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Triodes, Tetrode,
Pentode, etc.
(freq < 1 GHZ)
Klystron, Magnetron,
TWT, etc.
(freq > 1 GHZ)
V
Advantages:
Limitations:
velocity modulation
current
modulation
d
i
i beam-coupling coefficient
i depth of velocity
modulation
L
Expression within
square bracket should
be zero to get same L
L
ta, tb tc
L
N
X bunching parameter
i If I J X
I i
J X
X
Jn nX n
If X
L
i I
V Rshl O V Rshl
I V q
i iV
V q
I
V O i V R
V q
I I
I O i V O V Rsh
V q
V q
V i I I
O V R O V Rsh
V q
V q
I V I V I V I I
I O i V O V Rsh
V q V q
V i I I
O V R O V Rsh Rshl
V q V q
I
V Rshl O V Rsh Rshl
V q
Rshl
I
O Rsh Rshl
V Rsh V q