19222 Electrical Machines

and Control
REAL Transformers

1
 Linear Generator
Recall that the linear generator v
could be considered as a single e
turn of wire in a magnetic flux I A single turn
The magnetic flux was changed x
by altering the area of the coil
area A l
This induced an emf (voltage) dBA
across the rails and caused a
current to flow in the sliding e=N
contact which opposed the dt
force causing the movement
Could achieve same affect with d
stationary slider and varying the e=N
flux density
dt 2
 Self Inductance
Recall coil wrapped round NI
core induced a flux =

Flux passing through coil
induces an emf self NI
d
d
=N
inductance
e=N
dt dt
2
N dI
I e=
dt
e recall
2
dI N
e=L L=
dt
3
 Mutual Inductance
Consider two coils wrapped round the
same core
Flux generated by coil 1 links with coil 2
and generates an emf e2

I1 I2

e1 e2

4
 EMF(Voltage) Relationship
The relationships between the two emfs (voltages) is:
d N1 I 1
e2 = N 2 =
dt
N N dI e N dI
e2 = 1 2 1 2 = 1 1
dt N 2 dt
recall
N1 N1 dI1 e1 N1 dI1
e1 = =
dt N1 dt
by inspection
e1 e e N
= 2 1 = 1
N1 N 2 e2 N 2
5
 AC Operation
e2 e1 N1 dI1
Notice that the = =
expressions for e1 and e2 N 2 N1 dt
include dI/dt d
e=N
For e1 and e2 0 time dt
varying current is e(t ) = E sin(t )
required and e1 and e2 1 t
= E sin(t )
will vary sinusoidally N 0
1
Flux therefore also varies = E cos(t )
N
sinusoidally*
= cos(t )
6
 AC Operation
Can use phasor quantities with transformer equations so:
e1 e1 N1
= = e = e
e2 e2 N 2
Assuming an energy balance in the transformer:

S in = S out e1 I1 = e 2 I 2
e1 I2
I 2 N1
= = = I = I
e2 I1 I1 N 2
N1I1 = N 2 I 2
7
 Multiple Windings
For multiple windings:
N1I1 = N 2 I 2 + N 3I 3 + ... + N n I n OR F =0

I1 I2
e1 e2

I3
e3 8
 Multiple Windings
Similarly for emf (voltages):

N1 e1
=
N 2 e2
N1 e1
=
N 3 e3
N 2 e2
=
N 3 e3
9
 Ideal Transformer
I1
Basic equations: I2

N1 e1
=
N 2 e2 e1 e2

N1I1 = N 2 I 2

10
 Ideal Transformer Under Load
Load can be reflected to primary
side
I1 I2
e2 N1
Z2 = e1 = e2
I2 N2
N2
I1 = I2
N1 e1 e2 Z2

N1
e2 2
e1 N 2 N1
Z1 = = = Z 2
I1 N 2 I N2
2
N1
11
 Non Ideal Transformer
For magnetic flux to flow
I1
F1 > F2 I2

N1I1 > N 2 I 2 IM

XM e1 e2
Add a magnetisation
current
N1I1 > N 2 I 2
N1I1 = N 2 I 2 + I M
12
 Non Ideal Transformer
Energy loss IEL
Eddy Losses
Hysteresis losses
Both energy losses
commonly called iron
losses:

2
Ploss = I Fe RFe

Energy loss

13
 Non Ideal Transformer
Add to magnetisation current
N1I1 = N 2 I 2 + I M + I Fe
I ex = I M + I Fe
I1 (N2/N1)I2 I2

Iex

e1 RFe XM e2

14
 Non Ideal Transformer
The excitation current can be calculated
from:

e1 e1
I ex = j Iex

RFe XM IFe IM

e1 RFe XM

15
 Non Ideal Transformer
The windings of the transformer have some
resistance known as copper losses
Add resistors in series to account for this:

I1 (N2/N1)I2 I2

Iex
Rs1 Rs2

v1 e1 RFe XM e2

16
 Non Ideal Transformer
Leakage flux not all the magnetic flux from the
primary travels round the core
Add series inductances to model

L
I1

e1 e2

17
 Non Ideal Transformer

I1 (N2/N1)I2 I2

Iex
Rs1 Xs1 Rs2 Xs2

v1 e1 RFe XM e2 v2

18
 Simplification
Can simplify model slightly move secondary
impedance to primary + move excitation branch
(minimal error if Rs1 and Xs1 are small)

I1 (N2/N1)I2 I2

Iex
Rs1 Xs1 Rs2 Xs2

v1 e1 RFe XM e2 v2

19
 Simplified Model
2 2
N1 N1
X s = X s1 + X s 2 Rs = Rs1 + Rs 2
N2 N2
I1 Rs Xs (N2/N1)I2 I2

Iex

RFe
v1 XM e1 v2

20
 Parameter Tests
Open circuit for Rfe , I2 = 0
Rs Xs (N2/N1)I2 I2
2 I1

V1
RFe =
Iex

Pin v1 RFe XM e1 Open

2
V1
XM =
Qin Simplifies to
I1
2
V1 Iex

= S in = V1 I1
2 2 RFe

S in Pin
v1 XM

21
 Parameter Tests
Short circuit for Rfe , V1 0; Iex 0
Pin Rs Xs (N2/N1)I2 I2

RS =
I1

2 Iex

I1 v1 RFe XM e1 Short
circuit

Qin
XS = 2
I1 Simplifies to

I1 Rs Xs (N2/N1)I2 I2
2 2
S in Pin
= 2
S in = V1 I1 v1 e1 Short
circuit
I1
22
 Regulation
Copper losses decrease Vno load Vload
output voltage as current Regulation = 100
Vno load
(load) increases

Vno load Vload

Regulation = 100
Vno load
I1 Rs Xs (N2/N1)I2 I2
N
Vno load = 2 V1
N1 Iex

N2
Vload = e1 v1 RFe
N1 XM e1 v2

N2
e1 = V1 I 2 ( Rs + jX s )
N1

23
 Regulation (contd)
XS
I2 RS
Load can be referred to
Load e.g.
primary e1 e2 12kVA,
0.76 lag
Phasor diagram
constructed where S is
XS
the angle of Rs + jXs I2 RS

is from the power factor V1 e1

Load,

taking e1 as ref. 12kVA,

0.76 lag

From S = e1 . I 2' and

V1
2
V1 = e1
2
(
+ Z s .I 2' )
2
2. e1 . Z s .I 2' . cos( ) + S
Zs.I2

e1

solve for e1 and then for

regulation I2
24
 Efficiency
The efficiency of the transformer can be calculated as follows

Pout = I 2V2 cos

2
V1 N 2
2
Ploss = + I 2 Rs
RFe N1
Pout
= I 1
Rs Xs (N2/N1)I2 I2

Pout + Ploss Iex

v1 RFe
XM e1 v2

25