy, ;g dk;Z ljy gks x;kA 'ks[kkorth us Cyw ikWVjh dyk dks lh[kus ds i'pkr~ bls
1868 bZ- esa Cyw ikWVjh dyk fuekZ.k esa ikjaxr fnYyh ds Hkksyk dqEgkj ds ikl Cyw ubZ apkb;ksa ij igqapk;k gSA
ikWVjh fuekZ.k dh fof/k lh[kus ds fy, HkstkA12 izf'k{k.k izkfIr ds i'pkr~ egkjktk us dìkyflagth ds vuqlkj tc muds }kjk Cyw ikWVjh dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k x;k Fkk
bUgsa dyk fo|ky; (Ldwy vkWQ vkVZ) esa Cyw ikWVjh fuekZ.k ,oa izf'k{k.k ds fy;s rks ml le; mUgsa Cyw ikWVjh esa iz;qDr gksus okys elkys] jax ,oa rduhd dh tkudkjh
fu;qDr dj fn;kA bu nksuksa }kjk bl gLrdyk dks fo'ks"k :i ls fdlh vU; dks ugha FkhA Cyw ikWVjh ds laca/k esa vko';d tkudkjh dk vHkko blfy, Fkk D;ksafd
317
pwMk+ e.k ,oa dkywjke }kjk bl dyk dks flQZ viuh larfr dks gh fl[kk;k x;kA 4. Manohar Prabhakar, Cultural Heritage of Rajasthan, Panchsheel Prakashan, Jaipur,
1972, p. 103
mudh vkxkeh ih<+h vFkkZr~ lkaoyflag ,oa tequkizlkn us Hkh bl dyk dks vius 5- vk'khokZnh yky JhokLro] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] f'koyky ,.M dEiuh] vkxjk] 1998, i`-
ifjokj rd gh lhfer j[kkA bu lc dkj.kksa us 'ks[kkorth ds lEeq[k leL;k mRiUu 439
dj nhA bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku dìkyflag th }kjk fofHkUu yksxksa dh lgk;rk ls 6. Aman Nath and Francis Wacziarg, Arts and Crafts of Rajasthan, Mapin Publishing
fd;k x;kA Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad, 1987, p. 199
7. T.N. Gupta and R.S. Khangarot, Amber Jaipur A Dream in the Desert, Classic
ukFkh ckbZ uked efgyk tks pwMk+ e.k ,oa dkywjke dks jax cspus dk dk;Z Publishing House, Jaipur, 1994, p- 129
8. H.L. Showers, Notes on Jaipur, 1909, p. 32
djrh Fkh rFkk ftls dyk fo|ky; (Ldwuy vkWQ vkVZ) esa ukSdjh nh xbZ FkhA mlh
9- ineJh dìkyflag th ls fnukad 08-06-06 dks lk{kkRdkj ls Kkr
ds }kjk Cyw ikWVjh ds elkys fuekZ.k dh fof/k crkbZ xbZA18 bl izdkj mUgksaus Hkh bl 10. Aman Nath & Francis Wacziarg, op.cit., p- 43
dyk ds fodflr djus esa lgk;rk iznku dhA 11. Marg pathway-A Magazine of the Arts, Volume XVIII, nember I, issued by
Government of Rajasthan, December, 1964, p. 43
dìkyflagth }kjk /khjs&/khjs Cyw ikWVjh esa bLrseky gksus okys jaxksa dh ryk'k 12- t;flag uhjt ,oa ch-,y- 'kekZ] jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk
dh xbZA mUgksaus rkeM+k jax dh [kkst dh] tks t;iqj ds BBsjksa ds eksgYys esa feyrk FkkA vdkneh] t;iqj] 1995] i`- 220
BBsjksa ds eksgYys okys nqdkunkjksa us mUgsa crk;k fd ;g jax pwM+ke.k ,oa dkywjke ys 13- dìkyflag th ls fnukad 08-02-2007 dks lk{kkRdkj ls KkrO;
tkrs Fks vkSj mUgha ds }kjk bl jax dk uke rkeM+k j[kk x;k tks dkWij vkWDlkbM ;k rkacs 14- eksgu yky xqIrk] t;iqj dh Cyw ikWVjh] dyknh?kkZ] mRd"kZ izfr"Bku] y[ku] 2001
dh {kkj FkkA19 bl jax dks rkeM+k uke blfy, fn;k x;k ftlls bl jax dh tkudkjh 15. Giles Tillotson, The Jaipur Exhibition of 1883, Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2004, pp. 111-126
fdlh vU; dks uk gks ik,aA 16- D;wjsVj iadt 'kekZ (flVh iSysl] t;iqj) ls fnukad 25-05-2014 dks okrkZyki ls Kkr
dìkyflag 'ks[kkor th }kjk gjs] uhys vkfn jaxksa dh [kkst dj yh xbZA lkFk 17- lqegsUnz] t;iqj dyk vkSj dykdkj] jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`- 29
gh mUgksaus vusdksa uohu vkd`fr;ksa dks fodflr fd;kA jkeflag us f'kYidyk eafnj 18- dìkyflag th ds lkFk fnukad 08-09-2006 dks lk{kkRdkj ls KkrO;
ds can gksus ds i'pkr~ vius fuokl ij gh bl dyk dks djuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA20 19- ogh
buds }kjk Cyw ikWVjh dyk ds {ks= esa fd, x, mRd`"V dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa jkT; ,oa 20- eksguyky xqIrk] t;iqj dh Cyw ikWVjh] dyknh?kkZ] mRd"kZ izfr"Bku] y[ku] 2001
jk"Vh; Lrj ij le;≤ ij lEekfur fd;k x;kA
mDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd t;iqj dh Cyw ikWVjh dh dyk orZeku esa ftl
eqdke ij gS mlds ihNs ,d yEck bfrgkl jgk gSA bl bfrgkl esa os lHkh O;fDr
izeq[k LFkku j[krs gSa] ftuds }kjk Cyw ikWVjh dyk dks fdlh uk fdlh Lo:i esa
fodflr ,oa izksRlkfgr fd;kA Cyw ikWVjh dks fodflr djus esa tgka ,d vksj jktk
,oa egkjktkvksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gS] ogha nwljh vksj bl dyk esa fuiq.k
dykdkjksa us viuh vyx gh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
lUnHkZ
1. Shanti Swarup, 5000 years of Arts and Crafts in India and Pakistan, D.B.
Toraparavala Sons & Co. Private Ltd., Bombay, 1968, p. 212
2- f}tsUnz ukjk;.k >k ,oa d`".k eksgu Jhekyh] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e
dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] 2001] 100
3- ineJh ls vyad`r] Cyw ikWVjh ds ofj"Bre dykdkj Jh dìkyflag 'ks[kkor ls fnukad 08-
09-2006 dks lk{kkRdkj ls KkrO;
318
fy[kk gS fd ^^viuh iwohZ lhek ij edjkuk dh laxejej dh [kkusa gSa] lHkh jkt/kkuh
uxjksa ds Hkouksa esa bldk oSHko >ydrk gSA fnYyh] vkxjk ds egyksa] efLtnksa ,oa
edcjksa esa iz;qDr lkexzh ekjokM+ ls Hksth xbZ FkhA fiNys o"kksZa rd ;s [kkusa mYys[kuh;
t;iqj dh laxejej dyk ,oa m|ksx % jktLo nsrh FkhA fdUrq bu {ks=ksa esa egy&Hkouksa dk ;qx lekIr gks x;k gS ,oa Hkkoh
lelkef;d leL;k ,oa lek/kku ihf<+;k bl foykl ds lzksrksa ds ckjs esa dkSrqgy ls iwNsxhA**4
MkW- vk'kk dqekjh flag oLrqr% vaxzstksa ds 'kkludky esa LFkkiR;dyk izk;% fLFkj gks xbZ FkhA vaxzstksa us
LFkkiR; fuekZ.k esa dksbZ #fp ugha fn[kkbZA blds dkj.k laxejej [kku dk fonksgu
izkUrh; Lrj ij fo'ks"kdj jktLFkku esa LFkkiR;dyk esa laxejej dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k vkSj u gh [kku [kuu esa fdlh ubZ rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k]
cnLrwj tkjh jgk gSA LFkkiR; esa laxejej ds c<+rs ego ds essutj vkesj&t;iqj ftlls [kuu dks izksRlkgu izkIr gks ldsaA ftu jkT;ksa esa [kkusa Fkh] ogk ds jkT;ksa ds
uxj ds ,sfrgkfld Hkouksa esa Hkh laxejej dk vR;f/kd mi;ksx fd;k x;k mnkgj.kkFkZ jktLo dk ,d egoiw.kZ tfj;k lekIr gks x;k Fkk ftlls lacaf/kr jkT;ksa dks Hkkjh
vkesj dk fdyk] txr f'kjksef.k eafnj] xSVksj dh Nrjh] flVh iSysl] fcM+yk eafnj vkfFkZd uqdlku gqvkA jktLFkku ds [kfut mRiknu esa fodkl vaxzsth /kkrqvksa ds fy,
vkfnA LFkkiR;dyk ds lkFk&lkFk laxejej dk mi;ksx ewfrZdyk esa izkphudky ls cktkj rks miyC/k ugha djk ldrk FkkA vr% jktLFkku ds [kfut mRiknuksa dk can gksuk
gh gqvk gSA eqxydkyhu jktLFkku eas vkesj ewfrZdyk dk izfl dsUnz FkkA jktk gh vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa ds fgr esa FkkA vaxzstksa us vius izHkko dk mi;ksx djrs gq,
ekuflag us ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa ls ftu f'kYi dykdkjksa dks vkeaf=r dj vkesj jkT; esa [kfudksa ;k [kku Lokfe;ksa ls fy, tkus okyh jktLo jkf'k dks Hkh bruk vf/kd c<+k
LFkkfir fd;k] muesa ewfrZdkj Hkh FksA ;s nf{k.k esa ek.Mw] mkj esa ukjukSy vkSj iwoZ esa fn;k Fkk fd dksbZ tksf[ke mBkus okys lkglh gh bl dk;Z esa gkFk Mky ldrs FksA5 c<+h
e.Mkoj rFkk Mhx ds vklikl ds xzkeksa ls vkesj vk, FksA 1728 bZloh esa lokbZ gqbZ jktLo dh njksa ds dkj.k ijEijkxr [kfut ;k [kku Lokeh bu [kkuksa dks ysus esa
t;flag f}rh; us t;iqj dh ubZ jkt/kkuh esa inkiZ.k fd;kA mlh le; ewfrZdkj vleFkZ FksA Lora= Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds izkjEHk ds i'pkr~ laxejej m|ksx Hkh
ifjokj Hkh vkesj dks NksM+dj t;iqj miuxj esa LFkkukUrfjr gq,A bu ewfrZdkjksa ds fy, iqu% rhoz xfr ls 'kq: gqvkA
jktk t;flag us ,d okMZ lqjf{kr j[kk] ftls ^flykoVksa dk eqgYyk* dgk x;kA1 laxejej ek/;e ds dyk ls m|ksx :i esa ifjofrZr gksus esa vk/kqfud e'khuksa
t;iqjh Hkk"kk esa bu ewfrZdkjksa dks ^flykoV* dgk tkrk FkkA fdUrq bl 'kCn ls rkRi;Z dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA bVyh ls vk;kfrr vkjk&e'khuksa us bl [kfut iRFkj
^flyk* ,oa ^yks<h+ * cukus okyksa ls FkkA vf'k{kk ds dkj.k ;g 'kCn o"kksZa rd bu dh fdLer gh cny MkyhA buds }kjk laxejej ds cM+s&cM+s VqdM+ksa dks dqN gh
ewfrZdkjksa ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk jgkA oLrqr% ;g f'kYidkj dk viHkza'k gSA2 ?k.Vksa esa phjdj vyx&vyx dkryksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k tkrk gSA6 bl rduhdh
vkt Hkh mDr eqgYyk ewfrZdkjksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ewfrZdyk ds iYyou esa t;iqj dk izf;k dh [kwch ;g jgh fd izR;sd dkrys dh eksVkbZ leku vkus yxh vkSj ml ij
egoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA fdUrq vk/kqfud dky esa vaxzsth loksZPprk ds foLrkj ds ikWfy'k djuk dgha T;knk vklku gks x;kA LFkkuh; n{k fefL=;ksa ,oa dqN m|fe;ksa us
lkFk&lkFk [kku ,oa m|ksx O;olk; esa fxjkoV vkbZA Hkkjr esa vaxzsth lkk egt ,d
bl rduhd dks ns'kh tkek iguk fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i oSlh dh oSlh vkjk&e'khusa
jktuhfrd lkk ugha Fkh cfYd og ,d vkfFkZd lkk Hkh Fkh] ftldk mn~ns'; Hkkjr
t;iqj vkSj tks/kiqj fufeZr dh tkus yxh ftlls laxejej dk mRiknu vR;f/kd ek=k
dh izkd`frd lEink ,oa mRiknu lalk/kuksa dk nksgu vius vkSifuosf'kd fgrksa esa djuk
esa fd;k tkus yxkA
FkkA3 vaxzsth mifuos'kokn dk Lo:i Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA
vly esa vaxzstksa dh #fp Hkkjr ds mlh dPps eky ,oa izkd`frd lEink esa Fkh tks laxejej laca/kh vif'k"V inkFkZ dh leL;k
muds baXyS.M fLFkr m|ksxksa ds fy, dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dk lzksr cu ldsaA laxejej m|ksx ds vR;f/kd fodkl ls tgka jkstxkj dh izkfIr o vkfFkZd
vaxzsth vkSifuosf'kd izHkko esa [kfutksa ds nksgu ,oa bl ij vk/kkfjr mRiknuksa fodkl gqvk gS ogha bl m|ksx ls lacaf/kr i;kZoj.kh; leL;k;sa Hkh mRiUu gqgZ gSA bl
esa fxjkoV dh iqf"V vusd lk{;ksa ls gksrh gSA tSls fd 1927 esa izdkf'kr jktiwrkuk ds m|ksx esa lcls cM+h leL;k Lyjh dh gSA [kku ls [kuu ds ckn laxejej ds CykWd
bfrgkl dh ftYn esa ekjokM+ ds izkd`frd mRiknuksa dk fooj.k fy[krs gq, VkWM us dks dkj[kkuksa esa ys tk;k tkrk gS tgk MSflax e'khu esa lkbZt fQV djds iRFkj dh
319
fpjkbZ dh tkrh gSA iRFkj dh fpjkbZ ds le; ikuh dh vf/kd ek=k esa vko';drk ysfdu nks lky dh dksf'k'k ls vc ipkl Vu rd dk ncko >sy ldus okyh VkbYl
gksrh gSA bl izf;k esa tks vif'k"V inkFkZ fudyrk gS mls Lyjh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk cuk yh gSA 'kq:vkrh VkbYl dh lrg [kqjnjh Fkh] ysfdu VkbYl eSVsfj;y esa tc
gSA7 bl vif'k"V inkFkZ dks pjkxkgksa] igkM+ksa ds ryksa] unh ds fdukjs rFkk ty lzksrksa Lyjh dh ek=k c<+kbZ xbZ rks laxejej dh rjg fpduh VkbYl cukus esa lQyrk
ds fudV Mkyus ls xaHkhj i;kZoj.kh; ladV mRiUu gksrs gaAS bldk ,d ifj.kke d`f"k feyhA
mRiknu'khyrk esa dVkSrh gSA MLV ls u flQZ mitk Hkwfe cfYd [kM+h Qly Hkh fu"d"kZ
izfrdwy :i ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA i;kZoj.kfon~ksa ds }kjk jkT; ljdkj dks le;& le;
bl izdkj ds iz;ksxksa ls laxejej m|ksx ,oa ml ij vk/kkfjr vU; m|ksxksa ds
ij jsfxLrku ds izlkj laca/kh [krjs ls voxr djk;k tkrk jgk gSA vusd Hkkxksa esa u
fodkl dh laHkkouk fujUrj fodflr gksrh gSA vr% bl izdkj ds bdks&saMyh
eosf'k;ksa ds fy, pjkxkg cps gSa] u tksrus ds fy, mitk {ks= gSA ekulwu ds le;
iz;ksx ds }kjk izkphu laxejej f'kYi ,oa ledkyhu m|ksx dh ijEijkvksa dks lqjf{kr
Lyjh ufn;ksa] ukyksa ,oa ty lzksrksa esa izokfgr gksrh gS ftlls ty dh xq.kokk ds
vkSj fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lkFk&lkFk tyh; thoksa ds fy, vfLrRo dk ladV mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA ;|fi bl
m|ksx ij izfrca/k yxkuk leL;k dk ,dek= vFkok mi;qDr lek/kku ugha gSA lUnHkZ
1- jk/kkyky eq'a kh (DydZ nhokuh gtwjh)] bfrgkl t;iqj (gLrfyf[kr)] fo-la- 2004] jktLFkku
lek/kku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, [kuu ,oa Hkw&foKku foHkkx] jktLFkku 2. B. Klavania and D.K. Samanta, (Ed.), People of India-Rajasthan, Vol. XXXVIII,
ljdkj ds }kjk vusd lqj{kkRed izko/kkuksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gS ftlls mR[kuu Part-II, Anthropological Survey of India, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai,
1998, p.914
izf;k ds i;kZoj.kh; ij U;wure izfrdwy izHkko iM+s rFkk jkT; esa bdks&saMyh [kuu 3- cztfd'kksj 'kekZ] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl 1818&1949] ifCyds'kUl~ Ldhe]
laHko gks ldsA bu izko/kkuksa ds vfrfjDr dkj[kkuksa esa laxejej dh dVkbZ&NVkbZ dh t;iqj] 1993] i`- 290
izf;k ds ckn tks vif'k"V inkFkZ (Lyjh) jg tkrs gSa rks mudks 'kgj ;k xko ls nwj 4- duZy tsEl VkWM] ,ukYl ,.M ,UVhD;wVht vkWQ jktLFkku] okWY;we&izFke] :ik izdk'ku]
igkM+h] jsfxLrkuh bykdksa esa Qsadus dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, ;k bl Lyjh dk mi;ksx ubZ fnYyh] i`- 584
vU; dk;ksZa ds fy, djuk pkfg,A tSls lM+d fuekZ.k] x`g fuekZ.k ,oa iqjkus [kM~Mkas 5- cztfd'kksj 'kekZ] i`- 290
6- vk'kqrks"k xqIrk] jktLFkku lqtl lap;] lwpuk ,oa tulEidZ funs'kky;] 1998] i`- 66
dks Hkjus ds fy, Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
7- Jh ftrsUnz xqIrk] Bsdns kj] vxzoky ekcZy izk- fyfeVsM] t;iqj lk{kkRdkj }kjk] 13-09-2014
rduhdh mi;ksx }kjk vif'k"V Lyjh dk lek/kku 8- jktLFkku if=dk] 23 vDVwcj] 2015] i`- 7 ds ys[k esa izdkf'kr
orZeku le; esa Lyjh vif'k"V inkFkZ ds lek/kku gsrq ;g iz;ksx egoiw.kZ gSA 9- ogh
o"kksZa ls ftl LVksu Lyjh dks vuqi;ksxh le>dj Qsadk tk jgk Fkk] og vR;Ur
mi;ksxh fl gks jgh gSA dksVk fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa us LVksu Lyjh ls ekcZy
tSlh [kwcjlwjr o etcwr VkbYl cukus esa lQyrk gkfly dh gSA8 fo'ofo|ky;
bl rduhd ds O;kolkf;d mi;ksx dh ;kstuk Hkh cuk jgk gSA dksVk esa 300 ls
T;knk iRFkj dkj[kkus gS] tgka iRFkjksa dh dVkbZ&f?klkbZ ds ckn fudyus okyh Lyjh
dks vuqi;ksxh le>dj Qsad fn;k tkrk gSA blls fuiVus ds fy, tgka jk"Vh; gfjr
U;k;kf/kdj.k (,uthVh) Mafiax xzkm.M cukus ij tksj ns jgk gS] ogha dksVk fo'ofo|ky;
ds f'k{kd vkSj 'kks/kkFkhZ blls VkbYl cukus esa tqVs gSaA foHkkxk/;{k izks- vk'kqjkuh us
jktLFkku if=dk dks crk;k fd Lyjh esa FkksMh+ lh ykbZ,'k vkSj dqN vU; dsfedy
feykdj izs'kj e'khu ds tfj, VkbYl cukbZ xbZA9 'kq:vkr esa vkaf'kd lQyrk feyh
320
3- fljksgh eq[;ky; ds lehi ekrj ekrk igkM+h ij ,CcksV VSad 1897 bZ- ls
cuok;k x;kA bls osLVuZ jktiqrkuk LVsV~l ds jsftMsUV duZy ,p-ch- ,CcksV ds
lEeku esa cuok;k x;kA blds fuekZ.k esa 17]000 :i;s dh ykxr vk;hA3 bl rkykc
fljksgh fj;klr esa Fkh i;kZoj.k izca/ku ls lhfer flapkbZ dh tkrh FkhA
dh vk/kqfud lksp 4- fczVsu dh fnaoxr egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dh Le`fr esa Mk;e.M tqcyh VSad
MkW- deyk ca/kq fi.MokM+k ds fudV cuok;k x;kA4 bls 1897 bZ- esa cuok;k x;k vkSj blds fuekZ.k
ij 47000 #- [kpZ gq;sA ml le; blls 560 ,dM+ Hkwfe ij flapkbZ gksrh FkhA5
fljksgh fj;klr rRdkyhu fczfV'k jktiqrkuk dk fgLlk FkhA ;g ,d NksVh 5- 1898&99 esa ,d rkykc vkcwjksM+ dLcs ds fudV djhc 27]000 #i;s
fj;klr Fkh tks vkt ds jktLFkku jkT; esa nf{k.k&if'pe esa flj.kok igkM+h (vjkoyh dh ykxr6 ls cuok;k x;kA bls pansyk rkykc dgk tkrk gSA oLrqr% bls ,d iqjkus
ioZr) dh <yku ij fLFkr FkhA dqN vioknksa dks ;fn NksM+ fn;k tk;s rks vkt ds tyk'k; dks 1899&1900 bZ- ds vdky jkgr dk;Z }kjk csgrj cuk;k x;kA bl
fljksgh ftys ij eq[;r% ;g fj;klr fLFkr FkhA ;gk dh tyok;q vZ&'kq"d jgh gS rkykc dh 675 ,dM+ Hkwfe ij flapkbZ djus dh {kerk FkhA7 bls ekm.V vkcw ls uhps
rFkk dkykarj ls gh ;gk lw[kk o vdky dh ekj iM+rh jgh gSA vkus okys dqbZ ukys ij cuok;k x;k gSA8
ty izca/ku&tykHkko ls eqfDr ikus ds fy;s 19oha 'krkCnh ds var esa ;gk blh izdkj fljksgh dLcs ds fudV 1900 bZ- esa ekuljksoj rkykc] >kM+ky S h
NksVs&NksVs f=e rkykcksa dh kà[kyk fodflr djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA oLrqr% xkao ds fudV 12]0000 #i;s ls f'kosjk rkykc cuok;k x;kA blds lkFk vkcwjksM+ ds
igkM+ksa dh <yku ij fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k fj;klr esa o"kkZ dk ty rsth ls ufn;ksa o fudV 27]000 #- dh ykxr ls ekUMksoh rkykc cuk;k x;kA9 fj;klr esa cjlkrh
ukyksa ls gksdj cg tkrk Fkk tks lw[ks o vdky dh eq[; otg FkhA blls fuiVus ds ufn;ksa vkSj ukyksa ij NksVs cka/k cuk dj ;s rkykc fodflr fd;s x;sA o"kkZ ls ;s
fy;s o"kkZ ty dks NksVs&NksVs d`f=e rkykcksa esa Hk.Mkfjr djus dh rduhd dk rkykc 'kh?kz Hkj tkrs vkSj vksoj yks gksus ls unh esa vkxs izokg cuk jgrk FkkA blls
bLrseky fd;k x;kA cMs+ cka/kksa ds LFkku ij NksVs rkykcksa ds fuekZ.k dks rjthg nh ikuh dk Qk;nk T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa rd igqap tkrk FkkA dsljh flag us NksVs cka/kkas ls
x;h] D;ksafd cM+s cka/k ls ty dk cMs+ iSekus ij dsUnzhdj.k gks tkrk gSA cka/k ds vkxs gksus okys Qk;nksa ls mRlkfgr gksdj 1901 bZ- esa ,d flapkbZ deh'ku dk xBu fd;kA
uhps unh esa ty izokg u gks ikus ds dkj.k 'kq"drk c<+ tkrh gS vkSj Hkwty fjpktZ u fj;klr esa NksVs rkykcksa ds fuekZ.k dh laHkkouk ryk'kus ds fy;s deh'ku esa duZy lj
gksus ds dkj.k unh ds ekxZ] dq,a] ckofM+;ka lw[k tkrh gSA lEiw.kZ {ks= dks gjk&Hkjk fLosUVu tSdc o esulZ fLeFk dks fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 1903 bZ- esa bUgksaus mu LFkkuksa dks
cukus] flapkbZ djus o is;ty miyC/k djokus ds lkFk ;s NksVs rkykc LFkkuh; fpfUgr fd;k tgk ty Hk.Mkj.k ds fy;s NksVs tyk'k;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk
tyok;q esa lq/kkj mRiUu djrs gSA blls 'kq"drk esa deh vkrh gS vkSj ueh ds dkj.k FkkA10
o"kkZ dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA 19oha 'knh ds vafre n'kd esa fuEu NksVs fdUrq ou izca/ku&ou lalk/kuksa dh n`f"V ls fljksgh fj;klr cgqr le` jgh gSA
egRoiw.kZ tyk'k;ksa dk fuekZ.k1 fljksgh fj;klr esa fd;k x;k& tSo fofo/krk dh n`f"V ls ekm.V vkcw o mlds vkl&ikl dk {ks= cgqr egoiw.kZ
jgk gSA ysfdu ouksa ds lja{k.k o izca/ku ds fy;s dksbZ fu;e ugha FksA vkfnoklh o`{kksa
1- ekm.V vkcw fgy LVs'ku ij uDdh >hy dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA blds
dks dkV dj d`f"k ds fy;s Hkwfe izkIr dj jgs FksA11 rRdkyhu egkjko dsljhflag dk
ty dk mi;ksx flapkbZ ds fy;s ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu bldh otg ls ekm.V
/;ku tc bl vksj x;k] rks mUgksaus 1878 bZ- esa isM+ksa dh va/kk/kqa/k dVkbZ ij izfrca/k
vkcw esa lqanj Hkwn`'; dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk ogk ds okrkoj.k esa ueh c<+us ls lw{e
yxk fn;kA12 taxykr ij pkSdlh ds fy;s deZpkjh yxk;s x;sA l?ku ou {ks=ksa dk
tyok;q n'kkvksa esa lq/kkj gksrk gSA
lhekadu fd;k x;k rFkk egkjko us bUgsa vkjf{kr ou ?kksf"kr fd;kA13 1890&91 bZ- esa
2- 1894&95 esa ekm.V vkcw esa duZy Vsoj tks fd jktiqrkuk ds xouZj&tujy ou foHkkx dks ekU;rk nh x;hA ouksa ds fujh{k.k ds fy;s dsj'kka dks fu;qDr fd;k
ds ,sts.V Fks] ds lEeku esa Vsoj VSad rkykc cuok;k x;kA bl ij 34]769 #i;s O;; x;k rFkk csgrj ou lja{k.k ds fy;s mls vko';d lq>ko nsus ds fy;s dgk x;kA
gq;sA2 dsj'kka us lcls igys igys ,d ;ksX; ou jsatj dh fu;qfDr dh flQkfj'k dh blds
321
lkFk mUgksaus ou fodkl o laj{k.k ds fy;s dbZ rduhds lq>kbZA14 1906 bZ- esa Lora= if{k;ksa fo'ks"kdj eksj o dcwrj ds f'kdkj dh l[r eukgh FkhA if{k;ksa }kjk v.Ms
ou foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h] ftlesa ,d jsatj dks fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bldk fn;s tkus dh rq (ekpZ ls vxLr ekg rd) esa lHkh izdkj ds if{k;ksa dk f'kdkj
eq[;ky; ekm.V vkcq j[kk x;kA eSnkuh ou {ks=ksa ds fy, ,d fMIVh jsatj dh oftZr FkkA blds vykok eknk fgj.k] eknk lkaHkj o taxyh lqvjksa ds ekjus ij ikcanh
fu;qfDr dh x;hA blds lkFk fj;klr esa vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ds fy, pkj QksjsLVlZ Hkh FkhA19 vkt ls djhc lkS lky igys oU; thoksa dks bl izdkj laj{k.k nsuk vkSj og Hkh
fu;qDr fd;sA15 igkM+h o eSnkuh bu nks izeq[k oxksZ esa fj;klr ds ouksa dks ckaVk x;k ,d jktk }kjk vk'p;Z gksrk gSA fljksgh fj;klr ds 'kkld dsljh flag Hkfo";n`"Vk
vkSj izR;sd oxZ ds ouksa dks vkxs vkSj rhu miizdkjksa esa ckaVk x;k & 1- vkjf{kr 2- FksA mUgksaus ,sls dbZ fu.kZ; vkt ls 100 lky igys fy;s ftudh oSKkfud izekf.kdrk
lqjf{kr 3 [kqys ouA vkt fl gq;h gSA dsljhflag ,d /keZfu"B O;fDr Fks ftudh fgUnw /keZ xgjh vkLFkk
1899&1900 bZ- ds Hkh"k.k vdky (NIifu;ka dky) ds le; fj;klr }kjk FkhA oU; thoksa dk laj{k.k mUgksaus laHkor% fgUnqvksa dh thoksa ij n;k ds Hkko ls izsfjr
vkfnokfl;ksa dks ou{ks=ksa ls ydM+h] ?kkl o vU; oU; mRiknksa dks fu%'kqYd ,df=r gksdj fd;k izrhr gksrk gSA ogha ou foHkkx dh LFkkiuk vkSj mlesa ou fo'ks"kKksa dh
djus dh NwV nh x;h FkhA16 1901&1902 esa iqu% vdky iM+us ls cM+h la[;k esa fu;qfDr mudh i;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa xgjh le> dks bafxr djrh gSA
ewY;oku isM+ dkVs tkus ls ou lalk/kuksa dks Hkkjh uqdlku gqvkA17 gkykafd fj;klr us lUnHkZ
ouksa ds laj{k.k o lqj{kk ds fy;s yxkrkj iz;kl tkjh j[ks o ikS/kkjksi.k le;≤ 1. K.D. Erskine PP. 231-232
ij fd;k x;kA ouksa dh ns[kHkky ds fy;s i;kZIr la[;k esa ouj{kdksa dks fu;qDr fd;k 2. Summary of Events of the Adm. of the Sirohi State for the Samvat year 1950,
1951 and part of 1952 (i.e.1893-1894 and 1895) P. 8
x;kA18 dsljh flag dks vkt ls 100 o"kZ igys ;g irk py x;k Fkk fd ou o"kkZ dks 3. Summary of Events of the Adm. of the Sirohi State for 1896-1897. PP 14-15
vkdf"kZr djrs gSa] o"kkZ ty dk fu;eu djrs gS rFkk ihus o flapkbZ ds fy;s o"kZHkj 4. Ibid
5. Ibid
ty iznku djrs gSA bUgha dkj.kksa ls mUgksaus ouksa dk dq'ky izca/ku fd;kA 6. Ibid
dsljhflag ;gha ugha #ds] mUgksaus u;k HkwcankscLr (Hkwfe laca/kh uhfr) ykxw 7. K.D. Erskine. P. 262
8. Summary of Events of the Adm. of the Sirohi State 1896-1897. P. 7 Para 24
fd;kA blds }kjk vkfnokfl;ksa dks ouksa ls ydM+h o vU; oU; mRikn gkfly djus 9. Sita Ram P. 302
ds ijEijkxr vf/kdkj dks Nhu fy;k rFkk mu ij fuxjkuh ds fy, rykrh'k (iVokjh) 10. i. The Report of Irrigator in Sirohi State 1903-04, ii. K.D. Erskine P. 263
dh fu;qfDr dh x;hA gkykafd vkfnokfl;ksa ds ,dh vkanksyu ds ckn mUgsa >ksiM+h 11. K.D. Erskine P. 264
12. The Report of the Pol. Adm. of Rajputana, Sirohi Agency Report 1877-78 Vol
cukus ds fy, ouksa ls [kyh&NhfFkl ysus dh NwV nh x;h ysfdu blds fy, xkao ds CLI. P. 232 Para 16
Fkkusnkj ;k ukdsnkj ls vuqefr dks vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kA vkfnokfl;ksa dh okyj 13. Ibid
14. Sita Ram P. 304
(LFkkukUrjh) dks u;s HkwcankscLr esa izfrcaf/kr dj fn;k x;kA 15. K.D. Erskine
oU; thoksa dk laj{k.k o vk[ksV ij izfrca/k&vkt ge oU; thoksa dk 16. K.D. Erskine, Rajputana Gazetteers Part III, Chapter IV, P. 270
17. Summary of Events of the Adm. of the Sirohi State 1902, P.4
i;kZoj.kh; egRo le> ik;s gS tcfd fljksgh fj;klr esa vkt ls djhc 100 lky 18. Ibid
igys oU; thoksa dks lajf{kr djus dk chM+k mBk;k FkkA oU; thoksa dk vkokl ou{ks= 19. Sita Ram PP. 286-287
gksrs gS] blh dkj.k fj;klr esa ouksa ds lja{k.k o lao/kZu ij dkQh tksj fn;k x;kA
1897 bZ- esa egkjko us f'k[kj ij fu;e dkuwu cuk dj mls lhfer ,oa fu;af=r dj
fn;kA nhoku dh vuqefr ds fcuk oU; i'kq&if{k;ksa ds f'kdkj dks xSj dkuwuh cuk
fn;k x;kA blh izdkj vc vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vk[ksV dk 'kkSd iwjk djus ds fy;s
jsftMsaV] osLVuZ jktiqrkuk LVsV ls fyf[kr vuqefr izkIr djuh gksrh Fkh tcfd blh
le; vU; fj;klrksa esa euksjatu ds fy;s csedln oU; thoksa dk f'kdkj vke ckr Fkh
vkSj blesa jktk vf/kdkjh o mlds esgeku cM+s xoZ ls Hkkx ysrs FksA fljksgh fj;klr esa
322
rd tsy esa HkkSfrd lalk/ku miyC/k djok, rFkk dSfn;ksa ds LokLF;] Hkkstu] jkstxkj
vkfn dh Hkh mfpr O;oLFkk dhA11
chdkusj ds egkjktk xaxk flag ds tsy esa fuekZ.k o vkokl O;oLFkk
mPp oxZ ds vijkf/k;ksa dks fdys esa fLFkr ûsrklj* tsy esa can j[kk tkrk Fkk
'kkludky esa tsy iz'kklu ysfdu ogk ugkus] Hkkstu] diM+s /kksus o vU; lkekU; lQkbZ dh O;oLFkk nks"kiw.kZ FkhA
eksgEen Qk:d pkSgku ,oa MkW- 'kkjnk 'kekZ vr% uoEcj] 1887 bZ- esa dSnh eq[; :i ls jkBkSM]+ HkkfV;ksa dks usrklj ls gVkdj
dsUnzh; dkjkx`g esa j[kus dk izLrko fn;k x;kA ml le; chdkusj esa iksfyVhdy
egkjktk xaxkflag chdkusj jkT; ds 21osa 'kkld FksA os 31 vxLr] 1887 bZ- ,tsUV duZy ykW ds }kjk izLrko Lohdkj dj nks vfrfjDr cSjd ftlesa 42 dSnh jg
(fo-la- 1944 Hkknzin lqfn 13] cq/kokj dks chdkusj ds jktflagklu ij cSBs ysfdu ldrs Fks] cukus dh Lohd`fr iznku dh xbZA 1887 bZ- esa tsy esa vkSj fuekZ.k dk;Z
vYi o;Ld gksus ds dkj.k 'kklu dk;Z jhtsUlh dkSafly }kjk lapkfyr gksrk jgkA1 18 djok, x,A ;Fkk 'kks&:e] nks LVksj ds dejs (Hk.Mkj x`g)] fizafVax 'kksi o izsl]
o"kZ dh vk;q iw.kZ gksus ij 16 fnlEcj] 1898 bZ- (fo-la- 1955] ekxZ'kh"kZ lqfn 3) VsylZ 'kkWi] xyhpk QSDVh] DyksFk QSDVh] pkj vkSj 'kkSpky;] pkj vkSj cSjd] N% vkSj
dks jktiwrkuk ds ,tsUV xouZj tujy lj vkFkZj ekfVZMsy us chdkusj tkdj vaxzst ,dkUr dejs12 cuok, x,A varr% 1889 bZ- esa dk;Z vkjEHk gqvk rFkk ekpZ] 1890 bZ-
ljdkj dh rjQ ls chdkusj jkT; ds lEiw.kZ vf/kdkj egkjktk xaxkflag dks lkSaisA2 esa iwjk gqvkA bl rjg ds fuekZ.k dk;Z ls rnUrj tsy esa 262 dSfn;ksa rd ds fy,
vizSy] 1949 bZ- esa chdkusj fj;klr ds jktLFkku la?k esa foy; ls iwoZ lqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZA 21 ekpZ] 1890 bZ- dks ûsrklj* ls dsUnzh; tsy esa fLFkr DokVZlZ
chdkusj jkT; jkBkSM+ jkT; ds uke ls fo[;kr FkkA3 jkBkSM+ ljnkjksa ds vke.k ls iwoZ esa dSfn;ksa dks yk;k x;kA13
;g {ks= ^tkaxy ns'k* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA4 chdkusj jkT; 27012* ls 30012* 1889 bZ- esa tsy dh O;oLFkk ds fy, fu;e tks fd fczfV'k tsy ds leku gh
mkjh v{kka'k vkSj 72012* ls 75041* iwohZ ns'kkarj ds chp QSyk gqvk FkkA5 jktLFkku Fks] ltZu MCY;w-MCY;w- oSc }kjk j[ks x, tks ml le; flfoy ltZu FksA os fu;e
jkT; esa foyhuhdj.k ls iwoZ chdkusj jkT; ds mkj o if'pe esa Hkkoyiqj fj;klr] izHkko esa yk, x,A14 jktiwrkuk ds xouZj tujy ds ,tsUV duZy Vsoj 1890 bZ- esa
nf{k.k&if'pe esa tSlyesj fj;klr] nf{k.k esa tks/kiqj fj;klr] nf{k.k&iwoZ esa t;iqj chdkusj ds nkSjs ij vk,A mUgksaus tsy esa ,d u;k vLirky vkSj vkSjrksa ds fy, okMZ
fj;klr] iwoZ esa yksgk: fj;klr o fglkj ds ijxus ,oa mkj&iwoZ esa fQjkstiqj ftys cukus dh lykg nh tks fd 1891 bZ- esa iwjh dj yh xbZA15
FksA6 bldk {ks=Qy 23317 oxZ ehy FkkA7 {ks= dh n`f"V ls ;g Hkkjr dh leLr tqykbZ] 1891 bZ- esa dSfn;ksa dh la[;k esa vR;f/kd o`f gqbZ ftlls tsy esa
fj;klrksa esa NBh8 vkSj jktiwrkus esa nwljh lcls cM+h fj;klr FkhA9 HkhM+ tSlk okrkoj.k cu x;kA vr% de vof/k ltk okys 166 dSfn;ksa dks NksMk+ x;k
egkjktk xaxkflag dq'kkxz cqf] nwjn'khZ vkSj vk/kqfud fopkjksa ds O;fDr FksA ,oa 300 vkSj dSfn;ksa ds vkokl ds fy, N% u, cSjd] ,d jlksbZ?kj o QSDVh dh
mUgksaus chdkusj jkT; dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fn'kk dh vksj c<+kus ds fy, vFkd bekjr cukus gsrq izLrko fn;k x;k ftls Lohd`r dj 15 vDVwcj] 1893 bZ- dks iwjk
iz;kl fd, vkSj iz'kklu esa vaxzstksa dh vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjk dk lekos'k dj vusd fd;k x;kA16 bl foLrkj ls 590 dSfn;ksa (557 iq#"k o 33 fL=;ka) gsrq vkokl
lq/kkjkRed dne mBk,A blh e esa mUgksaus tsy iz'kklu esa Hkh vusd lq/kkj fd,A lqfo/kk miyC/k gqbZA17 tsy dh bekjr 'kgj esa Fkh vr% tsy ds pkjksa vksj ph nhokj
1872 bZ- ls igys chdkusj jkT; esa tsy ds fy, dksbZ ;Fkksfpr bekjr ugha cukbZ xbZA tsy bekjr goknkj Fkh] gok fudklh dk vPNk izcU/k Fkk rFkk cgqr cM+k
FkhA dSfn;ksa dks dksrokyh esa j[kk tkrk Fkk rFkk mPp dqyhu] tehankj] Bkdqj] mPp eSnku FkkA bu lqfo/kkvksa ls 1893 bZ- rd tsy esa vR;f/kd HkhM+ ugha jg xbZ FkhA18
inkf/kdkjh vkfn yksxksa dks fdys esa fLFkr tsy LFkku ûsrklj* esa j[kk tkrk FkkA 1873 1887 bZ- ls fo'ks"k tsy xkMZ yxk;k x;kA blls igys LFkkuh; lsuk esa ls xkMZ
bZ- esa ^/keZiqjk* dks dsUnzh; tsy cuk;k x;k] tks fd ewy :i ls xk;ksa vkSj cdfj;ksa ds yxk;k tkrk FkkA ckn esa tsy ds eq[; }kj ds lkeus dh rjQ ikxy[kkuk cuk;k
fy, chdkusj ds lsBksa }kjk cuokbZ xbZ FkhA10 blesa nks cM+s ,oa yEcs 'kSM cuok, x, x;kA chdkusj jkT; dh dsUnzh; tsy txg vkSj lqfo/kk ds fygkt ls lEHkor%
ftlesa 75 dSfn;ksa dks j[kus dh lqfo/kk FkhA egkjktk Mwaxjflag us 1872&1887 bZ- jktiwrkuk esa lcls cM+h tsy FkhA 1897 bZ- rd tsy esa tks fuekZ.k dk;Z gq, mu ij
323
rdjhcu 1]18]000 #i, [kpZ gq,A19 dSfn;ksa dks j[kus dh txg FkhA30 lwjrx<+ esa fdys ds Hkhrj iqjkuh bekjr dks tsy ds
tsy esa jkstxkjksUeq[kh dk;Z :i esa dke esa fy;k x;kA ubZ bekjr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, izLrko Hksts x,A31 fopkjk/
khu dSnh dksrokyh esa j[ks tkrs FksA
1897 bZ- esa 18 dSfn;ksa dks NksM+dj lHkh yksx tsy esa jkstxkj dk dk;Z dj
jgs FksA mUgsa tsy esa gh xyhpk] njh] uh oL=] dEcy] yksbZ ('kkWy)] lwrh o js'keh ^lqtkux<+ tsy* 30 flrEcj] 1909 bZ- dks cUn dj nh xbZA dkj.k Fkk og
diM+ksa dh cqukbZ] NikbZ] twrk fuekZ.k] cqd&ckbf.Max] flykbZ] cssfdax] lksMk okVj] txg LVsV jsyos dks ns nh xbZA dSfn;ksa dks chdkusj lsUVy tsy esa Hkst fn;k x;kA
?kksMs+ vkSj V ds lkt dh isVh vkfn ds fuekZ.k dk;Z esa yxk;k x;kA20 nrjksa ds fy, dsoy de ;k FkksMh+ ltk vof/k okys dSnh LFkkuh; ukfte ds fujh{k.k eas j[ks x,A
lHkh izdkj ds uD'ks o dkxtkr fgUnh esa Nirs FksA ,d lkIrkfgd jkti= xtV Nirk 1901 bZ- esa ^lwjrx<+ tsy* LVsV jsyos [kqy tkus ds dkj.k cUn dj nh xbZ FkhA32
FkkA gj dk;Z ds fy, vyx&vyx dkj[kkus FksA21 blls ;g rks Li"V gksrk gS tsy esa lwjrx<+ o lqtkux<+ tsy dh rjg ^js.kh tsy* Hkh 1 vizy S ] 1911 bZ- dks tks/kiqj&
mijksDr mRiknd dk;Z xq.kkRed :i ls vPNh fdLe ds o O;ofLFkr :i ls gksrs FksA chdkusj jsyos dk Msxkuk&fglkj lsD'ku [kqy tkus ds dkj.k can dj fn;k x;kA
tsy ls NwVus ds ckn O;fDr jkstxkj ls tqM+ tkrk FkkA 1886 bZ- esa tc ls cSjdksa ij dSfn;ksa dks lsUVy tsy] chdkusj Hkst fn;k x;kA33
njokts vkSj tkfy;ka yxk nh xbZa] rc ls jkr dks yEch yksgs dh lkadyksa dk iz;ksx tsy lq/kkj gsrq ,DV
fu;fer ugha gksrk FkkA22 1927 bZ- dk ^,u,DVesUV vkWQ fiztu ,DV* tsy lq/kkj ds bfrgkl esa vfr
tsy ds mRiknksa dh izn'kZfu;ksa esa lf; Hkkxhnkjh iz/kku dne Fkk] ftlesa fd'kksj o izk<S + dSfn;ksa dks vyx j[kus dh ;qfDr lfgr ckr
chdkusj tsy ds mRikn xq.kokk o fMtkbZu dh n`f"V ls mke gksrs FksA bl fy[kh xbZ FkhA lHkh ls'ku tt] vfrfjDr lSlu tt ,oa izFke Js.kh eftLVsV dks ;g
otg ls fofHkUu izn'kZfu;ksa esa vusd ckj cgqr ls bZuke thrs x,A mRiknksa dh xq.kokk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k fd os ;qok o fd'kksj dSfn;ksa dks ^fd'kksj canhx`g* esa de ls de
o mke fMtkbZu dh otg ls Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls gh ugha oju~ baXyS.M ls Hkh nks lky j[ksaA fMfLVDV eftLVsV dks ;g vf/kdkj Hkh fn;k x;k fd tsy v/kh{kd
yxkrkj vkWMZj feyrs jgrs Fks vkSj iwjs lky bu mRiknksa dh ekx cjkcj cuh jgrh FkhA23 dh izkFkZuk ij ;qok dks dBksj dkjkokl ls gVkdj fd'kksj canh x`g Hkstsa] tgk mu ij
chdkusj tsy esa cus xyhps cgqr izfl Fks vkSj ;wjksi o vesfjdk rd dks fu;kZr fd, utj j[kh tkosA34
tkrs FksA24 ckcw ghjkflag] usfVo lqifjUVsUMsUV dh vf/kd Hkkxhnkjh dh otg ls iwjs jkT; ds pkj ftyk tsyksa lfgr lsUVy tsy dk iz'kklu tsy ds baLiSDVj
ns'k esa chdkusj lsUVy tsy vPNh ekuh tkrh FkhA25 1908 esa isfjl esa vk;ksftr tujy ds fu;a=.k esa j[kk x;k Fkk tks lh/ks jkT; ds x`g foHkkx ds izfr mkjnk;h FkkA
sadks&fczfV'k izn'kZuh esa tsy ds mRiknksa dks izn'kZu ds fy, Hkstk x;kA ogk chdkusj chdkusj fiztu ,DV] 1927 bZ- ds vuqlkj chdkusj lsUVy tsy v/kh{kd dSfn;ksa dh
tsy ds mRiknksa ds fy, ^xzkaM fizDl* vkSj flYoj eSMy ds lkFk ^fMIyksek vkWQ dq'ky O;oLFkk o lgh ns[kHkky ds izfr mkjnk;h FkkA35
vkWuj* iqjLdkj fn, x,A26 vkd dkWVu ls xyhps cukus ds iz;ksx fd, x,] ftlesa dSfn;ksa dks ltk esa NwV
lQyrk izkIr gqbZA Hkkjr esa ;g viuh rjg dk ,d fof'k"V m|ksx FkkA27 fnlEcj] 'kkld ds tUefnu dh o"kZxkaB ij izfro"kZ dqN dSnh fjgk fd, tkrs FksA36
1940 bZ- esa fnYyh esa ^vkWy bf.M;k tsy b.MLVht ,Dthfc'ku* gqbZ ftlesa tsy ds egkjktk xaxkflag ds 'kklukof/k ds xksYMu tqfcyh ds volj ij 96 dSfn;ksa (2
mRiknksa dh vksj cgqr lkjs yksx vkdf"kZr gq,] ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjh ek=k esa fch vkSjrksa vkSj 15 mezdfS n;ksa lfgr) dks fjgk fd;k x;kA blds vykok lHkh dSfn;ksa
gqbZA28 dh ,d lky esa 51 fnu ltk de dh xbZ ;k ekQ dh xbZA ,d eghus esa 3 fnu dh
jkT; dh vU; tsysa txg 4 fnu dh ltk de djus dk fQj migkj fn;kA37
chdkusj jkT; esa vU; tsysa cukbZ xbZaA 1891 bZ- esa lqtkux<+ esa fdys ds Hkhrj vU; lq/kkjkRed mik;
tsy cukuh vkjEHk dh xbZ vkSj 1 vizSy] 1892 bZ- dks dSfn;ksa ds fy, dke esa yh o"kZ 1937&38 bZ- esa cgqr ls lq/kkj yk, x, ftuesa dSfn;ksa dks rhu ekg ds
tkus yxh] ftlesa 66 dSfn;ksa ds j[kus dh txg FkhA29 ^js.kh tsy* ih-MCY;w-Mh- }kjk varjky ij ?kj ij i= fy[kus ij eqr iksLVst lsok iznku dh xbZA izfrekg ftyk
uxj ls ckgj cukbZ xbZ vkSj 23 ekpZ] 1895 bZ- ls dk;Z:i esa vkbZA bl tsy esa 86 eftLVsV tsy dk fujh{k.k dj dSfn;ksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks lqurk FkkA dSfn;ksa dks vius
324
[kpsZ ij /kkfeZd iqLrdsa i<+us dh btktr nh xbZA dSnh ds tsy ls NwVus ds fnu vxj in o osru
brokj vkrk rks mls ,d fnu iwoZ NksMk+ tkrk FkkA38 vxys o"kZ vFkkZr~ 1938&39 bZ- esa lnj tsy esa egoiw.kZ in ûsfVo lqifjUVsUMsUV* dk gksrk FkkA 1886 bZ- esa
vkSj lq/kkj fd, x, o lqfo/kk,a iznku dh xbZa os bl izdkj Fkha & yksgs ds di o IysVksa ckcw ghjkflag bl in ij dk;Zjr FksA budh ru[okg 150 #-] pank fial ls 6 #- o
dh txg ihry ds yksVs o IysVsa nh xbZaA ;g lqfo/kk fczfV'k bf.M;u tsyksa dks vk/kkj lokjh [kpZ ds 15 #- izfr ekg feyrs FksA nwljk egoiw.kZ in ^njksxk tsy* dk gksrk
ekudj dh xbZA fopkjk/khu o vknru dSfn;ksa ds okMksZa esa ikuh ds uy yxok, x,A FkkA 1894 bZ- esa eqa'kh lkgc flag dks 30 #- izfr ekg feyrs FksA blds ckn uk;c
blh rjg xyhpk QSDVh esa Hkh ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ rkfd dqf.M;ksa ls ckYVh Hkjdj nkjksxk gksrk FkkA 1894 bZ- esa dkyhpj.k bl in ij dk;Zjr Fks ftUgsa 22 #- izfr ekg
ykus dh ijs'kkuh ;k 'kkjhfjd Je ls cpk tk ldsA39 tsy esa fLFkr lksMk okVj QSDVh feyrk FkkA43 blh rjg vU; tsyksa esa Hkh nkjksxk tsy bapktZ gksrs FksA lqtkux<+ esa 1892
dks 1941&42 bZ- esa can dj fn;k x;k rFkk bldh e'khusa o dPph lkexzh vkfn dks
bZ- esa c['kh nsohnkl bl in ij dk;Zjr Fks ftUgsa 35 #- izfrekg feyrk FkkA44 blh
bySfDVd o eSdsfudy fMikVZesaV dks LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;kA40 chekjh dh gkyr
rjg xkMZ o flikgh ds in gksrs Fks ftudk osru de gksrk FkkA
esa dSfn;ksa dk bykt djk;k tkrk FkkA vkBosa jkst mudh gtker djokbZ tkrh FkhA41
lsUVy tsy esa mPp in v/kh{kd (lqifjUVsUMsUV) dk gksrk FkkA 1 ekpZ]
dSfn;ksa dh fLFkfr dk fooj.k
1936 bZ- dks lsUVy tsy ds v/kh{kd in dk pktZ Bkdqj flag ds ikl FkkA buds ckn
fuEu lkj.kh ls tsy esa dSfn;ksa dh fLFkfr dk irk pyrk gS & jk; lkgc c['kh ?ku';ke nkl oSn dks v/kh{kd in ij yxk;k x;kA45 jk; lkgc
chdkusj lsUVy tsy esa dSfn;ksa dh vkSlr la[;k] chekj o e`R;q dh fLFkfr42 c['kh ?ku';ke nkl oSn ds NqV~Vh pys tkus ij mudh vuqifLFkfr esa tsy mi&
o"kZ tsy esa dSfn;ksa dh la[;k izfrfnu jksxh ejus okyksa izfr gtkj v/kh{kd ch-jkeflag dks v/kh{kd in dk dk;ZHkkj fn;k tks fd 1 uoEcj] 1936 bZ-
izfrfnu fdlh ,d fnu dh la[;k dh la[;k ij ejus ls 31 ekpZ] 1937 bZ- rd bl in ij cus jgsA c['kh ?ku';ke nkl dh NqV~Vh [kRe
vkSlr vf/kdre vkSlr okyksa dh nj gksus ij mUgksaus dk;ZHkkj ugha lEHkkyk] rc 1 vizsy] 1937 bZ- ls ykyk ykHkqjke dks
1885 237 260 11 5 21 tsy v/kh{kd cuk;k x;kA46
1891 445 515 3 19 43 ykyk ykHkwjke o"kZ 1939&40 bZ- rd tsy v/kh{kd FksA bl o"kZ muds
1895 384 419 2 4 10 bLrhQk nsus ij vflLVSUV lqifjUVsUMsUV if.Mr jk/kk d`".k prqosZnh dks mudh txg
1896 396 428 2 4 10 yxk;k x;kA47 1942&43 bZ- esa ljnkj lkfgc ljnkj izHkk flag HkYyk dks tsy v/
1897 520 575 1 3 6 kh{kd ds in ij yxk;k x;k tks 11 vizy S ] 1943 rd jgs] tc os lsokfuo`r gq,A rc
1898 489 538 3 2 4 if.Mr jk/kk d`".k prqosZnh tks vflLVSUV lqifjUVsUMsUV Fks] v/kh{kd ds in ij izksUur
1899 534 630 4 7 13 fd;k x;kA48
1900 633 704 5 12 19 1888 bZ- ls tsy dh fuxjkuh ds fy, flfoy ltZu fu;qDr gksrs FksA49 jkT;
1901 509 571 3 6 12 ds eq[; fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh oh-,l- gfj gju] ,Q-vkj-lh-,l- (baXyS.M) ds ikl
1902 507 561 2 3 6 tsy ds baLiSDVj tujy dk pktZ 5 Qjojh] 1936 bZ- rd jgkA gfj gju }kjk jkT;
1903 400 442 2 12 30 lsok NksMu+ s ij ,-,Q- ykljkMks ,Q-vkj-lh-,l- (baXyS.M) dks pktZ fn;k x;kA50
1904 310 315 1 2 6 eq[; fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh] MkW- vkj-,l- ewyxkodj dks baLiSDVj tujy dk pktZ
1905 296 328 0-4 3 10 fn;k x;k tks 28 fnlEcj] 1937 bZ- rd bl in ij jgsA ewyxkodj }kjk jkT; dh
1906 321 341 1 4 12 lsok NksMu+ s ij pktZ iqu% ,-,Q- ykljkMks dks fn;k x;k tks 16 tqykbZ]1938 bZ- rd
1907 330 358 1 2 6 bl in ij dk;Z djrs jgsA mlds ckn ;g in o"kZ 1942&43 bZ- rd fjDr jgkA51
325
dSfn;ksa dks nh tkus okyh lkexzh lanHkZ %

lnj tsy esa dSfn;ksa dks iguus vkSj vks<+us ds fy, oL= fn, tkrs FksA [kkus ds 1- vks>k] th-,p-] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] chdkusj] f}rh; laLdj.k] 2007 bZ-] i`-
fy, lkexzh esa xsgwa dk vkVk A] cktjs dk vkVk A] eksB dk vkVk ] ewax dh 110
nky ] ?kh iko NVkad] ued ,d rksyk] e'kkyk 3 ek'kk rFkk lIrkg esa nks ckj nky 2- ogh] i`- 115
3- flag] dj.kh] chdkusj ds jkt?kjkus dk dsUnzh; lkk ls lEcU/k (1465&1949 bZ-)] chdkusj]
dh txg gjh lfCt;ka nh tkrh FkhaA52 vQhe [kkus okys O;fDr;ksa dks vQhe Hkh nh
1968 bZ-] i`- 1
tkrh FkhA53 4- 'kCndYinzqe] f}rh; Hkkx] i`- 529
tsy mRiknksa ls vk; 5- nh bEihfj;y xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] Hkkx&8] yanu] 1908 bZ-] i`- 202
o"kZ 1894&95 esa tsy mRiknksa ls 13935 #- o 6 iSls o o"kZ 1895&96 esa 6- Tokyk lgk;] odk, jktiwrkuk (mnwZ)] ftYn&3] Hkkx&8] vkxjk] 1879 bZ-] i`- 517
7- twnos ] dUgS;k] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] cEcbZ] 1972 bZ-] ifjf'k"V jkT; dk Hkwxksy] i`- 9_
18450 #- o 1 vkus dk ykHk gqvkA54 o"kZ 1907&08 bZ- esa 10519 #- 13 vkus o 6 uhylu] MCY;w-,p-] esfMdks VksiksxzkfQdy ,dkm.V vkWQ chdkusj] yanu] 1898 bZ-] i`- 1
iSls dk ykHk gqvk tcfd o"kZ 1908&09 bZ- esa 7281 #- 15 vkus o 9 iSls dk gh 8- nsoM+k] th-,l-,y-] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] chdkusj] 1981 bZ-] i`- 1
ykHk gqvkA vk; esa deh dk dkj.k dSfn;ksa dh la[;k esa deh gksuk rFkk ml o"kZ vf/ 9- lsall vkWQ bf.M;k] 1931 bZ-] chdkusj LVsV] oksY;we&2] y[ku] 1934 bZ-] i`- 1
kdka'k dSfn;ksa dks eysfj;k cq[kkj gks x;k Fkk ftlls izfrfnu dk dk;Z izHkkfor gqvkA55 10- jktLFkku fMfLVDV xtsfV;j] chdkusj (laik- ds-ds- lgxy)] t;iqj] 1972 bZ-] i`- 300
1909&10 bZ- esa 7874 #- 8 vkus o 9 iSls dh vk; gqbZA56 11- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 25
o"kZ 1910&11 bZ- esa 8351 #- 2 vkus o 3 iSls dh vk; gqbZ rFkk o"kZ 12- ,sls NksVs o rax dejs ftuesa dSfn;ksa dks vdsyk j[kk tkrk FkkA
13- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 25&26
1911&12 bZ- esa rks vk; 3062 #- 2 vkus o 6 iSls gqbZA bruh de vk; dk dkj.k
14- ogh] i`- 26
dSfn;ksa dh la[;k dk de gksuk o dPps eky ds nkeksa dk c<+uk rFkk fok o"kZ 31 15- ogh
ekpZ ls igys 30 flrEcj j[kuk FkkA57 o"kZ 1914&15 esa 9456 #- 14 vkus o 3 iSls 16- ogh
dh vk; gqbZ tcfd o"kZ 1915&16 bZ- esa 9231 #- 4 vkus o 3 iSls dh vk; gqbZA 17- jktLFkku fMfLVDV xtsfV;j] chdkusj (laik- ds-ds- lgxy)] t;iqj] 1972 bZ-] i`- 300
vk; esa deh dk dkj.k dSfn;ksa dh la[;k de gksuk rks Fkk gh rFkk izFke fo'o;q ds 18- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 26
dkj.k dPps eky ds nkeksa esa c<+ksrjh gksuk FkkA58 19- ogh] i`- 27
o"kZ 1917&18 bZ- esa 17637 #- 8 vkus o 4 iSls dh vk; gqbZ Fkh tcfd o"kZ 20- ogh] i`- 26&27
21- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 282&283
1916&17 esa 10396 #- 1 vkuk o 6 iSls dh vk; gh gqbZ FkhA59 o"kZ 1935&36 esa
22- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 27
19979 #- 7 vkus o 4 iSls dh vk; gqbZ tcfd o"kZ 1934&35 esa 11265 #- 13 vkus 23- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 282&283
o 4 iSls dh vk; gh gqbZ FkhA bl izdkj o"kZ 1935&36 esa vk; esa o`f xr o"kZ dh 24- vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ] osLVuZ jktiwrkuk LVsV~l] jsthMsalh ,.M n chdkusj
rqyuk esa 1713 #- 10 vkus gqbZA60 ,tsalh] i`- 373
lkjka'kr% egkjktk xaxkflag ds 'kkludky esa tsy esa HkkSfrd lalk/ku tqVk, 25- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 27
x,A dSfn;ksa dks fn;k tkus okyk Hkkstu o vkokl O;oLFkk mke FkhA LokLF; dh 26- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1908&09] njckj fizafVx izsl] chdkusj] 1910 bZ- i`- 12
27- ogh
ns[kHkky dh tkrh FkhA dSfn;ksa dks jkstxkj ds fdlh ,d {ks= esa ikjaxr fd;k tkrk
28- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1939&40 ls 1941&42] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 88
Fkk rkfd dkjkx`g ls NwVus ds ckn Hkh jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa HkVduk u iM+sA vPNs 29- ogh
vkpj.k okys dSfn;ksa dh ltk de dh tkrh FkhA egkjktk ds tUefnu dh o"kZxkaB ij 30- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-] iwoksZDr] i`- 27
vPNs vkpj.k okys dSfn;ksa dks le; ls igys tsy ls fjgk Hkh dj fn;k tkrk FkkA tsy 31- ogh
dk j[k&j[kko o lqfo/kk,a mke FkhaA 32- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1908&09 bZ-] njckj fizafVax izsl] chdkusj] 1910 bZ-] i`- 12
326
33- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1910&11 bZ-] i`- 39] jk-jk-v-ch-
34- jktLFkku fMfLVDV xtsfV;lZ chdkusj (laik- ds-ds- lgxy)] t;iqj] 1972 bZ-] i`- 301
35- ogh
36- uhylu] MCY;w- ,p-iwoksZDr] i`- 27 ABSTRACTS / lkjka'k
The Glimpses of Urban Growth, and Decay in
40- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1939&42 bZ-] i`- 88] jk-jk-v-ch- the North-West region; Ranthmbhore (The
41- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 292 last strategic capital of the Chauhans)
42- vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ] lkaf[;dh] iwoksZDr] i`- 97
Prof. Pushpa Sharma
43- 'k'kekgh mgng nkjku jktJh chdkusj] tsy izsl] chdkusj] 1895 bZ-] i`- 62&63
44- ogh The glimpses of urban growth, and decay of the cities and towns
45- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1935&36 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 60] jk-jk-v-ch- of Rajasthan is among the central topics pursued by our top ranking
46- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1936&37 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 56&57( o"kZ historians today, much attention is devoted to the survival of historical
1937&38] i`- 58( o"kZ 1938&39] i`- 52] jk-jk-v-ch- and antique cities and towns of the ancient, medieval and modern
47- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1939&40 ls o"kZ 1941&42 bZ-] xouZeaVs izl s ] chdkusj] i`-87 times. Our path-finders Prof. K.C. Jain (Cities and Towns of
48- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1942&43 bZ-] xouZesaV izsl] chdkusj] i`- 87 Rajasthan), Prof. R.P. Vyas (Presidential Addresses of Rajasthan
49- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 283 History Congress Bikaner and Jodhpur sessions), Prof. G.N. Sharma
50- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1935&36 bZ-] xouZeasV izl
s ] chdkusj] i`- 60] o"kZ 1936&37] (Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan) besides significant contribution
made by Dr. Devendra Handa (Osian) Prof. A.I.S. Tirmizi (Ajmer)
i`- 56] jk-jk-v-ch-
Prof. S.P. Vyas (Urbanization in Rajasthan), Prof. Vasant Shinde (Aahad
51- ,M- fjiksVZ] chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1937&38 bZ-] xouZeasV izl
s ] chdkusj] i`- 58] o"kZ 1938&39] and Kalibanga, Prof. R.P. Vyas Memorial Lecture) and last but not the
i`- 52( o"kZ 1939&40ls o"kZ 1941&42 bZ-] i`- 83] o"kZ 1942&43 bZ-] i`- 87] jk-jk-v-ch- least our literary jewels like Shri Govind Agarwal (Churu), Kishore
52- eqa'kh lksguyky] rokjh[k jktJh chdkusj] 1890 bZ-] i`- 293 Singh (Bikaner), Rao Ganpat Singh Chitalwana (Bhinmal), Kanwar
54- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1894&95 o o"kZ 1895&96 bZ-] lsUVy tsy izl s ] chdkusj] i`- Mahendra Singh Naggar (Jalore) made valuable contribution to the
50] jk-jk-v-ch- urban study which far too long has been neglected by the students of
55- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1908&09] njckj fizafVax izls ] chdkusj] 1910 bZ-] i`- 12] jk- urban studies. More over the complex state of urban growth, glimpses
jk-v-ch- and decay of the Ranthambore region , particularly with regards to
56- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1909&10] njckj fizafVax izsl] chdkusj] i`- 21] jk-jk-v-ch the medieval period, yet to be summarized. Further more the urban
57- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1911&12] chdkusj] i`- 50] jk-jk-v-ch- glimpses and decay of Ranthambore in itself is one of the several least
58- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1915&16] chdkusj] i`- 34] jk-jk-v-ch- studied areas of early Mughal period which has a long history of urban
59- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1917&18] chdkusj] i`- 43] jk-jk-v-ch- growth and decay. This paper is a modest attempt to unearth few new
points of the theme which will be based on Persian and Rajasthani
60- ,M- fjiksVZ chdkusj LVsV] o"kZ 1935&36] chdkusj] i`- 60] jk-jk-v-ch-
Sources. An attempt is being made here to draw the kind attention to
the architectural forms and literary presentation of the events leading
to the urban growth as well as the causes of the decay in the
Ranthambore region by focusing the certain main events. References
shall also be presented about the urban cities, towns their masonry
works, artists tic manorial buildings, temples, mosques, mansions,
327
forts, icons, sculptures, miniatures, irrigational works, talavs, Pokhars, Mathur and Dr. Brijmohan Jawalia. In this paper a small attempt is
migration of population and few aspects of socio economic life of the being made to reapprase all the available primary sources related to
region. the battle of Haldighati and after-math in the light of military point of
The presentation is based on the following sources: Tarikh-i- view.
Firozshahi, Miftah-ul-Futuh, Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi, Khazain-ul- hhh
Futuh, Deval Rani and Khizr Khan, Futuh-us-Salatin, Muntakhab-ut-
Tawarikh, Ain-i- Akbari, Akbarnama, Wakiat-i- Ajmer wa Ranthambore, I.T. Prichards Narrative and 1857
Hammir Mahakavya, Hammirrayan, Hammir Raso, The Early Chauhan Dr. Sunita Kumari
Dynasty, History of the Khaljis, Gazetteers of Ajmer, Jaipur, Udaipur
and Bundi besides other useful works of the learned luminaries. A number of literary works with different perspective,
hhh dimensions and interpretation we find with 1857. A lot of contemporary
works and with its 100 years and then 150 years a new perspective
Maharana Pratap] The Mughal and The emerges. There was categorization of scholars like imperialist, National,
Marxist and the trend of subalterns. 1857 was defined as mutinies,
Battle of Haldighati : A Reappraisal (Based Revolt and war of independence, rebellion etc. But when it comes in
on Historical and Literary Sources) the context of Rajasthan we find something different by Lt. I.T.
Prof. Ravindra Kumar Sharma Prichards who has given a personal narrative of the muting at
Nusseearabad.
The references ragarding Maharana Pratap occupy a special This paper goes with his observation during 1857-1858 in
place in the Indian historiography. The various scholars who have Rajasthan to reduce materially our British force, and to hold India as
concerned themselves with his works not only emphasized their great we held it before it is to induce rebellion. Whenever any scholar have
value in terms of historical information, but also the lietrary style in a glimpse of Rajasthan during 1857-58. They surely quoted Prichards.
which these works are written and composed. They are not simply His observation was not as an official but eye witness of the historical
historical, but are also concerned with the contemporary war ethics, event which we cannot avoid. The first print of Prichards work we
military art, chivalrous and matchless deeds of the continents of Mewar have in the year 1860 and Indian Print in 1976.
under the dynamic leadership of Marahana Pratap aand other such
Regional history of Rajpootana will always be glorified with
various graphic detailed descriptions of the military movements prior
Parichards narrative of 1857-58. In this paper we will only discuss
to the battle of Haldighati and after-math and which, beyond that,
his observation about the officer attitude, Natives expectation and the
looks at the entire context of the Maharana Pratap-Mughal war,
emotions of the people of India.
specially about the history famous battles of Haldighati, Rakat Talai,
Campgains in Chawand, Gogunda, Kumbhalgargh, Desuri and in the hhh
other parts of the moutains of Arawali lasted up to the Sirohi and
finally up to the village of Shergarh in the valley of Valley of Mount /kqvka/kksi ds 'kSykJ; esa fpf=r fo'ks"k ;ksk
Abu. MkW- rstflag ekobZ ,oa MkW- fot;flag ekobZ
These events related to conflicts, reinforcement, preparations,
assaults and counter assaults have been written, revised, edidted by jktLFkku dk xkSjo] ohj izlwrk esokM+ dh Hkwfe ds vafre Nksj ij lnkuhjk
the doyens of history-especially by the historians of Mewar. Such as, peZ.;rh unh ds nkfgus fdukjs jkorHkkVk uxj ds ikl /kqvka/kksi ds 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst
Kavi Raja Shyamal Das, Dr. Gori Shankar Hirachand Ojha, Prof. esjs }kjk (MkW- rstflag ekobZ) ds }kjk 2009 esa dh xbZ ftldk izdk'ku jktLFkku
Gopinath Sharma, Prof. K.S. Gupta, Dr. Devi Lal Paliwal, Dr. L.P. if=dk1] nSfud HkkLdj esa gqvkA /kqvkW/kksi ds ukys esa yxHkx 110 'kSykJ; gSA ftuesa
328
27 'kSykJ; fpf=r gSA js[kkuqfr ij vk/kkfjr izfrfr esa /kuZq/kkjh ;ksk dk fp=.k gSA njk ds gjukjks{kk
ekuo ftKklk vkSj ekuorkoknh fopkj /kkjk ls lnk misf{kr vkfnoklh thou uked LFkku ds 'kSykJ; esa js[kkdau fof/k ls yky dRFkbZ jax esa vZiwjd 'kSyh esa ,d
vkSj yksdlkfgR; ds v/;;u dks xEHkhj izsj.kk iznku dh vkSj mlh ds ifj.kke Lo:i /kuqZ/kkjh ;ksk dk fp=.k feyk gSA /kqvka/kksi ds ;ksk dk fp= rkezik"kk.k dky dk gSA
vkt xgu ouksa vkSj nqxZe igkfM+;ksa esa vKkr dky ls fNih xqQkvksa vkSj 'kSykJ; ij /kuqZ/kkjh ;ksk ds fp= Hkkjr esa yxHkx lHkh 'kSykJ; LFkyksa ls feys gSA mkjh foU/
cus 'kSyfp=ksa dk rRijrk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ds lkFk o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gS] ijUrq buds kk;py {ks= esa dbZ LFkkuksa ls /kuZq/kkjh ;ksk ds fp= fey gSA Hkkjr esa izkxSfrgkfld
v/;;u dks ftruk egRo feyuk pkfg, mruk ugha feyk gSA ,oa izLrj rkez;qxhu lH;rk ls /kuq"k ck.k ds vo'ks"k feys gSA
jktLFkku esa 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst dk O;kid izpkj&izlkj vyfu;ka ds 'kSyfp=ksa hhh
dh [kkst ls gqvkA bldh lwpuk lcls igys jktLFkku if=dk ds eq[; i`"B ij 15 esokM+ esa xqMY;k ijEijk
vxLr] 1978 dks izdkf'kr gq, FkhA bl [kkst dk Js; bfrgkldkj MkW- txrukjk;.k MkW- iq"ik lq[koky
dks gSA MkW- fxfjjkt dqekj] MkW- ,e-,y- eh.kk] vkse izdk'k dqdh] MkW- rstflag ekobZ
vkfn jktLFkku esa 'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst dk dk;Z dj jgs gSA esokM dh viuh fof'k"V lkaLd`frd ijEijk, gSA ;gk fofHkUu R;kSgkj vkSj
/kqvka/kksi iqjk LFky ds 'kSykJ; esa ;kskvksa ds vusd fp= gS fdUrq ,d ;ksk mRlo g"kksZYykl ds lkFk euk, tkrs gaAS ftuesa gksyh] fnikoyh] n'kgjk] j{kk cU/ku
dk fp= vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA yky&dRFkbZ jax esa fpf=r ;g ;ksk vR;Ur egRoiw.k vkfn izeq[k gSA lkFk gh 'khryk lIreh] n'kkekrk vkSj x.kxkSj ioZ Hkh /kwe&/kke ls
gSA bl ;ksk dh dej esa ,d xksy p cU/kk gqvk gSA js[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls vZ euk, tkrs gSaA bu R;kSgkjksa ds vkus ls dqN fnu iwoZ ls gh tu&thou esa mRlkg meax
iwjd 'kSyh esa vafdr bl ;ksk ds fp= esa dejcU/k ,oa vU; oL= dej esa cU/ks gq, dk lapkj gks tkrk gS vkSj ukpus xkus ds e izkjEHk gks tkrs gSaA blh e esa esokM+ esa
gSA ;g ;ksk rst xfr ls pyk;seku gSA pyus dh rst xfr ,oa rst gok ds osx ds fnikoyh ls iwoZ xqMY;k xkus dh ijEijk jgh gSa tks vkt Hkh xzzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa mRlkg
dkj.k blds oL= ,oa xksy p gok esa ygjk jgs gSA bl ;ksk ds iSjks dh ixyrh] iwoZd eukbZ tkrh gSA ftlds ckjs esa dbZ ekU;rk, gSaA xqMY;k ftls ?kMY;k Hkh dgk
?kqVuk] iSj] gkFk] 'kjhj vkfn vR;Ur lqUnj <ax ls vafdr gSA ,slk yxrk gS fdlh mPp tkrk gSA ;g ,d feh dk dy'k gksrk gS ftlds mijh Hkkx dh vksj pkjkas rjQ Nsn
dksfV ds dykdkj }kjk ;g fp= cuk;k x;k gksxkA bl izdkj 'kL=ksa ls lqlfTtr gksrs gaAS bl dyk esa dqN vukt ftUgsa vk[kk dgk tkrk gS] j[k dj mlesa ,d nhid
;ksk dk fp= 'kSykJ;ksa esa nqyHkZ gSA tyk dj j[kk tkrk gSA fQj dy'k ds eqg ij ihiy vFkok vke ds dqN iks j[k dj
bl eq[kksVk /kkjh ;ksk ds flj ij nks lhax Hkh vafdr gSA blds lEiw.kZ 'kjhj ij feh ls cuk cqtkjk ftls fotksjk Hkh dgka tkrk gS j[kk tkrk gSaA
,oa gkFkksa dk fp=.k vR;Ur lqUnj gSA ;ksk ds ,d gkFk esa /kuq"k&ck.k gS vkSj nwljs yksd ekU;krkvksa ds vuqlkj dy'k dks nsoh ds :Ik esa ekuk tkrk gSA ,d
gkFk esa dksbZ vU; 'kL= gSA gkFk dh dksguh dk ?kqeko vR;Ur lqUnj gSA blds dej gVqvk gksrk gSa tks y{ehekrk ls 'kknh djuk pkgrk gSaA y{ehekrk dk fookg rks
ij cU/kk gqvk p frgjh js[kkvksa ls vafdr ,oa vyar gSA ;g fp= 'kSyfp= dyk Hkxoku ls gks tkrk gS fdUrq gVqvk gV djrk gS vkSj dy'k dks nsoh ekudj mlds
dh n`f"V ls vR;Ur lqUnj gSA lkFk fookg djus gsrq Qsjk yxk nsrk gSA ftlls dy'k dk iwtu vkt rd Hkh fd;k
eksguk dh uky esa 'kSykJ; ls ,d yky xs#, jax ds ;ksk dk fp= feyk gSA tkrk gSA
ftlesa ;ksk dks xfreku voLFkk esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA blds gkFk esa /kuq"k ck.k gSA vU; yksd ekU;rk ds vuqlkj xqMY;k xkus dh ijEijk uojkf= lekfIr ds
fdUrq ;g /kqvkW/kksi ds fp= ds leku fofo/krk okyk o lwUnj ugha gSA fy[kokfu;k] ckn ls gh izkjEHk gks tkrh gSA bls nsoh dk Hkh izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA ;g ioZ Hkxoku
vknex<+] gks'kaxkckn] beyh[kksg] iape<+h ls Hkh pksVh/kkjh /kuq"k/kkjh ;kskvksa dk jke ds v;ks/;k ls ?kj vkus rd pyrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd tc jke dh lsuk }kjk
fp=.k feyk gSA leqnz ij lsrq cuk;k tk jgk Fkk ml le; leqnz rV ij ukS fnuksa dk ;K fd;k x;k Fkk
dq.My ds igkM+h ekrkth uked iqjkLFky ds 'kSykJ; ls Hkh /kuqZ/kkjh ;ksk rFkk lHkh nsoh nsorkvksa us jke dh lQyrk ds fy, dkeuk dh ftls uojk=h ioZ dgk
dk fp= feyk gSA tEcw}hi iape<+h ds 'kSykJ; ua- 4 ls xkMZu }kjk vuqr ck tkrk gSA nlosa fnu Hkxoku jke us lsrq cka/k cukdj yadk esa izos'k fd;k vkSj jko.k dk
329
o/k dj yadk ij fot; izkIr dhA tc Hkxoku yadk fot; ds i'pkr v;ks/;k ykSV iwjk thou vkfnokfl;ksa ds mRFkku esa yxk fn;kA ekek ckys'oj dk tUe mkjizns'k ds
jgs Fks rks nsoh vEck dk izrhd vkSj mldh T;ksfr xqMfy;k Hkh muds lkFk v;ks/;k bVkok ftys esa jkeuoeh ds fnu lu~ 1905 esa gqvkA 15 o"kZ dh mez esa ekekth ds
rd yk;k tkrk gS vkSj Hkxoku jke ds v;ks/;k vkus ij nsoh vEck ogka ls viuk flj ls eka dk lk;k mB x;k Fkk vkSj vaxzsth gqdqer ds fojks/k esa mUgsa dkWyst ls
izdk'k gVk ysrh gS vkSj viuk Hkksx ysdj iqu% vius LFkku ij ykSV tkrh gSA jke ds fu"dkflr dj fn;k x;kA rc >kcqvk esa HkkHkkjk tkdj pUnz'ks[kj vktkn dh eka ls
vkus dh [kq'kh esa v;ks/;k oklh nhid tykrs gSa blh [kq'kh dks nhikoyh ds :i esa feydj fo|ky; esa ukSdjh dh lu~ 1931 esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds ^vUunkrk* lEcksf/kr
euk;k tkrk gSA vkSj blh izlax esa xqMfy;k dk [ksy Hkh [ksyk tkrk gSA djrs gq, iqfyl }kjk tsy gqbZA blh le; mUgksaus ekyoh rFkk Hkhyh cksyh lh[kdj
iwoZ esa ;g ijEijk mn;iqj 'kgj esa Hkh izpfyr FkhA ;gka Hkh ckyd&ckfydkvksa tutkxj.k dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;kA
ds >q.M xqMfy;k ysdj xhr xkrs FksA ckfydkvksa }kjk xk;s tkus okys xhr xqMfy;k ekek ckys'oj n;ky us bl {ks=ksa ds vkfnokfl;ksa esa 'kSf{kd tkx`fr QSykus esa
vkSj ckydksa }kjk xk;s tkus okys xhr gj.kh dgykrs FksA ?kj muds xqMfy;k ds nhid vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA muds Hkk"k.kksa esa Hkh vkfnokfl;ksa dks f'kf{kr gksus ds fy,
esa rsy Mkyrs Fks vkSj mUgsa vukt ;k iSls nsrs Fks] ftuls izlkn vkSj vU; [kkn~; inkFkZ vkg~oku fd;k tkrk FkkA vkt Hkh ;fn fdlh vkfnoklh O;fDr ls iwNk tk, fd vki
ysdj ekrkth dks Hkksx yxkrs FksA ekekth ds fdl dk;Z ls vf/kd izHkkfor gS rks mldk lh/kk tokc gksrk gS& f'k{kk o
bl ijEijk dks tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh mRlkg iwoZd euk;k tkrk gSA rFkk lekt lq/kkj Hkhykapy vkfnoklh ekek ckys'oj dks viuk usrk vkSj jguqek gh ugha]
orZeku esa mn;iqj uxj ds cktkjksa esa Hkh bu fnuksa dgh&dgha tu tkrh ckfydkvksa dh cfYd xgjh vkLFkk ds lkFk ftudh eUurs yh tkrh gS] ,slk ekuo nsork ekurs jgs gSA
Vksfy;ka flj ij xqMfy;k ysdj xhr xkrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ysfdu /khjs /khjs ;g d`f"k dk;Z ls tqM+s Hkhyksa ij ekekth dk izHkko bruk vf/kd iM+k gS fd os mUgsa nsork
ijEijk ;gka yqIr izk;% gksrh tk jgh gS ftls lgtus dh egRrh vko';drk gSA yksd Lo:i iwtus yxsA Qly idus ds i'pkr~ ;gka ds vkfnoklh lSadM+ksa fdyksehVj
Hkk"kk esa xk;s tkus okys bu xhrksa esa esokM+ dh laLd`fr vkSj ijEijkvksa dh >yd pydj ckefu;k vkJe esa HksaV djus tkrs gS vkSj ekekth dh ewfrZ ij HksaV p<+krs gSaA
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blds i'pkr~ gh os vius ?kj esa mldk miHkksx djrs gSaA ;|fi vkt ekekth ugha jgs
hhh
fdUrq vkt Hkh pqukoh naxy esa muds uke dk c[kwch iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA muds
vuq;k;h ekekth ds ij yksdxhrksa dh jpuk djds cM+s pko ls xkrs gSaA
vkfnokfl;ksa esa lkekftd tu psruk ds fodkl esa hhh
ekek ckys'oj n;ky dk ;ksxnku Hkhy lekt esa fookg laLdkj &
dkfUr dVkjk
,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u
vfrizkphu dky ls gh jktLFkku dk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ,d egoiw.kZ LFkku uhrw jktkor
jgk gSA ;g ekr` Hkwfe ij izk.k U;kSNkoj djus okys ohjska ,oa izfl lk/kq larksa dh deZ
Hkwfe jgk gSA nf{k.k jktLFkku] if'peh e/;izns'k] mkj xqtjkr ds vkfnokfl;ksa esa Hkhy Hkkjr dh vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa esa ls ,d gSA tula[;k dh n`f"V ls xksaM o
lkekftd lq/kkj ,oa tu tkxzfr ykus esa lar ekoth egkjkt] xq# xksfoUn fxfj] laFkky ds ckn budk LFkku gSA Hkhy Hkkjr ds pkj jkT;ksa esa ik;s tkrs gSa egkjk"V]
eksrhyky rstkor] Hkksxhyky i.M~;k] ekf.kD; yky oekZ] lqjeynkl] ehjkckbZ] xojh xqtjkr] e/; izns'k ,oa jktLFkkuA jktLFkku ds nf{k.kkapy esa izkjEHk ls gh Hkhyksa dk
ckbZ] dkyh ckbZ ,oa ekek ckys'oj n;ky dk egoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA ekek ckys'oj ckgqY; jgk gSA bl {ks= dks Hkhyksa dk ?kj dgk tk;s rks Hkh dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha
n;ky us vkfnoklh lekt esa ubZ psruk tkx`r dh ,oa jktLFkku ds ckalokM+k] gksxhA jktLFkku ds nf{k.kksa ftyksa esa mn;iqj] Mwaxjiqj] ckalokM+k] fpkkSM+x<+ ,oa
dq'kyx<+] izrkix<+] ?kkVksy] Mwaxjiqj] mn;iqj] dksVk] nsokl] Vksad] Hkjriqj ,oa e/; fljksgh esa budk ckgqY; gSA Hkhy mn;iqj ftys ds [ksjokM+k] dksVM+k] Qykfl;ka]
izn's k esa jryke lSykuk] /kkj tksckV] bUnkSj] >kcqvk ,oa xqtjkr ds larjeiqj] yqukokM+k] lyqEcj] dkuksM+ esa cgqla[;d gSA
iapegy] nkgksn vkfn {ks=ksa esa muds lkFk jgdj muds lq[k&nq[k ds lkFk [kM+s jgs o izkphudky esa fookg ,d lkekftd fjokt ekuk x;k gSA Hkhyksa ds thou esa
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fookg dks vR;f/kd ego fn;k tkrk gS rFkk fookg dh ijEijk yM+ds dh 'kkjhfjd os'kHkw"kk vkSj jhfr&fjokt] lHkh esa jax viuk ego j[krs gSaA l'kDr js[kk, o
{kerk dh vk/kkj ij r; gksrh FkhA vr% 'kkjhfjd y{k.k gh fookg dh mez r; djrs pedhys jax jktLFkkuh laLd`fr dh vkst o thoUrrk ds ifjpk;d gSA
FksA fookg izf;k 13 izdkj ls rFkk fookg fof/k 19 izdkj dh Hkhy lekt esa gksrh hhh
gSA Hkhy tkfr esa fookg djkus dk nkf;Ro ekrk&firk ij gksrk FkkA Hkhy ;qod&;qofr;k
fdlh esysa ;k gkV cktkj esa ijLij feyus rFkk ifjfpr gksus ds ckn viuk thou lkFkh
esokM+ esa gosyh ijEijk % ,d voyksdu
pquus dk fu.kZ; ysrs FksA blds i'pkr~ ekrk&firk ,oa vU; utnhdh yksxksa dh frfFk i.M~;k
Hkwfedk egoiw.kZ gksrh FkhA mn;iqj {ks= tks bfrgkl v/;;u esa esokM+ uke ls vf/kd izpyu esa gS] ,d
fgUnw lekt ds lEidZ esa vkus ds ckn xzkeh.k lektksa ds leku Hkh cky ohjHkwfe jgk gSA vius vrqyuh; 'kkS;Z] lkgl] leiZ.k Hkko] R;kx tSls xq.kksa ls u
fookg rFkk ngst dk vuqlj.k djus yxs gSaA fdUrq ;g mUgha yksxksa esa tks xko ds dsoy Hkkjro"kZ esa vfirq lewps fo'o esa viuk LFkku j[krk gSA izkjfEHkd le; esa
eqf[k;k vFkok lEiUu yksx gS rFkk fookg esa lc dqn O;; djus dk lkeF;Z j[krs gSaA f'kfo] izkXokV] vj.;] esnikr rFkk esokM+ vkfn ukeksa ls tkuk x;kA 16 ekpZ 1559 esa
bl izdkj Hkhy tutkfr esa lkekftd lq/kkj vkUnksyu ds }kjk o/kw ewY; dks lekIr LFkkfir mn;iqj dks mn;iqj ukedj.k dh iqf"V ^fpkkSM+ & mn;iqj dk ikVukek*]
djus ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSA Hkxr Hkhy fookg ds volj ij u rks o/kw ewY; pqdkrs ^jkt jRukxj*] ^panzkorksa dk ikVukek* vkfn ls gksrh gSA
gSa vkSj u gh Lohdkj djrs gSaA fu'p; gh bl tutkfr dk ;g iz;kl izsj.kkLin gksuk ;fn dyk] LFkkiR; dh ckr dh tk;s rks gj le; dh viuh vyx fo'ks"krk
pkfg,A jghA ;gka fuekZ.k {ks=h; vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i gqvk tks dHkh /keZ vk/kkfjr] dHkh
hhh ykSfddrk ds fy,] rks dHkh foykflrk dk ifjpk;d jgkA mn;iqj uxj clus ds
jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk ifjp; ckn ls vyx&vyx egkjk.kkvksa }kjk viuh #fp rFkk vko';drk ds vuq:i egyksa]
fdyksa] nqxks] m|kuksa] lkoZtfud Hkouksa] eafnjksa vkfn dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk jgkA bu
dq'kkxz tSu
fuekZ.kksa esa ^gosyh* Hkh ize[k jgh tks eq[;r% esokM+ ds jktfld LFkkiR; dk fgLlk
dyk thou dk lkdkj :i gSA ;g thou dh gj vk;ke esa ifjyf{kr gksrh dgh tk ldrh gSA gosfy;ka 17oha 'krkCnh esa ns[kh tkrh gSa] tks ljnkjksa] mejkoksa]
gS] ftlls vUrl dh vfHkO;fDr dks ewrZ djrh gSA blh dkj.k dykfonksa us dyk dks fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa] iqjksfgrksa] mPp iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa vkfn ds fy, gksrh FkhA
vfHkO;fDrewyd crk;k gSA bl izdkj dh dyk ;FkkFkZ ls Hkh vf/kd gS ftlus izd`fr vf/kdkj dh n`f"V ls gosyh nks izdkj dh gksrh Fkh&1- 'kkld }kjk nh xbZ tkxhj ij
dh {k.k Hkaxqj dks de rFkk fujUrjrk o fuR;rk dks lgstk gSA ;gh Hkko Hkkjrh; dyk jkT; dh vksj ls fufeZr] ftl ij oa'kkuqxr gd jkT; dk gh jgrk Fkk ftls iqu% dHkh
'kSfy;ksa esa fo|eku gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa iUnzgoha 'krh dk nkSj lkaLd`frd iqu#RFkku Hkh vf/kxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA 2- Lo;a O;fDr }kjk cuokbZ x;h gosyh ftl ij
dk jgk gS] ftlesa Hkkjrh; dyk lkfgR; esa uohu tkZ dk lapkj gqvkA bl uotkxj.k mldk ekfydkuk vf/kdkj ekuk tkrk Fkk] fdUrq blesa Hkh ;g 'krZ rks Fkh gh fd ;fn
us fp=dyk dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;kA bl le; fgUnw eqfLye jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ O;fDr jkT; fojks/kh dk;Z esa idM+k x;k rks gosyh tCr dj yh tkrh FkhA
rFkk Hkkjrh; o bZjkuh vkfn rRoksa ds leUo; us fp=dyk dh uohu 'kSfy;ksa dks tUe esokM+ esa 16 izFke Js.kh ds rFkk 32 f}rh; Js.kh ds ljnkj Fks ftUgsa gosfy;ka
fn;kA bu uohu 'kSfy;ksa esa jktLFkkuh 'kSyh Hkh ,d gSA nh x;h FkhA cukoV dh n`f"V ls bu gosfy;ksa esa eq[;r% nks eaftyk bekjr gksrh Fkh]
mUuhloh lnh esa bZ-ch-gSosy] vkuUn dqekj Lokeh] vouh ckcw vkfn us ftlesa tukuk d{k] enkZuk d{k] xok{k] xks[kM+s] njh[kkuk] >jks[ks] nklksa ds d{k]
Hkkjrh; dyk dks lEekutud LFkku fnyk;k] ogh jktLFkkuh fp=dyk ls vkuUn xkS'kkyk] ?kqM'+ kkyk vkfn cuk gksrk FkkA gosfy;ka lqanj uDdk'kh] iPphdkjh ;qDr rFkk
dqekj Lokeh us viuh iqLrd ^jktiwr isafVax* ds }kjk voxr djk;kA dkykarj esa vanj dh vksj sldks ?kqVkbZ fy;s gksrh FkhA dbZ gosfy;ksa esa fHkfk fp= Hkh ik, x,
xks,V~t egksn;] dkyZ [k.Mkyokyk] jkexksiky fot;oxhZ; vkfn us oxhZdj.k esa gSaA dejksa ds fuekZ.k esa pwuk rFkk iRFkj dk iz;ksx gksrk Fkk rFkk Q'kZ ckal ;k ih dh
#fp yhA jktLFkkuh thou jaxksa ls vksrizksr gSA ;gk dh dyk gks LFkkiR; ;k fQj cuh gksrh FkhA ijh eafty okyh Nr ij dsyq rFkk iDdk Q'kZ Hkh feyrk gSA
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dgha&dgha ij Q'kZ ij ekaM.kk }kjk vyadj.k Hkh ns[kk x;k gSA gosyh dh HkO;rk o jktLFkku dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd psruk ds
lkSUn;Z gosyhnkj ds in rFkk mlds vkfFkZd Lrj dk |ksrd FkhA ckn esa gosfy;ksa ij
vaxzsth izHkko Hkh n`f"Vxkspj rFkk Nrksa esa ykSg ikjksa dk LFkku gSA esokM+ dh dqN fodkl esa vk;Z lekt dk ;ksxnku
gosfy;ksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu bl izdkj gS MkW- Hkjr nsoM+k
1- ckxksj dh gosyh] bldk fuekZ.k Bkdqj vejpan cM+ok us 18oha 'krkCnh esa mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds mkjkZ esa Hkkjrh; turk vkSj fo'ks"kdj jktLFkku dh
djok;k FkkA ;g gosyh egkjk.kk laxzkeflag f}rh; ds iq= ukFkth ds oa'ktksa ds ikl turk esa lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd tkx`fr ykus esa vk;Z lekt ds laLFkkid n;kuUn
jghA 1986 esa bls if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz dks gLrkarfjr dj fn;k x;k vkSj ;gka ljLorh dk uke fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA Hkkjr esa loZizFke Lons'k] Lo/keZ] LojkT;
laxzgky; Hkh cuk gqvk gSA tgka jtokM+h :i ns[kus dks feyrk gSA 2- dkuksM+ dh vkSj LoHkk"kk dk ukjk Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us gh mn~?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA mudk dFku
gosyh] ;g lkjaxnsoksr (fllksfn;k 'kk[kk) ds v/khu izFke Js.kh dh gosyh FkhA Fkk fd ns'k dh izxfr ds fy, LoHkk"kk] Lo/keZ vkSj Lo'kklu gksuk vko';d gSA
izrkiflag ds csVs tksxs'ojflag bl oa'k ds orZeku gdnkj gSA mn;iqj fLFkr budh Lokehth us 1875 bZ- esa ued dj dh HkRlZuk dh FkhA mUgksaus turk rFkk ns'kh
gosyh dks 1972 esa csp fn;k x;kA gosyh gsyks dh xokM+h esa fLFkr gSA 3- vkesV dh fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa dks Lons'kh oL=ksa ds iz;ksx ds fy, mRizsfjr fd;k FkkA Lokehth
gosyh] ;g tkxkor pqaMkorksa ds ikl jgh gSA iwoZ esa ;g ljnkjx<+ ds MksfM;k jktiwrksa us LojkT; ds ckjs esa ^lR;kFkZ izdk'k* uked vius xzaFk esa fy[kk gS fd vPNs ls vPNk
ds vf/kdkj esa FkhA orZeku esa ;gka vkeqjkbZ gksVy lapkfyr gSA 4- ckalh dh gosyh] fons'kh jkT; Lons'kh jkT; dh rqyuk esa vLohdkj djus ;ksX; gSA mUgksaus bl ckr ij
;g vpynkl 'kDrkor dh tkxhjh esa ckalh dk fBdkuk jghA orZeku esa dkykth&xksjkth cy fn;k fd Hkkjr Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, gSA Lokehth ds thou ds vafre o"kZ vf/kdrj
esa (jkoth dk gkVk) fLFkr gSA 5- cnukSj dh gosyh] tks/kiqj ds jko tks/kk ds iq= nqnk jktLFkku esa gh O;rhr gq,A mUgksaus vius Hkk"k.k fgUnh esa fn;sA /kkSyiqj] djkSyh]
ds oa'ktksa (esM+fr;k jkBkSM+) ds v/khu ;g gosyh jghA ;g jkoth ds gkVs esa fLFkr gS Hkjriqj] mn;iqj] tks/kiqj] t;iqj vkfn jkT;ksa esa jgdj mUgksaus u dsoy jkt ifjokj ds
tgka orZeku esa fo|k fudsru fo|ky; lapkfyr gSA 6- lywEcj dh gosyh] ;g lnL;ksa esa cfYd vke turk esa tkx`fr mRiUu dhA esokM+ ds egkjk.kk lTtuflag]
gosyh esokM+ esa Hkktx<+ dk dk;Z djus okys d`".kkor rFkk pqaMkorksa dh jgh FkhA 7- tks/kiqj ds lj izrki] vpjksy ds j.kthrflag vkSj tkscusj ds Bkdqj rFkk cusMk+ ds jktk
vklhan dh gosyh] ;g gosyh d`".kkor rFkk pqaMkorksa dh jgh gSA 8- :iuxj dh xksfoanflag Lokehth ds iz'kald ,oa HkDr FksA jktLFkku ds dLcksa o uxjksa esa vk;Z
gosyh] buds ikl igys nslwjh dh tkxhj FkhA 9- M~;ksf<+;k jkBkSM+ksa dh gosyh lekt dh vusd 'kk[kk,a [kksyh xbZA buds ek/;e ls f'k{kk dk izlkj ,oa lkekftd
(ekrkth dk [ksMk+ )] esokM+ ds jkBkSMk+ sa ds v/khu jgh tks orZeku essa jkoth ds gkVs esa lq/kkj dh fn'kk esa vusd iz;kl fd, x,A 'ks[kkokVh esa e.Mkok ds lsB nsohcDl
fLFkr gSA 10- >hyokM+k dh gosyh] ;g lksyadh jktiwrksa ds v/khu jgh tks nslwjh ?kkVs ljkZQ }kjk ogka LFkkfir ^vk;Z lekt* dk LFkku tu&tkxj.k dh n`f"V ls loksZifj FkkA
dk izca/k laHkkyrs FksA 11- /kkHkkbZ dh gosyh] ;g ckBsM+k fBdkus ds dkenkjksa Lokehth ds fu/ku (1883 bZ-) ds i'pkr~ vtesj esa LFkkfir îjksidkfj.kh lHkk* vksj
(y{ehyky] fot;yky) ds gd esa Fkh ftls ckn esa pkaney Hkk.kkor }kjk [kjhnk ^vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk* (1888 bZ-) ds ek/;e ls n;kuUn ds vuq;k;h vk;Z lekt ds
x;k FkkA 12- fctksfy;k gosyh] ;g iaokj jktiwrksa ds v/khu Fkh mlds i'pkr~ /kkHkkbZ vkUnksyu dks fujUrj xfr iznku djrs jgsA jktLFkku esa vk;Z lekt dh f'k{kkvksa ds
Hkk.kkor ds gLrsA 13- cksgsMk+ dh gosyh] ;g 'kDrkorksa dh gosyh jgh] buds }kjk Hkh izlkj.k esa pkUndj.k 'kkjnk] gjfoykl 'kkjnk ,oa ekudj.k 'kkjnk dh egrh Hkwfedk
gksVy lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA 14- :ik[ksMh+ gosyh] ;g esMf+ r;k jkBkSM+ rFkk [kksM+ jghA izsepan uked vk;Z lekt ds ,d mRlkgh dk;ZdrkZ us mn;iqj jkT; ds xkaoksa esa
fBdkus ds HkkbZ&cka/koksa ds ikl jgh vkSj orZeku esa blesa vk;Z lekt Ldwy lapkfyr tkdj Hkhy cfLr;ksa esa vk;Z lekt dh f'k{kkvksa ,oa flkUrksa dk izpkj fd;k FkkA
gSa 15- ?kk.ksjko dh gosyh] esM+fr;k jkBkSM+ksa dhA 16- cM+h lknM+h dh gosyh] blus fgUnw laLd`fr dh j{kk ds fy, ^vk;Z izfrfu/k lHkk* jktLFkku rFkk
>kykvksa ds {ks=k/khuA 17- ck?kiqjk gosyh] >kykvksa ds v/khuA 18- f'kojrh dh ^jktiwrku e/; Hkkjr lHkk* ds lkFk feydj jktLFkku esa 'kqf vkUnksyu ds fy,
gosyh] jk.kkorksa dh jghA ljnkjx<+] dkadjok rFkk [kseiqj dh gosfy;ka fojensoksr laxBu dk dk;Z fd;kA ^fgUnw lHkk* vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk ds ikl mlds izpkjdksa }kjk
jk.kkor ds gd esa jgh gS tks orZeku esa ^jkoth dk gkVk* esa fLFkr gSA oSfnd /keZ ds lkFk fgUnw laxBu dk izpkj djokus ds fy, vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk dks
hhh 250 #i;s ekfld tek djkrh FkhA bl izdkj vk;Z lekt jktLFkku esa 'kS{kf.kd ,oa
332
lkekftd lq/kkj vkUnksyu ds }kjk ;gka dh turk esa lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd psruk buesa ukxkSj dk ca'khokys dk eafnj] tks/kiqj j.kNksMt
+ h dk eafnj] ?ku';keth dk
QSyk jgk FkkA mUgksaus f'k{kk fo'ks"kr% ckfydk f'k{kk ij cy fn;k] fo/kok fookg dks eafnj] t;iqj dk dud oànkou vkfn izeq[k gSaA ns'kh&fons'kh i;ZVdksa dks yqHkkus rFkk
izksRlkgu fn;k rFkk cky fookg] inkZizFkk] ngst tSlh lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk mUgksaus jktLFkku LFkkiR; dyk dks laj{k.k nsus ds fy, orZeku esa vusd gosfy;kas dk
fojks/k fd;kA lkFk gh vk;Z lekt us LoHkk"kk] Lo/keZ] LojkT; ij cy ns ;gka dh th.kksZkj fd;k tk jgk gSA
turk dks muds 'kks"k.k ds izfr lpsr fd;kA vr% vk;Z lekt vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj hhh
ij rRdkyhu fczfV'k pqukSrh ds f[kykQ izFke laxfBr lkekftd vkUnksyu FkkA
jktLFkku esa Hkh LFkkuh; 'kk[kkvksa ds tfj;s laxBukRed rFkk laLFkkRed rjhds ls bfrgkl fuekZ.k ds lUnHkZ esa pkj.k lkfgR; ijEijk
lkekftd lq/kkj gsrq iz;kl fd;s x;sA (fofHkUu fo/kk,a ,oa ekSf[kd ijEijk)
hhh bZ'ojnku
jktLFkku dk gosyh LFkkiR; bfrgkl ys[ku dh vk/kqfud izo`fk;ksa esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd
yfyr dqekj iaokj igyqvksa ds rgr fyax] i;kZoj.k ekufldrkvksa o vke tuksa ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu
igyqvksa ij cy fn;k tkus yxkA bUgha izf;kvksa ds lkis{k esa gh LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds
jktLFkku esa cM+s&cM+s lsB lkgwdkjksa rFkk /kuh O;fDr;ksa us vius fuokl ds fy;s
lUnHkZ esa pkj.k lkfgR; dk ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fo'kky gosfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k djok;kA ;s gosfy;ka dbZ eaftyk gksrh FkhA 'ks[kkokVh]
<wa<kM+] ekjokM+ rFkk esokM+ {ks=ksa dh gosfy;ka LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls fHkUurk fy, gq, ;g ,d foMacuk jgh gS fd Lora=rk iwoZ vkSj mlds 60 lky ckn rd
gSaA 'ks[kkokVh {ks= dh gosfy;ka vf/kd HkO; ,oa dykRed gSA t;iqj] tSlyesj] bfrgklfonksa ds ,d fof'k"V oxZ us gh pkj.kh lkfgR; dks vius 'kks/k ,oa bfrgkl
ys[ku esa egRo fn;kA bfrgkldkjksa ds cM+s oxZ us rks pkj.kh lkfgR; dks diksydfYir
chdkusj rFkk 'ks[kkokVh ds jkex<+] uoyx<+] Qrgiqj] eqdqanx<+] e.Mkok] fiykuh]
vkSj lquh lqukbZ ?kVukvksa ij vk/kkfjr ekurs gq, bfrgkl ys[ku esa muds mi;ksx dks
ljnkj 'kgj] jrux<+ vkfn dLcksa esa [kM+h fo'kky gosfy;ka vkt Hkh vius LFkkiR; dk
udkj fn;kA ysfdu 16oha&17oha lnh ls jktLFkkuh fMaxy Hkk"kk esa fy[kh jpuk,a
mRd`"V mnkgj.k izLrqr djrh gSaA jktLFkku dh gosfy;ka vius NTts] cjkenksa vkSj
jktLFkku ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd bfrgkl dks tkuus ds lzksr ds :i esa
>jks[ks ij ckjhd uDdk'kh ds fy, izfl gSA
mHkjh gSA oSls vusd xzaFk rks ,sls gSa ftuesa u dsoy ltho ;q dk o.kZu feyrk gS
tSlyesj dh gosfy;ka jktiwrkuk ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jgh gSA ;gka dh iVoksa cfYd 'kkldksa dh e`R;q ,oa ;q dk le; vU; lzksrksa dh ctk; fcYdqy lgh
dh gosyh viuh f'kYidyk] fo'kkyrk ,oa vn~Hkqr uDdk'kh ds dkj.k izfl gSA ;g miyC/k gksrk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k xzUFkdkjksa dk izR;{kn'khZ gksuk Hkh gSA
lsB xqekupUn ckQuk us cuokbZ FkhA ;g ikap eaftyk gosyh 'kgj ds e/; fLFkr gSA
pkj.kh lkfgR; dh bu fo/kkvksa esa izR;sd fBdkus dh [;kr] foxr] rokjh[k o
bl gosyh ds tkyh&>jks[ks cjcl gh i;ZVd dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA iVoksa dh gosyh okrkZ ds vfrfjDr i| :i esa fy[kh lkexzh ;Fkk foykl] :id] opfudk] csfy]
ds vfrfjDr tSlyesj esa fLFkr lkfyeflag dh gosyh dk f'kYi&lkSUn;Z Hkh cstksM+ jktLFkku x| lkfgR; ds fodkl esa [;krksa dk dkQh egRo gSA lkfgfR;d n`f"V ds
gSA bl ukS [k.Mh gosyh ds izFke lkr [k.M iRFkj ds vkSj ijh nks [k.M ydM+h ds vfrfjDr budk ,sfrgkfld egRo Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh esa [;kr 'kCn izk;% bfrgkl ds
cus gq, FksA ckn esa ydM+h ds nksuksa [k.M mrkj fy;s x;sA tSlyesj dh uFkey dh i;kZ; :i esa gh iz;qDr gksrk gSA 18oha lnh esa dbZ [;krsa fy[kh xbZA [;krsa izk;% nks
gosyh Hkh f'kYidyk dh n`f"V ls viuk vuwBk LFkku j[krh gSA bl gosyh dk <ax ls fy[kh tkrh FkhaA ,d rks os tks yxkrkj bfrgkl ds :i esa fy[kh x;h gSa ftlesa
f'kYidkjh dk dk;Z gkFkh vkSj ykyw uked nks Hkkb;ksa us bl ladYi ds lkFk 'kq: lk/kkj.k ec bfrgkl ds LFkku ij QqVdj ckrsa ikbZ tkrh gSaA vxj bu ckrksa dks
fd;k Fkk fd os gosyh esa iz;qDr f'kYi dks nksgjk;saxs ugha] bl dkj.k bldk f'kYi ec dj fn;k tk;s rks Hkh kà[kykc bfrgkl ugha cu ikrk gSA bl izdkj dh
vuwBk gSA [;krksa esa ckadhnkl dh [;kr mYys[kuh; gSA [;kr ys[kd ;k rks [;kr dk ukedj.k
jktLFkku esa e/;dky ds oS".ko eafnj Hkh gosfy;ksa tSls gh cuk;s x;s gSaA vius uke ls dj fn;k djrk Fkk vFkok ftl jktk ;k oa'k dks viuh [;kr dk fo"k;
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cukrk Fkk] mlds uke ij ukedj.k djrk FkkA mijksDr [;krksa esa uS.klh jh [;kr] ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA bldk vf/kdre Hkkx (334-47 oxZ fdyksehVj) fpkkSM+ ftys ds
eqafn;kM+ jh [;kr esa l=goha lnh ds jktLFkku esa jktiwr vkSj eqxyksa ds lEcU/kksa ij vUrxZr gS] mn;iqj ftys dh lhek esa bldk ek= 88-57 oxZ fdyksehVj gh gSA
foLrkj ls izdk'k iM+rk gSA ckadhnkl jh [;kr ls vU; ckrksa ds vykok vaxzst izkphudky esa /kfj;kion] izrkix<+ (nsofy;k)] cM+h lknM+h] ckulh vkfn
fojks/kh fopkj/kkjk dh tkudkjh miyC/k gksrh gSA bu [;krksa esa jktLFkku ds fofHkUu fj;klrksa ds f'kdkjxkg jgs gSaA bl l?ku ou esa ikbZ tkus okyh nqyZHk oU; tho
jktoa'kksa ds bfrgkl dh Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gSA iztkfr;ksa ,oa izkd`frd o`{kksa ,oa ou vkS"kf/k;ksa dks laj{k.k iznku djus ,oa mudk
hhh laoZu djus ds ms'; ls jktLFkku ljdkj us bl lEiw.kZ {ks= dks o"kZ 1979 bZ- esa
/kkfeZd rhFkZ LFky dksyk;r dk lkaLd`frd egRo vH;kj.; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA vH;kj.; ds e/; Hkkx esa vfr izkphu rhFkZ LFkyh
lhrkekrk fcjkteku gksus ls bldk uke lhrkekrk oU; tho vH;kj.; j[kk x;kA
MkW- Jherh iq"ik pkSgku
lhrkekrk vH;kj.; esa izos'k gsrq cM+h lknM+h rFkk izrkix<+ ls lh/kh lM+d
chdkusj jktLFkku ds e# Hkwfe dk ,d Hkkx gSA lkaLd`frd /kjksgj ds ;gka ij cuh gqbZ gSA cM+h lknM+h ls vH;;kj.; dh nwjh 20 fdeh- rFkk izrkix<+ ls djhc 35
vusd LFkku gSaA mUgha LFkkuksa esa dksyk;r chdkusj ls 50 fdyksehVj nf{k.k&if'pe esa fdeh- gSA lhrkekrk vH;kj.; esa i;ZVu ds fy, flrEcj ls ebZ ekg rd dk le;
fLFkr gSA oSls rks chdkusj esa f'kockM+h] lqtkunslj] dksM+enslj] ns'kuksd rhFkZLFky gSa mi;qDr jgrk gSA i;ZVdksa dks Bgjus ds fy, 'kkldh; foJke x`g ,oa i;kZIr ek=k esa
fdUrq dksyk;r dk viuk /kkfeZd egRo gSA vxj bldh rqyuk vtesj ds iq"dj ls gksVysa gSaA iznw"k.k dks jksdus ds fy, ;gka /kweziku djuk] gkWu ctkuk] 'kksj epkuk vkfn
dh tk;s rks vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhA lka[;kpk;Z dh riksHkwfe (dfiykJe) Jhdksyk;r ij jksd gSA lhrkekrk vH;kj.; esa vkB uSlfxZd ty izikr gSa] tks ckjg eghus cgrs
esa ifo= dfiy ljksoj ds iDds ?kkVksa] ljksoj ij fLFkr eafnjksa] dLcs esa fo|eku vU; gSaA bUgha ls fudyh fuR; lfyyk djeksbZ unh 18 fdyksehVj dk lQj r; dj
eafnjksa] /keZLFkyksa] /keZ'kkykvksa esa] ;K] vuq"Bku djus dh ijEijk iwoZdky ls fo|eku /kfj;kon ds lehi tk[ke unh esa tkdj feyrh gSA
gSA bu vuq"Bkuksa ls bl uxjh dk okrkoj.k Hkxore; jgrk gSA Jhdksyk;r xkao esa lhrkekrk ou {ks= esa eq[;r% lkxoku] egqvk] lkyj] xksny] rsanq] dye]
fofHkUu lektksa dh /keZ'kkykvksa esa lEesyu ds :i es cSBdsa vk;ksftr gksrh gSa] ftuesa [kSj] /kkoM+k] jksg.k] eksjok] lknM+h] cgsMk+ ] vkaoyk] gYnw] lsey] <kd] fpjksath]
lkekftd] 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd eqn~nksa ij fopkj eaFku gksrk gSA n'kuke fljl] dksgM+k] tkequ vkfn o`{k iztkfr;ksa ds lkFk gh ckal] djksfV;k] djkSank] csj]
laU;kl vkJe] dfiy eqfu eq[; eafnj] xaxkekbZ eafnj] Mwaxjs'oj egknso eafnj] usxM+] nw/kh] >kejh] f[kjuh] mej vkfn >kfM+;ksa dh iztkfr;ka gSaA izkd`frd laink ls
jRus'oj egknso eafnj] HkwrukFk eafnj bR;kfn esa /keZ lHkk] HkfDr&ikB] tkxj.k] bZ'oj ifjiw.kZ bl ou {ks= esa nqyZHk ouks"kf/k;ka Hkh miyC/k gSa ftlesa lQsn ewlyh] fcnkjh
oUnuk dh /kwe gksrh gSA dfiy eqfu eq[; eafnj esa nks ckj vkjrh ,oa mlds ckn Hkksx dan] rsfy;k dan] vikekxZ] 'kkyi.khZ] ?kkrdh] ikBk] ukxjeksFkk] fephZ&dan] 'ksQkyh]
yxrk gSA lHkh /keks dks ekuus okys ljksoj ij nhi izTofyr djrs gSaA dkfrZd iwf.kZek [kkV] [kVwEcj] dfor] dEiyhd] lw[kky&?kkl] gjM+] gLrd.kZ] iyk'k] fcYo]
ds fnu Hkh xq# ukud t;Urh Hkh gksus ls Jhdksyk;r fgUnw fl[k Jkyqvksa dk laxe xSaxph] dkyh gkdy] cki gkdy] vjsBk] djM+k] xjg xksVk] fp=ky] ejksMQ + yh]
LFky cu tkrk gS] tks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk gSA veyrk'k] QuZ] dkaVh >kM+] dM+okcsyk] lsey] 'krkojh] fgaxksjk vkfn ouks"kf/k;ka Hkh
hhh lfEefyr gSA vH;kj.; esa if{k;ksa dh djhc ,d lkS ds chp iztkfr;ka igpkuh tk
uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z ls Hkjiwj lhrkekrk vH;kj.; pqdh gSA ^pkSfla?kk* Hkh ;gka cgqrk;r ls ik;s tkrs gSaA vU; oU; thoksa esa c?ksjs] taxyh
euksgjyky iqjksfgr lwvj] iSxksfyu] uhy&xk;] ykseM+h] taxyh fcfYy;ka] lkaHkj] fpadkjs] lsgyh
(dkaVsnkj)] fcTtw] usoys] [kjxks'k] vtxj vkfn izeq[k gSA if{k;ksa esa fx] ckt]
fpkkSMx+ <+ ftys ds izkd`frd i;ZVu LFkyksa esa lhrkekrk vH;kj.; dk izeq[k 'kdj[kksjk] ukSjax] mYyw] phy ds vfrfjDr mM+ufxygjh vkd"kZ.k ds dsUnz gSA mM+u
LFkku gSA cM+h lknM+h] NksVh lknM+h ,oa izrkix<+ rFkk mn;iqj ftys dh /kfj;kon fxygjh ,d nqyZHk vkSj yqIrizk; oU; tho iztkfr gSA tks u dsoy jktLFkku oju~
rglhy dh lhekvksa ls f?kjs yxHkx pkj lkS oxZ fdyksehVj ls Hkh vf/kd {ks= esa lEiw.kZ mkj Hkkjr esa izeq[kr% bl vH;kj.; esa gh ikbZ tkrh gSA orZeku esa djhc lkS
QSys lhrkekrk vH;kj.; esa l?ku o`{kkoyh ds chp dbZ rjg ds oU; tho fopjrs mM+u fxygjh gSA
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lhrkekrk vH;kj.; dk lkaLd`frd egRo Hkh gSA nqxZe igkM+h vkSj ?kus taxyksa lkeUrksa lekt esa dksbZ mYys[kuh; cnyko ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA ehjk dk thou
ls vkPNkfnr lhrkekrk dk LFkku ekStwnk lhrkekrk oU; tho vH;kj.; dh n; fujUrj la?k"kZe;h jgk gS] ysfdu ehjk us eqlhcrksa ls gkj u ekudj mudk lkeuk
LFkyh gSA vH;kj.; esa fdlh Hkh ekxZ ls izos'k djus ds ckn de ls de 20&25 fuMjrk ls fd;kA ml ;qx esa tc ehjk ds leFkZu esa dksbZ jkT;fufeZr dkuwu vFkok
fdyksehVj dk nqxZe igkM+h ekxZ ikj djds gh lhrkekrk igqapk tk ldrk gSA tk[ke lkekftd ijEijk ugha Fkh] ,sls esa mldk ,slk nqLlkglh dne Lo;a esa ekr`'kfDr ds
unh Hkh ikj djuh gksrh gSA (cM+h lknM+h&ewa/kok ds jkLrs vkus okyksa dks ugha)] blds fy, izsj.kk dk lzksr cu x;kA xqytkj us Hkh viuh cgqpfpZr fQYe êhjk* esa :ekuh
lkFk gh deZlksbZ lhrkekrk unh] ftldk mn~xe LFky lhrkekrk gh gS] dks lkr ckj Nfo okyh HkDr ifo= vkRek vkSj vlk/kkj.k L=h ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k gSA bls
ikj djds lhrkckM+h igqapk tk ldrk gSA lhrkckM+h ls lhrkekrk tkus ds fy, nks ledkyhu lekt esa ukjh dh xfjek] eqfDr ,oa vk/;kfRedrk ds fy, iz;Ru'khy
fdyksehVj dh nqxZe unh ?kkVh ikj djuh iM+rh gS ftlesa cM+h&cM+h pV~Vkusa] ikuh ds vlk/kkj.k L=h ekuk gSA blls iwoZ xka/khth us ehjk dks vfgald izfrjks/kh ekuk gS vkSj
dq.M vkSj iFkjhyh ljy&fojy ixMaMh gSA bl ?kkVh ds vafre Nksj ij tehu ry ls mls vktknh ds Hk;eqDr vfgald vkanksyu ls tksM+rs gq, mls ukjh dk jksy ekWMy dgk
djhc Ms<+ lkS nks lkS QqV dh apkbZ ij lhrkekrk dk LFkkud gSA apkbZ dks lqxe gSA blls vkxs c<+rs gq, muds /ku&oSHko lEiUu thou ds R;kx dks vktknh vkSj
cukus ds fy, vc lhf<+;ka cuk nh xbZ gSA mlds }kjk fo"kiku dks ,d lPps lR;kxzgh ds vnE; lkgl ds :i esa fy;k gSA bl
hhh izdkj mudh utjksa esa og izse dh 'kfDr (Power of Love) dk izrhd cu xbZ gSA
ehjk % ,d vfgald fonzksfg.kh hhh
lqJh vuqiek egkjktk c[krflag jh cgh 1801

;g ,d loZekU; rF; gS fd ehjk us jkt?kjkus dh cgw csVh gksrs gq, lHkh dqy (oL=ksa dh fof'k"V tkudkjh)
e;kZnkvksa vkSj lkekftd ca/kuksa dks rksM+rs gq, Jhd`".k ds izfr Lo;a dks lefiZr dj gsek jtd
fn;k FkkA ifjfLFkfruqlkj ;g O;kogkfjd ,oa LokHkkfod dne ugha FkkA blhfy,
egkjktk c[krflag jh cgh diM+ksa js dksBkj rkyds jkst ukepka jh cgh ls
mlds fo# reke lkekftd okrkoj.k cu x;k FkkA ehjk ds bl ijEijk fo/oald
dk;Z@dne ls ;g ckr rks vklkuh ls gh le>h tk ldrh gS fd jktdqy dh o/kq ix lacaf/kr gSA bl cgh esa fo- la- 1801 lko.k or&1 ls yxkdj vklM+ 15 rd dk
esa ?kqa?k: cka/k ds ukpsxh rks yksx mls ixyh gh dgsaxs vkSj lkl Hkh dqyuk'kuh gh fooj.k ntZ gSA cgh esa oL=ksa ds fofHkUu izdkj dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA tSls &
dgsxhA ,sls esa vxj dksbZ mls fo"k nsdj ekjuk Hkh pkgsxk rks ;g vLokHkkfod ugha dhe[kkc&cgh esa dhe[kkc oL= dk mYys[k gS tks fdlh fo'ks"k ?kjsyw
yxrkA ysfdu ehjk ds ;s vLokHkkfodrk mls vlk/kkj.k] lkglh nqjnE; ,oa jgL;e;h voljksa ij fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dks buk;r (HksaV) fn;k tkrk FkkA
O;fDrRo iznku djrh gSA bfrgkl esa vusd ,sls mnkgj.k feyrs gSa ds ftUgksaus Hkh nqiV~Vk&fdlh fo'ks"k volj ij nqiV~Vk buk;r fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s dbZ izdkj
lkekftd ijEijk dk fojks/k@fu"ks/k fd;k gS vFkok vius le; dh :f<+;ksa] fjoktksa ds ds gksrs Fks] tSls tjh dk nqiV~Vk] dlqey nqiV~Vk vkfnA
vuq:i ugha pyk gS mls vusd izdkj dh ;kruk,a ,oa ihM+k,a Hkh feyh gS fQj ehjk ds iksfr;k&blesa iksfr;k (lkQksa) dk Hkh mYys[k gSA iksfr;s dbZ rjg ds gksrs
izdj.k esa mls fo"k nsuk rFkk vU; izdkj ls ihfM+r djuk dSls viokn gks ldrk FkkA gSA tSls&iksfr;k yPNsnkj] iksfr;k xqtjkrh] iksfr;k dlqey] iksfr;k dhjeph vkfnA
1516 bZ- esa ehjk dk fookg mn;iqj ds egkjk.kk lkaxk ds T;s"B iq= Hkkstjkt eyey&cgh esa jaxksa dh eyey dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA eyey dlqey]
ds lkFk gqvk FkkA fookg ds dqN o"kZ i'pkr~ gh 1521 bZ- esa Hkkstjkt dk nsgkUr gks eyey lQsnA
x;k vkSj ehjk ds dfBu thou dh 'kq:vkr Hkh blh ds lkFk gks xbZA ehjk dk ;qx
vks<+uh&efgykvksa ds igus tkuh okyh vks<u+ h tkyhuqek js'keh gYdk rFkk
fir`lkkRed ;qx Fkk vkSj blesa efgyk fo'ks"kdj fo/kok ds vf/kdkjksa dh ckr djuk
xqykch jax dh cuh gSA lksus ds rkjksa ls vkd"kZd cqukbZ dh x;h gSA
Hkh lekt ijEijk fojks/kh dk;Z gh le>k tkrk FkkA duZy VkWM us Hkh ekuk gS fd
jktLFkku jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj O;ogkjksa ds ekeys esa vifjorZu'khy gSA vkt Hkh ;gka ds lkM+h&lkfM+;k fL=;ksa ds kjhj dks ij ls ysdj uhps rd <dus dk dk;Z
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djrh FkhA fL=;ksa ds kàxkj o lkSUn;Z dks lkfM+;ka vkSj fu[kkjrh gSA {ks= esa dbZ thoar Lokeh rhFkZLFky fo|eku gSA
blds vfrfjDr dhj lqugjh xksVs dk Hkh blesa mYys[k gqvk gSA3 jktLFkku Hkh 'kSy fp=ksa dh n`f"V ls lEiUu {ks= gSA mkjh jktLFkku esa 'kSy
cgh esa oL=ksa ds vk;kr&fu;kZr dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA cgh esa diM+ksa ds dyk ls lEcfU/kr 22 iqjkLFkyksa dh igpku dh xbZ gSA ohjksyh xkao ds taxy esa ,sls
dksBkj ds foHkkxksa ds ukeksa dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gSA okxk dksBkj] tjtj[kkuk dksBkj] gh nks 'kSykJ; izkIr gq, gS bfrgkl dk 'kks/kkFkhZ gksus ds dkj.k bu LFkyksa dh [kkst dh
lsok rkyds dksBkj] 'ks"k[kkuk dksBkj bR;kfnA xbZA
okxk dksBkj&okxk dksBkj ds varxZr vks<u+ h dk mYys[k gS] ftlesa xksVs ds ;s 'kSy fp= jktLFkku esa lkekU; :Ik ls feyrs gSa bl izdkj ds n`'; ik"kk.k
Qwy yxs gksrs gSA ftldk dk;Z nthZ Hkqjk rstk }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA dhj lqugjh xksVs dky dh lekfIr ,oa dkaL; ;qx ds iwoZorhZ dky esa feyrs gS ;gka ds 'kSy fp= nks
dk Hkh blesa mYys[k gqvk gSA cgh esa oL= ds Fkku ds lkFk oL= fdrus xt dk gS vyx&vyx dky [k.Mksa ds gaS ftudk irk gesa buds jaxksa }kjk pyrk gS ;s nks jaxksa esa
bldk mYys[k Hkh cgh ls Kkr gksrk gSA eqnzk ds :i esa #i;s] vkuk iSlk] ikbZ vkfn dk fo|eku gS
fooj.k cgh esa feyrk gSA cgh esa nsoLFkku foHkkx ls tqM+s eafnj ftuesa Bkdqj th 1- xgjk yky ,oa 2- xs:vk yky
eqjyh euksgj eafnj ds fufeZr lQsn oL= ds lkFk gh ikoZrh ek ds fy;s lkM+h ?kk?kjk bu fp=ksa esa tks f'kdkj ds n`'; gS muesa tkuoj lgesa gq, utj vkrs gSa vFkkZr
[kjhnus dk mYys[k Hkh cgh esa gqvkA cgh esa tks os'k tukuk ds fy;s [kjhns tkrs Fks ;s fp= ekuo }kjk tkuojksa dks ikyrq cukus ds igys ds gS ftuesa ikyrq i'kq o gfFk;kj
mudh dksjiV~Vh esa lksus dk dke fd;k gqvk feyrk gSA cgh esa ;g lkexzh vkxjk ls utj ugha vkrs gSa tks fd e/; Hkkjr ds 'kSy fp=ksa esa utj vkrs gSaA ;s d`f"k dk;Z 'kq:
[kjhnh xbZ FkhA pknh dk dke (vks<u+ h) esa nthZ rstk dk uke fo'ks"k :i ls feykA gksus ds iwoZorhZ gks ldrs gaSA vHkh gky gh esa jktLFkku ds mn;iqj ftys ds eqMh
cgh esa ukuk izdkj ds ik?k dk fooj.k ds lkFk ik?k ds fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkjh Hkh ckBsMk esa feys 'kSy fp= Hkh yxHkx ohjksyh xkao ds 'kSy fp=ksa tSls gh utj vkrs gSA
feyrh gSA tSls & fpduik?k] lct ik?k] ck/kuh ik?k] ik?k rkljh] ik?k (cqjkuiqj) ls tgka ij f'kdkj ds n`'; mdsjs x;s gaSA dqN fp=ksa esa gfFk;kj (Hkkyk) }kjk tkuoj dk
[kjhnus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA bu ik?kksa dk mi;ksx egkjktk }kjk mYys[kuh; dk;Z f'kdkj fd;k tk jgk gS] dqN esa ifjokj ds :Ik dk lkekftd fp= n'kkZ;k x;k gS dqN
djus okys vkStnkjksa] deZpkjh dks fljksiko (flj ls ikao rd iguus okys diM+s) ds esa euksjatu vFkok mRlo euk jgs yksxksa dk n`'; izrhr gksrk gSA ,d vU; n`'; esa
:i esa nsrs FksA fljksiko esa ik?k ds lkFk ftu /kksrh dks fn;k tkrk FkkA mu /kksrh dh fdlh taxyh tkuoj ls cprs gq, ekuo ds Hkkxus tSlk n`'; fn[krk gS ,oa lkewfgd
[kjhnh fljksgh ls gqvk djrh FkhA cgh esa t;iqj ls rutsc jk Fkku eaxokus dk mYys[k :Ik ls f'kdkj ds nks fp= Hkh feyrs gSA
Hkh cgh ls Kkr gksrk gSA cgh esa t;iqj ds O;kikjh ckywjke tkyksj ds lokbZ uke tks vjkoyh ioZr ekyk dh izkphurk bl {ks= dks ekuo dk izkphu vkJ; LFky
oL= dk vk;kr fd;k djrs FksA O;kikjh esa t;iqj ds ckcwrk dk uke Hkh fof'k"V :i gksus dk xkSjo iznku dj ldrh gS vkSj bl dM+h esa ohjksyh xkao ds 'kSy fp= uhao ds
ls mYys[k feyrk gSA iRFkj dk dk;Z djsaxsA xqQk ua- ,d ds fp= rks fQj Hkh Li"V utj vkrs gaS exj nwljs
hhh 'kSykJ; ds fp= /kqa, o /kqy ds izHkko ls /kqa/kys utj vkrs gSA ;gha dh ,d vU;
ohjksyh (fljksgh) esa [kkstk x;k uohu 'kSy fp= LFky igkM+h esa blls Hkh cMs vkdkj dk ,d vkSj Hkh 'kSykJ; Fkk ftlds 'kSyfp= bu nksuksa
foe flag nsoM+k 'kSykJ;ksa ds fp=ksa ls Hkh vf/kd Li"V ,oa mRd`"V Fks] exj mudh le; ij lkj
laHkky ugha gksus dh otg ls vKkr yksxksa }kjk iRFkj izkIr djus gsrq CykLV djds rksM+
jktLFkku ds fljksgh ftys dh fi.MokM+k rglhy dk ohjksyh xkao vkcq ioZr fn;k x;kA vr% vko';drk u flQZ bu 'kSykJ;ksa dks mtkxj djus dh cfYd blls
ls layXu vjkoyh ioZr ekyk dh lqjE; okfn;ksa esa clk gqvk ,d izkphu xkao gSA ;g Hkh c<dj bUgas ljdkj }kjk lajf{kr djokus dh gS rkfd gekjh izkxSfrgkfld /kjksgj
xkao viuh LFkkiuk ds mijkar dgha ckj mtM+ dj fQj ls vkckn gksrk jgk gSA lqjf{kr cph jgh ,oa Hkfo"; ds 'kks/kksa gsrq mi;ksx esa vk ldsA
izkphure tSu lkfgR; esa bldk uke ohjdqfydk izkIr gksrk gS ,oa dgk tkrk gS ftuls hhh
lEcfU/kr dbZ vk[;ku bl {ks= esa ?kfVr gksus ls mudh Le`fr esa ;gka ds vkl&ikl ds
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<w<kM+ esa teok jkex<+ dk fdyk % 10 oha ,oa 16 oha iz;ksx fd;k x;k] ftuesa uhps dh vksj 'kq fgUnw ifr ds dey ds Qwy dk vadu
feyrk gSA laHkor% bu fo'kky LrEHkksa ij fdys ds eq[; }kj dks yxk;k tkrk gksxkA
'krkCnh ds LFkkiR; dyk dk vn~Hkwr leUo; fdys ds eq[; }kj ls izos'k djus ij ,d fo'kky izkax.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA }kj ds nka;h
fjrhdk dqekjh ehuk rjQ pk mBk gqvk ,d pcwrjk fufeZr gS rFkk cka;h rjQ izkax.k ds Hkhrj mkj&iwohZ
dksus ij ,d lqj{kk cqtZ fufeZr gsA ;g cqtZ Nrjhuqek gSA bl Nrjhuqek lqj{kk cqtZ dh
t;iqj 'kgj ls yxHkx 18 ehy mkj&iwohZ fn'kk dh vksj teok jkex<+ fLFkr
gSA ;g LFky mkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj QSys fo'kky ioZr dh rygVh esa fLFkr gSA cukoV Hkh fHkUu izrhr gksrh gSA bl Nrjh ds LrEHk 'kq fgUnw LFkkiR; 'kSyh esa fufeZr
izkphu le; esa ;g izns'k ^êkap** ds uke ls izfl FkkA <wa<k+ M+ esa dNokgk 'kkldksa ls gSa lkns vkSj vkdkj esa pkSdksj gSaA Nrjh ds ijh xqEcn dh cukoV dqN fHkUu gh
iwoZ ehuk 'kkldksa dk jkT; FkkA ml le; bl {ks= esa vkesj ds bnZ&fxnZ nks pkj&dksl izrhr gksrs gSaA ;g dqN&dqN ckS Lrwi ds vkdkj ls esy [kkrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA Nrjh
ds vUrj ij NksVh&NksVh 52 cfLr;k Fkh] tgk ehuk jktk 'kklu djrs Fks rFkk izR;sd ds xqEcn dk fuekZ.k bVksa ds }kjk fd;k x;k gS rFkk xqEcn ds Nr ds e/; esa iRFkj ij
ehuk jktk ds ikl ,d&,d x<+h;k gqvk djrh Fkha budh iz/kku jkt/kkuh vkEcsj Fkh dey dh vkfr vadu dj mls ogka yxk;k x;k gSA blds vykok Hkh Nrjh ds
tgka lwlkor xks=h; ehuk jko HkkVksa dk jkT; FkkA buesa ls orZeku t;iqj ds iwoZ esa xqEcn dks vk/kkj iznku djus okys iRFkj dh fly/kj tks fd [kEHksa ij fVdh gqbZ gS mu
[kksg dk pknk jkT; FkkA if'pe esa >ksVokM+k esa >ksVk ehuk dk jkT; FkkA mkj esa xSVk ij Hkh dey dh vkfr dk vadu feyrk gSA
ehuk dk xSVksj jkT; Fkk rFkk mkj&iwoZ esa ekap esa ukFkw ehuk dk jkT; FkkA ;s lc hhh
vius&vius fBdkuksa ds jktk Fks vkSj jko dgykrs FksA ehjkaackbZ dh orZeku esa izklafxdrk
jkex<+ dk fdyk % igkM+ksa dh rygVh esa clk jkex<+ dk fdyk LFkkiR;
Jherh lksuw 'ks[kkor
dyk dk ,d vn~Hkwr uewuk izrhr gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; iqjkrkfRod foHkkx ds losZ{k.k ds
vuqlkj bl fdys dk fuekZ.k dk ekap ds ehuk 'kkldksa ds }kjk 9&10 oha 'krkCnh ds ehjkackbZ dk thouo`r HkfDr lk/kuk ,oa HkfDr dkO; o HkfDr dkO; dk
yxHkx djok;k x;k Fkk rFkk blds iquZfuekZ.k dk dk;Z vkEcsj ds dNokgk 'kkld vuqla/kkuijd v/;;u orZeku ;qx esa izklafxd rFkk egRoiw.kZ gSA ehjkaackbZ ukjh lekt
jktk ekuflag ds }kjk 16 oha 'krkCnh esa djok;k x;k FkkA bl lanHkZ esa tkudkjh iznku dk xkSjo gSA mudh vUkU; ,oa ,dfu"B HkfDr vf}rh; gS mudk thou la?k"kZ ,oa
djrk ,d lwpuk iV~V fdys ds ijdksVs ds eq[; }kj ij Hkh yxk;k x;k gSA ;g ekuo ewY;ksa dh j{kkFkZ fd;s x;s dk;Z vuqdj.kh; gSA
fdyk orZeku esa th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa Fkk ijarq blds HkXukos'kksa dks ns[kdj ;g vkt ls ikap lkS o"kZ iwoZ lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ukjh psruk txkus okyh ;g Hkkjrh;
vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd fdlh le; esa ;g fo'kky fdyk fdruk vf/kd ukjh oanuh; gSA tc ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk dh lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dk mn~Hko ugha gqvk
lqn`<+ ,oa lqanj jgk gksxkA blds lkFk gh ;g fdyk 8&10 oha ,oa 16 oha 'krkCnh ds Fkk rks lEiw.kZ ekuork dks HkfDr ,oa Kku dk lans'k nsus okyh bl egkekuoh ds pfj=
LFkkiR; dk ,d vn~Hkqr lkeatL; uewuk Hkh fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA ;g fdyk pkjksa vksj ls
dk mn~?kkVu vko';d gSA tc tc ukjh psruk] vkn'kZ] vUkU; HkfDr vkSj lEkiZ.k dk
lqj{kkRed ?ksjs ls f?kjk gqvk gSA blds mkj ,oa iwoZ dh vksj fo'kky lqn`<+ ijdksVk
ewY;kadu gksxk] rc rc ehjkaa ckbZ dk egRo ,oa izklafxdrk cuh jgsxhA
fufeZr gS ,oa nf{k.k rFkk if'pe fn'kk dh vksj ls ;g izkfrd igkM+ksa ls fufeZr
ijdksVs ls vko`k gSA ijdksVs ls mkj&iwohZ dksus ij fdyk dk 3-90 ehVj yEck }kj vk/kqfud ekuo gsrq ekufld 'kkfUr dh izsj.kknk;uh gS ehjkaaA ehjkaackbZ us
gS] tgk ls fdys esa izos'k fd;k tkrk gSA bl }kj ls ysdj fdys ds eq[; }kj ij viuh futh o e/;;qxhu lekt dh ihM+k dks vius inksa esa HkfDr Hkkouk ds ek/;e ls
iRFkjksa ls fufeZr lM+d fcNh gqbZ gSA bl }kj ls ysdj fdys ds eq[; }kj rd iRFkjksa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA lelkef;d dky esa ;g HkDr dfo;ksa dh fu;fr cu xbZ FkhA
ls fufeZr lM+d fcNh gqbZ gSA ijdksVs esa izos'k }kj ij lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls ,d lqj{kk orZeku ;qx esa Hkh tc ekuo lwpuk rduhdh ek/;e ls fj'rksa ds opqZvy lalkj esa
cqtZ dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k Fkk] tks orZeku fLFkfr esa th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa fLFkr gSA thus ds ckn Hkh ,dkadh o Fkdkgkjk eglwl djrk gS rks og vUrr% bZ'ojh; HkfDr dh
;gka ls vkxs c<+us ij fdys ds eq[; }kj ij igqaprs gSaA ;g }kj Hkh orZeku esa 'kj.k esa vkus dks etcwj gks tkrk gSA Hkkouk o laosnuk 'kwU; euq"; yEcs le; rd
th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa fLFkr gSA bl }kj esa gjs cyqvk iRFkj ds fo'kky LrEHkksa dk volknxzLr gks ftUnk ugha jg ldrk gSA
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ehjkaa dk O;fDrRo ukjh l'kfDrdj.k o lcyhdj.k dk izrhd gSA ukjh dh ckalokM+k fj;klr ds cgqla[;d tula[;k vkfnoklh gSA xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn
foo'krk o ?kqVu ds fo# vkt ls 500 o"kZ iwoZ gh esM+r.kh ehjkaackbZth us la?k"kZ dk vks>k o duZy tsEl VkWM vkfnoklh Hkhyksa dks ôuiq=* dgrs gSa ,oa ;gka dk ewy
fcxqy ctkdj fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa n`<r+ k] lgu'khyrk o izfrcrk dh tks iszj.kk nh fuoklh ekurs gSaA vkj- ch- jly us Hkh ckalokM+k jkT; ds xstsfV;j (1908) esa bUgsa
oks vkt dh ukjh gsrq vkn'kZ gSA ?kjsyq fgalk ls dekscs'k vkt dh gj vkSjr dks fdlh ;gha dk izkphure fuoklh ekuk gSA
u fdlh :i esa :c: gksuk iM+rk gSA vkSjr ?kj dh pkgjnhokjh esa ?kqV ?kqV dj thus ckalokM+k iztke.My ds izFke v/;{k Jh e.kh'kadj th ukxj ,oa ea=h Jh
dks etcwj gks tkrh gSA vkt ukjh eqfDr dh vkokt ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh la?kVuksa /kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj FksA 24 ebZ 1945 dks iztklsod lekpkj i= ds izdk'kd ekek
}kjk Hkys gh iqjtksj rjhds ls ;nk dnk mBk;h tkrh gS ijUrq ukjh eqfDr dk iFk bruk
vpys'oj izlkn ds v/;{krk esa vk;ksftr vkelHkk esa ckalokM+k iztke.My xBu dh
ljy ugha daVdkdh.kZ gSA oLrqr% vkt ls 500 o"kZ iwoZ lkeUrh ;qx esa ehjkaa us viuh
?kks"k.kk dh xbZ FkhA11 iztke.My ds laLFkkid lnL; ckck y{e.knkl] Jh ukfuxjke]
HkfDr ds ek/;e ls psruk dh vy[k txk;h FkhA mUgksaus ukjh xfjek o lEeku dks
Jh Hkokuh'kadj vkSj Jh lw;Zdj.k FksA bl lsok dk;Z esa phi ds nksyk Hkxr] NksVh
iquLFkkZfir fd;k o /kkfeZd eBk/kh'kkas dh loksZPp lkk o ,dkf/kdkj dk yydkjk
FkkA ehjkaa ;qxhu izpfyr lkeUrhoknh O;oLFkk esa ijEijkxr vkpkj fopkjksa :f<+;ksa ljou ds Jh nsok e/kkj] NksVh rstiqj ds Jh nhik Hkxr] [ksj Mkcjk ds Jh lqjth
tkfr&Hksn rFkk oxZHksn dk egRo FkkA ,slh voLFkk esa O;fDrxr LorU=rk lekurk o Hkxr] okMxwu ds Jh gserk Hkxr iMkSyh ds Jh dqcyk eNkj vkSj x.ks'kiqjk ds Jh
ukjh ds lekukf/kdkj vkfn ds ewY;ksa dk dksbZ LFkku ugha FkkA ml izpfyr O;oLFkk ds gfjjke vkfn vkfnoklh dk;ZdrkZ Hkh lfEefyr FksA
fo# ehjka us fonzksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k tks tulaLd`fr dh mRd"kZ ewyd psruk dk jktLFkku ds iztke.My vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl esa ckalokM+k iztke.My dk Hkh
izek.k gSA viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls ehjkaa us ekuo ek= gsrq izse dk lans'k fn;k gSA Lof.kZe bfrgkl jgk gSA ckalokM+k iztke.My ds bfrgkl esa la?k"kZ dk dky 1945&46
vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa ehjkaa ihfM+r ekuork gsrq vk/;kfRed lqdwu dk izrhd gSA ds o"kZ jgsA rRdkyhu ckalokM+k fj;klr dk egkjkoy pUnzohj flag ,oa nhoku
ehjkaa ukjh dks laLdkjoku cuus gsrq izsj.kk dk nhid gSA vU;k; o vR;kpkj ds eksguflag esgrk us vusd lq/kkj o ?kks"k.kk,a dh FkhA ijUrq okLrfod /kjkry ij
f[kykQ ehjkaa kfUrdkjh cuus dk lkgl nsrh gSA mlds thou ls ges'kk lR; ds iFk vU;k;] vR;kpkj o 'kks"k.k gh n`f"Vxkspj gks jgk FkkA tks/kiqj ls izdkf'kr iztk lsod
ij vkxs c<+us dh] vlR; dk fojks/k dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA ehjkaa dh izklafxdrk blh lekpkj i= esa ckalokM+k dk mYys[k djrs gq, Jh vpys'oj izlkn us fy[kk&
rF; ls tkfgj gS fd og ekuotkfr dh mUufr gsrq iFk izn'kZd dk dke djrh gSA ^^ckalokM+k og jkT; gS tgka izxfr'khy egkjkoy vkSj lq/kkjoknh nhoku ds jgrs gq,
L=h fojks/kh izpfyr ekU;rkvksa o ijEijkvksa dk fojks/k mudh jpukvksa esa iqjtksj rjhds Hkh Hkw[k o chekfj;ksa dk rkaMo gks jgk gSA**
ls fd;k x;k gSA os ukjh LorU=rk] fuHkhZdrk] xfjek] ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dk izrhd 1945&46 ds o"kZ ckalokM+k fj;klr esa vdky ,oa vukt ds vHkko ds le;
gSA ehjkaa fL=;ksa d uSlfxZd vf/kdkj gsrq dne dne ij gksus okys la?k"kZ gsrq vkn'kZ
Hkh vukt dh fudklh tkjh FkhA cSB csxkj ls vkfnoklh ihfM+r FksA xkaoksa esa vkus okys
ukjh gSA ehjkaa us tks nnZ lgk mls dekscs'k gj ukjh ;g jgh gSA
ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, eqr Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk Hkh fdlkuksa dks djuh iM+rh Fkh
hhh ftls isfV;k dgk tkrk FkkA vukt ds vHkko ds dkj.k vukt dUVksy dh ljdkjh
Tkutkfr {ks= ckalokM+k esa iztke.My dk O;oLFkk vlQy gks x;h FkhA ckalokM+k iztke.My us vukt fudklh jksdus ds fy,
vukt vkUnksyu fd;k tks fd ckalokM+k iztke.My ds }kjk vk;ksftr lcls egoiw.kZ
vukt vkUnksyu (1945&1946) la?k"kZ FkkA ckalokM+k iztke.My us ljdkj dh xyr uhfr dh vkykspuk dh o
gseUr i.M~;k leL;k lek/kku ds fy, lq>ko ds izLrko Hksts Fks] fdUrq fj;klr us bu izHkkoksa ij
ckalokM+k nf{k.k jktiwrkuk dh esokM+ ,tsUlh dh ,d NksVh fj;klr Fkh dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k FkkA bldh txg ljdkj neu uhfr dk iz;ksx dj jgh FkhA
ftldh vkcknh 270000 vkSj {ks=Qy 1943 oxZehy FkkA bl fj;klr esa xkaoksa dh fj;klrh iz'kklu dk fojks/k djus ,oa iztke.My dk vk/kkj etcwr djus ds
la[;k 1154 FkhA jktiwrkus dh ns'kh fj;klr 'kh"kZd ls tkjh fjiksVZ (1938 ds fy, Jh /kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj us HkwisUnzukFk f=osnh dks cEcbZ ls vkefU=r fd;kA
vuqlkj) ckalokM+k dh vkcknh 233106 Fkh ftlesa ls ek= 4896 gh f'kf{kr FkhA HkwisUnzukFk f=osnh ds ckalokM+k vkxeu ls vukt fojks/kh vkUnksyu dks etcwrh feyhA
338
iztke.My ds vuqlkj vukt dUVksy dh O;oLFkk i{kikriw.kZ gS jkT; dh xSj x;k FkkA bl vkUnksyu dks lQy cukus esa turk dh ,drk ,oa iztke.My ds laxBu
ftEesnkjh ds dkj.k gh vukt dk ladV iSnk gqvk gSA iztke.My bl Kkiu ls iwoZ gh us egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA
dbZ izLrko ikfjr dj pqdk FkkA izLrko esa 6] 7] 8] 9 o 10 ckalokM+k iztke.My ds hhh
vukt vkUnksyu ls lEcfU/kr cqysfVu gSA tks /kqyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj isilZ ls izkIr gksrs
gSaA 18 fnlEcj] 1945 dks ikfjr izLrko la[;k 6 esa vukt fudklh jksdus dh ekax ikyh {ks= ds O;kikj ,oa okf.kT;
dh x;h FkhA blh izLrko esa ewY; fu;fU=r ,oa fu/kkZfjr djus dh ekax dh FkhA dk ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k
iztke.My ds vuqlkj vukt ladV vf/kdkfj;ksa dh v;ksX;rk ,oa vnwjnf'kZrk dk vkbZnkuflag
ifj.kke FkkA
ckalokM+k fj;klr us jkT; deZpkfj;ksadks izfr #Ik;k 3-50 lsj rFkk lk/kkj.k jktLFkku dh bl egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk esa ikyh ds ;ksxnku dks bfrgklfonksa us
turk ds fy, 3-25 lsj vukt fu;r fd;kA iztke.My bl HksnHkko dk fojks/kh FkkA dkQh fof'k"V :i ls vfHkO;Dr fd;kA fczfV'k ys[kd duZy egksn; ,oa th-,p-
iztke.My ds vuqlkj nks Hkko j[kuk iztk ds lkFk vU;k; gSA iztke.My ds Li"V djrs gS fd jktiwrkuk {ks= & VsDlVkby] vQhe] uhy] 'kL= ,oa peM+s ds
vkUnksyu ,oa c<+rs vukt ladV ls fuiVus ds fy, ljdkj us 27 Qjojh 1941 dks lkeus fu;kZr djrk Fkk tcfd lqugjs oL=] lksuk] pknh] dkap ,oa gkFkh nkar dh
lHkh lHkkvksa] tqywl o vkUnksyuksa ij jksd yxk nhA iztke.My ds vkUnksyu dks oLrq,a] ?kksMs+] 'kjkc o MkbZ qV~l dk vk;kr djrk FkkA
dqpyus ds fy, iqfyl jkt dh LFkkiuk dk iz;kl fd;kA yksxksa esa Hk; iSnk fd;k bl fof'k"V vk/kkjHkwr O;kikfjd :i o okf.kT; <kps dks fczfV'k dky esa ns'k
x;k o turk esa >wBh vQokgsa QSykuk izkjEHk fd;kA iztke.My vkUnksyu ls nwj jgus ds vU; O;olkf;d dsUnzksa ds leku dh /kheh xfr ls ysdj mkjkskj fodflr o
dh psrkouh nhA iqfyl us /kkjk 144 ykxw dj nhA Jh ef.k'kadj ukxj v/;{k O;kid Lo:i ifjyf{kr gqvk ftls fo'ks"kr% 20oha lnh ds izkjfEHkd n'kdksa esa
iztke.My] Jh fpeuyky ekyksr] ckck y{e.knkl] jruyky] pkandj.k] Jh rhozrk izkIr gbZA ftlesa fof'k"V rkSj ls ued m|ksx] lwrh oL= o laxejej m|ksx
ekaxhyky vkfn iztke.My ds usrkvksa dks fxjrkj dj fy;k x;kA ize[q k Fks ftudk vk/kkj oa'kkuqxr ,oa tkfr; FkkA jktLFkku vius vUrjkZfT;d O;kikfjd
ckalokM+k esa iztke.My usrkvksa dks NksM+us dh ekax ij iw.kZ gM+rky gks x;hA o okf.kT; xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkh dkQh fof'k"V o mi;ksxh Lo:i dsk fy;s gq, Fkk]
Jherh Qwydaoj gkFk esa pqfM+;ka ysdj dk;kZy; igqapdj vf/kdkfj;ksa dk pwfM+;ka HksaV ftldk vk/kkj LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ FkkA vr% jktLFkku dh bl fof'k"V
djrs gq, f/kdkjrh FkhA ljdkjh neu o vkrad c<+rk tk jgk FkkA iqfyl us HkhM+ ij Hkwfedk esa ikyh ds ,d O;kikfjd o O;olkf;d dsUnz ds :i esa dkQh egoiw.kZ
ykBh pktZ dh ftlesa 10 ls vf/kd yksxksa dks pksV igqaphA neu p ds fojks/k esa ;ksxnku dks ,sfrgkfld lzksr fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA
vkl&ikl ds xkaoksa ls gtkjksa yksx ckalokM+k igaqp x;s bl le; ljdkjh deZpkjh Hkh izkphu uxj ikyh ,sfrgkfld lzksr tks fd ukMksy esa pkSgku jkT; LFkkfir gksus
neu ds fojks/k esa ,oa vukt leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, iztke.My vkUnksyu esa iwoZ dkQh de ek=k esa izkIr gksrs Fks rFkk ftudk eq[; vk/kkj tSu lzksr gS tks fd bl
'kkfey gks x;sA jktLo foHkkx ds Jh lwjtey] f'k{kk foHkkx ds Jh jruyky] Jh ftys esa izkphu dky ls tSu eafnj fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k vfLrRo esa gSaA buds ys[kksa esa
Hkokuh 'kadj] Jh eku'kadj th us R;kxi= nsdj fxjrkjh nhA bl uxj dks izkphu dky esa ikfYydk ,oa ikyh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA 12oha lnh
turk dh laxfBr 'kfDr ds dkj.k ljdkj dks >duk iM+kA fj;klrh ljdkj esa jfpr dqekjiky pfjr ls ;g tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd ;g uxj {ks= ukMksy dk
us 7 ekpZ] 1946 dks iztke.My ds lkFk le>kSrk dj usrkvksa dks fjgk dj fn;k x;kA vax cu x;k Fkk tks fd ukMksy ds pkSgku oa'k }kjk 'kkflr Fkk tks xqtjkr ds pkyqD;ksa
O;kikjh ,oa iztke.My ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkFk ljdkj dk le>kSrk gqvkA ftlesa ds tkxhjnkj ds :i esa vofLFkr FksA 12oha lnh esa tks/kiqj ;k ekjokM+ jkT; esa jko
iztke.My ds dk;ZdrkZ Hkh vukt ,lksfl,'ku esa 'kkfey gksaxsA vukt dh [kjhn esa lhgk }kjk jkBkSM+ jkT; dh LFkkiuk djus ds ckn bl ukMksy jkT; dks ikyh lfgr
O;kikjh viuh iwath yxk;saxsA jkT; ds izR;sd xkao esa vukt forj.k ,lksfl,'ku cukus vius jkT; dk vax cuk fn;k rFkk bl uxj dks O;kikfj;ksa ds /ku ,oa thou dks lqj{kk
dk fu.kZ; gqvk mlh ds ek/;e ls vukt [kjhn rFkk forj.k gksuk FkkA fdlkuksa ds fy, iznku dhA
cht dk izcU/k fd;k tk;sxkA bl u;h O;oLFkk ds ckn vukt vkUnksyu lekIr gks fczfV'k dky ds jktLFkku bfrgkl ds izR;{k lk{kh bfrgkldkj de fczfV'k
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vf/kdkjh duZy tsEl VkWM egksnl us viuh d`fr ^,uYl ,.M ,afVfDoVht vkWQ mudk Bgjko ,o ukekadu 'kr&izfr'kr gksA ,d vkadyu ds vuqlkj 60&65 izfr'kr
jktLFkku* esa mn`/k`r djrs gSaA fd ^îkyh iwohZ&if'peh {ks= dk bUVjiksV Fkk tks ckyd rFkk 20&30 izfr'kr ckfydk;sa gh izkFkfed 'kkykvksa esa ukekafdr FkhA bl
ekyok] dk'ehj] phu dks ;wjksi] vhdk] if'kZ;k ,oa vjc ns'kksa dks eqYrku gksdj fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr 3%2%1 ds vuqikr esa
O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkfyr djus esa egoiw.kZ lgk;d FkkA lkFk gh ns'k ds fokh; lgk;rk iznku dj Hkkjr ljdkj us feykdj bls izkjEHk fd;kA
vU; Hkkxksa dks lwrh oL=] Mkax o fizfUVax fd;s gq, diM+s] uh] 'kL=] ued rFkk Ykksd tqfEc'k vFkkZr tu vkUnksyu bldk ms'; jktLFkku ds lHkh ckyd@
vU; lkekU; oLrq,a iznku djrk FkkA ;|fi mijksDr rF; ikyh {ks= ds O;kikfjd ckfydkvksa dks vPNs Lrj dh izkFkfed f'k{kk miyC/k djokuk gSA yksd tqfEc'k
dsUnz ds :i esa fodflr Lo:i dks vafdr djrs gSaA ysfdu blds egRo dk bl {ks= ifj;kstuk ds izFke pj.k dh 'kq:vkr twu 1992 esa gqbZA izFke pj.k esa 25 fodkl
dk egoiw.kZ O;kikfjd ekxks ij fLFkj gksus ls FkhA 1877 esa lh-,e-ds- okYVj us [k.Mksa dks blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA f}rh; pj.k dk izkjEHk tqykbZ 1995 esa gqvk
viuh d`fr xtsfV;j vkWQ ekjokM+] ekykuh ,oa tSlysej 1877 ikyh {ks= ds ftlesa dqy 75 iapk;r lfefr;ksa dks fy;k x;k blesa 58 iapk;r lfefr;ksa dks
egoiw.kZ O;kikfjd ekxks dks mYysf[kr fd;kA f;kUo;u dh Lohd`fr feyhA 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds lHkh cPpksa dks vfuok;Z
oLrqr% ikyh {ks= tks fd mi;qZDr Lo:i esa O;kikfjd dsUnz ds :i esa f'k{kk miyC/k djkus ds lafo/kku ds lans'k dks rHkh lEHko fd;k tk ldrk gS tc
egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks fy, gq, izrhr gksrk gSA ysfdu bl O;kikfjd Lo:i dk izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ds lkoZtuhdj.k ds fy, fo'ks"k rjhds viuk;s tk;sA izkjfEHkd
vkdkj bl {ks= ds okf.kfT;d ;k m|ksx /kU/kksa ds fodflr :i esa FkkA ftlesa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr [kjkc gksus ds vusdkusd dkj.k FksA ftlesa izeq[k fuEu gS &izkFkfed
fof'k"V :i ls ikyh {ks=] lwrh o uh oL=ksa] yksgs ds lkeku] ;qk'pksa] gkFkh nkar f'k{kk dh lqfo/kk miyC/k u gksukA ekrk&firk }kjk cPpks dh i<kbZ ij /;ku u nsukA
dh oLrq,a vkfn dk fuekZ.k djrk FkkA ysfdu bl {ks= dh izflf eksVs lwrh o uh mudk i<kbZ ds izfr mRlkgh u gksukA ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk dks vuqi;ksxh ekuuk rFkk
oL= cquus] flYd ,oa vU; QkbZcj oL=ksa ij Mkbax o isfUVax ds dsUnz ds :i esa efgykvksa dh vleku lkekftd fLFkfrA f'k{kk ds Lrj esa deh rFkk leqfpr f'k{kk
fo'ks"k FkhA ;|fi ikyh ftys esa vU; m|ksxksa dk fodkl Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn ds HkkSfrd ,oa ekuoh; lalk/ku miyC/k u gksukA f'k{kdksa ds lEeku esa dehA ;s
ljdkj }kjk iznku vkfFkZd lgk;rk o fj;k;rksa ls mkjkskj gksrk jgk gS ysfdu Lora=rk dkj.k Li"V dj nsrs gaS fd izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ds lkoZtuhdj.k dk dk;Z flQZ f'k{kk ls
iwoZ Hkh nks egoiw.kZ o`gkj m|ksx vofLFkj gks pqds Fks tks lEiw.kZ ikyh dks igpku ns gks tqMk+ gqvk ugh gSA cfYd iwjs lekt ls gS rFkk lekt ds fofHkUu vk;keks ls tqMk+
jgs gSaA 1- egkjktk Jh mEesn feYl fyfeVsM (ikyh) ,oa 2- izse dscy izkbosy gqvk gSA dk;Z dh fLFkfr dks ns[kdj yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk esa blds fy, O;qg jpuk
fyfeVsM] fiisfy;k dyk (ikyh) bl egoiw.kZ m|ksx /ka/kksa o O;kikfjd Lo:i ds rS;kj dh xbZ ;kuh djus ;ksX; dk;Z rFkk muds rjhdksa dks ns[kk x;kA yksd tqfEc'k ds
lkFk ikyh ftl vius d`f"k mRiknu ds :i esa O;kolkf;d o vkRe fuHkZj Lo:i dks dk;ks esa izeq[k bl izdkj gS&1- efgyk fodkl] 2- f'k{kdksa dk mfpr lEeku] 3-
fy, gqvk FkkA ftlesa vius ,sfrgkfld ifjis{; esa tks/kiqj jkT; dks Hkw&jktLo dk 'kkyk eku fp=.k] 4- lw{e fu;kstu] 5- izkFkfed f'k{kk ds Lrj dks pk mBkuk] 6-
iznkrk rFkk O;kikfjd dsUnz ds :i esa FkkA vukSipkfjd f'k{kk] 7- vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k dk;Ze] 8-
hhh fodsUnzhdj.k] 9- mYys[kuh; uokpkjA
hhh
f'k{kk ds fodkl esa yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk dk egRo
dSyk'k tks'kh ,d LoraU=rk lSukuh lar&ekek ckys'oj n;ky
ukjk;.k yky ikjxh
lu~ 1991 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jktLFkku dh lk{kjrk 38-55 izfr'kr gh
FkhA vktknh ds ckn ns'k esa lk{kjrk izfr'kr esa o`f gqbZ ijUrq efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk ekek ckys'oj n;ky dk tUe bVkok (m-iz) ds dyk fuokbZ uked xko esa
ek= 20-44 izfr'kr gh FkhA mlesa o`f rHkh gks ldrh Fkh tc izR;sd ckyd@ckfydk 1905 bZ- esa jkeuoeh ds fnu gqvk FkkA buds firk f'ko'kadj nhf{kr bZVkok ftyk
viuh 8 o"khZ; izkjfEHkd f'k{kk dks iw.kZ djsaA vxj fdlh dkj.k 8 o"kZ dh izkjfEHkd Ldwy ds iz/kkuk/;kid Fks] ekrk dk uke jke nqykjh FkkA fo|kFkhZ thou ls gh mlesa
f'k{kk iw.kZ u dj lds rks de ls de 5 o"kZ dh izkFkfed f'k{kk vo'; iwjh djs rkfd lkekftd ,drk ,oa ns'k HkfDr dh Hkkouk QwV&QwV dj Hkjh iM+h Fkh] budh
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izkFkfed f'k{kk bVkok ls gqbZ] baVj fefM,V dh f'k{kk bVkok dkyst ds fizafliy ls cgdkus ds uke ij ekekth ij eqdnek pykdj nks ekg dk dkjkokl fn;k x;kA
fookn gksus ls iw.kZ ugh dj ik;saA [ksyksa ess gkWdh ds izfl f[kykM+h FksA ekekth 1940 bZ- esa ekekth fnYyh igqps tgk mudk iwjh ds 'kadjkpk;Z ls feyu
egkRek xka/kh ,oa muds jpukRed dk;ksZsa ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor FksA gqvkA ekekth bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa ds f[kykQ Fks] bUgksaus 'kadjkpk;Z dks fe'kufj;ksa }kjk
1927 bZ- esa ekekth dk vius firk ds lg;ksxh v/;kid Jh jkeukFk frokjh izyksHku nsdj Hkhyksa dks bZlkbZ cukus dh ckr ls voxr djk;k vkSj Hkhyksa ds fy,
dh cfgu lkfo=h ls fookg lEiUu gqvkA /khjs&/khjs ekekth dk lkoZtfud lsok dk tus iguus dk vkns'k dqN 'krksZ ds lkFk izkIr fd;kA fnYyh ls ykSVdj ekekth us
{ks= O;kid gksrk tk jgk Fkk] tks firkth dks ilUn ugha vk;k vkSj ekekth dks MkaV 1941 bZ- esa ckef.k;ksa esa ,d nh{kk lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;k ftlesa gtkjksa Hkhy
yxkbZ fd rqe i<+rs ugha gks fQtwy dk;Z djrs gks] vPNk ;gh gksxk fd rqe fdlh HkDrksa dks vkefU=r fd;k vkSj bUgs lEekuiwoZd thou thus dk lans'k nsdj tus /
vU; txg pys tkvksA firk dh vkKkuqlkj ekekth bVkok ls vius ekek ds xko kkj.k djok;kA bl volj ij jktLFkku ds izfl usrk t;ukjk;.k O;kl Hkh ekStwn FksA
[kkpjksn pys x;s] ekek ek/ko izlkn nqcs tks ;gk ds dks&vkWijsfVo bUlisDVj FksA ;gk tus lekjksg ds f[kykQ fgUnw egklHkk us dbZ ys[k fy[ks vkSj 'kadjkpk;Z ,oa
ekek us ekekth dks Ms<+ ekg dk dks&vkWijsfVo izf'k{k.k fnyk;k vkSj dqN 'krksZ ds ekekth dks tus /kkj.k izf;k dks lekIr djus dh ekax dh ysfdu ekekth us viuk
lkFk vxzsth 'kklu esa ukSdjh ij cqyk;k ysfdu ekekth us bUdkj dj fy;kA bl dk;Z ;Fkkor tkjh j[kkA ckef.k;ka ,oa vkl&ikl ds vkfnoklh yaxksV igurs Fks]
ukSdjh dks Bqdjkus ds ckn ckys'oj n;ky us ;gh ij ,d fo|ky; esa 37 #- ekfld ftuesa f'k{kk dk vHkko Fkk vr% ekekth us bUgsa cnyus gsrq ckef.k;ka ds Jh jke eafnj
osru ij vxzsth f'k{kd ds :i esa ukSdjh dj yhA ;gha jgrs os pUnz'ks[kj vktkn dh esa yaxksVh R;kxks dk;Ze j[kk vkSj yaxksV Loj uked ,d if=dk fudkyhA ekekth
ek ls HkkHkjk esa feysA pUnz'ks[kj dh ek ds vkxzg ij ;gk 15 fnu ckn Fkkanyk ds tSu dk ;g iz;kl jax yk;k vkSj vkt Hkh ;gk ds fuoklh yaxksV ugha igurs gSaA ckef.k;ka
fo|ky; eas iz/kkku f'k{kd ds :i esas ukSdjh fey xbZ] ;gh jgrs vkfnokfl;ksa ds esa fdlkuksa ds lkFk tqMd + j ebZ 1948 ,oa fnlEcj 1948 bZ- rd fo'kky fdlku
mRFkku dk ladYi fy;kA lEesyuksa dk v;kstu fd;k vkSj ^fgUn fdlku lsok ny* dk xBu fd;kA 5 tuojh
bl izdkj [kkpjksn ,oa Fkkanyk esa f'k{kdh; thou dgus dks ek= Fkk] fdUrq 1949 bZ- dks ekekth us ;g ?kks"k.kk fd 22 Qjojh 1950 rd ;fn ljdkj us 'kjkc
lkoZtfud lsok ds :i esa T;knk izHkko'kkyh fl gqvkA ekekth dk ;g thou ea= canh dkuwu ykxw ugha fd;k rks lR;kxzg fd;k tk;sxkA blh izdkj f'koiqjh ds fdlku
Fkk fd&^^thou lQy ogh gksrk gS ftlesa fujk'kk thuk lh[ks] ftUnkfny cusA** iapk;r lEesyu es tkxhjsa lekIr djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA 1950 bZ- es Hkkjr ds izFke
mUgksaus vius thou esa ;gh fd;k FkkA jk"Vifr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn dh vkfnokfl;ksa dh fLFkfr ls voxr djk;k ysfdu dksbZ
ekekth ,d lekt lq/kkjd ,oa Lora=rk lSukuh ds :i esa&ekekth vius ifj.kke ugha fudyk] Qyr% yxku canh vkanksyu 'kq: fd;k ftlesa mUgsa fxjrkj
cpiu ds laLdkjksa] tokuh ds vuqHkoksa ,oa xka/khth ls izsfjr gksdj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dj nsokl tsy esa can dj fn;kA bl izdkj 1960 rd ekekth ns'kHkj essa Hkhy ,oa
,oa tutkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k esa tqM+ x;s FksA ekyok vkaWpy esa vNwr lekt ds yksxkas dks fdlkuksa dh O;Fkk dks tkfgj djus esa lQy jgsA ifj.kker% jke euksgj yksfg;k tSls
lkoZtfud /kkfeZd LFkyksa ,oa dk;Zeksa esa izos'k fu"ks/k FkkA vr% ekekth ,oa vU; ekSfyd fpUrd }kjk loZlEifr ls 1960 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; lektoknh ny dk v/
gkWdh f[kykfM+;ksa us feydj Hkxoku lR;ukjk;.k dh dFkk djokus ,oa mlesa izlkn ;{k cuk;k c;k FkkA
forj.k gfjtu ckydksa ls djkus dk ladYi fy;kA lR; ukjk;.k th dh dFkk xko ds 1962 esa phuh vke.k ds le; mUgksaus ns'k esa ubZ mRrsstuk dk okrkoj.k iSnk
pkSjkgs ij vk;ksftr dj bl dk;Z dks vatke fn;k] irk pyus ij iapk;r us mUgsa fd;k rFkk ^fgeky; cpkvksa lEesyu*] ^vaxzsth gVkvks lEesyu* ,oa fdlku rFkk
lekt ls cfg"d`r dj fn;k FkkA blh nkSjku ;gk vdky iM+k ftlesa ekekth us tSu [ksr etnwj lEesyuksa ds vk;kstuksa esa viuh tku yxkbZA 1965 bZ- esa Hkkjr&ikd ;q
lekt ,oa equh ukupUnzth ls vdky ls rÌr yksxksa gsrq jkgr dks"k LFkkfir djok;kA ds le; lhek lqj{kk] tu tkxzfr] dPN dh fLFkfr ij vusd vk;kstu fd;sA 1967
vU; yksxksa dks jkgr dks"k ls tqM+us gsrq izpkj ds fy, ipZs Niok, ftlesa fdlkuksa dks ds vke pqukoksa esa xSj dkaxsl ljdkj cuh blesa Hkh muds izxfr'khy fopkj izHkko'kkyh
vUunkrk miuke ls lEcksf/kr djus ls mUgsa tsy dh gok Hkh [kkuh iMhA vdky esa fl gq,A bl le; rd ekekth us 1951 bZ- es ^cSrqy ls t;iqj rd* 1958 bZ- es
ekjs x;s yksxksa ds ifjtuksa us ekekth ls vthZ fy[kokbZ] ftlesa ekekth us lg;ksx nsdj ^kafr dSlh* 1965 bZ- esa ^dPN D;ksa* vkSj ^fgUn&ikd egkla?k dSls* vkfn iqLrdas
fj;klrh turk esa tutkxzfr 'kq: dj nhA 'kkldksa dks irk pyus ij vkfnokfl;ksa dks izdkf'kr gks pqdh FkhA flrEcj 1989 es ckekf.k;ka es turk ny dk vafre lEesyu
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gqvkA ftlesa jktLFkku] e/;izns'k o xqtjkr ds HkDrx.k 'kkfey gq, FksA rhu o"kZ ds 1910 esa A.M. Broadley }kjk nks [k.Mksa eas fyf[kr jkspd xzUFk gS& Napoleon in
vdky dh i`"B Hkwfe ij rhu fnolh; bl lEessyu es fdlkuksa dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa caricature. blesa mldh lQyrkvksa vkSj vlQyrkvksa ij cuk;s x;s jkspd ,oa
dk lek/kku ,oa vf/kdkj iznku fd;s x;sA 15 ekpZ 1994 bZ- dks e/;izns'k ljdkj jksekapd O;aX; fp=ksa dk ladyu gSA blh izdkj Tighe Hopkins }kjk fyf[kr The
dk izfrf"Br bafnjk xka/kh lekt lsok iqjLdkj nsdj ekekth dks viuh <yrh vk;q eas women napoleon loved esa mlds futh thou dk bfrgkl fy[kk x;k gSA blh
lEekfur fd;kA 27 flrEcj 1998 bZ- dks bl egku foHkwfr dk LoxZokl gks x;kA izdkj fczfV'k laxzgky; }kjk lu~ 1899 esa 5 Ja`[kyk esa izdkf'kr Facsimiles :
hhh Royal, Historical, Literary Autographs esa if'peh nqfu;k dh egku gfLr;ksa ds
ewy gLrys[k dh izfr;k (vaxzsth vuqokn lfgr) miyC/k gSaA
bfrgkl dk vufr[;kr lzksr % ,f'k;k;h ns'kksa ds bfrgkl ij ;wjksih;ksa }kjk fy[ks x;s [kkstiw.kZ xzUFk ,oa
Hkokuh ijekuUn iqLrdky;] >kykokM+ ;k=ko`rkUr 'kks/k dh n`f"V ls vewY; /kjksgj gSaA blesa felz] bjku] bjkd] vjc]
MkW- lTtu iksloky vQxkfuLrku vkfn ns'kksa ij lkexzh miyC/k gSA
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] lkfgR;] LFkkiR;] dyk] Hkk"kk] /keZ] n'kZu vkfn ij vusd
>kykokM+ ds rRdkyhu 'kkld egkjktjk.kk Hkokuhflag us lu~ 1911 esa bl
nqyZHk xzUFk miyC/k gSA buesa Archeological survey of India vkSj Linguistic
iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA Jh Hkokuhflag us iqLrdky; dk uke 1894 esa Survey of India ds lHkh [k.M ekStwn gSaA fczfV'k dkyhu bfrgkldkjksa ,oa ;kf=;ksa
fu;qDr jkT; ds nhoku ijekuUn prqosZnh ds uke ij j[kk] ftudh f'k{kk esa fo'ks"k #fp ds xzUFk rFkk ;k=ko`rkUr ls bl nkSj ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa egRoiw.kZ lgk;rk feyrh gSA
FkhA bl iqLrdky; esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksa ds 21717 xzUFkksa dk laxzg gSA bu Hkkjr esa 1857 ds fonzksg ij fczfV'k bfrgkldkjksa dh yxHkx lHkh jpuk;as ;gk
xzUFkksa dh ftYn yanu esa rS;kj dh xbZ Fkh ftu ij Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa îjekuUn iqLrdky;* miyC/k gSA buesa Duberly, Forest, Aitchison, Malison, B. wood vkfn izeq[k
fy[kk gqvk gSA iqLrdky; vk/kqfud ;wjksih; 'kSyh esa cuk;k x;k Fkk ftlds pkjkas vksj gSA ,d egRoiw.kZ xzUFk teZu fo}ku F. Maxmular dk My Indian Friends gS
cM+h&cM+h f[kM+fd;k] uDdk'khnkj ydM+h dh vyekfj;ksa ls lqlfTtr vkarfjd v/ ftlesa ledkyhu lekt lq/kkjdksa ds lkFk jek ckbZ ds ckjs esa Hkh fy[kk x;k gSA 8
;;u d{k ,oa iqLrdky; dk dsUnzh; gkWy gSA lu~ 1946 esa ;g iqLrdky; jktdh; Hkkxksa esa ladfyr Catalogue of Sanskrit manuscripts in the library of the
egkfo|ky; dks lkSaik x;k Fkk] ftlds ifjlj esa ;g fLFkr gSA njvly] >kykokM+ India office Hkkjr gh ugha fczVsu esa fo|eku laLd`r xzUFkksa dh O;ofLFkr ,oa vf/
tSls NksVs vkSj fiNM+s {ks= esa fo|eku bl iqLrdky; dk v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k ds fy, kd`r tkudkjh nsrk gSA blh izdkj ;gk miyC/k Bombay state papers cEcbZ
visf{kr mi;ksx ugha gks ik;k gSA bl 'kks/k i= dk ms'; ijekuUn iqLrdky; esa izslhMsUlh ds bfrgkl o vkaXy&ejkBk la?k"kZ ds izkFkfed lzksr gSA ledkyhu Hkkjrh;
fo|eku bl nqyZHk xzUFklEink dh vksj fo}kuksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk gS rkfd uk;dksa ,oa ys[kdksa ds xzUFkksa esa jk/kk dqeqn eq[kthZ ,oa jkses'k nk ds Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd
Lekjd ds :i esa fLFkr bl fojklr dk mi;ksx bfrgkl ds fo|kFkhZ 'kks/k dsUnz ds :i bfrgkl lEcU/kh xzUFk] ykyk yktirjk; dh Unhappy India, c.f. Andrews dh
esa dj ldsaA Indian Problem, Annie Besant dh India and empire, speeches and writing
bl iqLrdky; eas if'peh ns'kksa ds bfrgkl ij vusd nqyZHk xzUFk vusd of D.E. wacha vkfn gSA
[k.Mksa esa miyC/k gSaA buesa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] :l] kal] fczVsu] vkfLV;k] F. maxmular dh fyf[kr fo'o ,oa Hkkjrh; /keZ&n'kZu ij miyC/k xzUFkksa esa
bVyh] teZuh vkfn izeq[k gSa ysfdu blesa lokZf/kd vkd"kZd gS usiksfy;u cksukikVZ Sacred Book of East dk lEiw.kZ lkfgR;] Collected works of F. maxmular,
lEcU/kh lkexzhA mlds thou vkSj frRo ij lu~ 1914 rd fo'o esa kalhlh ,oa History of philosophy by C.J. webb, early development of mohammadism,
vaxszth Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr yxHkx leLr 'kks/k xzUFk iqLrdky; esa miyC/k gaSA blesa encyclopedia of Islam, The life of Mohammad, Bible, Buddhist
vusd [k.Mksa esa ladfyr Napoleons correspondence, izfl ys[kdkas }kjk philosophy. Jataktales vkfn ekStwn gSA
fy[kh xbZ usiksfy;u dh thouh] mlds futh ,oa lkoZtfud thou dh ,d&,d L=h iq#"k lEcU/kksa rFkk oSf'od n`f"V ls L=h foe'kZ ij ,sfrgkfld xzUFkksa dh
?kVuk] mlds mRFkku ls ysdj iru rd ;q vfHk;kuksa ij vyx&vyx xzUFk gSaA lu~ miyC/krk mYys[kuh; gSA bu xzUFkksa esa Key d`r The women movement in 2
342
volumes, Leland d`r The alternative sex, Pethic Lawrence d`r womens iqLrdky; esa laxzghr Hkkfr&Hkkfr ds vuks[ks o nqyZHk 'kCndks"k fo'o ds
fight for the vote, Howard d`r A History of Matrimonial Institutions, E. vke&vks&[kkl thou dh tkudkjh ds lzksr gSaA nqfu;k dh dyk] foKku] lkfgR; ,oa
waster mark d`r History of Human marriage vkfn izeq[k gSaA fo'o rFkk lkekU; tkudkjh ds fy, fo[;kr Encyclopedia of Britannica ds lHkh [k.M]
Hkkjr ds izkphure dkuwuh bfrgkl ls ysdj rRdkyhu dkuwu ds loksZRd`"V xzUFkksa esa An encyclopedia of House and house management yanu ls lu~ 1902 esa
Hunter r Roman law, kalke d`r Roman law, W.E. Hall d`r International izdkf'kr fd;k x;k Fkk] d`f"k foKku ,oa bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls The standard
law, Dickey d`r British law, leading cases of crime, Russell on crime, cyclopedia of modern agriculture 12 [k.Mksa esa gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd 1940 esa
Hkkjr dh izkphure~ lafgrkvkas esa ls Haughton d`r Institutes of Manu, tksxsUnz U;w;kdZ ls izdkf'kr Biographical encyclopedia of world esa Hkkjr ds
ukFk HkV~Vkpk;Z dh Commentaries on Hindu law vkfn miyC/k gSaA Hkokuh uk;dksa&eksgunkl deZpUn xk/kh ,oa tokgj yky usg: dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
ijekuUn iqLrdky; esa fo'o ds vusd egkuk;dksa] lkfgR;dkjksa] fo}kuksa ,oa jktuhfrKksa blds vykok ysfVu&vaxzsth] vaxzsth&fgUnqLrkuh] sap&vaxzsth] Qkjlh&vaxzsth]
dh thofu;k] vkRedFkk ,oa laLej.k laxzghr gSA buesa E.T. cook d`r The life of vjch&vaxzsth vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCn dks"k vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds foLrkj ds lkFk&lkFk bu
Florence nightingale in 2 volumes Emerson d`r Gladstone ds vykok fofo/k Hkk"kk;h lektksa ds bfrgkl ds lzksr gks ldrs gSaA
csatkfeu fMtjSyh] ykMZ tkWu jlsy] vYsM ykW;y] ekWfDZol vkWQ lsfylcjh dk var esa] iqLrdky; esa lqjf{kr rRdkyhu lkef;d 'kks/k ,oa lekpkj if=dkvksa
thou o`rkUr miyC/k gSaA
ls voxr djkuk Hkh vko';d gS tks vius le; dk bfrgkl lesVs gq, gSA fczVsu rFkk
bl iqLrdky; esa oSf'od ,oa Hkkjrh; LFkkiR;] fp=dyk ,oa lkfgfR;d / Hkkjr ls izdkf'kr bu if=dkvksa eas East and west, The London magazine, The
kjksgj ds nqyZHkre xzUFk laxzghr gaSA tgk vaxzsth lkfgR; dh chloha lnh dh 'kq:vkr Modern Review, The Bystander vkfn gS tks vf/kdka'k 20oha lnh ds vkjfEHkd
rd dh yxHkx lHkh jpuk, fo|eku gS] ogha sap] laLd`r] mnwZ] vjch] Qkjlh tSlh n'kd dh gSA buesa Hkkjr lEcU/kh ys[k Hkkjrh; n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA
Hkk"kkvksa ds xzUFk gSA buesa lokZf/kd mYys[kuh; gS Qkjlh ds egku lkfgR;dkj mej
bl izdkj jktdh; Hkokuh ijekuUn iqLrdky; esa bfrgkl dh vusd nqyZHk
[kS;ke dh :ckb;ksa dk Lof.kZe v{kjksa esa ,dkf/kd vaxzsth vuqoknA fo'o dh bu
iqLrds laxzghr gS ftudh ,sfrgkfld mikns;rk dks izdkf'kr djus ds fy, dfri;
Hkk"kkvksa dk lkfgfR;d bfrgkl Hkh ;gk laxzghr gSA LFkkiR; dyk ds xzUFkksa esa
Bloomfield d`r History of French Architecture in 2 volumes, G. Ebes
mnkgj.kksa ls iqLrdky; dk ifjp; nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu bl iqLrdky;
d`r Egypt-Historical picturesque, E.B. Havel d`r Indian Architecture, dh lkFkZd mi;ksfxrk ds fy, tgk ,d vksj bfrgkldkjksa dk /;kukd"kZ.k vko';d gS
Ferguson d`r History of Indian and eastern Architecture vkfn gSA fp=dyk
ogha xzUFkksa dh [kRe gksrh mez dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bldk dEI;wVjhdj.k
ds nqyZHk xzUFkksa esa R.T.H. d`r Portraits of Dante, G.B. cavalcaselle d`r A (digitalization) Hkh t:jh gSA
History of Painting in Italy, Hkkjrh; fp=dkj vkuUn dqekj Lokeh d`r hhh
Mediaeval Sinhalese Art, selected examples of Indian Art rFkk Percy fljksgh {ks= dh yksd&/kquksa esa ,sfrgkfld >yd
Brown d`r Indian Painting under the mughals lqjf{kr gSaA blds vykok 4
xzUFkksa esa kalhlh fp=dyk ds uewuksa ds o`gn xzUFk n'kZuh; gS ftudk o.kZu sap esa gSA
MkW- mn;flag nsoM+k (fMxkaj)
blesa ekuohdh ,oa lekt foKkuksa dk gh bfrgkl ugha cfYd fpfdRlk] yksdxhr ,oa yksdHktu tu lkeU; ds tgk ,d vksj ikjEifjd euksjatu ds
foKku] d`f"k] jlk;u] ouLifr ,oa vkS"k/kh; bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;g iqLrdky; lk/ku gS ogha bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ds laokgd Hkh gSA yksdxhrksa ,oa Hktuksa }kjk thou
egRoiw.kZ gSA bl {ks= ds izeq[k xzUFkksa esa A History of Asiatic cholera, singer esa euksjatu ,oa vkuUn dk mnzsd rks gksrk gh gS] ijUrq buds xw<kFkZ esa bfrgkl] laLd`fr
d`r A short History of medicine, sachs History of Botany, coffee-its ,oa rRdkyhu lekt dk izfrfcEc Hkh >ydrk fn[kyk;h iM+rk gS] ogha euq"; ds
culture and commerce, science and art of surgery, N.N. Dasgupta d`r uhjl] vHkko ,oa thou dh dfBukb;ksa dks Hkwyus eas ennxkj Hkh gksrs gaSA mRloksa ioksZ]
A Ayurvedic system of medicine vkfn mYys[kuh; gSA esyk vkfn volj ij yksdxhrksa ,oa Hktuksa dh Loj ygfj;ka izlax ds vkuUn esa pkj
343
pkn yxkusa dk dk;Z djrh gSaA lkFk gh dHkh rky o y; ds lkFk u`R; vkSj xku esa rks ij lsU; cy iz;ksx dj jkT; dk;Z fd;k x;kA rks vkfnokfl;ksa ls dh xbZ ekjihV dks
dHkh bdrkjk o ethjksa ds HkfDre; jkf= eas Hktuksa dh >M+h eas Hkh bfrgkl utj vkrk ysdj jkT; jsYos Vsd dks fudkyus lEca/kh ?kVuk Hkh tuekul dh twcku ij p<+ xbZA
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izdkj dh xbZ gS esa ijLij gq, okn esa egkjko vHk;flag ds i{k esa QSlyk gksus ij orZeku jktegy esa
yhyks eksfj;ks Fkseks fd.kks jks Hkks.kst ------ vla[; yksxksa dh ,df=r HkhM+ esa yksd xhr dh ;g /ofu xwat mBh&
fotyh ekseh us es?kksa ekseksa js ----- ekus okyks ykxs vHk; eky js
eSa ckcksa dns vkos js yhyh eksfj;k js jke jhr jk[k.kks th
blh izdkj vkcw ioZr ,oa fljksgh {ks= dh izkd`frd lq"kek] [kq'kgkyh ,oa fljksgh {ks= esa bfrgkl xkSjo esokM+ dh vku&cku&'kku fo"k;d yksd/kquas dh
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tc jsyos foHkkx }kjk vkfnokfl;ksa dh ywV ikV ,oa jsyos dk;Z esa ck/kk Mkyus
344
Shri C.P. Mathur, E-27, Chanakya Place (I), Pankha Rad, New
Delhi-110059
Shri Sajjan Singh Ranawat,Udaipur
List of Members Dr.V.K.Trivedi, 26, Shanti Nagar, Sirohi
Dr.Arvind Parihar, Dept.Of History, JNV University, Jodhpur
Founder Members Dr.B.L.Upmanyu, Mahavir Colony, Housing Board Road, Beawar
Late Dr. A.L. Srivastva Late Shri N.R. Khadgawat Dr.Girish Nath Mathur,1 Gh 41,Gayatri Nagar, Hiran Magri, Sector-
5,Udaipur
Late Dr. S.P. Srivastva Late Dr. Dasharatha Sharma
Dr.Ishwar Singh Ranawat, Research Officer,Pratapsodh
Late Shri R.S. Kapur Late Shri N.N. Acharya Pratisthan,Udaipur
Shri L.P. Vaisya Late Prof. G.N. Sharma Dr.J.K.Ojha,Near Post Office, Kanore, Udaipur
Late Dr. M.S. Jain Late Dr. R.P. Vyas Dr.M.R.Choudhary,Dept.Of History,JNV University, Jodhpur
Late Rao Narayan Singh Of Masooda Dr.Manoramaupadhyaya, 128, Nehru Park, E Road, Sardarpura,
Jodhpur
Prof. Meena Gaur,19-Gokul Nagar, Near Bohra Ganesh Temple,
Patrons
Udaipur
Shri G.C.Kanungo, Managing Director, Alcobex Ltd., Jodhpur Dr.Mohabat Singh Rathore, Research Office,Pratap Sodh Pratisthan,
Shri S.R. Mehta, Mehta Vanaspati Products, Chittorgarh Udaipur
Shri Hemendra Singh, Banera, District Bhilwara Dr. Mrs. Shashi Arora, Head, Dept. Of History, Govt. College, Kota
Dr. S.S. Bhandawat, Bhandawat Foundation, Manak Chowk, Jodhpur Dr. N.K. Upadhayay, Lecturer In History, Govt. College Ajmer,
Ajmer
Dr. Nagendra Singh, Justice, International Court Of Justice, The
Dr. Pramila Singhvi, Pranjal, Sector 3, Hiran Margi, Udaipur
Hague
Dr. S.C. Agarwal, E-108, Shastri Nagar, Ajmer
United Books Traders, Ratanada, Jodhpur
Prof. S.K. Purohit, Behind Bannath Temple, Sukhanand ki Bagechi,
Siwanchi Gate, Jodhpur
Life Members Prof. S.P.Vyas, Asop ki Pole, Near Juni Mandi, Jodhpur
The Bank Of Rajasthan(Ltd.), Jaipur Dr. S.S. Bais, C-217, Krishna Nagar, Pali Road,Jodhpur
Shri K.K. Purohit, Jodhpur Prof. Vinita Parihar, B-16, Shatri Nagar, Jodhpur
Dr. Manohar Singh Ranawat, Natnagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau Dr. Mrs. Digvijay Bhatnagar, E 27, University Qtrs., Durga Nursury
Professor Mananori Sato, Faculty Of Economics, Asia University, Road, Udaipur
Tokyo-Iso-(Japan) Dr. Mrs. Usha Purohit, Lecturer In History, Mahila Mahavidyalaya,
Professor D.C.Shukla,Parijatc-38,Krishna Nagar,Pali Road, Jodhpur
Jodhpur Mr. C.S. Sharma, Lecturer In History, Govt. College, Sheoganj
Shri Om Prakash Mohta House, 29-Srand Road, Calcutta Mr. Dinesh Rathi, Hariom Bhawan, Bada Bas, Mathania, Jodhpur
Shri Mullapudi Timmragugaru,Tanuka{Andhra Pradesh} Mr. F.K. Kapil, Secretary, Jaya Kapil Poort Nyas, Pakon Ka Bas,
Shri Prasanna Mal Mohnot, 67, Mahaveer Nagar, Pali Jodhpur
345
Dr. Raju Ram, V & P Rarod, Via Asop, Jodhpur Dr. Meenakshi Sharma, Shri Ram Swaroop Bohra, 12- Inder Nagar,
Mrs. Kamla Jain, 26, Sharda Nagar, Near Bohra Ganesh Temple, Sunderwas, Udaipur
Udaipur Ms Iti Mograkaran Singh Mogra, C/O Phool Chand Mehta, 382/B,
Mrs. Pawan Maru, C/O Manish Agency, Kala Khet, Mandsore, Ashok Nagar, Moksh Marg, Udaipur
Mandsore (M.P.) Dr. Neelam Gaur, Near Govt. Hospital, Von Girls College,
Mrs. Shashi Kala, C-71, Dharam Narayan Ka Hatha, Paota, Jodhpur Hanumangarh Town
Prof. G.S.L. Devra, 10 G 8, Parijat, SFS Mahaver Nagar, Extn.III, Dr. Anita Kavdia, 202, Kutumb, 17-C, Madhuban, Udaipur
Kota Ms Pratibha, A-342, Chandvardai Nagar, Ajmer
Prof. V.K. Vashishtha, 195-B, Univrsity Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur Dr.(Mrs.) Nirmal Kashyap, House No. 30, Type III, MD university,
Prof. Nilima Vashishtha, 195-B, Univrsity Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur Rohtak
Dr. Usha Shah, Govt. College Pali, Pali-Marwar Dr. Sushila Shaktawat, 21 Ghati magri, Penariyon ki Madri, Holi
Dr. Shobhagya Goyal, C/O Ram Goyal, Advocate, H.M. Mohalla, Chowk, Udaipur
Ghaseti Bazar, Ajmer Avinash Parek, Savitri Villa, Kishan Hostel, Sardarsaher, Churu
Dr.Hukum Chand Jain, 19,Basant Vihar Special, Kota Dr. Aashish Chouhan, Aashish Sadan, Godon Ka Chowk, Jodhpur
Prof. K.G. Sharma, Deptt. Of History, University Of Rajasthan, Ms Shikha Choudhary Charan Singh Girls Hostel, Tilak Nagar,
Jaipur Bikaner
Mrs. Tara Jain, W/O U.C. Jain, G-34, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur Dr. Anju Suthar, 3/46, New Officers Colony, Opp. Police Line,
Dr. Seema Garg, Opp. 107, Vallabhbari, Kota Barmer
Dr. Usha Vyas, 1 Gha Sabarmati Clny., Kota Mahendra Chudhary, Stadium Road, Nehru Nagar, Barmer
Mrs. Nidhi Sharma, D-299, Ktps, Sakatpura, Kota G.S. Gupta, 4/267,Malviya Nagar, Jaipur-302017
Mrs. Seema Gupta, A-9, Gayatri Vihar, Police Line, Kota Dr. Dinesh Bhargava, R-399,Padam Villa, 1 G.P. Office, Bharatpur-
Dr. Karuna Joshi, 150, Pwd Quarter, New Colony, Dungarpur 321001
Dr. Shankar Goyal, 41, Sardar Club Scheme, Jodhpur Sowrabh Sharma, 8-Bapuji Marg, opp.State Motor Garge, 22-Gogam,
Dr.Anila Purohit, Kamla Kunj, 5th D/76, Hudgo, J.N.Vyas Colony, Jaipur
Bikaner Kailash Songara, 2 Sa 35, UIT Colony, Pratap Nagar, Jodhpur
Dr. Meghna Sharma Paliwal, Asst.Prof. Deptt. Of History, Maharaja Om Prakash Bhati, D-137, Kirti Nagar, P.Mandore Mandi, Jodhpur
Ganga Singh University, Bikaner Dr. Aruna Soni, Aashirwad, Near Ladnun Bus Stand, Naya Bas,
Dr. Neelam Sharma, Near Water Works, Old City, Kishangarh Sujangarh
Dr. Satish Kumar Trigunayat, B 48 A, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur Dr.Mukesh Harsha, Harsho ka Chowk, Bikaner
Dr. Pushpa Dullar, 52- Arvind Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Dr. Mahendra Purohit, Joshiwada, Bikaner
Basasthali Dr. V.N. Singh, South Extn. Pawanpuri, Bikaner
Ms. Urmila Parihar D/O Shri Mool Chand, Behind Adarsh Vidya Rajshekhar Purohit,3/18, Mukta Prasad Nagar, Bikaner
Mandir, Sheoganj, Sirohi Dr. Jagdish Narayan Ojha, Barah Guward Ka Chowk, Nahtaniyo ki
Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta, Lecturer In History, R-398, Padam Vilas, Saray Ke Pas, Bikaner
Bharatpur-321001 Mrs. Champa Agarwal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls College, Sujangarh
Dr. Sharda Sharma, E-47, Khaturia Colony, Bikaner Dr. Prabhat Swami, N.M.P.G. College, Hanumangarh
346
Gyarsi Swami, Vill.Tedi via Jaswantgarh, T.Ladanun, Nagaur Savita Choudhary

Ms. Nayna Acharya, 72-Amarnath Bhawan, opp. M.G. Hospital, Reenu Meena, 85, Bhagwati Nagar 1st ,Kartarpura, Jaipur
Jodhpur Dr. Preeti Sharma, 4, Vivekanand Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth,
Mrs. Sonal Purohit, C/o Sunil Bora, Near Tapi Baori, Nathawaton Banasthali
Ki Gali, Jodhpur Dr. Sulekha Shekhawat, opp. Khuchaman College, 13 Venkatesh
Dr. Nidhi Srivastava, Sona Devi Sethia Girls College, Sujangarh Nagar, Kuchaman City
Dr. Vikram Singh Gundoj, 160, Teachers Colony, Chopasani, Jodhpur Dr. Neekee Chaturvedi, 3-Da-14, Jawahar Nagar, Jaipur-302004
Mrs. Santosh Vyas, Principal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls College, Dr. Manju Gupta, 24/59, Swarn Path, Mansarowar, Jaipur
Sujangarh Dr.(Mrs.) Vibha Upadhayaya, B-38, Prabhu Marg, Tilak Nagar,
Ms. Asha Bhargava, Vice-Principal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls College, Jaipur-04
Sujangarh Mrs. Bindu Tiwari, Deptt. Of History, SD Govt. College, Beawar
Dr. Anju Jain, w/o Jatan Kumar Jain, Mertawari, Nagaur Dr. D.P. Goswami, 131, Shastri Nagar, Beawar Road, Ajmer
Mrs. Darshana Joshi, Rai Bahadur Gali, Daga Chowk, Bikaner Mrs. Minakshi Deviratam, 2, Virendra Nagar, Near Mandore,
Dr. Pradeep Singh Rathore, Govt. College Dhorimanna, Barmer Jodhpur
Ms Rashami Meena, Asst. Prof.,Department of History, JNV Dr. Ravindra Tailor, 79-B, Munot Nagar, Out Side Nehru Gate,
University, Jodhpur Beawar
Nand Kishore Bhutra, Jaiselmerion ki Gali, Navchowkiya, Jodhpur Virendra Sharma, 54-A, Jawahar Nagar, Near Glass Factory, Tonk
Dr. T.V.Vyas, Nathawaton ki Bari, Near Nyon-ka-Bar, Navchowkiya, Road, Jaipur
Jodhpur Dr. Anita Surana, D-19-B, Meera Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur-302016
Dr. O.N. Singh, Purohiton ka Bas, Samdari Rly. Station,-344021 Dr. Anuradha Mathur, H-619, Shalimar, Tijara Road, Alwar
Sh. K.R. Choudhary, Kolari Mohalla, Navchokiya, Jodhpur Dr. Smita Mishra, 284- Arya Nagar, Scheme No.1, Alwar-301001
Dr. Deepa Kaushik, D-5, Mota Campus, Pilani Road, Rajgarh, Churu Dr. Rakesh Kumar Sharma, E-327, Ambedkar Nagar, Alwar-301001
Dr. Anil Purohit, 21/143, Chopasni Housing Board, Jodhpur Dr. Satyendra Sharma, H-30, Shastri Nagar, Meerut City(U.P.)
Dr. Sadhna Meghwal, W/o Dr. B.R. Meghwal, IPS, JH-7, Bhaghat Mrs. Meera Ambesh, D-79, Hasan Khan Mewat Nagar, Alwar-
ki Kothi Extn. Scheme, Jodhpur 301001
Dr. Sajjan Poswal, 97-A, Gali No. 3, Krishna Nagar, Bajrang Nagar, Dr. Tafique Hussain, E-26, Civil Line, Shriganganagar-355001
Kota Surendra D.Soni, Lecturer in History, C/o Prem Khandelwal,
Vijesh Gandhi, Foz-ka-Bada, Dungarpur-314001 Advocate, Shiv Mandir, Naya Bas, Churu 331001
Ms Anuradha Srivastava, Govt. Girls College Pali, Pali Dr. Jyotsana Vyas, Plot no. 150, Patrakar Colony, NPH Road,
Rajni Sharma, C-211, Gautam Marg, Hanuman Nagar, Jaipur Jodhpur
Dr. Pushpa Sharma, 1262/12, Near Durga Temple, Shastri Nagar, Dr. B.N.Benjamin, 934, Faith Cottage, 9th D Road, Sardarpura,
Krukhshetra Jodhpur
Dr. Ramji Lal Kohli, Aman Vihar, Behind Gas Godam, Dausa Yogwati Pareek, 2243-A, Sec-3, Faridabad-121004
Dr. Sunita Mehta, C/o Rakesh Mehta, C-3, Sir Pratap Colony, 5- Dr. Alpanas Dubhashe, III, Ganga Nagar, AB Road, Dewas (M.P.)
Batti Circle, Ratanada, Jodhpur Rajesh Panwar, C/o Ambica cosmetics, Shop No. 271, Ganpati
Ms Nirmala Meena, 64, Prem Nagar, Jagatpura, Jaipur Plaza, KEM Road, Bikaner
347
Sushil Kumar Moyal, Near Ramdeo Temple, Otside Jassusar Gate, Rajesh Arya, Plot no.-147, Shripuram Colony, Gurjar ki Thadi, New
Bikaner Sanganer Road, Jaipur
Gopal Krishna Vyas, Near Samta Bhawan, Chabili Ghati, Bikaner Dr. Alok Kumar Chaturvedi, 82/139, Near Giri Marg, Mansarovar,
Dr. K.R. Motsara, Kamla Sadan, Sir Chotu Ram Marg, Maharaja Jaipur
Jhujarmal Nagar, Hanumangarh Road, Sangaria Dr. Gyaneshwar Meena, Ganesh Colony, Udai Mode, Gangapur City,
Dr. Tamanna Singh, Kamla Sadan, Sir Chotu Ram Marg, Maharaja Swaimadhopur-322201
Jhujarmal Nagar, Hanumangarh Road, Sangaria Rajeshwari Devi Rathore, HHs Flat No. 5, C Scheme, Tilak Marg,
Dr. Shilpa Mehta, R-4, AbhayBagh, Sardarpura, Udaipur Jaipur
Dr. Ambika Dhaka, H.No. 67, Bajrang Niwas, Near Durgapura Ral. Mrs. Sarika Kaul,408, Ground Floor Lane No. 2 Raja Park, Jaipur -
Station, Jaipur 302004
Rakesh Kumar Yadava, VPO- Sirohe, The. Khetri, Jhunjunu Dr. Ankan Garg, 41/6 Near Varun Parth, Mansarovar, Jaipur - 302020
Dr. Pranay Dev, 2 D 23, Housing Board Colony, Jhalawar Dr. Geeta Singh, 44, Vardhaman Nagar-B, 200 Feet Byepass, Ajmer
Sunita Sawmi, Swami Mohalla, Inside Jasussar Gate, Bikaner Road, Jaipur
Sharmila Swami, 6 B 04, JNV Colony, Bikaner Ms Twinkle Sharma, Lecturer History, Govt. Lohiya College,
Dr. Suman Dhakha, 224, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Nagar, Near Rani Dr. Kalpana Sharma, 2 CH 14, Sector 5, Shanti Nagar, Hiran Magri,
Sati Nagar, 200 Feet Byepass, Ajmer Road, Jaipur Udaipur
Dr. Archana Kalra, 56, Pratap Nagar Colony, Near Glass Factory, Kamal Singh Kothari, Kothari Sadan, Chacha Nehru Marg, Behind
Tonk Road Jaipur The Fort, Churu-331001
Shri Harphool Singh, H.No. 67, Bajrang Vihar, Near Durgapura Rly. Dr. Tarun Pratap Yadav, 307, Pragati Nagar, Nagla Battu Road,
Station, Jaipur Meerut
Dr. Amrita Choudhary, E-205, Shiv Park, Amba Bari, Jaipur
Dr. Rahul Tripathi, 94/4, Agarwal Farm, Mansarovar, Jaipur
Dr. Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, 18, Prem Nagar, C Block, Near
Meena Bhaskar, VPO- Ghassu via Khudi Badi, Sikar
Arihant Vatike, Roop Sagar Road, Udaipur
Sukharam, C/o H.R. Choudhary, 23, Lavkus Nagar 1st , Tonk Fatak,
Rahul Pareek, Ward No.13, Cheta Kheri, Chhapar, Churu
Jaipur
Dr. Madan Lal Meena, Bagwala Kuwan, P.Hasampur, T.Neem-ka-
Dr. Kulwant Singh Shekhawat, A-17, Marudhar Vihar, Khatipura,
Thana, Sikar
Jaipur
Dr. Vineet Godhal, Agrasena Colony, Opp. BPRV Mandir, Near
Mahendra Jalwaniya, 23/29, Chopasani Housing Board, Jodhpur
Power House, Delhi Darwaja, Kotputli, Jaipur
Dr. Vishnu Prasad Sharma, Plot no.4, Patel Nagar, Gopalpura
Bhagwan Singh Sekhawat, 70-71 Shiv Shakti Nagar, Out Side
Byepass, Jaipur
Mahamandir 3rd Pole, Paota, Jodhpur
Dr. Vidhi Sharma, 7, Janakpuri II Exetension, Imli Fhatak, Jaipur
Bhawani Singh Rajpurohit, In Side Siwanchi Gate, Jodhpur
Smt. Rekha Jorwal, ARG-40, Near Collector Residence, Alwar
Dr. Suresh Kumar Choudhary, A-4, Krishna Nagar, New Pali Road,
Dr. Rakhi Yadav, B-2/493, Chitrakoot Scheme, Jaipur Jodhpur
Jayantilal Khandelwal, 634 B, Brkat Nagar, Tonk Fhatak, Jaipur Bharat Deora, III /B, Sector-2, University Staff Colony, Residency
Dr. Sangeeta Sharma, B-141, Kirti Nagar, Near Gopalpura Byepass, Road, Jodhpur
Jaipur Lalit Kumar Panwar, III/F-19, Sector-2, University Staff Colony,
Dr. Anuradha Rathore, A-5, Shastri Nagar, Opp. SBI, Jaipur Residency Road, Jodhpur
348
Dr. Peeyus Bhadviya, D-16, Adarsh Nagar, University Road, Udaipur Dr.Yashpal,C-30, Kiran Garden,Near Uttam Nagar,New Delhi
Dr. Harish Chandra, 311, Ashapurna Valley, Near New High Court, Shri Bhanwar Lal Yadav,Vpp. Loharwal, T. Chomu,Distt. Jaipur-
Pali Road, Jodhpur 303807
Dr.T.C.Bairawa, 22 Mahaveer Nagar II, Durgapura, Jaipur Shri Bharat Kumar,W.H. Room No. 03,P.G. Mens Hostel,Delhi
Dr. Archna Dwivedi, 2 D 23, Housing Board Colony, Jhalawar University,Delhi
Dr. Kalpana Malik, Sector - 4, Dwarka, New Delhi, New Delhi- Shri Shiv Kumar,B- 3/95, Yamuna Vihar,Delhi-110053
110075 Shri Harshdev Tomar,Room No. 94,P.G. Mens Hostel, North
Shri Pankaj Chandak,Opp. Soni Building,Nehru Nagar, Barmer Campus,Delhi University,Delhi-7
Dr. Pooran Lal Meena,18-C, Pocket- B,Ashok Vihar II,Delhi-110052 Shri Sunil Kumar,House No. 32-A, Moh-Kailash Nagar,Near
Dr.Mamta Yadav,Plot No. A-58-59,Nandpuri Colony, 22 Radhey Krishna Mandir, Narnaul,
Godown,Hawa Sarak,Jaipur Distt. Mohindargarh (Haryana)
Dr. Jagruti Upadhayaya,128, Madhukunj,Behind Shri Hemant Chouhan,285-II, Ganesh Nagar Main,Niwaro
Nehrupark,Sardarpura E Road,Jodhpur Road,Jhotwada,Jaipur
Shri Nitin Goyal,17-C Block, Near Muthagujari School,Rai Singh Ms Anupama,V.Tikarikhurd, Near Corporation Bank,Po. Narela,
Nagar,Sriganganagar-335051 Delhi
Ms Kusum Rathore,76/II/I, Dak Bangalow Campaus,Sirohi Ms Meena Kumari,II Floor, 1522 A/13,Gali No. 13, Govindpuri,
Shri Achala Ram Choudhary,Vill & P. Luni Nadi Dudho,T. Kalkaji, New Delhi
Dhorimanna, Disst. Barmer Shri Rajesh Gautam,House No. 579,Badri,Delhi-110042
Dr.Manisha Parmar, 304 'A', Devnandan House, Near Nagar Palika Shri Ishwar Ran,V & P. Bhadresh,T & D. Barmer-344001
Office, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad-382424 Sonu Saini,Centre of Russian Studies,School of Naguages,Jawahar
Shri Aidan Singh,310, Kesariya Ji Nagar, Falna-306116 lal Nehru University,Delhi
Dr. Shilpi Gupta,702, ramanujan Niwas,Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Ms Gobina,288/1,Tharsingh Nagar,Anand Porhak Kot Bagh,New
Banasthali-304022 Delhi-5
Dr. N.S. Rao, Department of History, MGSU, Bikaner Ms Sarita Sarasar,House No. 107, Dhaka Village,Kigsway
Dr. Manjulata Parihar, 2A, Gayatri Nagar, Prabhat Niketan Street, Camp,Delhi
Badgaon, Udaipur Shri Jitendra Kumar Meena,B-25, DDA,Kalyan Vihar,New Delhi-
110009
Members Dr.Manisha Choudhary,Department of History,Faculty of Social
Shri Sube Singh,House No. 2263, Sector 13,Huda,Bhiwani Sciences,Delhi University,Delhi
Presis Lotika Das,Joycevilla,10 Domes Compound,Jaipur Dr. Mayank Kumar,702, Abhimanyu Apartment,Vasundhara
Road,Ajmer End.,Delhi
Ms Pratyusha Gupta,53, Rohimostager Road,Jodhpur Park,Kolkata Shri Nirmal Kumar,43 South Park Apartment,Kalkaji,New Delhi-19
(West Bengal) Shri Brij Kishore Joshi,Akshya Lok, Near City Dispancery,No.06,
Dr. Narsingh Pardeshi Baghel,30 Veer Savarkar Nagar,Behind Karmisa Marg,Out Side Nathussar Gate,Bikaner
Talathi Office, Pimparala, Jalgaon-425001 Mohd. Arief,H.No. 3977, Topkhane Ka Rasta,Near Eik Minar
Dr.Vinod Kumar Poonia,AB-75, Nirmal Nagar,Ajmer Road,Jaipur Massid,Chand Pole Bazar,Jaipur
349
Rao Ganpat Singh, Kanakgarh,V&P. Chitalwana, Via Sanchore- Shri Manish Srimali,
343041 Dr. Akanksha Sharma,
Ms Zahida Shabnam, C-257, Hans Marg, Malviya Nagar,Jaipur- Shri Aashish Bagora,Eklavya Colony,Dhundhiya Ganesh Ji,Udaipur
302017 Ms Krishna Kumari,Jagdeep Girls Residency,Payada,Udaipur
Ms Sushila Kumari Shri Ranveer Thouliya,UPS Payara Dhariyawada,Pratapgarh
Dr. Jayshree Singh,BNPG College,Udaipur Raj Kiran Choudhary,Jagdep Girls Hostel,Udaipur
Dr. Shankar Lal Kharadi,Lecturer,Manas College Dungarpur, Ms Sheetal Damor,156, N Road,Bhupalpura,Udaipur
Dungarpur Shri Saurabh Meena,
Shri Narayan Lal Pargi,Research Scholar,Department of History, Ms Sunita,
MLS University,Udaipur Tithi Pandya,31/550, Arvind Nagar, Glass Factory Chouraha,Udaipur
Shri Prem Chand Dabi,Research Scholar,Department of History,MLS
Shri Hemant Kumar Pandya,KV 2/3, Staff Quarter,K.V. No.
University,Udaipur
01,Udaipur
Shri Praveen Kumar Katara,Village Vasuni, Post Kalinjara,Tehsil-
Ms Yamini Jain,2-KH-5, Machla Magra Scheme,H.M., Sector-
Kushalgarh,Dist. Bansawara
11,Udaipur
Shri Kavbh D. Anand,Research Scholar,Department of History,MLS
Kanti Katara,Vill. & P. Vasuni,The. Kushalgarh,Disst. Banswara
University,Udaipur
Dr. Jagdish Prashad,76, HIPA Complex, Sector 18,Gurgaon
Ms Neelam Shrimali,8, Kheman Ghati, Bhattiyani Chohtta,Udaipur
122001
Shri Bhadur Singh Khadiya,Vill. Dunglapuni, P.Lohariya,The.
Dr. Santosh Kumar Gadhveer,AD-07, Mahaveer Nagar,Barmer
Kushalgarh, Diss. Bansawara
Dr. Suman Rathore,Lecturer History,Govt. Girls College
Shri Ajay Mochi,621, Manak Chowk,Gogunda-313705
Kherwara,Udaipur
Shri Chhagan Ram Choudhary,Research Scholar,Department of
Dr. Pankaj Ametha,13, New Ashok Vihar,University Road, Udaipur
History,MLS University,Udaipur
Shri Mordhvaj Singh,Opp. Baba Ramdev Temple,Masuriya,Jodhpur
Shri Dil Bagh,Research Scholar,Department of History,MLS
Shri Manoj Kalyana,R-204, Radhey Krihna Apartment,Sector 04,
University,Udaipur
New Vidya Nagar,Udaipur
Shri Shiv Karan Nirmal,Research Scholar,Department of
History,MLS University,Udaipur Dr. Mahendra Meena,H.No. 1069, Chand Pole
Colony,Bedla,Udaipur-313001
Shri Ranchod Lal Varhat,Vii. & P. Barothi,T. Bichiwara,Diss.
Dungarpur Prof. Mishri Lal Mandor,31, New Bhupalpura,Jain Colony,Udaipur
Ms Manju rani Salvi,104, UIT Colony,Purohiton Ki Madri,Udaipur Shri Dinesh Mandot,Ram Ganj, Nai Basti,Ajmer
Shri Dinesh Parmar,Research Scholar,Department of History,MLS Ms Salma Alam,Flat No. 389, LIG Dwaraka,Sector- 14,New Delhi-
University,Udaipur 110078
Shri Gopal Lal Salvi,Research Scholar,Department of History,MLS Dr. Shobha Singh,5, Asha Vihar, Opp.Tagore,Ajmer Road,Jaipur
University,Udaipur Dr.M.R.Gadhveer,AD-07, Mahaveer Nagar,Barmer
Shri Suresh Chandra Kumawat,Research Scholar,Department of Dr.Usha Lamror,23, Lav Kush Nagar- I,Tonk Fatak,Jaipur
History,MLS University,Udaipur Dr.Anil Kumar Verma,20 Deep Nagar, Khandari,Agra-282002(U.P.)
Shri Vikram Singh, Ms Pooja Sirola,A-158, Mahesh Nagar,Jaipur
350
Dr. Asha Kumari Singh,111, Ram Krishna Niwas I,Banasthali Mrs. Poonam Luniwal, A-5, University Teachers Flat,Near PWD
Vidyapeeth,Banasthali-304022 Office,Jodhpur
Ms Kailash Rani,84, Working Womes Hostel,Banasthali Ms Rekha Mahatma,3/116, R.H.B. Colony, Goverdhan Vilas,Udaipur
Vidyapeeth,Banasthali-304022 Ms Lalit Priya,117, Bhupalpura Main Road,Udaipur
Shri Rajendra Singh,Near Netji Than, Ward No. 30,Sardulpur,Churu Shri Vivek Bhatt,V. & P. Khadagada, T. Sagwara,Disst. Dungarpur-
Ms Shalini Singh,1002, Maitrai Niwas I,Banasthali 314027
Vidyapeeth,Banasthali-304022 Dr.Sameer Vyas,C-15, State Quarter,V.B.R.I. PG College,Udaipur
Ms Rajdulari Makhecha,Sh B.L. Vikas Mandir Sr.Sec. School, St Ms Vandana Bunkar,52, Mukta Nand Nagar,Goparpura Mod, Jaipur
No. 11, NaiaBadi, Abohar-152116 (Punjab) Ms Hema Rajak,106, Miralal Vehar Nagar,Dewas-455001
Dr.Jibraiel,Department of History,AMU, Aligarh Sonu Shekhawat,H-5, Police Line Quarters,Udaipur
Dr. Yakub Ali Khan,Department of History,AMU,Aligarh Dr.Vagata Ram Choudhary,S.R.S.K.J. Govt. Girls College,Jalore
Ms Alka Rani,4 B 2, New Housing Board,Pali-306401 Ms Poonam Pathak,2/2 Shiv Nagar, Udaipur-313001
Dr. Neelam Kausik,12/13, New Keshav Nagar,Udaipur Dr.Priyadarshi Ojha,2/2, Shiv Nagar, Opp. SBI Bank,South
Sh Nand Kishore A. Mishra, B/41, Ravi Park, Vasana Road, Sundarwas,Udaipur
Vadodara-390007 Dr. Manju Kanchhal,96-Tilak Nagar, Sector-03,Hiran Magri,Udaipur-
Sh Jayantilal Kalyanji Umrethiya,Oriental Institute,M S University, 313001
Opp.Palace Gate,Vadodara-390001 Dr.Rajendra Nath Purohit,V-5/45,Vrandavan Nagar, Bohra
Dr. Rajendra Singh Rathore,Near Nagar Palika Ganesh,Udaipur
Office,Chandkheda,Ahmedabad-382424 Dr.Ajat Shatru Singh Ranawat,Pratap Nagar Extn., Debari,Udaipur-
Shri Laxman Lal Kumar,Vill. & P. Bhesadakala,T.Girwa,Udaipur- 313002
313024 Dr. Indra Bishnoi,V-D-76, Hudcu Quarter, J N Vyas Colony,Bikaner
Dr.Shashi Depal,8, Vidyavilla, Ganpat Nagar- A,Udaipur Dr.Vikram Singh Amrawat,M.D. Gramsewa Mahavidyalaya,Gujarat
Dr.Rajesh Kumar,Deputy Director (Research),Indian Council of Vidyapeeth, Sadra, Dist. Gandhi Nagar-382320
Historical Research,35, Ferozeshah Road,New Delhi-110001 Dr.Vinita Shrimali,10/777, New Colony, Goverdhan Vilas,Udaipur
Ms Rah Bano,184/1,Pakiza Chakri,Kamla Nehru Nagar,Jodhpur Dr.Harish Kumar,42, Rukmani Mangag, Mahaveer Colony, Near
Ms Nafeesa Kayamkhani,134, Chamanpura, Near Model CABRIDGC School,
School,Udaipur-313001 Jaliya Road,Beawar-305901
Ms Urmila Sharma,216, Panch Ratan Complex,Bedla Road,Udaipur Vagmitra Singh,78, Kanak Vihar, Near Kamla Nehru Nagar,Ajmer
Dr. Sanjay Tanwar,Govt.Collge Krishna Nagar,Tehsil-Narnaul- Road,Jaipur-302021
123001Haryana Dr. Vandana Joshi,40 A, Kumbha Nagar, Chittore Garh-312001
Dr.Atul Yadav,House No. 01, Kuber Colony,Jhamsa Dr. Chetana Tikkiwal,H.No.672, Rasta Tikkiwalon Ka, Kishan Pole
Road,Kurukhshetra-136118 Bazar, Jaipur-302001
Shri Vijay Singh,Arya P G College Panipat,Panipat-132103(Haryana) Dr. Ram Singh Bhati,53, Jyoti Nagar, Shobhagpura,Udaipur
Shri Suresh Paliwal,G -21, Haridas Ji Ki Magri,Udaipur Dr. Udai Singh Deora,186. Adarsh Nagar,Sirohi
Shri Sushil Kumar Sharma,Government College Guda,Jhunjunu Dr. Tej Singh Mawai,H/A 152, Anusuya Colony, Rawatbhata
351
Dr. Vijay Singh Mawai, Lecturer,Govt. Girls Collge Swaimadhopur, Dr. Pushpa Sukhwal,
Swaimadhopur Dr. Ette Bhadur, B-22, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi
Dr. Narendra Singh Ranawat,9, New Ashok Vihar,Keshav Ms Almas Zaidi, Flat-103, B-12, Lane-7, Shakeen Bagh, Okhla, New
Nagar,Udaipur Delhi
Ms Kanika Bhanot,IB-25, J.N. Vyas Colony,Bikaner-334003 Ms Salina Khanam, 21, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi
Prof.S.K. Bhanot,IB-25, J.N. Vyas Colony,Bikaner-334003 Dr. Babli Praveen, E-63, Janakpuri, New Delhi
Ms Neetu Rajawat,Dhingo Ki Ghati,Kanore-313604 Dr.Tanushree Verma,
Shri Diwakar Singh Tomar,Sita Ram Colony,Chhattarpur-471001 Dr.Yashveer Singh,Near Satyam Dharam Kanta,Old Jhajjar,Charkni
(M.P.) Dadri-127306 (Haryana)
Dr. Mukesh K. Chaubisa,S-2, 239, Sector-14,Udaipur-313003 Shri Anil Yadav,Department of History,K.L.P. College,Rewari-
Dr. Deepak Salvi,Kanori Gate, Talab Road,Bari Sadari-312403 123401 (Haryana)
Dr. Vishal Tiwari,279/39, Tiwari Bhawan,Near Maount Marry Public Dr.Shanta Rani Sharma,402/III,Kirti Apartment,Mayur Vihar Extn.
School,Subhash nagar,Ajmer Phase I,Delhi
Ms Jyoti Joshi,Research Scholar,Natnagar Sodh Shri Govind Singh Solanki,Jaswant Villa,V.& P. Jhillwana,The.
Samsthan,Sitamau(M.P.) Qadhbore,Dist. Rajsamand
Dr. Ekta Vyas,B-3/23, Mahakal Vanijya Kendra,Nanakheda,Ujjain Dr.Hemendra Choudhary,17-18, Madar Colony,Kalka Mata
(M.P.) Road,Udaipur
Dr. Ankush Arora,H.No.1535/38, Adarsh Nagar, Opp. DAV Dr.Sandeep Prajapat,D-188, Saraswati Nagar,Basani I
Cintenary School, Ajmer-305001 Phase,Jodhpur
Shri Kailash Chandra Joshi,65/9 A, Shree Nath Nagar,Bank Colony, Shri Khalid Ahmed,CAS, Deptt. Of History,Aligarh Muslim
Sector 9,Udaipur University,Aligarh
Ms Sana Kazmi,225/7, Sardarpura,Udaipur-313001 Shri Abdul Motleb Shaikh,CAS, Deptt. Of History,Aligarh Muslim
Dr. T.P. Ametha,A-202, Hitawalas, Raghuroop Apartment, University,Aligarh
Sardarpura,Udaipur-313001 Shri Jalaluddin,30 C, Santosh Nagar,Bijai Nagar Road,Beawar
Dr. Manoj Dadhich,180, Chhagan Niwas, Near Pooja Kirana Store, Dr.(Mrs.) Iqbal Fatima,C-37, Indra Colony,Jhalawar-326001
RTO Road,Udaipur Shri Narendra Kumar Saini,Jain Vishva BHarti
Dr.Phool Singh Sahariya,E-195, Ambedkar Nagar,Alwar Institute,Ladnun,Nagaur
Dr.Munshi Khan Balot,Secretary,Mewat Sahitya Acadamy Dr. Zafar Ullah Khan,Circle Superintendent,Archaeology & Museum
Sansthan,Bakhtal Ki Chouki,Alwar Deptt.,Bikaner
Shri Kanti Lal Ninama,15 A, New Ganesh Nagar,Near Subh Labh Dr.Rajendra Kumar,5-KH-16, Near Melbourne School,Duplex
Apartment,Roop Sagar,Udaipur Colony,Bikaner
Shri Shivram Khatik, 651, Sector-5, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Colony, Shri Mohd. Farooq Chouhan,Jagman Well Road,Inside Kasaiyon Ki
Gandhi Nagar, Chittorgarh Bari,Bikaner-334005
Dr. K.L.Mathur, 17E/784, Chopasni Housing Board, Jodhpur Dr.Girija Shankar Sharma,Alakh Sagar Well, Old Mal Godam
Dr.Veenu Pant, 34/47, Kiran Path, Mansarovar, Jaipur Road,Bikaner
Dr. Pramila Poonia, C-8, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Dr. Chetna Mudgal,395, Hudda,Rewari (Haryana)
352
Ms Leela Mali,40, Koliwara, Inside Suraj Pole,Udaipur Shri Kushagra Jain, Opp. Rephrel Hospital,Bagidora,Distt.
Shri Vikram Singh Deora,Vill. Viroli,P. Nayasanwara,The. Banswara-327601
Pindwara,Sirohi-307022 Ms Ritika Kumari Meena,D-9/62, Chitrakoot Yojna,Ajmer Road,
Ms Manjulata Parihar,2, Gayatri Nagar, Prabhat Niketan Street Jaipur-302021
Badgaon,Udaipur Dr. S.V. Singh Dadhiwadia,7, Roop Nagar, Sector -3,Udaipur
Shri Manish Meena,59, Krihna Vihar,Sector -4 , H.M.,Udaipur Dr. Kasuria Bhati,
Ms Harsha Suthar,84, Sector-6, H.M.,Udaipur Dr. P.R. Arya,9/350,Chopasani Housing Board,Jodhpur
Ms Monika Dadheech,Near Chungi Naka,Udaipur Road, Prof. Shobhag Mathur, Opp. Nehru Park Main Gate, Sardarpura,
kapasan,Distt. Chittore-312202 Jodhpur
Prof. Anjana Paliwal,UCSSH,Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Prof. S.N. Dubey, 28, Vigyan Nagar, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur
Udaipur Dr. Prakash Vyas, 17E/673, CHB, Johdpur
Ms Kirti Paliwal,InFront of Paliwal Market,Kankroli,Rajsamand
Dr.(Mrs.) Kamla Bandhu,Behind Working Women Hostel,PWD
Colony,Sirohi-307001
Ms Neha Vyas,Pacific College of Social Sciences
&Humanities,Udaipur-313001
Dr.Sudarshan Singh Rathore,Govt.M.G.College,Udaipur
Dr.Nusrat Yashmeen,I-24, Batla House, Jamia Nagar,New Delhi-
110025
Shri Saurabh Tyagi,29-Shastri Nagar,Hiran Magri, Sector-03,Udaipur
Shri Manohar Lal Purohit,47, Hari Nagar, Sisarma Road, Ahead
Rampura Chouraha,Udaipur
Shri Mukesh Kumar Sharma,V.Alisar, Via Kaladera,The. Chomu,
Distt. Jaipur
Shri Sunil Dutt,V, Bhagwari Kalan, P. Guwana,The. Behror,Disst.
Alwar-301713
Dr.Malika Bohra,15-16 Vijay Colony,Opp. Railway Station,
Chittoregarh-312001
Ms Saroj Gupta,III E 133, Golf Quarter, Polo Ground,Udaipur
Shri Paras Ram Kumawat,Nimahera,Rajasthan
Shri Prakash Yadav,Banswara,Rajasthan
Dr.Deepshikha Chundawat,TH-5, University Quarters,New
Campus,MLSU,Udaipur
Dr. Asif Hussain,Behind Takies,Chotti Sadri,Distt. Pratapgarh-
312604
353
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Preface lfpo izfrosnu

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I feel honoured and proud, to present before the readers fujUrj ifjorZu'khy gS ,oa mldk {ks= fujUrj o`f dks izkIr djrk gSA** lR; gS fd
and scholars, the proceedings of 30th session, organized by bfrgkl dk Lo:i lnSo ifjorZu'khy gSA cnyrs ;qxksa ] fopkj/kkjkvksa rFkk
Mohanlal Sukhadia Unviversity, Udaipur on 15-16 December ns'k&dky&lekt dh vko'drkvksa ds vuqlkj bfrgkl ys[ku dk Lo:i fu/kkZfjr
2015. In placing the learned, scholarly papers, chronology has gksrk gSA bfrgkl ds cnyrs gq, Lo:i dks ifjyf{kr djrh gqvk jktLFkku bfrgkl
been adhered to, as far as possible. A number of papers of
dkxzsal 30 osa ik;nku ij vk igqph gSA uohu fopkjksa] uohu 'kks/kksa ,oa yxkrkj tqM+ jgs
uohu 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ls jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl le` gks jgh gSA bldk dysoj yxkrkj
outstanding merit were presented in this session, breaking new
foLr`r gksrk tk jgk gSA ;g vc vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i dks izkIr dj pqdh gSA ;s lc
ground and adding new research areas and elements to the history
vki bfrgkl ds fo'ks"kKksa] v/;srkvksa ds dBksj ifjJe dk lqQy gSA eSa vR;Ur g"kZ
and culture of Rajasthan. ,oa xoZ ds lkFk esokM+ jk.kkvksa dh fot;Hkwfe ,oa egkjk.kk izrki dh deZHkwfe] >hyksa
I extend my thanks to all those who have made the publication dh uxjh mn;iqj esa vkidk Lokxr djrk gwW] rFkk vki lHkh ds le{k 30osa vf/kos'ku
of this proceeding possible. I humbly acknowledge the guidance dk izfrosnu izLrqr djus dh vuqefr pkgrk gwaA
of Prof. P.R. Arya. I appreciate the hard-work and sincere efforts ,sfrgkfld O;fDr;ksa dk LEkj.k djus ls oRkZeku dk fuekZ.k vkSj Hkfo"; dh
of Dr. Manorama Upadhyaya, Dr. Tejendra Vallabh Vyas, Dr. Anil :ijs[kk Rk; gksrh gSA oRkZEkku dk dk;Z vkus okys le; dk bfrgkl gSA blfy,
Purohit, Dr. Ravindra Tailor in the publication of the proceeding. orZEkku ds le; dk mi;ksx chrs gq, ls izsj.kk ysus esa vkSj vkus okys Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k
Thanks are also due to Mr. Bhanwarlal Suthar and Mr. Sunil of M/ esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;s fopkj jkTkLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds 30osa vf/kos'ku esa
s. Jangid Computers for the printing of the proceedings. ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ ds v/;{k izks- ch-,y- pkS/kjh us O;Dr fd,A
izks- pkS/kjh us dgk fd orZeku le; esa gekjs bfrgkl ds foLRk`r v/;;u vkSj
v/;kiu dh vko';drk gSA mUgksaus egkjk.kk izrki vkSj ehjk ds O;fDRkRo vkSj dk;ksZa
(Prof. S.P. Vyas) dk Lej.k djrs gq, muls izsj.kk xzg.k djus dh ckr dghA mUgksaus dgk fd 'kks/kdk;Z
Secretary lEIkUu djus esa ekSfydrk vkSj xq.koRRkk dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,A blds lkFk
Rajasthan History Congress gh 'kks/k lekt ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh Hkh gksuk pkfg,A
jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxszl ds bl nks fnolh; vf/kos'ku ds mn~?kkVu l= esa izks-
vkj-lh- Bkdjku us 29osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k izks- buk;r vyh tSnh ls 30osa
vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k dk nkf;Ro xzg.k fd;kA bl volj ij jkTkLFkku bfrgkl
dkaxzsl ds lfpo izks- ,l- ih- O;kl us 29osa vf/kos'ku dk izxfr izfrosnu izLRkqr
fd;kA mn~?kkVu Lk= esa bl vf/kos'ku ds miy{k esa eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky;
ds bfrgkl foHkkx }kjk izdkf'kr LEkkfjdk ^v|ru * dk foEkkspu fd;k x;kA l= esa
355
( v ) ( vi )
izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku us v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku nsrs gq, jktLFkku dh le` laLd`fr vkSj 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk fljksgh {ks= esa 'kSykJ; ,oa 'kSyfp= ds u"V gksus dh ckr dgh x;h gS
mldh ,sfrgkfld ijEijkvksa dk foLr`r ifjp; fn;kA mUgksaus orZEkku jktLFkku dh tks voS/k [kuu ls u"V gks jgk gSA loZlEefr ls jktLFkku bfrgkl dakxzsl dks bldh
HkkSxkssfyd lhekvksa vkSj bUkesa fodflr LkH;rkvksa ds fofHkUu lzksrksa dk mYYks[k dj lwpuk lEc vf/kdkfj;ksa dks nsus gsrq vf/kd`r fd;k x;kA
bl {ks= esa O;kid vkSj foLRk`r 'kks/k dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA mUgksaus jktLFkku (5) ;g r; fd;k x;k fd 'kks/k&i= izLrqr djus okyksa dks le; ij 'kks/k&
esa izokfgr gksus okyh ufn;ksa dk lanHkZ nsrs gq, fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld ;qxkas esa euq"; ds i= izLrqr djus ij ikcUn fd;k tkos rFkk bldh ?kks"k.kk iqu% tujy gkl esa dh
fuokl vkSj mlds thou;kiu ds fofo/k lk{;ksa dk mYYks[k fd;kA tk;sA
izks- f'kodqekj Hkuksr us izks- vkj-ih O;kl dh LEk`fr esa ^bfrgkldkj izks- vkj-
(6) izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku }kjk ;g izLrko j[kk x;k fd nsj ls vk;s 'kks/k&i=ksa
ih- O;kl ,oa mudk bfrgkl ys[ku* fo"k;d O;k[;ku fn;kA blesa mUgksaus izks- vkj-
dks lfpo }kjk Lohd`r djk;s tkus ds mijkUr gh izLrqr djus dh vuqefr nh tk;sA
ih- O;kl ds bfrgkl ys[ku ds fofo/k vk;keksa dk mYYks[k fd;kA mUgksasus crk;k fd
Lok/khurk ds ckn ds le; esa ns'k esa vuqla/kku vkSj iwokZxzg eqDr fo'ys"kd ds :Ik esa (7) lkFk gh izks- Bkdjku }kjk ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k fd ftu 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds
izks- O;kl dk uke cgqr lEeku ls fy;k tkrk gSA mUgksaus RkF;ksa ds ladyu vkSj 'kks/k&i= Nius ;ksX; ugha ekus tk;s & Lhfuax desVh }kjk & mudh fyfLVax vo';
fo'ys"k.k ds fy, vFkd ifjJEk fd;kA dj nh tkosA
izks- vatw lwjh us izks- th-,u- 'kekZ dh Le`fr esa ^fczfV'k fjys'kUl fon t;iqqj (8) vxys l= ls ;g vf/kos'ku rhu fnolh; gksxk rFkk frfFk 16 ls 18
LVsV vaMj n dEiuh ,.M dzkmu % v ffVdy vizt S y* fo"k; ij O;k[;ku fn;kA fnlEcj] 2016 jgsxhA
izks- lwjh us t;iqj fj;klr ds vaxzstksa ls laca/k fo"k; ij viuk foLRk`r 'kks/k izLrqr (9) 31osa vf/kos'ku ls okf"kZd esEcjf'ki 200@& j[kh xbZ rFkk Delegate
fd;kA mUgksaus bZLV bafM;k daiuh vkSj fQj fczfV'k kmUk ds jkt ds le; dk Fee 700@& Lohd`r dh xbZA bls dk;Zdkfj.kh }kjk loZlEefr ls Lohd`r fd;k
vkykspUkkREkd fo'ys"k.k izLRkqr fd;kA mUgksaus crk;k fd daiuh vkSj ckn ds le; Hkh x;kA
lkHkj >hy ds ued mRiknu ds lanHkZ esa t;iqj fj;klr ls vaxzstksa ds lca/k cgqr
egRo dk LFkku j[krs gSaSA (10) MkW- 'kf'k nsoM+k }kjk izLrko j[kk x;k fd jktLFkku bfrgkl dakxszl dh
izkslhfMaXl dks vc ^jsQjhM tujy* dh Js.kh esa yk;k tkuk pkfg;sA bl gsrq
fnukad 16@12@2015 dks nksigj 12%15 cts vk;ksftr dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr
,fMVksfj;y cksMZ dk xBu fd;k tkosA izks- Bkdjku }kjk ^bEisDV QSDVj* fu/kkZfjr
dh cSBd esa fuEufyf[kr izLrko ikfjr fd, x, %&
djus dh ckr dgh xbZA izf;k gsrq lfpo izks- ,l-ih- O;kl dks vf/kd`r fd;k
(1) loZizFke tks/kiqj esa vk;ksftr 29osa vf/kos'ku ds izLrkoksa dk loZlEefr x;kA
ls vuqeksnu fd;k x;kA lfefr lnL;ksa }kjk efgyk ih-th- egkfo|ky; ds izfr
vkHkkj izdV fd;k x;kA (11) izks- ,l-ih- O;kl }kjk ;g izLrko j[kk x;k fd ftl LFkku ij dkaxzsl
dk vf/kos'ku vk;ksftr fd;k tk jgk gks] ml {ks= ds izfrf"Br bfrgkldkj dks
(2) lfefr&lnL;ksa }kjk 30osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku dk
jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl }kjk lEekfur fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA loZlEefr ls bldh ewy
djry /ofu ls Lokxr fd;k x;k rFkk ;g vk'kk O; dh fd muds usr`Ro esa
Hkkouk Lohd`r dh x;hA
jktLFkku bfrgkl dakxzsl uohu apkb;ksa dks izkIr djsxkA
(3) jktLFkku bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr dks fo'ofo|ky;h rFkk egkfo|ky;h (12) lnL;ksa }kjk loZlEefr ls 31osa vf/kos'ku ds vk;kstu gsrq MkW- lk/kuk
ikB~;eksa esa lfEefyr djokus ds iz;klksa ij ifjppkZ dh xbZ rFkk MkW- lqjs'k vxzoky es?koky ds ek/;e ls ljnkj iVsy iqfyl] lqj{kk ,oa nkf.Md U;k; fo'ofo|ky;]
dks bl gsrq iz;kl djus ds fy, vf/kd`r fd;k x;kA tks/kiqj }kjk j[ks x, izLrko dks Lohd`r fd;k x;kA
(4) iqjk lEink dks lajf{kr djus ds gsrq ;g fuf'pr fd;k x;k fd bldh (13) lnL;ksa }kjk loZlEefr ls izks- lkSHkkx ekFkqj dks 31osa vf/kos'ku ds
lwpuk LFkkuh; lekpkj&i=ksa esa Hkh nh tk,A izks- ch-,y- mieU;q us dgk fd ,d v/;{k ds :i esa vuqeksfnr fd;k x;kA izLrko izks- fouhrk ifjgkj }kjk j[kk x;k FkkA
356
( vii ) ( viii )
(14) izk-s xksihukFk 'kekZ Le`fr O;k[;ku ,oa izk-s vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku ikrk gSA blls iwoZ jkTkLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds lfpo izks- ,l- ih- O;kl us 30osa
gsrq O;k[;k;udkkZ dks p;fur djus gsrq lfpo dks vf/kd`r fd;k x;kA vf/kos'ku dk izxfr izfrosnu izLRkqr fd;kA mUgksaus crk;k fd bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh
(15) MkW- lq'khyk 'kDrkor ds izfr lfefr&lnL;ksa }kjk vkHkkj O; fd;k izkslhfMaXLk dks 'kks/k izdk'ku ds fy, ekud (vkb,l,l,u) uEcj fey x;k gSA
x;k fd jkf=Hkkst muds }kjk fn;k x;k FkkA blls xq.koRRkkiw.kZ 'kks/kdk;Z dks izJ; feysxkA
(16) lfefr lnL;ksa }kjk 30osa vf/kos'ku ds lQy vk;kstu gsrq izks- ehuk lekiu l= esa izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku us dgk fd viuh fo"ke izkd`frd
xkSM+ ,oa LFkkuh; lfpo izk-s fnfXot; HkVukdj rFkk leLr LVkQ eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj dBksj HkkSxksfyd cukoV ds ckotwn jktLFkku ds yksxksa esa fouezrk
fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj dks c/kkbZ izsf"kr dh xbZ rFkk vkHkkj O; fd;k x;kA vkSj lkgl dk vn~Hkqr feJ.k gSA ;g ;gk dh yksd laLd`fr esa O;kIr la?k"kZ dh
LokHkkfod vfHkO;fDRk gSA
vUr esa dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk v/;{k izks- vkj-lh- Bkdjku ds
izfr vkHkkj O; fd;k x;kA eSa izks- fnfXot; HkVukxj ,oa muds foHkkx ds lHkh lg;ksfx;ksa] deZpkjhx.k
rFkk dqyifr] eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky; ,oa izks- ehuk xkSM+ ds izfr n; ls
fnukad 16@12@2015 dks nksigj 3%30 cts eq[; lHkkxkj] eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k
vkHkkjh gwa fd muds vFkd iz;klksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i 30osa vf/kos'ku dk lQy
fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj esa lk/kkj.k lHkk dh cSBd vkgwr dh xbZA cSBd esa lHkh
vk;kstu laHko gks ldkA
lnL;ksa us loZlEefr ls dk;Zdkfj.kh }kjk fy;s x, fu.kZ;ksa dk vuqeksnu fd;kA
lk/kkj.k lHkk }kjk fuEuakfdr inksa ij loZlEefr ls vkxkeh rhu o"kks ds fy;s
fu;qf dh Lohd`fr nh xbZ %& izks- ,l-ih- O;kl
1- izks- ,l-ih- O;kl & lfpo] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl lfpo]
jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl
2- izks- ehuk xkSM+ & lg&lfpo] jktLFkku bfrgkl dakxzsl
3- MkW- euksjek mik/;k; & dks"kk/;{k] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxszl
dqy 15 rduhdh l=ksa esa 177 'kks/k&i= izLrqr fd;s x;sA vrhr dks HkfOk";
ds fy, lgtuk gS vkSj blds fy, bfrgkl dks izklafxd cuk;k tkuk cgqr vko';d
gSA jktLFkku esa bl n`f"V ls vrqyuh; lkexzh miyC/k gSA blh dkj.k bls bfrgkldkjksa
dk LoxZ dgk tkrk gSA ;s fopkj jkTkLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds 30osa vf/kos'ku ds
lekiu l= esa izfl bfrgkldkj izks- ds- ,l- xqIrk us O;Dr fd,A izks- xqIrk us dgk
fd iqjkRkkfRod LFkyksa dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku dkQh le` gSA ;gk xaHkhjrkiwoZd fujarj
'kks/k vkSj [kqnkbZ dk dk;Z fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA mUgksaus jktLFkku ds bfrgkl
ds laj{k.k vkSj mlds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, O;kid igy fd, tkus ij tksj fn;kA
lekiu l= ds fof'k"V vfRkfFk eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky; ds
dqyifr izks- vkbZ-oh- f=osnh us dgk fd jktLFkku dh dyk vkSj laLd`fr ij
,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls 'kks/kdk;ZZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;gk ds bfrgkl izfl larksa us tks
thou n'kZu fn;k gS og vkt ds lanHkZ esa cgqr izklafxd gSA blds fy, LFkkuh;
fo"k;ksa dks 'kks/kdk;Z esa izeq[krk fn, tkus dh vko';drk gSA dk;Ze esa izks- Qjhnk
'kkg us dgk fd dBksj vkSj la?k"kZe; thou ls gh O;fDRk bfrgkl esa viuk uke cuk
357
( x )
13. City, Society and Changing demographical patterns:

Exploring the Social stratification and emergence of a
synthetic society in Medieval Ajmer
AZwH$_oUH$m 14.
- Dr. Babli Parveen
Role of Traders, Bankers and Money Lenders in the
... 141
Economy of the Hada State of Kota (c. 1670-1800)

1. Presidential Address - Narayan Singh Rao ... 149
Professor Ram Chander Thakran ... 1 15. A Study of Coin Hoard from Kanpura (Chomu) in the
2. Professor G.N. Sharma Memorial Lecture Collection of Govt. Central Museum, Alebert Hall, Jaipur
Dr. Anju Suri ... 35 - Dr. Yashvir Singh & Anil Kumar ... 164
3- izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku 16. Reviewing Pindari British Nexus: Appeasement Initiated
izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr --- 49 - Dr. Veenu Pant & Dr. Pramila Poonia ... 168
4. Prof. Pemaram Prize Paper in Udaipur Session 2015 17. Financial Implications of the Maratha Intervention
Peasant Unrest and its Repression in Nagaur, in Rajasthan
Dabra Tragedy, 13 March 1947 - Dr. Kalpana Malik ... 181
- Rajesh Kumar ... 70 18. Armours of Jaipur in Eighteenth Century
5. Gajanand Chaudhary Prize Paper in Udaipur session 2015 - Almas Zaidi ... 193
Dynamics of Camel Management in Desert : 19. Origin Myths and Economic Organization of Rangrez Royal
A Study Based on Archival Sources of Bikaner State Karkhana in Jaipur during 18th Century
- Nitin Goyal ... 76 - Miss Sumit ... 201
6. Historic new dimensions of the Military triumphs of the 20. Indergarh V/S Nimola: Problems of Sub-feudation in
Imperial Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja Kotah State : A Case Study
- Shanta Rani Sharma ... 86 - Dr. Nidhi Sharma ... 209
7. Impact of Jainism on Rulers of Chauhan Dynasty during 21. State Policy of Trade and Commerce in Bikaner and
12th Century CE A Brief Introduction its Implications : 1759-1828 A.D.
- Dr. Mamta Yadav ... 90 - Prof. K.L. Mathur ... 216
22. Prajamandal, Peasant Awareness and Political
8. History Inscribed : A Study of Chauhan Inscriptions
Changes in Alwar State (1938-1948)
from Haryana
- Dr. Anuradha Mathur ... 226
- Dr. Jagdish Parshad ... 95
23. Police Administration and Reforms in Bharatpur State
9. The War Strategy of Maharana Pratap
During Colonial Period
- Dr. (Mrs.) Digvijay Bhatnagar ... 106
- Virendra Sharma ... 233
10. Akbar and the Rajputs 24. Construction of Railway from Marwar to Pali : A perusal of
- Dr. Tanushree Verma ... 116 Construction Process and Expenditure incurred
11. Intotoxicants as Symbol of Power and Authority during - Khalid Ahmed ... 239
the Mughal Period, with Special Reference to the Rajputs 25. Modern Means of Recreation-Theatre and Cinema
- Salma Alam ... 125 in Jodhpur State
12. Medieval Monuments of Qasba Nagaur as a symbol of - Prof. Vinita Parihar ... 245
Socio-Religious and Cultural History : An Epigraphic Study 26. Heritage of Bharatpur
- Dr. Jibraeil ... 131 - Pooran Lal Meena ... 253
358
( xi ) ( xii )
27. The Sun-worship and Development of Tourism in Rajasthan 42- egkjk.kk izrki dkyhu vkfFkZd fLFkfr
- Dr. B.L. Upamanyu ... 260 & MkW- bZ'ojflag jk.kkor --- 367
28. Wood Work of Bassi A Cultural Heritage of Mewar 43- gkM+hjkuh lywEcjledkyhu jktuSfrd fLFkfr
- Dr. SadhanaMeghwal ... 268
& MkW- eksgCcrflag jkBkSM --- 377
29. Zardori : A traditional Art-An overview with special
reference to rajasthani Painting and Handictrafts 44- csnyk fBdkus ds vU; tkxhjksa ls jDr laca/k
- Shalini Singh ... 274 & MkW- ujsUnzflag jk.kkor --- 380
30. Women as Portrayed in the Folk Songs ( Manoharpur 45- ekjokM+ ds iz'kklu dk izeq[k dsUnz % nhoku
town of Jaipur District) & jkg ckuks --- 386
- Dr. Shobha Singh ... 278 46- esokM+ ds iz/kkeua=h ds :i esa fcgkjhnkl iapksyh ds ;ksxnku dk v/;;u
31. Jat Community Identity and Issues of Gender in (1700&1751 bZ-)
Western Rajaputana & MkW- fofurk Jhekyh --- 391
- Dr. Etee Bahadur ... 282
32. Gagraun - A Juncture of Bhakti - Sufi credence in
47- xksxk th pkSgku % jktx<+ dh vf}rh; foHkwfr
medival Malwa & jktsUnz flag 'ks[kkor ,oa MkW- vfouk'k ikjhd --- 394
- Dr. Yaqub Ali Khan ... 289 48- lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkkouk ds iz.ksrk yksdnsork ckck jkensoth
33. Reflections on the Upheaval of 1857 in Rajasthan & MkW- Hkaojflag HkkVh --- 400
- Professor Shankar Goyal ... 297 49- e/;dkyhu if'peh jktLFkku esa ês?koky&lekt* esa lrh&izFkk
34- jktLFkku esa iqjkro ,oa ifjorZu & ,d v/;;u
& vkflQ gqluS ,oa vkQrkc gqluS --- 318 & vkseizdk'k HkkVh --- 408
35- dkyhcaxk ls izkIr VsjkdksVk ij Jh jke ,oa nsoh lhrk dk iqjkrkfod 50- nkk.kh [ksr % ,d foLe`r ;q
lk{; ,oa fofo/k rkez dyk iqjklkexzh ds lkFk fpfr (vkgr) eqnzk, & MkW- dqlqe jkBkSM+ --- 413
& t+Qj mYykg [kk --- 323 51- e/;;qxhu ekjokM+ esa vkokxeu ds lk/ku
36- >kykokM+ ftyk dk izkphu dLck xax/kkj & MkW- (Jherh) foeys'k jkBkSM+ --- 419
MkW- iz.ko nso --- 329 52- e/;dkyhu bfrgkl esa vFkwZ.kk ,d O;kikfjd uxj ds :Ik esa
37- vfHkys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij iwoZ&e/;dky esa jktLFkku dk jktuhfrd] & MkW- Jherh iadt vkesVk ,oa j.kNksM+ yky ojgkr --- 427
lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd thou 53- egkjk.kk dqaHkkdkyhu lkfgR; (vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk,)
& eqds'k dqekj 'kekZ --- 334 & uhye Jhekyh --- 430
38- eRL; {ks= ds izeq[k vfHkys[kksa dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u 54- vksfl;ka ds eafnjksa esa lajf{kr /kkfeZd leUo; dh ijEijk
& lquhy nk --- 342 & MkW- rstsUnz oYyHk O;kl --- 437
39- iwoZe/;dkyhu esokM+ dh ewfrZdyk esa ifjyf{kr ukjh thou 55- ,sfrgkfld ,dfyaxth dk efUnj vkSj mldk izcU/ku
(9oha ls 11oha 'krkCnh) MkW- fxjh'k ukFk ekFkqj --- 444
& MkW- gsesUnz pkS/kjh --- 347 56- Mwaxjiqj ds mn;fogkj dh jk.khoko iz'kfLr
40- jkor eYyhukFk ds jktuSfrd dk;Z (1340 ls 1399) & MkW- efydk cksgjk --- 447
& Jh vpykjke pkS/kjh --- 356 57- esokM+ ds nsyokM+k tSu eafnj okLrq & 'kSyh ,oa izfrek,a
41- esokM+&eqxy la?k"kZ esa xksxqUnk {ks= dh Hkwfedk (egkjk.kk mn;flag & js[kk egkRek --- 454
o egkjk.kk izrki ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) 58- esokM+ jkT; esa m|ku&LFkkiR; ,d vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k
& vt; eksph --- 362 (15oha ls 18oha 'krkCnh)
359
( xiii ) ( xiv )
& iwue ikBd --- 462 74- duZy tsEl VkWM ds bfrgkl ys[ku dh iqulZeh{kk dh vko';drk
59- esokM+ ds lqj{kk }kjk :iuxj>hyokM+k fBdkusa & foeflag vejkor --- 547
& xksfoUn flag lksyadh --- 467 75- esokM+&jkT; ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd igyw dk lzksr ^nsoyksd i/kkfj;k
60- 'ks[kkokVh fHkfkfp=ksa dk ,d oSf'k"B;xksih&".k Lo:i dh cfg;ka (dkuksM+ fBdkuk ds lanHkZ esa)
& MkW- f'kYih xqIrk --- 473 & MkW- ts-ds- vks>k --- 551
61- vMks.kh fdys ds {ks= esa fLFkr chdkusj jktoa'k dh Le`fr;ka 76- lwjtdaoj C;ko jh cgh & fo'ks"k lanHkZ (oSokfgd jhfr;k
& MkW- ujflag ijnslh&c?ksy --- 479 vkSj ngst dk C;kSjk)
62- fo".kq efUnj] bZloky,d v/;;u & MkW- vYiuk nqHkk"ks --- 558
& izks- uhye dkSf'kd ,oa Jherh yhyk ekyh --- 484 77- [kkuk fjdkWMZl~ esa {ks=h; bfrgkl % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u
63- mn;iqj dh gosfy;ksa dk tkfrxr vk/kkj ij vkdyu & MkW- vfuy iqjksfgr --- 562
& izks- ehuk xkSM+ --- 486 78- jktLFkku esa 1857 dk izFke Lora=rk laxzke & vkmok (ekjokM+)
64- vyoj jkT; ds jktx<+ {ks= dk dykRed v/;;u ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa
(LFkkiR; ,oa fp=dyk ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa) & dfudk Hkuksr --- 569
& MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k --- 492 79- jktLFkku dh tu&tkx`fr esa vkjafEHkd i=&if=dkvksa dk ;ksxnku
65- esokM+ ds yksd dykvksa esa cnyrs lkekftd ewY; (1849&1920 bZ- rd dh i=&if=dkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa)
& MkW- lqjs'k dqekj --- 580
& MkW- ehuk{kh cksgjk ('kekZ) --- 501
80- jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke esa i=&if=dkvksa dk izHkko
66- esokM+ ds vkfnoklh lekt esa ukrk izFkk
(1920 bZ- esa 1947 bZ- rd)
& MkW- vfurk dkofM+;k --- 506
& MkW- fnus'k jkBh --- 585
67- jktLFkku dh lrh ,oa lrk (iq#"k fo'ks"k) ijEijk 81- jktLFkku esa Lok/khurk vkUnksyu % vtesj esjokM+k ds eqfLye
& MkW- ;ksxorh ikjhd --- 509 Lo=Urk lsukfu;ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa
68- esokM+ jkT; ds jktLFkkuh lkfgfR;d ksrksa esa ty % & MkW- bdcky Qkfrek --- 592
17oha&18oha 'krkCnh ds lanHkZ esa 82- Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku 'ks[kkokVh {ks= esa
& MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k --- 514 tu&tkx`fr esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk
69- /kkV izns'k esa ty izca/k % ,d ,sfrgkfld o lkaLfrd v/;;u & ujsUnz dqekj lSuh --- 599
& iadt pk.Md --- 521 83- xksok eqfDr laxzke esa >kykokM+ ds lR;kxzgh % Jh NksVsyky oekZ
70- jktx<+ esa ikjaifjd ty izca/ku esa lekt dk ;ksxnku % ,d losZ{k.k & MkW- vpZuk f}osnh --- 604
& ehuk dqekjh --- 525 84- izFke fo'o;q esa esokM+ dk ;ksxnku
71- lhaFky&[ksMk+ ik jkeLusgh lUrksa dh ;k=kvksa dk ,sfrgkfld egRo & MkW- jktsUnzukFk iqjksfgr --- 609
(fo-la- 1810 ls fo-la- 1883 rd) 85- tSlyesj jkT; esa ijEijkxr fpfdRlk lqfo/kk %
& MkW- gjh'k dqekj --- 529 ,d v/;;u (1818&1900 bZ-)
72- jktLFkku ,oa xqtjkr ds tutkfr;ksa ds mRFkku ds & MkW- ,e-vkj- x<ohj --- 613
.ksrk lar lrh lqjekynkl 86- chdkusj fj;klr vkSj vkS|ksfxd ,oa O;kikfjd oxZ
& MkW- 'kadjyky [kjkMh --- 534 & MkW- egsUnz iqjksfgr --- 621
73- vtesj&esjokM+k esa lkekftd xfr'khyrk (phrk&cjM+ 87- jktLFkku dh cSafdax O;oLFkk esa mHkjrh uohu izo`fk;k
leqnk;ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) (18oha ls 19oha 'krkCnh rd)
& tykyqhu --- 541 & MkW- dqyoUr flag 'ks[kkor --- 625
360
( xv ) ( xvi )
88- t;iqj dh Cyw ikWVjh gLrdyk dh ,sfrgkfldrk 11- jktLFkku dk gosyh LFkkiR;
(17oha lnh ls 20oha lnh rd) &yfyr dqekj iaokj --- 663
& iwtk fljksyk --- 630 12- bfrgkl fuekZ.k ds lUnHkZ esa pkj.k lkfgR; ijEijk
89- t;iqj dh laxejej dyk ,oa m|ksx % lelkef;d (fofHkUu fo/kk,a ,oa ekSf[kd ijEijk)
leL;k ,oa lek/kku & bZ'ojnku --- 664
& MkW- vk'kk dqekjh flag --- 635 13- /kkfeZd rhFkZ LFky dksyk;r dk lkaLd`frd egRo
90- fljksgh fj;klr esa Fkh i;kZoj.k izca/ku dh vk/kqfud lksp & MkW- Jherh iq"ik pkSgku --- 665
& MkW- deyk ca/kq --- 639 14- uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z ls Hkjiwj lhrkekrk vH;kj.;
91- chdkusj ds egkjktk xaxk flag ds 'kkludky esa tsy iz'kklu & euksgjyky iqjksfgr --- 665
&eksgEen Qk:d pkSgku ,oa MkW- 'kkjnk 'kekZ --- 643 15- ehjk % ,d vfgald fonzksfg.kh
ABSTRACTS / lkjka'k & lqJh vuqiek --- 667
1. The Glimpses of Urban Growth, and Decay in the 16- egkjktk c[krflag jh cgh 1801 (oL=ksa dh fof'k"V tkudkjh)
North-West region; Ranthmbhore (The last strategic & gsek jtd --- 668
capital of the Chauhans) 17- ohjksyh (fljksgh) esa [kkstk x;k uohu 'kSy fp= LFky
- Prof. Pushpa Sharma ... 652 & foe flag nsoM+k --- 669
2. Maharana Pratap, The Mughal and The Battle of Haldighati : 18- <w<kM+ esa teok jkex<+ dk fdyk % 10 oha ,oa 16 oha 'krkCnh ds
A Reappraisal (Based on Historical and Literary Sources)
LFkkiR; dyk dk vn~Hkwr leUo;
- Prof. Ravindra Kumar Sharma ... 653
3. I.T. Prichards Narrative and 1857 & fjrhdk dqekjh ehuk --- 671
-Dr. Sunita Kumari ... 654 19- ehjkaackbZ dh orZeku esa izklafxdrk
4- /kqvka/kksi ds 'kSykJ; esa fpf=r fo'ks"k ;ksk & Jherh lksuw 'ks[kkor --- 672
& MkW- rstflag ekobZ ,oa MkW- fot;flag ekobZ --- 654 20- Tkutkfr {ks= ckalokM+k esa iztke.My dk
5- esokM+ esa xqMY;k ijEijk vukt vkUnksyu (1945&1946)
& MkW- iq"ik lq[koky --- 656 & gseUr i.M~;k --- 673
6- vkfnokfl;ksa esa lkekftd tu psruk ds fodkl esa 21- ikyh {ks= ds O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dk ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k
ekek ckys'oj n;ky dk ;ksxnku & vkbZnkuflag --- 676
& dkfUr dVkjk --- 657 22- f'k{kk ds fodkl esa yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk dk egRo
7- Hkhy lekt esa fookg laLdkj & ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u & dSyk'k tks'kh --- 677
&uhrw jktkor --- 658 23- ,d LoraU=rk lSukuh lar&ekek ckys'oj n;ky
8- jktLFkkuh fp=dyk dk ifjp; & ukjk;.k yky ikjxh --- 678
& dq'kkxz tSu --- 659 24- bfrgkl dk vufr[;kr lzksr % Hkokuh ijekuUn iqLrdky;] >kykokM+
9- esokM+ esa gosyh ijEijk % ,d voyksdu & MkW- lTtu iksloky --- 681
& frfFk i.M~;k --- 660 25- fljksgh {ks= dh yksd&/kquksa esa ,sfrgkfld >yd
10- jktLFkku dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd psruk ds fodkl esa & MkW- mn;flag nsoM+k (fMxkaj) --- 684
List of Members ... 687
vk;Z lekt dk ;ksxnku
& MkW- Hkjr nsoM+k --- 662

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1

2 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

presence of seasonal water courses such as the Ghaggar, the Sahibi,

Respected Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen,

Map 3, After V. N. Misra

not been discovered from stratified archaeological contexts so far.

then released (muktah).Quite evidently he retired to his kingdom in

life of Maharana Pratap influenced his brave soldiers the most. He

fellow men, eating Opium or drinking Opium water (kusumbho) or

of the Chauhana, originally ruled over Ahichhatrapura in about the

Contemporary evidence refers to numerous jatis, such as

production, agrarian trade and commerce as well. They always strived

wood / bone were tied together.4

The late 19th century Marwar census report Mardum Shumari

3. Pevrdhi (Cherry) Yellow 5. Mardumshumari Raj Marwar Report. CE 1891, p.482.

A decisive change in their status came by the treaty of 25

back seat. The Association of Kotriyat instead of introducing major

Besides the City Kotwal, the State maintained l3 Thanas in the

India and specifically in Rajasthan. In this phase Jodhpur State had to

Fateh Burj near Anah Gate (Bharatpur : District- Bharatpur,

of historical prominence for Zardozi (Aari tari) work. Presently Ghat

Later on, it was given to Maharao Bhim Singh I of Kota state by

the description of the upheaval of 1857 as the First National War

,oa Photo Page - Fig. 9.51 a-j.

ck;ha vksj ls nsoh lhrk ,oa Jh jke dk dkyhcaxk ls feys VsjkdksVk

19- ,fixzkfQ;k bafMdk] Hkkx&XXXIV] i`- 159&163

bl {ks= esa gh egkjk.kk mn;flag }kjk vkeus&lkeus ;q djus dh jktiwr lanHkZ

LFkkiR; dyk esa ;ksxnku

21- HkkVh] gjth] ck.kh la- 32 (futh laxzg)

jktk jkeeksgu jk; ds iz;klksa ls rRdkyhu xouZj tujy ykMZ fofy;e

mYys[k mn;iqj ds n/kokfM+;k pkj.k dfo [ksejkt us bu 'kCnksa esa fd;k gS

t;'ks[kj lqjh dh dbZ jpuk,a feyh gSA fnxEcj tSu lkfgR;

bl izdkj fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vksfl;ka ds eafnj LFkkiR; esa

o iq= lwjt dh fo|ekurk esa cutkjksa us cuokbZ FkhA5

nsodqfydk;sa %& vkfnukFk ftuky; ds izeq[k nsoh&nsork %&

14- oa'kh okfnuh (fp=28)ca'kh ctkrs gq,A

ij] Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gS] vr% fo"k; 'kks[kkokVh ds fHkfkfp=ksa ds ,d

lqjflag ds i'pkr chdkusj ds mkjkf/kdkjh cus egkjktk d.kZflag dks eqxy

gksus yxkA fofHkUu lH;rkvksa] laLd`fr;ksa o ijEijkvksa ds izHkko us bu yksd dykvksa

3 daBks (uxj ls mkj] NkNjks ls nf{k.k esa) 15 ls 35 90 ls 210

lkfj.kh la[;k1 31- <ksyh 6 0-15

lksuk jks xsg.kks & 1 lkVka jh tksMh+ rksyk 70)277

9- xks;y] lkSHkkX;] ogh] i`- 155

laxfBr djus dk dk;Z fd;kA

5 vxLr 1915 dks feLVj oqM ikWfyfVdy lsdsVh] fczfV'k&ljdkj ds

dSfn;ksa dks nh tkus okyh lkexzh lanHkZ %

lqJh vuqiek egkjktk c[krflag jh cgh 1801

Gyarsi Swami, Vill.Tedi via Jaswantgarh, T.Ladanun, Nagaur Savita Choudhary

ISSN 2321-1288 Editorial Board takes no responsibility for inaccurate misleading

Preface lfpo izfrosnu

13. City, Society and Changing demographical patterns:

Economy of the Hada State of Kota (c. 1670-1800)

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