Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance, and it is a

physical property of matter. A physical property can be measured without changing

the chemical identity of the substance. Since pure substances have unique density

values, measuring the density of a substance can help identify that substance.

Density is determined by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume:

,
, = , (1a)

The units of density are commonly expressed as g/cm3 for solids, g/mL for

liquids, and g/L for gases. Density is also an intensive property of matter. This

means that the value of density is independent of the quantity of matter present. For

example, the density of a gold coin and a gold statue are the same, even though the

gold statue consists of the greater quantity of gold. This is in contrast to extensive

properties, like volume (the amount of space occupied by matter), which depend of

the quantity of mater present. The more matter present, the larger the volume.

Density determination by pycnometer is a very precise

method. It uses a working liquid with well-known density, such

as water. The pycnometer (Figure 1) is a glass flask with a

close-fitting ground glass stopper with a capillary hole through

it. This fine hole releases a spare liquid after closing a top-filled

pycnometer and allows for obtaining a given volume of

Figure 1.1: Pycnometer

1
measured and/or working liquid with a high accuracy. The pycnometers used in

different areas of application have different shapes and standards. During

measurement, it is important to make sure that all weighing operations are

performed at a constant temperature and that there is no air trapped either in the

liquid or between the sample particles.

According to equation [1a], the volume of water that is filling the

pycnometer and the stopper is:

2
= 2
(1b)

Volume V obtained in this measurement is the same as the volume of water

determined from equation [1b]. It follows alternated equation:

= (1c)

Combining equations [1b] and [1c]:

2
=
2

yields a relation that provides the density of measured liquid (L):

=

2 2

Dependence of Density on Temperature

The density of all solid, liquid and gaseous materials depends on

temperature. Aside from temperature, the density of gaseous materials also depends

on pressure. Gases are compressible at "normal" pressure; this means that air density

changes when the air pressure changes.

A general rule is: The higher the temperature, the lower the density.

Materials expand when heated; in other words: their volume increases. Therefore the

2
 density of materials will decrease as their volume increases. This is more noticeable

in liquids than in solids, and especially in gases.

Figure 1.2: A graph showing the relationship between temperature and density

The Archimedean Principle

In accordance with the definition of density as = m/V, in order to

determine the density of matter, the mass and the volume of the sample must be

known. The determination of mass can be performed directly using a weighing

instrument. The determination of volume generally cannot be performed directly.

Exceptions to this rule include

Cases where the accuracy is not required to be very high, and

Measurements performed on geometric bodies, such as cubes, cuboids or cylinders,

the volume of which can easily be determined from dimensions such as length,

height and diameter.

The volume of a liquid can be measured in a graduated cylinder or in a pipette; the

volume of solids can be determined by immersing the sample in a cylinder filled

with water and then measuring the rise in the water level.

3
 Chapter 2

Design and methodology

This experiment is conducted to determine the densities of different substance

namely; water, chloroform and methanol. The following procedure is done carefully

to get a very little percent error value. And to achieve that, the students first cleaned

the pycnometer with hydrochloric solution and distilled water respectively. This is

done to ensure that the apparatus is clean from any impurities that may affect the

experiment itself. The next step is to dry the pycnometer and weigh it in the digital

balance before filling it in with the substances and weighing it again. The students

then used the measured value to know the weight of the substance by subtracting the

weight of the pycnometer with the substance and pycnometer without the substance.

Additional to that, the students also took the temperature of each substance. The

experiment is done with three trials for every reagent.

4
 Chapter 3

Results and discussion

Table 3.1 Data for the measured value of height due to blowing and suctioning

COMPOUNDS BLOWING SUCTIONING

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 TRIAL 1 TRIAL TRIAL
2 3
Water 2.9 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.9
Benzene 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3
Chloroform 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6
Methanol 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8
Unknown 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1
Liquid
Table 3.1 contains the necessary data needed for the calculation of the experimental value of the
density of water. The measured average density for water is very close to the true value indicated in
the Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (8th Edition) at the average temperature of 298.3167 K,
the result generated a percent error value of 0.0501.

Table 3.2 Data for the measured value of height due to suctioning

COMPOUNDS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Water 2.6 2.6 2.9
Benzene 1.3 1.4 1.3
Chloroform 0.5 0.5 0.6
Methanol 0.9 0.9 0.8
Unknown Liquid 1.2 1.2 1.1
Table 3.1 contains the necessary data needed for the calculation of the experimental value of the
density of water. The measured average density for water is very close to the true value indicated in
the Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (8th Edition) at the average tempe

Table 3.3 Data for the experimental value of average height, temperature and density

COMPOUNDS AVERAGE T (oC) DENSITY

HEIGHT
Water 2.75 24 0.9973
Benzene 1.3667 25 0.8801
Chloroform 0/4667 24 1.4979
Methanol 0.8667 25 0.7934
Unknown Liquid 1.15 23 0.7530

5
Table 3.2 contains the necessary data needed for the calculation of the experimental value of the
density of chloroform. The measured average density for chloroform is very close to the true value
indicated in the Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (8th Edition) at the average temperature of
296.4833 K, the result generated a percent error value of 0.3971.

Table 3.3 Data for the experimental value of density for Methanol

COMPOUNDS AVERAGE T (oC) DENSITY

HEIGHT
Water 2.75 24 0.9973
Benzene 1.3667 25 0.8801
Chloroform 0/4667 24 1.4979
Methanol 0.8667 25 0.7934
Unknown Liquid 1.15 23 0.7530
Table 3.2 contains the necessary data needed for the calculation of the experimental value of the
density of chloroform. The measured average density for chloroform is very close to the true value
indicated in the Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (8th Edition) at the average temperature of
297. 8167 K, the result generated a percent error value of 2.0382.

Chapter 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The density of liquids can be measured by using various weighing methods such as

hydrometer, aerometer, pycnometer and others. But for this experiment, the apparatus which

was used to measure the density of water, methanol and chloroform was pycnometer.

Pycnometer is known to be very precise method. It uses a working liquid with well-known

density, such as water. From the experiment, we used distilled water for which temperature

dependent values of density at water. The pycnometer is a glass flask with close-fitting

6
ground glass stopper with a capillary hole through it. The fine hole releases a spare liquid

after closing a top-filled pycnometer and allows for obtaining a given volume of measured

and working liquid with a high accuracy. For it to be precise, the pycnometer should be very

clean and dry before initial weighing.

After doing the necessary measurements needed, we used the formula = / to

compute for the density. We obtained a density of 0.99687 for water, 1.48 for chloroform and

0.7738 for methanol. It resulted to a low percent error: 0.0501% for water, 0.3971% for

chloroform and 2.0382% for methanol. To limit the errors in determining density with the

pycnometer method, the following should be observed: The temperature must be kept

constant throughout the entire experimental procedure; there should be no air bubbles in the

liquid medium or on the sample. When proper care is exercised using the pycnometer, this

method can be used for highly accurate determination of the density of materials.

REFERENCES

Collins, W. (1979). Origin of Pycnometer

Feinman, D. (2003). Density: Definition, Formula & Practice Problems. GED Science

Sartorius (1999). Density Determination Manual. Manual of Weighing Applications

SOP (2000). Determination Density by using Pycnometer. Research Gate

Young R. (2000). How to Use Beakers.

7
 APPENDIX A

Definition of Terms

Density is defined as the ratio between mass and volume or mass per unit volume. It

is a measure of how much stuff an object has in a unit volume (cubic meters or cubic

centimeters). Mass is the measure of how much stuff an object contains and volume is

the measure of how much space an object occupies in three-dimensional space.

Pycnometer (from the Greek puknos, meaning "density", also called pyknometer or

specific gravity bottle), is a flask with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a fine

hole through it, so that a given volume can be accurately obtained. This enables the

density of a fluid to be measured accurately, by reference to an appropriate working

fluid such as water or mercury, using an analytical balance.

8
 APPENDIX B

Calculation / Computation

Weight water = Weight pycnometer w/ water Weight empty pycnometer

Weight water = 45.10 g 20.20 g

Weight water = 24.9 g

water (through extrapolation) = 0.99745 g/cm3

Mass of water 24.9

Volume water = Density of water =0.99745 3

Volume water = 24.9637 cm3

By Interpolation:

Temperature(K) Density(kg/m^3)

296 997.532

296.65 997.3728

298 997.042

1000 (1 )3
water (true value) = 997.3728 3 x x (100)3
1

water (true value) = 0.9974 g/cm3

0.9974 0.9969 3
3
% error water = x 100
0.74 3

% error water = 0.0501 %

Sample Computation for Chloroform:

Weight chloroform = Weight pycnometer w/ chloroform Weight empty pycnometer

Weight chloroform = 57.13 g 20.20 g

Weight chloroform = 36.93 g

9

(Mass of chloroform)(Density of water) (36.93)(0.99745 )
3 13
chloroform = =
(Mass of water) 24.9

chloroform = 1.479 3

1 1.0841
chloroform (true value) = 4 = 296.4833 0.2741
[1+(1 ) ] [1+(1 ) ]
2 3 0.2581 536.4

119.378 (1 )3
chloroform (true value) = 12.4474 3 x x (10)3

chloroform (true value) = 1.4847 g/cm3

1.4847 1.48 3
3
% error chloroform = x 100
1.4847 3

% error chloroform = 0.3971 %

Sample Computation for Methanol:

Weight methanol = Weight pycnometer w/ methanol Weight empty pycnometer

Weight methanol = 38.38 g 20.20 g

Weight methanol = 18.18 g

(Mass of methanol)(Density of water) (8.18)(0.9745 )
3
methanol = =
(Mass of water) 24.9

methanol = 0.7283 3

1 2.3267
methanol (true value) = = 297.8167 0.24713
[1+(1 )4 ] [1+(1 ) ]
2 3 0.27073 512.5

32.042 (1 )3
methanol (true value) = 24.6530 3 x x (10)3

methanol (true value) = 0.7899 g/cm3

0.7899 0.7735 3
3
% error methanol = x 100
0.7899 3

% error methanol = 2.0382 %

10
 APPENDIX C

List of Apparatus

Beaker is a cylindrical container used to store, mix and heat liquids in laboratories.

Drying oven is used to dry apparatus faster.

Medicine droppers are tools usually made from a long piece of glass or plastic with

a flexible rubber handle that is used to suction liquids in and out of the device.

Pycnometer is a container used for determining the density of a liquid or powder,

having a specific volume and often provided with a thermometer to indicate the

temperature of the contained substance.

Thermometer is a thin glass tube used to measure temperature commonly by means

of the expansion or contraction of mercury or alcohol as indicated its rise and fall.

Wash bottle is a squeeze bottle with a nozzle, used to rinse various pieces of

laboratory glassware, such as test tubes and round bottom flasks.

11
 APPENDIX D

Documentation

Figure D.1: Cleaning the pycnometer with hydrochloric acid followed by distilled water

Figure D.2: Drying the pycnometer using a dryer

12
Figure D.3: weighing of the pycnometer with the reagents

13
 APPENDIX E

Material Safety Data Sheet

Table E.1 Hydrochloric acid MSDS

Diamond Hazard Value Description

Health 3 Can cause serious or permanent injury.

Flammability 0 Will not burn under typical fire

conditions.

Instability 1 Normally stable but can become unstable

at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Special

Table E.1.1 Section 1: Chemical Product

Section 1: Chemical Product

Product Name: Hydrochloric acid Catalog Codes: SLH1462, SLH3154

CAS#: Mixture.

RTECS: MW4025000

TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Hydrochloric acid

CI#: Not applicable.

Synonym: Hydrochloric Acid; Muriatic Acid

Chemical Name: Not applicable.

Chemical Formula: Not applicable.

14
Table E.1.2 Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Hydrogen Chloride 7647-01-0 20-38

Water 7732-18-5 62-80

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Hydrogen chloride: GAS (LC50):

Acute: 4701 ppm 0.5 hours [Rat].

Table E.1.3 Hazards Identification

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive,

irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion, Slightly hazardous

in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer). Non-corrosive for lungs. Liquid or spray mist

may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and

respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may

produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or

shortness of breath. Severe over-exposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye

is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized

by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.

Potential Chronic Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer).

CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 3 (Not classifiable for human.) by IARC

[Hydrochloric acid]. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC

15
EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The

substance may be toxic to kidneys, liver, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract,

skin, eyes, Circulatory System, teeth. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance

can produce target organs damage. Repeated or prolonged contact with spray mist may

produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin irritation. Repeated or prolonged

exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent

attacks of bronchial infection. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may

produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human

organs.

Table E.1.4 First Aid Measures

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact:

Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with

plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention

immediately.

Skin Contact:

In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while

removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold

water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get

medical attention immediately.

Serious Skin Contact:

Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream.

16
Seek immediate medical attention.

Inhalation:

If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is

difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.

Serious Inhalation:

Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,

tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not

breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may be hazardous to the

person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic,

infectious or corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.

Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never

give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie,

belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.

Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Table E.1.5 Fire and Explosion Data

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.

Flash Points: Not applicable.

Flammable Limits: Not applicable.

Products of Combustion: Not available.

17
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: of metals

Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Non-explosive in presence of open

flames and sparks, of shocks.

Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.

Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Non-combustible. Calcium carbide reacts with

hydrogen chloride gas with incandescence. Uranium phosphide reacts with hydrochloric acid

to release spontaneously flammable phosphine. Rubidium acetylene carbides burns with

slightly warm hydrochloric acid. Lithium silicide in contact with hydrogen chloride becomes

incandescent. When dilute hydrochloric acid is used, gas spontaneously flammable in air is

evolved. Magnesium boride treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid produces

spontaneously flammable gas. Cesium acetylene carbide burns hydrogen chloride gas.

Cesium carbide ignites in contact with hydrochloric acid unless acid is dilute. Reacts with

most metals to produce flammable Hydrogen gas.

Table E.2 Chloroform MSDS

Diamond Hazard Value Description

Health 2 Can cause temporary incapacitation or

residual injury.

Flammability 0 Will not burn under typical fire

conditions.

Instability 0 Normally stable, even under fire

conditions.

Special

18
Table E.2. 1: Chemical Product

Section 1: Chemical Product

Product Name: Chloroform

Catalog Codes: SLC1888, SLC5044

CAS#: 67-66-3

RTECS: FS9100000

TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Chloroform

CI#: Not available.

Synonym: Trichloromethane; Methane, trichlorChemical

Name: Chloroform

Chemical Formula: CHCl3

Table E.2.2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Chloroform 67-66-3 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Chloroform: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 695 mg/kg [Rat].

36 mg/kg [Mouse]. 820 mg/kg [Guinea pig]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: >20000 mg/kg

[Rabbit]. VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 47702 mg/m 4 hours [Rat].

19
Table E.2. 3: Hazards Identification

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact

(irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator).

Potential Chronic Health Effects: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified + (Proven.) by

NIOSH. Classified A3 (Proven for animal.) by ACGIH, 2B (Possible for human.) by IARC.

Classified 2 (Some evidence.) by NTP. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian

somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not

available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to

kidneys, liver, heart. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target

organs damage.

Table E.2. 4: First Aid Measures

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately

flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be used. WARM

water MUST be used. Get medical attention. p. 2

Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the

irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing

before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention.

Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with

an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.

Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If

20
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.

Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight

clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If

the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may be

hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled

material is toxic, infectious or corrosive. Seek medical attention.

Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never

give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are

swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or

waistband.

Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Table E.2. 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.

Flash Points: Not applicable.

Flammable Limits: Not applicable.

Products of Combustion: Not available.

Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.

Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Risks of explosion of the

product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product

in presence of static discharge: Not available.

21
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.

Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.

Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: May explode if it comes in contact with

aluminum powder, lithium, perchlorate, pentoxide, bis (dimethylamino) dimethylstannane,

potassium, potassium-sodium alloy, sodium (or sodium hydroxide or sodium methoxide),

and methanol

Table E.3 Methanol MSDS

Diamond Hazard Value Description

Health 1 Can cause significant irritation.

Flammability 3 Can be ignited under almost all ambient

temperature conditions.

Instability 0 Normally stable, even under fire

conditions.

Special

Table E.3. 1: Chemical Product

Section 1: Chemical Product

Product Name: Methyl alcohol

Catalog Codes: SLM3064, SLM3952

CAS#: 67-56-1

RTECS: PC1400000

TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Methyl alcohol

22
CI#: Not applicable.

Synonym: Wood alcohol, Methanol; Methylol; Wood Spirit; Carbinol

Chemical Name: Methanol

Chemical Formula: CH3OH

Table E.3.2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:

Name CAS # % by Weight

Methyl alcohol 67-56-1 100

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Methyl alcohol: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 5628 mg/kg

[Rat]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 15800 mg/kg [Rabbit]. VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 64000

ppm 4 hours [Rat].

Table E.3. 3: Hazards Identification

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact

(irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator).

Severe over-exposure can result in death.

Potential Chronic Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer).

CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for

mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS:

23
Classified POSSIBLE for human. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The

substance is toxic to eyes. The substance may be toxic to blood, kidneys, liver, brain,

peripheral nervous system, upper respiratory tract, skin, central nervous system (CNS), optic

nerve. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.

Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by

an accumulation in one or many human organs.

Table E.3. 4: First Aid Measures

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact:

Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at

least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.

Skin Contact:

In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while

removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold

water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get

medical attention immediately.

Serious Skin Contact:

Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream.

Seek immediate medical attention.

Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If

breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.

Serious Inhalation:

24
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,

tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not

breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may be hazardous to the

person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic,

infectious or corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.

Ingestion:

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never

give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie,

belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.

Serious Ingestion: Not available.

Table E.3.5: Fire and Explosion Data

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: 464C (867.2F)

Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 12C (53.6F). OPEN CUP: 16C (60.8F).

Flammable Limits: LOWER: 6% UPPER: 36.5%

Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).

Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Highly flammable in presence of open

flames and sparks, of heat. Non-flammable in presence of shocks.

Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Risks of explosion of the

product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Explosive in presence of open

flames and sparks, of heat.

25
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water.

SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray

or fog.

Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat

or flame. Vapor may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back.

When heated to decomposition, it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. CAUTION:

MAY BURN WITH NEAR INVISIBLE FLAME

Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Forms an explosive mixture with air due to its

low flash point. Explosive when mixed with Chloroform + sodium methoxide and diethyl

zinc. It boils violently and explodes.

26