Relief Valve Version 1

CALCULATION COVER SHEET
CLIENT: Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Company PAGE COUNT LAST PAGE No.
PROJECT: Ruwais Refinery Expansion Project SUMMARY SUMMARY
CALCULATION TITLE: TOTAL CALC BODY PAGES: 10 19
Sizing for PSV 8A/B (HOLD) protecting Deethaniser TOTAL ATTACH. PAGES: 9
Attachment F
Tower 1620-C-002 TOTAL PAGES: 19
CALCULATION NUMBER
PROJECT or W.O. NO. DISCIPLINE CODE SEQUENCE NO. REV NO.
131171 - S - 2016 - 0
REVISION HISTORY
REV REV DATE PREPARER, REVIEWER/CHECKER, CONFIRMATION
NO. PRINTED NAME, PRINTED NAME, REVISION DESCRIPTION REQUIRED
SIGNATURE AND DATE SIGNATURE AND DATE YES NO
0 S.Arora Preliminary Sizing
'file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/366969953.xls'#$Cover
CALCULATION NUMBER
PROJECT or W.O. NO. DISCIPLINE CODE SEQUENCE NO. REV NO. Page 2
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Rev
SECTION PAGE
1 Calculation Cover Sheet 1
2 Table of Contents 2
3 Calculation:
Objectives/Purpose 3
References 3
Inputs 3
Assumptions 3
Basis/Methodology 3
Computer Code Identification 3
Confirmations Required 3
Results and Conclusions 3
4 Summary 4
5 Data Confirmation 5
6 Checklist 6
7 Calculation 7
ATTACHMENTS NUMBER OF LAST PAGE

PAGES NUMBER
Attachment A Plot for ROG KO drum area. 1 11
Attachment B PFD 5578-1620-PP-D-001 Rev D 2 13
Attachment C P&ID 5578-1620-PP-D-100/101 1 14
Attachment D Process Datasheet (pages 2 and 4 of 5), 2

PP-5578-DS-1620-D-001 Rev 0
Attachment E PRO 2 output, stream 3020, overheads from ROGKO drum 2
Attachment F Extract from "Estimation of design conditions in ROG system, 1

page 4), 131171-T-3509.
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
3) CALCULATION OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE Rev
1) To analyse all relief cases and determine sizing case
2) To determine sizing case relief load
3) To determine preliminary size of safety relief valve
4) REFERENCES
1) Basis of Process Design for ERU, 131171-S-T-04000 Rev 0
2) Simulation 30M103
3) Basis of Process Safety (Overpressure Protection) Design Rev A.
5) INPUTS
P&ID No. 5578-1620-PP-D-100/101 Issue No XX
Equipment data sheet No. PP-5578-DS-1620-D-001 Rev No 0
Piping isometrics No. XXX Rev No XX
6) ASSUMPTIONS
See sheet 6.
7) BASIS / METHODOLOGY
1 Milton Keynes Process guideline for Process Safety Relief Valve Calculations.
2 API RP 520 part 1, 7th Edition, Jan 2000
3 API RP 520 part 2, 4th Edition,Dec 1994
4 API RP 521 5th Edition, Jan 2007
5 API 526 5th Edition, Jun 2002
6 Relief and Blowdown Philosophy (section 2), 5578-TEC-PU-003 Rev 0.
8) COMPUTER CODE IDENTIFICATION
T:\131171 Takreer\Process\09 Safety Calculations (S)\01 Relief Valve Calculations\03 ERU\131171-S-2001
9) CONFIRMATIONS REQUIRED
See Sheet 5
CONFIRMATION STATUS: #REF!
10) RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

1 Sizing case is ###
2 Sizing case relief load is ### kg/h
3 Preliminary size of safety relief valve is ### No of Valves 1
4 Inlet line size is Detailed design inches NB
5 Preliminary outlet line size is Detailed design inches NB
6 Relief Case Check List status COMPLETE
7 Data Confirmation Status #REF!
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
SPREADSHEET INDEX
Version Qualified Date Approved Date Rev

Sheet Tab Description
by by
Drum Vol + WSA Calculates horizontal & vertical drum volumes 1.00 AAM Mar-07
and wetted surface areas
Exch Vol + WSA Calculates vertical Shell & tube exchanger 1.00 AAM Mar-07
volumes and wetted surface areas
Exch Vol + WSA (2) Calculates horizontal & vertical exchanger 1.00 AAM Mar-07
volumes and wetted surface areas
Liquid Fire Calculates relief from liquid filled equipment & 1.00 AAM Mar-07
piping due to vaporisation Qual
Hydraulic Expansion Calculates relief from liquid filled equipment & 1.00 AAM Mar-07
piping due to hydraulic expansion Qual
Gas Filled (Simple) Calculates relief from gas filled equipment 1.00 AAM Mar-07
(simple method) Qual
GasFilledVessel Fire Input

Calculates
Data relief from gas filled equipment 1.00 AAM Mar-07
rigorous method) Qual
Control valve Calculates relief through a failed control valve 1.00 AAM Mar-07
1st NRV Calculates relief due to check valve failure 1.00 AAM Mar-07
Qual
BurstTube L Calculates relief due to burst tube (liquid flow) 1.00 AAM Mar-07
Qual
BurstTube V Calculates relief due to burst tube (vapour flow) 1.00 AAM Mar-07
Qual
BurstTube 2P Calculates relief due to burst tube (two phase 1.00 AAM Mar-07
flow) Qual
Column Relief-1 Calculates relief due to column upset 1.00 PRJ May-00
Qual
###
J.O./W.O. No: 131171 DOCUMENT NUMBER
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE CALCULATION SHEET CLIENT: Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Company DATE 4th July 2008
PROJECT: Ruwais Refinery Expansion Project CHECKED VALVE NR. 1A/B (HOLD)
CALC. NO: 131171 S 2016 0 BY: SR REV: 0
REV Item No. 1620-D-001
EQUIPMENT PROTECTED Design P (barg) 22.55
Design T (C) 150
RELIEF VALVE LOCATION Description DEETHANISER RELIEF Line No.
RELIEF CASE Case No (Refer to Checklist) 14
Description
Exterior fire
Limited By
Control Valve Tag No (if applicable) 1A/B HOLD

FLUID Description Mixed HC/H2/N2
Main Component Methane - 30%
Phase Vapour(V), Liquid(L), Steam(S), TwoPhase(2P) V
UPSTREAM Flowrate Mass ALL kg/h #VALUE!
RELIEVING Molecular Weight V kg/kmol 21.220
CONDITIONS Temperature ALL C 628.2
Compressibility V Z 1.000
Specific Heat Ratio @STP [1] V k 1.310
Relieving Pressure ALL barg 27.83
Liquid Density L kg/m3
Viscosity L cP
Vapour Density V&S kg/m3 #VALUE!
Liquid Volumetric Flowrate L l/m #VALUE!
Specific Heat Coefficient V C 347.9
Effective Coefficient of Discharge ALL Kd #VALUE!
Combination Correction Factor ALL K C #VALUE!
Overpressure Correction Factor L Kp
Napier equation Correction Factor S K N #VALUE!
Superheated Steam S Yes / No No
Superheat Steam Correction Factor S K SH #VALUE!
ORIFICE AREA (V + S with Kb=1.0) (L with Kw=1.0 & Kv=1.0) in2 #VALUE!
DOWNSTREAM
Temperature Downstream of Valve ALL C 234.00
(@atmos press)
DISCHARGE Back Pressure [2] ALL barg 0.50
Critical Flow Yes / No #VALUE!
Back pressure Correction Factor [3] V+S Kb 1.000
Back pressure Correction Factor [3] L Kw #VALUE!
Viscosity Correction Factor L Kv #VALUE!
Revised Area in2 #VALUE!
DEVICE Sizing Case #VALUE! NOTES: Routed to Hot flare
Valve Inlet Size in #VALUE! DISCHARGE Max Allowable Outlet Pressure [3][4] bar g
#VALUE! [1] STP is contrary to API 520 Seventh Edition 2000 but is
Valve Orifice Designation (letter) Notes:
considered the better approach for calculating the 'C' value.
Valve Outlet Size in #VALUE! Inlet Lead Size in NB Detailed design
Valve Orifice Area in2 #VALUE! [2] During relief. To be confirmed from flare design program Inlet Header Size in NB Detailed design
#VALUE! PIPING
Rated Flow per Valve kg/h results. Outlet Line Size in NB Detailed design
No of Operating Valves 1 [3] To be confirmed from vendor. D/S Flexibility temperature C 234
Total Installed Area (All Operating Valves) in2 #VALUE! [4] Selected valve should have a mech. outlet press. limit Pressure(s) bar g 23.0
Liquid Capacity Certified Yes / No No greater than the max. calculated backpressure. SETTING Overpressure(s) % 21
Pressure Relief Valve Type Balanced [5] Spare valve required / not required. Notes:
REMARKS
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 f Pages 19
DATA / ASSUMPTIONS REQUIRING CONFIRMATION
Rev
COMPLETE
ASSUMPTION Sheet Confirmation Confirmation By Date

No. Required ? Complete ? Details
No Description
1 Line routing and length. See
attachment A for mark-up of line YES NO
routing.
2 Back pressure correction factor Kb

= 1.0 YES NO
3 Discharge coeffficient Kd = 0.975

YES NO
4 1620-D-001 elevation and total

area exposed to fire YES NO
5 PSV tag number to be confirmed

YES NO
6 Design pressure of vent recycle

from PRU. YES NO
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
RELIEF CASE CHECK LIST
COMPLETE
CASE CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION Rev

CONDITION
NO. CHECKED APPLIES SIZING
1 Closed outlets on equipment #VALUE!
2 Cooling water failure #VALUE!
3 Reflux failure #VALUE!
4 Steam failure #VALUE!
5 Burst tube #VALUE!
6 Accumulation of non-condensibles #VALUE!
7 Entrance of highly volatile material #VALUE!
8 Overfilling of tank or vessel #VALUE!
9 Failure of automatic or manual controls #VALUE!
10 Abnormal heat input #VALUE!
11 Abnormal fluid input #VALUE!
12 Chemical reaction #VALUE!
13 Blocked-in (hydraulic expansion) #VALUE!
14 Exterior fire #VALUE!
15 Electrical power failure #VALUE!
16 Instrument air failure #VALUE!
17 Refrigerant failure #VALUE!
18 Loss of liquid level #VALUE!
19 Quench failure #VALUE!
20 Compressor trips #VALUE!
21 Start-up / shut-down / part-load #VALUE!
22 Maloperation #VALUE!
23 Other Condition #1 - specify #VALUE!
Notes:
1. All relief conditions are to be checked for and checked boxes to be crossed to signify that check has been made.
2. If a condition results in a relief load, the second box will automatically be ticked to signify that the condition applies.
3. The sizing case will automatically be indicated in the third column.
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
11) CALCULATION
Rev
RELIEF CASE CHECK LIST:
Case 1 - Closed outlets on equipment
Blocked Vapour outlet

The de-ethaniser tower and the upstream system is designed for 23 kg/cm2g. The tower vapour outlet line SDV can shut
inadvertently. This would raise the pressure of the De-ethaniser tower alongwith the upstream system. It is envisaged that the
upstream PSVs would relieve first under this condition as the source of pressure is at UGP. Hence, blocked vapour outlet will not
be a sizing case for this PSV
Blocked liquid outlet

The bottom outlet from De-ethaniser also has a SDV. Inadvertent closure of this SDV can occur. This will cause tower bottom level
rising and stop PRU feed. If this condition persists, liquid might fill the reboiler return nozzle and block upward vapour flow. However,
this would not cause any over pressurisation of the system. Hence, blocked vapour outlet will not be a sizing case for this PSV
Therefore No Relief Case identified for closed outlet cases.
Case 2 - Cooling water failure

Loss of cooling water directly cannot cause overpressurisation of DeC2. However, during CW failure, the C3R and
subsequently C2R system will fail. Those cases shall be analysed under "refrigerant failure".
Case 3 - Reflux failure
Reflux failure will cause richer vapour to go in the tower overheads. This case will be analysed
Case 4 - Steam failure

In case of steam failure there will be no heat input to ROG. This does not lead to relief case.
Case 5 - Burst tube

Design pressure of tube side is set equal to HP steam design pressure = 46.8 kg/cm2g. Design pressure of shell side
is set equal 10/13 tube side design pressure = 36.0 kg/cm2g.
No relief case
Case 6 - Accumulation of non-condensibles

Fluid is vapour. No relief case.
Case 7 - Entrance of highly volatile material

System consists mainly gas. No relief case
Case 8 - Overfilling of tank or vessel

Fluid is vapour.
No relief case.
Case 9 - Failure of automatic or manual controls

Downstream controls - See blocked outlet.
Upstream controls - Design pressure of 1620-E-002 shell side is 36 kg/cm2g. Design pressure of ROG from ROG KO
Drum, 1620-D-001, = 23.0 kg/cm2g. Design pressure of DMDS from 1620-ME-001 is XX kg/cm2g. Design pressure of
nitrogen utility is 10 kg/cm2g.
No relief case.
Case 10 - Abnormal heat input

In case control valve FV XXX on HP condensate from 1620-E-002 malfunctions and is fully open then there will be
excessive heat input to ROG in shell side of 1620-E-002 due to increased steam flow. This may lead to overpressure.
Procedure to determine relief load due to abnormal heat input:

Evalute maximum condensate flowrate through FV XXX.
Calculate increased heat transfer to ROG in 1620-E-002 based at accummulation pressure.
Determine revised ROG volumetric flowrate.
The increase in ROG volumetric flowrate over the normal ROG volumetric flowrate will be the relief load.
### SHEET OF 1
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
11) CALCULATION
Rev
RELIEF CASE CHECK LIST:
Case 1 - Closed outlets on equipment
Inadvertant or manual closure of valve on outlet of Caustic Tower, 1620-C-001, outlet line to Deoxo
Reactor, 1620-D-002A/B, or closure of manual valve at 1620-D-002A/B inlet.
Design pressure of 1620-E-002 shell side is 36 kg/cm2g. Design pressure of ROG from ROG KO Drum,
1620-D-001, = 23.0 kg/cm2g. Design pressure of DMDS from 1620-ME-001 is XX kg/cm2g. Design
pressure of nitrogen utility is 10 kg/cm2g.
Therefore No Relief Case for closed outlet.
Case 2 - Cooling water failure

Not applicable - no cooling water.
Case 3 - Reflux failure

No relief case as no reflux
Case 4 - Steam failure

In case of steam failure there will be no heat input to ROG. This does not lead to relief case.
Case 5 - Burst tube

Design pressure of tube side is set equal to HP steam design pressure = 46.8 kg/cm2g. Design pressure of shell side
is set equal 10/13 tube side design pressure = 36.0 kg/cm2g.
No relief case
Case 6 - Accumulation of non-condensibles

Fluid is vapour. No relief case.
Case 7 - Entrance of highly volatile material

System consists mainly gas. No relief case
Case 8 - Overfilling of tank or vessel

Fluid is vapour.
No relief case.
Case 9 - Failure of automatic or manual controls

Downstream controls - See blocked outlet.
Upstream controls - Design pressure of 1620-E-002 shell side is 36 kg/cm2g. Design pressure of ROG from ROG KO
Drum, 1620-D-001, = 23.0 kg/cm2g. Design pressure of DMDS from 1620-ME-001 is XX kg/cm2g. Design pressure of
nitrogen utility is 10 kg/cm2g.
No relief case.
Case 10 - Abnormal heat input

In case control valve FV XXX on HP condensate from 1620-E-002 malfunctions and is fully open then there will be
excessive heat input to ROG in shell side of 1620-E-002 due to increased steam flow. This may lead to overpressure.
Procedure to determine relief load due to abnormal heat input:

Evalute maximum condensate flowrate through FV XXX.
Calculate increased heat transfer to ROG in 1620-E-002 based at accummulation pressure.
Determine revised ROG volumetric flowrate.
The increase in ROG volumetric flowrate over the normal ROG volumetric f
### SHEET OF 1
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
11) CALCULATION
Rev
Case 14 - Exterior fire
As per Basis/Methodology item 7, heat input from a fire case to be considered to a height of
7.6m above grade.
At this stage 1620-D-002A dimensions are not fixed. Bed information is available from vendor (ref 2). Bed height is
stated as 7.6m, but vessel height will be larger.
Assume skirt height of 0.5m therefore use unwetted vertical height = 7.1m. From Ref 2, bed diameter = 3.3m. Use this
as reactor internal diameter.
From drum surface area calculation, unwetted area is 74.7 m

The end area is ignored because it is assumed reactor is supported by skirt.
As per Basis/Methodology item 7, initially 10% area may be added to allow for pipework.
During a fire case heat input will be transferred to ROG and bed. To simplify calculation assume heat transfer only to
gas. Also assume negligible release of material adsorbed on bed during fire.
Two cases are to be considered:
NOTE:
PSV inlet and outlet line sizing will be done during detailed design.
Time to vessel failure is not part of this calculation, this will be done during detailed design.
Case 11 - Abnormal fluid input

Exothermic process - high temperature shutdown
Case 12 - Chemical reaction

Exothermic process - high temperature shutdown
Case 13 - Blocked in (hydraulic expansion)

Mainly gas filled system. Energy input from solar radiation will be lower compared to fire case, which
is considered below. Therefore No Valve Sizing will be considered.
### SHEET OF 1
CALCULATION NUMBER
PROJECT or W.O. NO. DISCIPLINE CODE SEQUENCE NO. REV NO. Page
131171 - S - 2016 - 0 of Pages
CALCULATION
Rev
PAGE NOT USED.
#
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
CONVERSION FACTORS
ENTER DATA IN YELLOW CELLS

m ft ft m
2 6.562 6.56 1.9993904
m ft ft m
1 10.76 10.76 1
kW kJ/h kCal/h Btu/h

585.52 2107872 503781.41 1997794
kJ/h kCal/h Btu/h kW
2107872 503781.41 1997794 585.52
kCal/h Btu/h kW kJ/h
503781.4 1997794 585.51999 2107872
Btu/h kW kJ/h kCal/h
1997794 0.6805206 2449.8742 585.51993 WRONG
kJ/kg kCal/kg Btu/lb

1 0.2388459 0.4299208
kCal/kg Btu/lb kJ/kg
0.238846 2.326011 1
Btu/lb kJ/kg kCal/kg
2.326011 5.4103248 22.651948 WRONG
kg/h lb/h lb/h kg/h

1 2.2046 2.2046 1
C F F C
100 212 212 100
kg/m3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3 kg/m3

1000 62.4 62.4 1000
Barg Bara kg/cmg kg/cma Psig Psia

22.554399 23.567399 23 24.0332 327.129 341.825
Bara kg/cmg kg/cma Psig Psia Barg
11.013 10.197567 11.230767 145.04 159.736 10
kg/cmg kg/cma Psig Psia Barg Bara
16.18 17.2132 230.13728 244.83328 15.86716 16.88016
kg/cma Psig Psia Barg Bara kg/cmg
7.283 88.894438 103.59044 6.1289601 7.1419601 6.2498
Psig Psia Barg Bara kg/cmg kg/cma
145.049 159.745 10.000621 11.013621 10.1982 11.2314
Psia Barg Bara kg/cmg kg/cma Psig
159.745 10.000621 11.013621 10.1982 11.2314 145.049
in cm mm
1 6.4516 645.16
cm mm in
6.452 645.2 1.000062
mm in cm
645.2 1.000062 6.452
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
DRUM & TOWER WETTED SURFACE AREA + VOLUME
VERTICAL VESSEL
Diameter D 3.35 m
Straight length exposed to fire h 7.1 m
1x Dished end (2:1 semi-elliptical)

NLL NLL Ref : Vessel Design Manual
h WSA = 1.084 * D 12.16519 m
Vol = 0.131 * D3 4.924994 m3
Tan Line
D D 1 x Flat end
WSA = * D / 4 8.814131 m
Vol = 0 0 m3
TOTAL VOLUME MAY INCLUDE 1 OR 2 ENDS
Cylindrical shell
WSA : EXCLUDE END IF VESSEL SUPPORTED BY SKIRT WSA = * D * h 74.72278 m
Vol = * D / 4 * h 62.58033 m3
HORIZONTAL VESSEL
Diameter D 1.5 m
Liquid leve h 1.5 m
TL of vesseL 0.61 m
Cylindrical shell
r
NLL = 2 * Acos(1 - 2h / D) 6.283185 radians
h s=r* 4.712389 m
WSA = s * L = r * * L 2.874557 m
s
Vol = D / 8 * ( - Sin ) * L 1.077959 m3
1 x Flat End
WSA = r / 2 * ( - sin()) 1.767146 m
NLL Vol = 0 0 m3
h
L 1 x Dished end
WSA = (-1.1849 (h / D)3 + 1.7814 (h / D) + 0.4054 (h / D)) * 1.084 * D
2.443634 m
Vol = 0.262 * h * (1.5D - h) 0.442125 m3
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
EXCHANGER WETTED SURFACE AREA + VOLUME
CALCULATIONS BELOW ARE BASED UPON TYPICAL VALUE OF TUBE VOLUME IS 67% OF TOTAL EXCHANGER
VOLUME (API-521 5.20.2.3 c)
Based upon typical dimensions:
ID ID 600 mm
Tube length L 6.05 m L
T/S inlet NB D 6 inch
ID
h
D/2
D
D/2
USE DIMENSIONS FROM MECHANICAL DATASHEET IF AVAILABLE
VERTICAL SHELL & TUBE

Shell Side
@ min LL (L=0 RATED, tubes uncovered)
WSA = * ID * h 2:1 SE end / 0 m
Vol = 0.33 * * D / 4 * h 2:1 SE end / 0 m3
@ Normal LL (h = DESIGN)
DESIGN Wetted height = Rated / overcapacity h 0.6 m
WSA = * ID * h 2:1 SE end / 1.1309734 m
Vol = 0.33 * * D / 4 * h 2:1 SE end / 0.0559832 m3
@ Turndown (LL = max; h = L)

WSA = * D * h 2:1 SE end / 11.403981 m
Vol = 0.33 * * D / 4 * h 2:1 SE end / 0.5644971 m3
Tube Side *
@ min LL (L=0 RATED, tubes uncovered)
WSA = * ID / 4 + * ID * 4D Flat end 1.4309396 m
WSA = 1.084 * ID + * ID * 4D 2:1 SE end 1.5384363 m
Vol = * ID / 4 * 4D Flat end 0.1722294 m3
Vol = 0.131 * ID3 + * ID / 4 * 4D 2:1 SE end 0.2005254 m3
@ Normal LL (DESIGN)
Wetted height h 0.6 m
WSA = 1.084 * ID + * ID * 4D 2:1 SE end 1.5384363 m
Vol = * ID / 4 * (0.67 * h + 4D) Flat end 0.2858923 m3
Vol = 0.131 * ID3 + * ID / 4 * (0.67 * h + 4D) 2:1 SE end 0.3141883 m3
@ Turndown (LL = max; h = L)

WSA = 1.084 * ID + * ID * 4D 2:1 SE end 1.5384363 m
Vol = * ID / 4 * (0.67 * h + 4D) Flat end 1.3183296 m3
Vol = 0.131 * ID3 + * ID / 4 * (0.67 * h + 4D) 2:1 SE end 1.3466256 m3
* Tube side includes lower channel WSA / vol only
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
VOLUME (API-521 5.20.2.3 c)
HORIZONTAL SHELL & TUBE (VAPOUR OR 2 PHASE AT OUTLET)
30
IDB
h
Di
L
Di/2
Bundle ID IDB 0.6 m

Shell ID IDS 1.5 m
Tube length L 6.05 m
T/S inlet NB D 6 inch
Shell Side
s = 2 * Acos(1 - 2h / IDS) b = 2 * Acos(1 - 2h / IDS)
WSA = IDS / 2 * s * L + (-1.1849 (h / IDS)3 + 1.7814 (h / IDS) + 0.4054 (h / IDS)) * 1.084 * IDS
Vol = IDS / 8 * (s - Sin s) * L + 0.262 * h * (1.5IDS - h) - 0.67 * IDB / 8 * (b - Sin b) * L
Tube Side
b = 2 * Acos(1 - 2h / IDS)
WSA = IDB / 8 * (b - Sin b) + IDB / 2 * b * 2D
Vol = IDB / 8 * (b - Sin b) * 2D + 0.67 * IDB / 8 * (b - Sin b) * L
Shell Side Tube Side

@ min LL (h = 0 RATED, tubes uncovered)
Subtended angle s 0
Wetted Surface Area 0
Volume 0
DESIGN Wetted height = Rated / overcapacity h 0.05 0.05 m
Subtended angle s 0.734416
Subtended angle b 1.1713711 1.1713711 radians
Wetted Surface Area 3.3700924 0.1182827 m
Volume 0.0651695 0.0490452 m3
@ Turndown (LL = max; h = IDB)

Subtended angle s 2.7388768 6.2831853 radians
Volume 3.0030244 1.2322148 m3
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
VOLUME (API-521 5.20.2.3 c)
HORIZONTAL SHELL & TUBE (LIQUID FILLED) Do/2
Do
IDB
h
Di
L
Di/2
Bundle ID IDB 1.5 m

Tube length L 6.05 m
T/S inlet NB Di 6 inch
T/S outlet Do 6 inch
Shell Side
b = 2 * Acos(1 - 2h / IDB)
WSA = IDB / 2 * b * L
Vol = 0.33 * IDB / 8 * (b - Sin b) * L
Tube Side
WSA = 2 * (-1.1849 (h / IDB)3 + 1.7814 (h / IDB) + 0.4054 (h / IDB)) * 1.084 * D + IDB / 2 * b * (2Di + 2Do)
Vol = IDB / 8 * (b - Sin b) * (2Di + 2Do + 0.67 * L) + 2 * 0.262 * h * (1.5 IDB - h)
Shell Side Tube Side

@ min LL (h = 0 RATED, tubes uncovered)
Subtended angle s 0 0
Wetted Surface Area 0 0
Volume 0 0
DESIGN Wetted height = Rated / overcapacity h 0.15 0.15 m
Subtended angle b 1.2870022 1.2870022 radians

Volume 0.1836169 0.4535788 m3
@ Turndown (LL = max; h = IDB)

Subtended angle s 6.2831853 6.2831853 radians
Volume 3.5281067 9.1238098 m3
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
FIRE RELIEF FOR VESSELS CONTAINING LIQUID
Basis of heat input : API-521 5th Edition 2007 para 5.15.2.2
F= 1.0 Environment factor

0 .82
C= 43,200 For well drained areas Q=F .C . A
EQUIPMENT IN FIRE AREA NOTE: Enter equipment items separately
ITEM NO. Elevation Length ID Liquid Vertical Skirt No of heads Wetted Heat
m m m Level mm / Horiz ? ? Dished Flat Area m Input kW
Horizontal drum 5.000 4.000 0.900 900 H N 11.31 315.73
PIPING IN FIRE AREA NOTE: Enter piping runs separately
FROM TO Length Size Wetted Area Heat

m ins NB m Input kW
RELIEF LOAD CALCULATION
Total Heat Input 1.137 E6 kJ/h
Heat of vaporisation 295.5 kJ/kg

Relief load 3846 kg/h
MW 44.10
Temperature 45.8 C
Compressibility 0.753
Density 35.04 kg/m3
Cp/Cv 1.153 At STD Conditions
Overpressure 10.0 %
Set Pressure 13.50 barg
Back Pressure 0.00 barg
Back pressure Correction factor 1.00
Calculated Area 0.356 in
TIME TO VAPORISE LIQUID CONTENTS
Minimum equipment Liquid volume 2.54 m3

Relief rate for this item 3846 kg/h Note : this rate is based upon initial heat
input; as liquid level decreases so will heat
Liquid density @ relief 452.5 kg/m 3
input
Minimum time to boil off 18.0 min
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
LIQUID HYDRAULIC EXPANSION
Basis of heat input : API-521 5th Edition 2007 para 5.14.3
HEAT INPUT
From Fire 1.137 E6 kJ/h Use Liquid Fire sheet if applicable

From Process E6 kJ/h
Other E6 kJ/h
Total Heat Input 1.137 E6 kJ/h (max Fire / Process)

0.316 M W v .
Relief load q 0.001 m / s
3 q=
1,272 kg/h
1000 d . c
2 2
1 2
v=
2 ( T 2 T 1 ) 1 2
Set pressure, Ps 13.50 barg Density @ 44.8 C d1 454.2 kg/m3

Overpressure 10.0 % Density @ 46.8 C d2 450.8 kg/m3
Back pressure 5.00 barg Cubical coeff of expansion v 0.0038 1 / C
Relief temperature 45.8 C Fluid specific heat c 3358 J/kg.K
kw 0.81
RELIEF VALVE SIZING
Relief valve certified for LIQUID Non-certified (pre 1995)

[Certified to ASME] [Not certified to ASME]
A=
109. 53 . q d
K d . K w . K v . P1 P2 A=
109.53.q
d
K d . K w . K v . K p 1 .25 pP2
P1 = Relieving pressure, barg
P2 = Back pressure, barg
Kd = Discharge coefficient - assumed 0.65 (certified), 0.62 (non-certified) - no downstream rupture disk
Kw = Back pressure correction factor = 1.0 when backpressure is less than 15% set pressure
Kv = Viscosity correction factor - assumed 1.0
Kp = Overpressure correction factor = 0.61 for 10% overpressure, 1.0 for 25% overpressure
p = Set pressure, barg
Certified Non-Certified
Orifice Area 0.0349 in 0.0547 in
Notes:
1. Hydraulic expansion in blocked in piping (API-521 7th Ed, para 5.14.4) is not covered by the above
which assumes no equipment / piping expansion.
2. Conversion factors entered into the equations for determining the relief area are different from those stated in API 520
due to the units used for pressure and flow being barg and m3/s instead of kPag and litres/min respectively.
3. Kw is 1.0 for conventional pattern relief valves.
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
FIRE RELIEF FOR GAS FILLED VESSELS (SIMPLE)

0 .82
ITEM NO. Length ID Vertical Skirt No of heads Surface Heat

m m / Horiz ? ? Dished Flat Area m Input kW
Deoxo Reactor 1620-D-002A 7.100 3.300 V Y 73.61 1466.76
(process)
FROM TO Length Size Surface Area Heat

m ins NB m Input kW
As per Basis/methodology 7, at 9.22 10 7.36 221.96
preliminary stage use 10%
additional area to allow for
piping.
T 1=
Ratio of specific heats k

p1
pn
Tn
k
q m=0 . 1406 M . p1
1.20
[ A ' ( T W T 1 )1 .25
T 11 .1506 ]
(
k +1
2
Coefficient
Molecular weight
C
M
337.24
21.24 C=520 k
k +1 ) k 1
Set Pressure Pset 22.56 barg

Overpressure 21.00 %
Relieving pressure P1 27.29 barg
410.50 psia
Normal operating pressure Pn 14.85 barg
230.06 psia
Normal operating temperature Tn 232.00 C
Relief temperature T1 628.21 C
1622.46 R
Vessel wall temperature TW 593.50 C For CS
1559.99 R
Factor F' #VALUE! Min 0.01 #VALUE!
Vessel area exposed to fire A' 792.02 ft
SV area required A #VALUE! in
Relief flowrate qm relief #VALUE! kg/h
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages 19
FIRE RELIEF FOR GAS FILLED VESSELS (SIMPLE)

0 .82
ITEM NO. Length ID Vertical Skirt No of heads Surface Heat

m m / Horiz ? ? Dished Flat Area m Input kW
Deoxo Reactor 1620-D-002A 7.100 3.300 V Y 73.61 1466.76
(regeneration - sulphiding)
FROM TO Length Size Surface Area Heat

m ins NB m Input kW
As per Basis/methodology 7, at 9.22 10 7.36 221.96
preliminary stage use 10%
additional area to allow for
piping.
T 1=
Ratio of specific heats k

p1
pn
Tn
k
q m=0 . 1406 M . p1
1.36
[ A ' ( T W T 1 )1 .25
T 11 .1506 ]
(
k +1
2
Coefficient
Molecular weight
C
M
352.50
26.01 C=520 k
k +1 ) k 1
Set Pressure Pset 22.56 barg

Overpressure 21.00 %
Relieving pressure P1 27.29 barg
410.50 psia
Normal operating pressure Pn 6.13 barg
103.59 psia
Normal operating temperature Tn 200.00 C
Relief temperature T1 1601.78 C
3374.90 R
Vessel wall temperature TW 593.50 C For CS
1559.99 R
Factor F' #VALUE! Min 0.01 #VALUE!
Vessel area exposed to fire A' 792.02 ft
SV area required A #VALUE! in
Relief flowrate qm relief #VALUE! kg/h
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
GUIDELINE FOR THE SPREADSHEET 'VESSFIRE.XLS'
DEPRESSURING VALVE
The spreadsheet can be used to simulate the effect of a pressure relief valve or a depressuriing valve depending upon
the value of the blowdown. Note that blowdown is defined as the difference between the set pressure and the reseat
pressure of a pressure relief valve expressed as a percentage of the set pressure. Hence if the set pressure is 100%
and the reseat pressure is 93% then the blowdown is 7%. Therefore setting the blowdown at say 99% would ensure
that once lifted the pressure relief valvewould not reseat thus simulating a depressuring valve.
INSULATION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Fireproof insulation may be:
- Lightweight cementitious (for spraying) (Gunnite);
- Intumescent Paint.
Refer to API-521 para 5.15.5.1 (5th edition)
Cementitious
k 0.519 w/mK API-521
Density 800 kg/m3 International Paints
Specific heat 0.916734 kJ/kg.K Perry
Intumescent Paint
Temperature k Cp Density
C W/mC kJ/kg.K kg/m3
20 0.213 1.17 1000 Data from International Protective Coatings Ltd for Chartek.
200 0.06
600 0.06
1200 0.12 0.8
Reviewing the sensitivity of the variation in physical properties, only the thermal conductivity has an impact.
Both types of insulation are specified for fire rating / shell temperature parameters, typically 2 hours / 350C
although calculations tend to be conservative.
For intumescent paint, the applied coating will swell up to 5 times, with a typical coating thickness of 8mm.
VESSEL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

Shell material properties (SA-516 Grade 60 carbon steel and SA-240 Grade 304L stainless steel)
The specific heat is 0.465 kJ/kg K, 0.11 Btu/lb F The specific heat is effectively the same for both materials.
Density is 7860 kg/m3, 491 lb/ft3 for CS and 7930 kg/m3, 495 lb/ft3 for SS
The thermal conductivity of the steel is not used in the calculation.
The emissivity value is typically 0.4 for stainless steel and 0.6 for steel sheet.
GAS PROPERTIES
A drop down box only allows selection of Methane / Ethane / Propane / Air.
These are automatically corrected for temperature, but not for pressure.
The effect of pressure on the gas properties results in less than 1% change in failure time.
FLAME PROPERTIES
Use a flame temperature of 1094 C (2000 F) / emissivity of 0.3 where adequate drainage and fire fighting equipment exist.
- this is the normal case for plant fires and gives a heat rate of approximately 21000 Btu/h ft2 in agreement with
API RP 521 5th edition Jan 2007 [5.15.12.2 and 5.15.2.2.1]
Use flame temperature of 1284 C (2343 F) / emissivity of 0.3 where adequate drainage and fire fighting equipment do not exist.
- this is for remote locations and gives a heat rate of approximately 34500 Btu/h ft2 in agreement with
API RP 521 5th edition Jan 2007 [5.15.1.2.2 and 5.15.2.2.1]
The area factor is the fraction of the surface area receiving radiation from the fire, conservatively assumed to be 1
INITIAL VALUES
The initial shell temperature should and is assumed to be the same as the initial gas temperature
The initial insulation temperature is taken as the average of ambient and the initial gas temperature
The initial interval time is set lower than the incremental interval time as the initial temperature differences are large
and could give errors. The programming automatically uses a value of 1/5th of the working time interval
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
GAS FILLED VESSELS EXPOSED TO FIRE - Version 1.3
INPUT DATA
Input in "SI" units which are converted to Imperial. The calculation is in imperial units.
Direct input of imperial units is allowed (the SI data will then be wrong).
WARNING MESSAGES None
Vessel
Shell Initial temperature 232 C 449.6 F
Inside diameter 3.30 m 129.92126 inch
Tan length 7.10 m 23.293963 ft
Wall thickness 25 mm 0.984252 inch
Density 8009 kg/m3 500 lb/cu.ft
Specific heat 0.465 kJ/kg.K 0.111 Btu/lb.F
Emissivity shell to gas 0.40 0.4
Vertical or Horizontal Vertical Vertical
Fireproof Insulation
Insulated or Bare ( I / B )? Insulated Insulated
Initial temperature 690 C 1274.8 F
Thermal conductivity 0.519 W/m..K 0.300 Btu/h.ft.F
Density 1394 kg/m 87.025 lb/ft
Thickness 200 mm 7.874 inch
Gas
Initial temperature 232 C 449.6 F
Initial pressure 14.9 barg 215.38104 psig
Thermal conductivity 0.054 W/m.K 0.0312215 Btu/h.ft.F
Viscosity 0.017 cP 0.017 cP
MW 21.22 21.22
Main Gas Component Methane Methane
Flame
Temperature 1149 C 2100 F
Emissivity flame to surface 0.3 0.3
Area factor 1 1
Relief Valve
Set pressure 22.6 barg 327.1 psig
Relief temperature 523.2 C 1163 F
Overpressure 21 % 21 %
Relief pressure 27.3 barg 395.7 psig
Rated capacity @relief 6449 kg/h 14217 lb/h
Blowdown 7 % 7 %
Calculation Steps
Working Interval time 30 sec 30 sec
Duration of fire (10-120) mins 120 minutes 120 minutes
Results
Vessel fails ? NO
Time to failure No Failure min
Lowest Pressure 215.4 psig
Highest pressure 292.9 psig
'file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/366969953.xls'#$GasFilledVessel Fire Input Data

CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
Relief Analysis for a Gas Filled Vessel in a Fire
Vessel Temp Gas Temp Gas Pressure Vessel Pressure Limit
900.0 700.0
Temperature (deg C)
800.0
600.0
Pressure (barg)
700.0
500.0
600.0
400.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
300.0
200.0
200.0
100.0
100.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0
Time (Seconds)
#VALUE! SHEET OF
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
CONTROL VALVE AND BYPASS FAILED OPEN Rev
BASIS : API-521 (Ref 1) states:

- The control device should assume the fully open or fully closed position according to their basic design.
Instrumentation failure may cause a fail closed valve to go wide open and vice-versa (even for fail fixed/last position).
- Only one control valve failure is considered, all other valves retaining their normal position, unless
operated by common controller (eg split range)
- Flow through all control valves shall take account of increased pressure at relief
- Normal operating position can include turndown conditions
- Relief flow is difference between in and outflow
- Consider if bypass valve is partially opened in normal operation to supplement control valve capacity
- Opening of bypass while control valve is in normal position should be considered as a remote contingency
- Consider loss of liquid level due to control valve wide open and gas blow through
- Review if upstream vapour volume can overpressure downstream vapour volume
Notes
1. S&W use max upstream pressure (taken as design pressure) contrary to API-521 which suggests normal
operating pressure.
2. Conditions at upstream pressure = Design pressure assumed the same as for normal operation
3. Line losses & EE-0513 dP ignored (conservative)
4. Equations from Masoneilan CONTROL VALVE Sizing Handbook
5. Normal liquid & vapour composition
VAPOUR LIQUID
3
CV Cf P1( Y 0 . 148 )Y ) Gf
W=
0. 0545 [
dP s= P1 ( 0 . 960 .28
] Pv
P
Pc v
Gf =
MW 288
28 . 96T
y=
1 . 63 P
Cf P1
ENTER DATA IN YELLOW CELLS
Subcritical flow ( dP<C 2 . dPs )
CV SGP
f
W=
CELLS CONTAIN FORMULAE BUT MAY BE OVERWRITTEN
0. 00116
Critical flow ( P <Cf * Ps )
CVCf SGP
W=
CALCULATE VALVE WIDE OPEN FLOW 0. 00116
CONTROL VALVE BYPASS

Control Valve No FV-XXX Valve type Butterfly
Design minimum flow 6050 kg/h Valve Size 8
Body Size 2 inch Valve CV 1275
Trim Size 2 inch
Valve type (Globe / Butterfly) Globe
Installed valve Cv 48
Limit stop set at CV (If installed)
Valve correction factor, Cf 0.9
Upstream pressure 31 barg Design pressure (P1 + associated T1 & Z1)
Downstream pressure 9.9 barg Relief pressure (P2 + associated T2 & Z2)
VAPOUR LIQUID
MW 44.17 SG 0.423
Temperature 86.2 C Vapour pressure 32 bara
Compressibility 0.6 Critical pressure 44.4 bara
Specific ht ratio @ STP 1.4 Density 423 kg/m3
Viscosity cP
Flow FV-XXX only 28052.222 kg/h Flow 72257.28 kg/h

Bypass valve flow 745137.15 kg/h Bypass valve flow 1919334 kg/h
Excess flow - control valve 22002.222 kg/h 66207.28 kg/h

Excess flow - bypass 745137.15 kg/h (Remote contingency) 1919334 kg/h
'file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/366969953.xls'#$Control valve
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
REVERSE FLOW THROUGH CHECK VALVES
REFERENCE: API 521, 5TH EDITION, JANUARY 2007 [4.3.4.2]
REVERSE FLOW VIA FAILED CHECK VALVES MAY CAUSE ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING :
Contamination of upstream system
Metallurgy problems with upstream system
Reaction in upstream system
Overpressurisation of upstream system
OF THE ABOVE, THE LAST THREE MAY GIVE RISE TO OVERPRESSURISATION.
START
YES NO
CAN SYSTEM BE
OVERPRESSURED?
DETERMINE RELIEF LOAD

USING FORWARD FLOW Cv NO ACTION REQUIRED. NO
OF THE CHECK VALVE RELIEF CASE EXISTS
YES NO
IS RELIEF LOAD
ACCEPTABLE ?
SIZE RELIEF VALVE CONSIDER ADDITION OF 2ND

DISSIMILAR CHECK VALVE
DETERMINE RELIEF LOAD

USING AN RO OF 10% OF
THE CHECK VALVE NB
SIZE RELIEF VALVE
THE ACCEPTABILITY OF THE RELIEF LOAD SHOULD CONSIDER:

Loss of product
Undesirable reverse rotation of machinery
Size of relief valve
'file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/366969953.xls'#$NRV Algorithm
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
REVERSE FLOW THROUGH CHECK VALVES - CATASTROPHIC FAILURE
THIS SHEET MODIFIED FROM LINESIZING VER 3.3
FROM: A
TO: B
Line Number
Inlet pressure barg 15.00 Use max operating downstream pressure
Outlet pressure barg 12.5
Normal flowrate kg/h 1142949 Goalseek flow to achieve upstream relieving pressure
Flowmeter max flow kg/h
Temperature C 25 Line size CV Type
Z GAS only inch
MW GAS only 42 0.5 2.6
Density kg/m3 LIQUID onl 450 0.75 4.4 Piston /
Viscosity cP 0.5 1 8.9 ball type
1.5 17.4
Nom Pipe Size inch 8 2 59
Pipe Sch. TYPICAL 30 3 163
Pipe ID inch 8.071 4 261 Swing or
Velocity ft/s 70.13 6 649 flapper
Pressure loss PSI/100' 31.82 8 1250 type
Velocity m/s 21.37 10 1980
Pressure loss bar/100m 7.20 12 3146
Mach No 14 5320
LINE SIZING Enter data from upstream pressure source to PSV 16 7881
Length m 18 10490
Elbows 20 13360
Straight tee 24 23279 Wafer or
Branch tee 30 37867 dual plate
Gate / Ball valves 36 58314 type
Check valve type Swing 42 92333
Reducer 48 122229
Downstream pipe NB 54 186000
Downstream pipe ID 60 217000
Flow into pipe 12 3703
Exit from pipe 14 4992
Other vel. head 16 6464
Total vel heads 18 8120
Total Eq.length m 20 9958 Nozzle
CONTROL VALVE & NRV dP 24 14173 Type
Tag No 30 21832 NON-
SLAM
dP control valve bar #VALUE! dP calculated by macro 36 31075
Vap pressure bara 12.5 42 41883
Crit pressure bara 45 48 54240
Fl(Cf) factor 1 54 68134
Cp/Cv 1.3 60 83552
CV from table 1249.80 Total CV of NRV and Control valve (if applicable)
Gf 1.40
FLOW METER dP
Tag No
FE meter max kg/h 1600129
FE meter range inch WG
FE d/D ratio 1
FE hole dia mm
PRESSURE DROP inc. CV
Line dP bar
FE dP bar 0
Equipment dP bar
Equipment Item No
Other bar
Total Dynamic dP bar 0
0
Static head gain m 0
Static head bar 0
'file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/366969953.xls'#$1st NRV
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
REVERSE FLOW THROUGH CHECK VALVES - FAILURE TO RESEAT
Note:
1. Spreadsheet determines the reverse flowrate, and hence relief rate, for two check valves in series using the
method described in API 521, 5th Edition, January 2007 (10% of pipe NB)
2. Upstream and downstream pressures are the high and low pressure sides of the check valves respectively
3. Qualified against ROcalc ver 1.00.xls
Nominal Line Size 6

Schedule 40
Pipe internal diameter mm 154.051 mm
Beta ratio 0.1
Phase V
Viscosity upstream, cP All 0.01 cP
Cp / Cv @ 15 c / atmos Vapour 1.24
Molecular weight Vapour 42
Vapour pressure upstream Liquid bara
Pressure upstream All 15 barg
Pressure downstream All 12.5 barg
Upstream Temperature Vapour 25 C
Compressibility 1
Upstream density Overwrite for liquid density 27.13 kg/m
Pressure drop/ Vapour pressure error check.
Downstream Phase V
Downstream Temperature Vapour 25
Homogeneous density
Flowrate kg/h #VALUE! kg / h
Intermediate Calculations
Pipe velocity upstream #VALUE! m/s
Pipe velocity downstream #VALUE! m/s
Mach Number downstream #VALUE!
Actual Pressure ratio 0.8438793
Coefficient of Discharge C #VALUE!
pressure drop at vena contracta #VALUE!
Pipe Re #VALUE!
Warnings
Critical / Choked flow ?
Critical flow, kg/h #VALUE!
Lower Re limit #VALUE!
Qmin @ lower Beta ratio (0.1) #VALUE!
'file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/366969953.xls'#$2nd NRV
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
BURST TUBE CALCULATIONS : GUIDANCE NOTES
LP SIDE PRESSURE
API-5215th Edition 2007 para 5.19.2
Allows pressure to rise to test pressure for a remote contingency.
BS-5500 : 2006 para 3.13.2
States that pressure shall not exceed 110% of the design pressure (except that for more than 1 PSV,
the additional valves may be set at 105% of design pressure).
The test pressure is is 125% of the design pressure (corrected for test temperature)
ASME VIII 2007 UG-125 (c)
Limits accumulation to 10% except in the case of fire relief when this can be 121%
Hydrostatic test limited to 130% MAWP (Design Pressure)
SS&W APPROACH
Burst tube relief is considered a remote contingency.
Although all codes limit the overpressure to less than the test pressure, the practice of remote contingency, as
stated in API-521, and allowing the accumualtion to rise to the test pressure is widely used, both amongst contractors
and owners. The current SS&W practice is to continue with this approach to allow the accunulation to rise to the test
pressure for remote contingency.
Therefore the LP side design pressure is set at the HP side Design pressure / 1.3 (ASME VIII) or 1.25 (BS-5500 / PED)
PLATE FIN SPLIT

Assume a split 1.5mm wide x length of header box (use 0.5m if not known)
Use a diameter equivalent to the total cross-sectional area of the split.
SPREADSHEET
For HP fluid into LP liquid (with no flashing of HP liquid or vaporisation of LP liquid), account may be taken of the
normal LP liquid outflow, the justification being that LP liquid inflow will quickly stop as the LP pressure rises, but
momentum will continue to maintain outflow. There may be an acceleration of the outflow, but this is ignored.
As HP fluid escapes into LP side then LP fluid will initially be relieved, followed by HP fluid as the LP fluid inventory
is displaced. If the LP fluid relief can be sustained for more than a few seconds then this too shall be taken into account
when sizing the relief valve.
PSV sizes for liquid are uncorrected for back pressure and indicative only
Spreadsheet, as set up, uses a single orifice plus a tube length. If the project requires the flow through two orifices
instead, then the spreadsheet will have to be modified.
The tube length is entered automatically into linesize ver 3.3 to determine the pressure drop; the actual flowrate for the
available pressure drop is determined by trial and error, using Excel goalseek function.
Add 1 entrance loss and 1 exit loss to fittings table
NON-FLASHING HP LIQUID
If the HP liquid flashes use the two phase spreadsheet.
If the HP liquid causes flashing in the LP liquid then the relief rate must be calculated independently of this spreadsheet.
HP VAPOUR FLOW
Consider possibility of LP side liquid vaporisation and relief.
If the LP liquid can be vaporised by the HP vapour then the relief load must be calculated independently of this
spreadsheet. The HP vapour flowrate will be correct.
Determine k (ratio of specific heats) at standard conditions
TWO-PHASE FLOW
To determine the properties for this calculation, simulate a flash from P1 to P2 and the critical pressure.
If the downstream pressure < critical pressure then the leak rate will be calculated on the critical pressure
If the downstream pressure > critical pressure then the leak rate will be calculated on the downstream pressure
The calculation is based upon the choked / non-choked equations uaed for vapour, but using average homogenous
physical properties
ie If P2 > Pcrit then physical properties are based upon
(Homogenous properties @ P1 + Homogenous properties @ P2)
and 2
If P2 < Pcrit then physical properties are based upon
(Homogenous properties @ P1 + Homogenous properties @ Pcrit)
2
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
EXCHANGER BURST TUBE PROTECTION
START
CAN LP SIDE OF
YES EXCHANGER BE NO
BLOCKED IN ?
NO ARE THE ISOLATION

YES
VALVES ASSUMED FULL OPEN
(API RP 521 5th
Ed 5.19.5) ?
IS THE LP SIDE
YES NO
LIQUID ?
CALCULATE THE BACK PRESSURE CALCULATE THE BACK PRESSURE

GENERATED (AT THE NORMAL GENERATED (USING THE FULL
VOLUMETRIC LP SIDE OUTFLOW) IN FLOW CAPACITY OF THE LP
THE EVENT OF A COMPLETE TUBE SYSTEM) IN THE EVENT OF A
RUPTURE COMPLETE TUBE RUPTURE
LP SIDE
LOWER OF :
HYDROTEST PRESS. IS BACK PRESSURE >
YES NO
1.3 x LP SIDE PDES 130% LP SIDE PDES ?
YES HP SIDE PDES > (Note 1, 2) NO (Note 1, 2)
PROTECTION NO PROTECTION
REQUIRED FOR BURST REQUIRED FOR BURST
TUBE TUBE
YES WILL SAFETY VALVE NO

LIFT DURING TUBE LEAK ?
(Note 3)
CAN CONTAMINATION
BY HP FLUID INTO LP
YES FLUID BE TOLERATED NO
YES WILL CONTAMINATION
? OF LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM NO
OCCUR ? (Note 4)
ADD TRIP VALVES AND

DOUBLE NRVs TO
TRAP CONTAMINATION
CAN CONTAMINATION
NO YES
BY HP FLUID OF LP FLUID
BE TOLERATED ?
NO FURTHER ACTION
REQUIRED
COLD RELIEF FLOW
NO POSSIBLE FOR ANY YES ADD TRIP VALVES AND
OTHER RELIEF DOUBLE NRVs TO TRAP
CASE ? CONTAMINATION
THERE IS NO SAFE DESTINATION FOR RELIEF, AND

TO HOT FLARE THEREFORE MUST AVOID NEED TO RELIEVE AS A RESULT
OF A BURST TUBE.
OPTIONS (IN ORDER OF PREFERENCE) :
1. DESIGN LP SIDE TO 100% HP SIDE DESIGN PRESSURE.
TO COLD FLARE NO WET RELIEF FLOW

POSSIBLE ? YES 2. INTERLOCK HP SIDE ISOLATION VALVES WITH LP SIDE
ISOLATION VALVES.
3. PROCEDURALLY PREVENT LP SIDE ISOLATION VALVES

BEING CLOSED BEFORE HP SIDE.
1) Although ASME VIII limits pressure to no more than 100% of the MAWP, API-RP-521 allows for pressures up to the hydrotest pressure.
The hydrotest pressure for ASME VIII is normally 130% of the Design pressure and includes temperature correction.
The hydrotest pressure for BS 5500 is normally 125% of the Design pressure
If checking the piping rather than the exchanger then note that the hydrotest pressure is 150% of the Design Pressure for piping
to ASME/ANSI B31.3.
2) As tube burst occurs at operating temperature the temperature adjustment ratio is not included in the above decision chart.
3) If Pressure Relief Valve installed for other relief cases e.g. Fire, Thermal Expansion.
4) If Trip valves and NRV's have been installed then this will prevent contamination of the low pressure system.
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
BURST TUBE RELIEF : NON-FLASHING HP LIQUID
FLUID PROPERTIES Rev
HP Liquid Conditions in LP Side Set pressure 5.00 barg

HP side LP side
Pressure 18.6 5.50 barg
Temperature 50 50.2 C LP Liquid
Density 556.5 553.3 kg/m3 @ Normal conditions
Viscosity 0.146 0.145 cP Flow 50000 kg/h
Temperature 30 C
Density 1000 kg/m3
Viscosity 0.8 cP
EXCHANGER DETAILS
PLATE FIN EXCHANGER

Is it a Plate Fin Exchanger No
Header
Header box width, LBox 0.5 m Boxes
Assumed split width 1.5 mm
Equivalent tube diameter N/A inch
SHELL & TUBE EXCHANGER

Tube length 12.2 m
Shell ID 1250 mm
OD Tube 0.75 inch
LBox
Tube Material / Weight 14 BWG
ID Tube #N/A inch
LEAKAGE FLOWRATE
Flow through orifice calculated as per RO_calc Ver 1.00.xls
Flow through tube calculated in LINESIZE VER 3.3.xls
Tube leak rate

Use Goal seek function to vary Assumed rate 4912 kg/h Calc P2 18.60 barg
flowrate to match calculated P2
Leakage rate through the Orifice/Split #N/A kg/hr

Leakage rate through tube 4912 kg/hr
Total Leakage Rate #N/A kg/hr

Total Volumetric Leakage Rate @ LP relieving pressure #N/A m3/h (HP fluid)
Is credit to be taken for the flow capacity of the Outlet system? No

Normal Volumetric flow of low pressure fluid N/A m3/h
HP Liquid Relief Load Displaced LP Liquid Relief Load

(displaced @ Operating T/)
Flow #N/A kg/hr Flow #N/A kg/hr
Temperature #VALUE! C Temperature #VALUE! C
Set Pressure #VALUE! barg Set Pressure #VALUE! barg
Liq. Density #VALUE! kg/m3 Liq. Density #VALUE! kg/m3
Viscosity #VALUE! cP Viscosity #VALUE! cP
PSV Area #VALUE! in (Non-Certified for Liquid relief) #VALUE! in
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
BURST TUBE RELIEF: HP VAPOUR
HP Vapour conditions in
HP side LP side LP Side Set pressure 11.36 barg
Pressure 18.6 12.50 bar g
Density 30.81 20.49 kg/m3
Mol. Wt. 34.278 34.278 LP Liquid @ Normal conditions
k 1.184 1.184 Flow kg/h
Temperature 45.0 37.6 C Temperature C
Compressibility 0.825 0.875 Density kg/m3
Viscosity 0.0096 0.0093 cP Viscosity cP
SUBCRITICAL FLOW
EXCHANGER DETAILS
PLATE FIN EXCHANGER

Is it a Plate Fin Exchanger
Header
Header box width, LBox m Boxes
Assumed split width mm
Equivalent tube diameter inch

Tube Length 12.2 m
LBox
Shell ID 1250.00 mm
OD Tube 0.75 inches
Tube Material / weight 14 BWG
ID Tube (dt) #N/A inches
LEAKAGE FLOWRATE
Tube leak rate

Assumed rate kg/h Calc P1 #N/A barg
Not Applicable
Leakage rate through the Orifice/Split #VALUE! kg/h

Leakage rate through tube 0 kg/h
Total Leakage Rate #VALUE! kg/h

Total Volumetric Leakage Rate @ LP relieving pressure #VALUE! m3/h (HP fluid)
Is credit to be taken for the flow capacity of the Outlet system?

Normal Volumetric flow of low pressure fluid #DIV/0! m3/h
HP Vapour Relief Load Displaced LP Liquid Relief Load
Flow kg/hr Flow kg/hr

MW 34.278 Temperature C
Temperature C Set Pressure barg
z - Density kg/m3
k Viscosity cP
Density 20.49 kg/m3
Relief Pressure 12.50 barg
(Non-Certified for Liquid relief)
PSV Area in PSV Area in
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
BURST TUBE RELIEF : FLASHING HP LIQUID
HP Fluid @ Design Pressure P1 @ LP Relief Pressure P2 @ Critical Pressure

Pressure barg 18.60 12.50 10.12
Liquid Vapour Homog Liquid Vapour Homog Liquid Vapour Homog
Flow kg/h 27855 6423 34278 24276 10002 34278 22885 11393 34278
Density kg/m3 441.9 35.803 141.392 469.24 23.973 73.096 481.34 19.629 54.587
Mol. Wt. 32.12 32.026 31.99
k 1.183 1.183 1.184 1.184 1.184 1.184
Temperature C 7.2 -6.7 -13.24
Compressibility 0.755 0.815 0.84
Viscosity cP 0.080 0.009 0.027 0.095 0.008 0.018 0.099 0.008 0.015
LP Fluid @ normal conditions Homogenous Properties Avg (P1+P2) Avg (P1 + Crit)
Flow kg/h 2500 Pressure barg 15.55 Pressure barg 14.36
Temperature C -38 Density @ P1 kg/m3 123.97 Density @ P1 kg/m3 118.25
Density kg/m3 592 k 1.184 k 1.184
Viscosity cP 0.007 Viscosity cP 0.023 Viscosity cP 0.021
Temperature K 273.4 Temperature K 270.1
SUBCRITICAL FLOW z 0.785 z 0.798
EXCHANGER DETAILS
PLATE FIN EXCHANGER IF(G10="","",

Is it a Plate Fin Exchanger No
Header
Header box width, LBox m Boxes
Assumed split width mm
Equivalent tube diameter N/A inch
Tube Length 6 m
Shell ID 1250 mm
LBox
OD Tube 0.75 inches
Tube Material / weight 14 BWG
ID Tube (dt) #N/A inches
LEAKAGE FLOWRATE
Tube leak rate

Use Goal seek function to vary Assumed rate 1763 kg/h Calc P2 #N/A barg
flowrate to match calculated P2
Leakage rate through the Orifice/Split #N/A kg/h

Leakage rate through tube 1763 kg/h
Total Leakage Rate #N/A kg/h

Total Volumetric Leakage Rate @ LP relieving pressure #N/A m3/h (HP fluid)
Is credit to be taken for the flow capacity of the Outlet system?

Normal Volumetric flow of low pressure fluid m3/h
HP 2 phase Relief Load Displaced LP Fluid Relief Load

Flow #N/A kg/hr Flow #N/A kg/hr
Relief Pressure 12.5 barg Temperature -38 C
Set Pressure 11.36 barg
Density 592 kg/m3
Use 2PhaseRelief0000.xls for PSV size Viscosity 0.007 cP
(Non-Certified for Liquid relief)
PSV Area #N/A in
'file:///conversion/tmp/scratch/366969953.xls'#$BurstTube 2P
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
DISTILLATION COLUMN RELIEF - SKETCH
Rev
WARNING : THIS SPREADSHEET IS FOR DISTILLATION COLUMNS WHERE AN ENTHALPY BALANCE AROUND THE TOWER
IS APPROPRIATE.
SPREADSHEET ASSUMPTIONS
1. The component separation throughout the tower is the same as for normal operation.
2. The composition and molecular weights of all the streams during relief are assumed to be the same as in normal
operation.
3. System flowrates, temperatures and heat of vapourisation values should be adjusted for the relieving pressure
i.e. includes accumulation.
4. The reboiler heat input shall be adjusted for the reduced temperature driving force that may exist at relieving
conditions (See note below).
5. Stream enthalpies can be taken from normal operation simulation, for ease of calculation.
6. Relief pressure to be no more than 80% of critical pressure.
7. Bottoms accumulation is never negative i.e. the bottoms liquid level does not decrease.
8. Sufficient liquid accumulates at the top of the tower to provide the relief vapour.
Wr = Relief
Top Accumulation
Condenser
Overhead Vapour
Product / Non
Condensible Outlet
Pumparound
Reflux Drum
Overhead
Liquid Product
Side Stream Products

Feeds
Stripping Steam
Bottoms Accumulation
Reboiler Tower Bottoms Product
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
DISTILLATION COLUMN RELIEF
Rev
RELIEF CONDITION : MAX REBOIL
Design Normal Relief

Reboiler Duty
kW kW kW
Enter Reboiler Equipment No. 15320 15320
Qi = 15320 15320
Pumparound Exchanger Duty / Design Normal Relief

Condenser Duty kW kW kW
Pumparound Exchanger Eqpt No. 795 795
Enter Condenser Equipment No. 18600 0

Qo = 19395 795
Flow @ kg/h Enthalpy @ kJ/kg Duty @ kJ/h

Feeds
Normal Relieving Normal Relieving @ Normal @ Relief
Feed 1 71062 71062 366.9 366.9 26072648 26072648
Feed 2
Feed 3
Feed 4
Stripping Steam
Wf = 71062 71062 WfHf = 26072648 26072648

Products
Normal Relieving Normal Relieving @ Normal @ Rel
Overhead Vapour Product 0
Overhead Liquid Product 43483 0 117.5 117.5 5109252.5 0
Side Stream Product 1 20402 20402 234.9 234.9 4792429.8 4792429.8
Side Stream Product 2
Tower Bottoms Product 7175 7175 220.1 220.1 1579217.5 1579217.5
Wp = 71060 27577 WpHp = 11480900 6371647.3
Bottoms Accumulation Normal Relieving

Bottoms Yield rate = 7175 7175 kg/hr
Bottoms Yield Fraction = 0.1009682 0.1009682 Duty @ kJ/h
Bottoms Prod. Rate = 7175 7175 kg/hr @ Normal @ Rel
Wb = 0 0 kg/hr WbHb= 0 0
Top Accumulation Normal Relieving

(Wf-Wp-Wb) 2 43485 kg/hr
Enthalpy of Overhead Stream, Hr 570.4 570.4 kJ/kg Duty @ kJ/h
Latent heat of Vap. Tower Ovhds., Lr 262.5 262.5 kJ/kg @ Normal @ Rel
(Hr-Lr) 307.9 307.9 kJ/kg (Wf-Wp-Wb)(Hr-Lr) 615.8 13389032
Relief Rate Wr = Qi - Qo + WfHf - WpHp - WbHb - (Wf-Wp-Wb)(Hr-Lr)

Lr
Wrelief at normal operation (should be ~ zero i.e. No relief) -300 kg/h
Wrelief @ Relief = 223246 kg/h

Comparison Relief Rate Data
Gross Overheads Minus Vapour Product at Normal Operating Conditions kg/h
Second Tray Vapours at Normal Operating Conditions kg/h
Mol Wt. Enter Molecular weight of Overheads at Relief Condition

INPUT FOR Temperature C Enter Temperature of Overheads at Relief Condition
PSV
Z Enter Compressibility of Overheads at Relief Condition
SUMMARY
SHEET Sp. Ht. ratio Enter Specific Heat Ratio of Overheads at Relief Condition
Rel Press. barg Enter Temperature of Overheads at Relief Condition
###
CALCULATION NUMBER
PROJECT or W.O. NO. DISCIPLINE CODE SEQUENCE NO.
131171 - S - 2016
DISTILLATION COLUMN RELIEF: REFLUX FAILURE (CASE 3)
Wr = Relief
WARNING : THIS SPREADSHEET IS FOR DISTILLATION COLUMNS WHERE AN ENTHALPY BALANCE AROUND THE TOWER IS APPROPRIATE.
Spreadsheet Assumptions
1. The component separation throughout the tower is the same as for normal operation.
2. The composition and molecular weights of all the streams during relief are assumed to be the same as in normal operation.
3. System flowrates, temperatures and heat of vapourisation values should be adjusted for the relieving pressure i.e. includes accumulation.
4. The reboiler heat input shall be adjusted for the reduced temperature driving force that may exist at relieving conditions (See note below).
5. Stream enthalpies can be taken from normal operation simulation, for ease of calculation. Top Accumulation
6. Relief pressure to be no more than 80% of critical pressure.
7. Bottoms accumulation is never negative i.e. the bottoms liquid level does not decrease.
8. Sufficient liquid accumulates at the top of the tower to provide the relief vapour.
Condenser
Reboiler Duty Design Normal Relief
kW kW kW
Enter Reboiler Equipment No.
Qi = 0 0
Pumparound Exchanger Duty / Condenser Duty Design Normal Relief Overhead Vapour
kW kW kW Product / Non
Enter Pumparound Exchanger Equipment No. Condensible Outlet
Enter Condenser Equipment No. 0
Qo = 0 0
Pumparound
Flow @ kg/h Enthalpy @ kJ/kg Duty @ kJ/h Reflux Drum
Feeds Normal Relieving Normal Relieving @ Normal @ Rel
Feed 1 0 0
Feed 2 - - - - #VALUE! #VALUE!
Feed 3 - - - - #VALUE! #VALUE!
Feed 4 - 0 #VALUE!
Overhead Liquid
Stripping Steam - 0 #VALUE! Product
Wf = 0 0 WfHf = #VALUE! #VALUE!

Side Stream Products
Products Normal Relieving Normal Relieving @ Normal @ Rel
Overhead Vapour Product 0 0
Feeds
Overhead Liquid Product 0 0
Side Stream Product 1 0 0
Side Stream Product 2 0 0
Tower Bottoms Product 0 0
Wp = 0 0 WpHp = 0 0
Bottoms Accumulation Normal Relieving

Bottoms Yield rate = 0 #DIV/0! kg/hr Stripping Steam Bottoms Accumulation
Bottoms Yield Fraction = #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Duty @ kJ/h
Bottoms Prod. Rate = 0 0 kg/hr @ Normal @ Rel
Wb = 0 #DIV/0! kg/hr WbHb= 0 #DIV/0!
Top Accumulation Normal Relieving

(Wf-Wp-Wb) 0 #DIV/0! kg/hr Tower Bottoms Product
Enthalpy of Overhead Stream, Hr kJ/kg Reboiler
Latent heat of Vap. Tower Ovhds., Lr kJ/kg Duty @ kJ/h
(Hr-Lr) 0 0 kJ/kg @ Normal @ Rel
(Wf-Wp-Wb)(Hr 0 #DIV/0!
INPUT FOR SUMMARY SHEET
Relief Rate Wr = Qi - Qo + WfHf - WpHp - WbHb - (Wf-Wp-Wb)(Hr-Lr) Mass Flow #VALUE! kg/hr
Lr Mol Wt. Enter Molecular weight of Overheads at Relief Condition
Wr @ Normal = #VALUE! kg/h Temperature C Enter Temperature of Overheads at Relief Condition
Wr at Normal operation should be approximately zero i.e. No relief. Z Enter Compressibility of Overheads at Relief Condition
Wr @ Relief = #VALUE! kg/h Sp. Ht. ratio Enter Specific Heat Ratio of Overheads at Relief Condition
Comparison Relief Rate Data Rel Press. barg Enter Temperature of Overheads at Relief Condition
Gross Overheads Minus Vapour Product at Normal Operating Conditions kg/h
Second Tray Vapours at Normal Operating Conditions kg/h
CALCULATION NUMBER
131171 - S - 2016 0 of Pages
BURST TUBE REVISION HISTORY Latest Rev 1.00
REVISION DATE NOTES
0.00 1975 Original issue as Appendix III for Job 8701 (Rasco) ###
###
0.10 05/08/94 Initial spreadsheet & qualification of Rev 0.0
Modified for SI units ###
###
0.20 22/06/05 Modified to take account of Tube flow + 1 orifice ###
###
1.00 01/01/08 Qualified - refer to Burst Tube Relief Flow QA Calc.xls ###
Orifice flow calculation changed to restriction orifice calc (refer RO_calc.xls) which is ###
qualified ###
Plate Fin split area determined as equivalent diameter tube of same area (instead of ###
hydraulic radius) ###
Coefficient of discharge now calculated (formerly taken as constant at 0.7) ###
###
###

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CALCULATION COVER SHEET

0 S.Arora Preliminary Sizing

ATTACHMENTS NUMBER OF LAST PAGE

Attachment A Plot for ROG KO drum area. 1 11

Attachment B PFD 5578-1620-PP-D-001 Rev D 2 13

Attachment C P&ID 5578-1620-PP-D-100/101 1 14

Attachment D Process Datasheet (pages 2 and 4 of 5), 2

Attachment F Extract from "Estimation of design conditions in ROG system, 1

10) RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Version Qualified Date Approved Date Rev

GasFilledVessel Fire Input

Control Valve Tag No (if applicable) 1A/B HOLD

ASSUMPTION Sheet Confirmation Confirmation By Date

2 Back pressure correction factor Kb

3 Discharge coeffficient Kd = 0.975

4 1620-D-001 elevation and total

5 PSV tag number to be confirmed

6 Design pressure of vent recycle

CASE CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION Rev

Case 1 - Closed outlets on equipment

Blocked Vapour outlet

Blocked liquid outlet

Therefore No Relief Case identified for closed outlet cases.

Case 2 - Cooling water failure

Case 4 - Steam failure

Case 5 - Burst tube

Case 6 - Accumulation of non-condensibles

Case 7 - Entrance of highly volatile material

Case 8 - Overfilling of tank or vessel

Case 9 - Failure of automatic or manual controls

Case 10 - Abnormal heat input

Procedure to determine relief load due to abnormal heat input:

Case 1 - Closed outlets on equipment

Therefore No Relief Case for closed outlet.

Case 2 - Cooling water failure

Case 3 - Reflux failure

Case 4 - Steam failure

Case 5 - Burst tube

Case 6 - Accumulation of non-condensibles

Case 7 - Entrance of highly volatile material

Case 8 - Overfilling of tank or vessel

Case 9 - Failure of automatic or manual controls

Case 10 - Abnormal heat input

Procedure to determine relief load due to abnormal heat input:

From drum surface area calculation, unwetted area is 74.7 m

Two cases are to be considered:

Case 11 - Abnormal fluid input

Case 12 - Chemical reaction

Case 13 - Blocked in (hydraulic expansion)

PAGE NOT USED.

ENTER DATA IN YELLOW CELLS

kW kJ/h kCal/h Btu/h

kJ/kg kCal/kg Btu/lb

kg/h lb/h lb/h kg/h

kg/m3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3 kg/m3

Barg Bara kg/cmg kg/cma Psig Psia

1x Dished end (2:1 semi-elliptical)

Based upon typical dimensions:

VERTICAL SHELL & TUBE

@ Turndown (LL = max; h = L)

@ Turndown (LL = max; h = L)

* Tube side includes lower channel WSA / vol only

HORIZONTAL SHELL & TUBE (VAPOUR OR 2 PHASE AT OUTLET)