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HYPNOSIS:
For Self Betterment And Self Healing
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COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Subtitle Page
Copyright Information
Table Of Contents
Dedication
Special Thanks
About The Author
Other Books By The Author
CHAPTER ONE
Hypnosis And Sensory Awareness
Introduction
History
Theoretical Basis
Approaches To Hypnogogic Trance States
General Principles Of Heightened States of
Consciousness And Awareness (The 5 Laws)
Experimental Data
Experiences In Hypnogogic Trance States
Problem Solving
Mediumistic Trances
Time Distortion
Age Regression
Revivification
Extra Cerebral Memory (ECM)
5
Astral Projection
Practical Applications
Procedures Of Auto-Suggestion And Hypnogogic
Trance States
CHAPTER TWO
The Left Side
The Right Side
How Negative Attitudes Affect A Person
Some Positive Tips For Perennial Happiness
CHAPTER THREE
Hypnosis And Other Things Explained
Uses Of Hypnosis
Physical Applications
Psychotherapeutic Applications
Other uses
Brief How Hypnosis Works
Twentieth-Century Theories
Brain Imaging
CHAPTER FOUR
21 Days To A Younger You
Method
CHAPTER FIVE
Hypnosis And Occult Resources
How To Hypnotize Someone
Just Some Little Touch Ups On Hypnosis
CHAPTER SIX
Do It Yourself!
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Dispelling The Myths
Its A Choice!
How Trance Occurs
CHAPTER SEVEN
Research
The State/Nonstate Debate
What Is An Altered State Of Consciousness
What Is Essentially Hypnotic?
Not Just Relaxation
Effortlessness
Behavioural Studies
Neuroimaging Studies
Theories
Dissociated Control Theory (DCT)
Social-Cognitive Theory / Response Set Theory
Neodissasociation Theory (Hilgard, 1979, 1986)
Neurophysiological Theory
Integrative Cognitive Theory
Cold Control Theory
Dissociated-Experience Theory
Ego-Psychological Theory
Neuroimaging Studies
CHAPTER EIGHT
Measurement Of Hypnosis
Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales
Suggestions
Properties Of Hypnotic Susceptibility
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Correlates Of Hypnotic Suggestibility
CHAPTER NINE
Pain Management: Imagery & Visualization
Here Is An Exercise
CHAPTER TEN
Hypnosis And Pain Research
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Modification Of Suggestibility
CHAPTER TWELVE
Frequently Asked Questions
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DEDICATION
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SPECIAL THANKS
I would like to thank all the following, people,
friends and companies, that made this Book
possible.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
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OTHER BOOKS BY THE AUTHOR
2006
Katoomba-Columbia
The Power Of Garlic
The Meaning Of New Birth
Speaking To God Through Prayers
Ginger The Herb And Root Guide
The Complete Book On Angels
Chamomile The Healing Herb
The Healing Powers Of Aloe Vera
The Healing Powers Of Cranberry
The Healing Powers Of Seaweed And Algae
The Spiritual Key To Healing
The Healing Powers Of Pomegranate
2007
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The Healing Powers Of Blueberries
AMD - Age-Related Macular Degeneration
A Modern Look At Solar Power
The Healing Powers Of Oregano
The Healing Powers Of Coconuts
The Book Of Spells: White Magic Vs. Black Magic
The Healing Powers Of Cherries
Experimenting With The G-Spot
Sex Magic
The Images Of God
The Healing Powers Of Thistles
The Felfoldis: Medical Herbal Encyclopedia
The Complete Book On Herbal Magick
The Herbs And Animals Of The Bible
The Road To Better Health
The Gnomes In Mythology
The Magic Of Having Great Sex
The Healing Powers Of Strawberries
The Backyard Terror: Squirrels
Changing The Way We Look At Wolves
Cooking With Eggs Cookbook
The Healing Powers Of Watermellons
The Healing Powers Of Avocados
2008
The Healing Powers Of Mangos
The Complete Book Of Angels (2nd Edition)
The State Of Man (In Relationship To The Bible)
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The Healing Powers Of Tomatoes
The Schooner, Bluenose II
The Healing Powers Of Mushrooms
A Modern Look At ParaPsychology: Exploring
Psychic Reality And Psychical Research
Angel Light Bible Studies (A Complete 22 Lesson Course)
Peach Popourri (A Book On Peaches)
Hypnosis: For Self Betterment And Self Healing
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CHAPTER
ONE
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CHAPTER ONE
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Our consciousness does not create itself - it
arises from unknown depths. In childhood it
awakes gradually, and all through life it wakes
each morning out of the depths of sleep, i.e.,
out of an unconscious condition.
Carl G. Jung
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INTRODUCTION
18
course, a hypnotic trance cannot be merely turned-on like
a light switch on a wall. This heightened state of awareness
must be attained through outer unconsciousness, and inner
realization.
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names over the years, and many different followers, but it
has really always been what it is today: A state
characterized by outer unconsciousness, and inner
realization.
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HISTORY
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that all living things are surrounded by magnetic forces that
greatly affect the human, animal or plant body. Dr. Mesmer
was a healer, and although many thought him to have little
scientific knowledge, he realized the enormous emotional
power of both inner and outer suggestion. Mesmers
theories, although rejected while he lived and worked, had
some basis of fact now, as it has been proven that patients
are influenced by both suggestions and electrostatic
induction.
22
out of the medical profession for healing with mesmeric
techniques.
23
However, the method of hypnosis today are very different
from the original ideas that was shunned by Freud.
Hypnosis has been changed from a direct doctor-inspired
session, to a more open and responsive means of physical,
emotional, or mental curing, directed to the needs of the
patient.
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counterparts. These advances have resulted in placing
hypnosis where it should indeed be: A phenomenon that is,
for the most part, used for the progressive improvement of
the mind and body.
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THEORETICAL BASIS
26
Habits of civilization determine the present size and
operation of the human brain. Mans desire for survival
brought about the changes and they have been passed on to
his progeny.
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In hypnotic states, it is the inner thalamus core that is the
more active, and the outer neo-cortex grey matter shell that
becomes more passive. It is almost as if the two brains
acted independently of one another. Whereas incoming
sensory signals generally come via the thalamus to the neo-
cortex, in hypnotic or hypnogogic states, the thalamus
believes the imaginary stimuli or lack of stimuli to be a
reality, and the individual responds to this actuality.
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hypnogogic trance states, properly channeled, can give man
a better understanding of his internal world and psychic
needs.
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the thalamus that relays sensory impulses to the outer
thinking layer. This in turn enhances sensitivity to
internal and external electromagnetic force fields. So then,
hypnogogic trances are the result, not only of suggestion,
but of electrostatic induction, or shifting of electromagnetic
energies internally by self or external forces. For example,
the magnetizer (hypnotist) generates oscillating bio-
electrostatic turbulence. In other words, both suggestion
and psychokinetic force fields play a part in the induction of
hypnogogic states.
APPRACHES TO HYPNOGOGIC
TRANCE STATES
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THREE METHOD:
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subject can relax in a comfortable chair with a reclining
back, or on a soft couch. Indirect methods of this sort
include restful positions or comfortable clothing. Direct
methods of tactile induction include physical contact
with the body, such as touch or caress. Closely related to
the tactile sensations in the olfactory system where a
certain odor is used to induce or appeal. Rarely used, but
possible is the use of taste to induce a certain state of
hypnosis. Such indirect methods, though seldom
employed, could appeal in a very personal way to a
certain subject.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
HEIGHTENED STATES OF
CONSCIOUSNESS AND
AWARENESS (THE 5 LAWS)
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3. Law of Visualization: In this instance, mind pictures and
mental images are introduced to or by the subject. The
appeal must be induced by means of pictures, rather than
solely by word use. Remember that the old brain thinks
visually.
4. Law of Association: The mind associates ideas by
semantic connotations of words, as well as the visual
symbols that represents them. Charles Osgoods theory
of the semantic differential relates that all words and
symbols have many different kinds of meaning and
connotations of goodness and badness to our minds.
Therefore, anyone attempting a hypnogogic trance must
select their sensory images, and words that clearly
represents them, and it must be selected with great care.
5. Law of Belief and Expectation: Only the neo-cortical
center (Cortex) can limit the unrealistic aspirations, and
perhaps this is just as well, because otherwise, much
time and effort could be wasted. Still, once the hypnotic
suggestion is clearly stated and visualized, no limits can
be imposed. The Thalamus must believe and expect the
desired results.
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EXPERIMENTAL DATA
34
We have all seen demonstrations of hypnosis where such
conditions have been shown: muscular inactivity,
insensibility to bodily sensations and other bodily
functions, anesthesia and hyperesthesia, catalepsy, and
suspended animation.
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The deep trance state is characterized by somnambulism.
There is complete amnesia by the subject to anything but
post-hypnotic suggestions and there are vivid hallucinations
of the senses. The higher levels of consciousness can result
in clairvoyance.
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EXPERIENCES IN HYPNOGOGIC
TRANCE STATES
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spark, considered by many to be inborn and therefore not
attained to those not blessed with the gift at birth, is really
no more than a heightened state of sensory awareness,
through hypnotic auto-suggestion.
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mental activity during sleep, and according to studies, is
purposeful for problem solving. In other words, some
people require more sleep than others because they need
the extra sleep hours to resolve their problems.
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EXPERIENCES IN HYPNOGOGIC
TRANCE STATES
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attainable to those not blessed with the gift at birth, is really
no more than a heightened state of sensory awareness,
through hypnotic auto-suggestion?
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They do not allow their attuned concentration to be
disturbed or directed by others. These individuals,
therefore, that many of us no doubt consider lucky fall
into the same category as the creative genius individuals.
Their talents and successes have come about through
sensory awareness.
PROBLEM SOLVING
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of a professor of Anthropology who solved a most
perplexing problem during his sleep.
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top of the ladder and spoke to Jacob, promising him a full,
rich life, and all the land that stretched before him,
concluding with the promise that his (Jacobs) seed would
be blessed with good families in the generations to follow.
When Jacob arose, he knew that the Lord had visited the
place, so he took the stone, poured oil over it and called it
Bethel. Those promises were all fulfilled in the following
chapters of the Scriptures.
Such was the case with a young lad from California who
experienced a profound aesthetic sight.
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gradually colors began to arise in floating, swaying ribbons
of light from seemingly endless depths of infinity.
Startlingly, these colors began to meld into a picture of
consummated joy and peace. It was beyond beauty, it was
visual ecstasy.
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captured during a state of meditation, the woman would
have died.
MEDIUMISTIC TRANCES
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without making any conscious effort to type, or even to
think, and that the work would be accomplished through
him. He was further instructed not to read a single word of
the copy that came through him until the work was
completed. Supposedly he carried out all the instructions to
the letter. The result was a book of over 800 pages, entitled,
OAHSPE, covering a history of the world, the universe,
the human race and even future events that will occur.
TIME DISTORTION
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of the clock seemed to sweep around the dial like a second
hand.
When she was taken to the delivery room, the time literally
flew by, and it was then, the hour hand of the clock that she
could actually see in motion. In what seemed to be only a
few minutes. She had given birth to a healthy baby boy.
The entire duration of her labor was in reality three and a
half hours, and including the time from leaving her home
until the actual birth, that seemed to her like only minutes,
had encompassed nearly six hours.
AGE REGRESSION
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any use to her. Always, it was a piece of inexpensive
jewelry, usually a necklace. One day she was seen taking
just such an item, and she was actually arrested. She then
surrendered the thirty-some other necklaces that she had
acquired by the same method.
REVIVIFICATION
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with intense interest at the baby, the child began to squirm
as though attempting to crawl. Which, within a short time,
he was actually doing.
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EXTRA CEREBRAL MEMORY (ECM)
The most publicized case was the one involving a three and
a half year-old girl, who reportedly recognized her own
former home, nearby places of business and even people
she remembered. The case could hardly be called
concocted, since there were witnesses who heard the child
make certain statements in reference to places or things that
she could not have known in her present existence.
ASTRAL PROJECTION
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The terminology may vary; researchers Carrington and
Muldoon called this phenomenon Exteriorization, while
Celia Green refers to am experience of this type as an
Ecsomatic experience. In any case, the astral body is the
etheric body that coincides every act, movement or deed
with the physical body in which it is housed.
During dreams, it has been reported that both good and bad
deeds have been carried out through astral projection while
the physical body is asleep. In order to prove such cases as
genuine, there would have to be witnesses to both bodies,
the astral and the physical, while the projection was taking
place.
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Sudden and claim a certain differentness after having
the experience, when the two bodies have again merged.
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Expansion of Consciousness and Heightened Sensory
Awareness; hypnogogic trance states, self-induced.
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Creativity, not only in the sense of planning a painting, a
musical composition, or a literary work, but also in the
nature of universal understanding, gradually expells itself.
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A relaxed state of being creates a relaxed state of mind.
Therefore, in order to make the power of auto-suggestion
work, you must first be at ease. Recline in a comfortable
chair, or if you prefer to lie down on the sofa. Make sure
that you are completely at ease, your body totally relaxed.
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Slowly, now, you will feel your breathing becoming more
pronounced. Do not fight this or you will lose your
attempted trance-like state. As the trance begins to unfold,
you will feel your eyes close.
At the time you stated you would wake (two minutes, ten
minutes, etc.), your eyes will open. Naturally, if you have
success with this experiment. You will want to try
something more advanced. Therefore, give yourself a
different duration of time when you next attempt expansion
of consciousness and see yourself performing a difficult
task, and one that although it is necessarily is not quite so
pleasant. This will instill confidence.
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The trance state is a basic awakening of awareness in the
mind, and therefore, may be approached at various angles
and for various reasons.
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CHAPTER
TWO
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CHAPTER TWO
Conditioned
Active
Assertive
Logical
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Deductive
Rational
Male aspects of character
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of 70 to 100 trillion images because all our feelings,
emotions and experiences are stored within us as an image
or sound. Just as a computer digitizes everything, our brain
too does the same.
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The subconscious mind is always awake whether one is
asleep, unconscious, under drugs or alcohol effects or under
coma. One of its functions is to guard us from harm and
danger, yet ironically it also causes illness and even self
destruction.
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During the post operative period visitors are not allowed
near the patients because any negative suggestion given
will go deep into the patients subconscious mind thereby
damaging whatever had been done to rectify the patients
state of health through the operation.
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acceptable. However, faith which brings injury to others,
either mental or physical is not acceptable.
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Dr. Bruce Goldberg, in his book has proved that the
subconscious mind does not only have memory of our
present life but also of the past lives that we have lived.
The subconscious mind may not want us to know anything
of the past as per the wisdom it possesses and may decide
not to give us any information at all of the past lives that
may affect our present life.
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HOW NEGATIVE ATTITUDES
AFFECT A PERSON
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A young boy when caught masturbating by his father
was told that he would become insane. The boy became
impotent. Later his problem vanished after scientific
counseling and reassurance. (Often impotence is not an
organic defect but arises due to deep emotional guilt
which can be easily cured by reprogramming the
subconscious mind (Like a computer), through positive
affirmations.)
A man met with an accident and fractured his leg. He
happened to overhear his medical doctor saying that he
would never be normal again and that he would always
limp. This young man although clinically certified to be
fit, walked with a limp until he met a mind trainer who
succeeded in canceling the negative thought from his
mind.
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mind, which could react immediately or maybe after
several years. It is the responsibility of elders and parents to
be very careful in using words when they are amidst
children in the formative years as during this time the mind
takes concrete shape for many years to come.
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SOME POSITIVE TIPS FOR
PERENNIAL HAPPINESS
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Let us remember that,
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CHAPTER
THREE
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CHAPTER THREE
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Self-hypnosis is popularly used by people who want to
quite smoking, and reduce stress in their lives, while stage
hypnosis can be used to persuade people to perform
unusual public feats.
USES OF HYPNOSIS
1. a painkiller,
2. an adjunct to weight loss,
3. a treatment for skin disease,
4. a way to soothe anxious surgical patients,
5. as part of psychological therapy,
6. a method of habit control,
7. a way to relax,
8. a way to enhance sport performance,
9. a way for people undergoing burn debridement,
10. bone marrow aspirations,
11. childbirth.
12. reducing stage fright,
13. enhancing well being.
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PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS
A large number of clinical studies show that hypnosis can
reduce the pain experienced by people undergoing burn-
wound debridement, bone marrow aspirations, and also
childbirth.
Hypno-birthing is one
popular application of
hypnosis.
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In 1996, the National Institute of Health declared hypnosis
effective in reducing pain from cancer and other chronic
conditions. Nausea and other symptoms related to
incurable diseases may also be controlled with hypnosis.
For example, research that was done at the Mt. Sinai
School of Medicine studied two groups of patients facing
surgery for breast cancer.
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PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC
APPLICATIONS
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smoking methods, while a 2007 study of patients
hospitalized for cardiac and pulmonary ailments found that
smokers who used hypnosis to quit smoking doubled their
chances of success.
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Professor Charcot of Paris Salpetriere
demonstrated hypnosis on a hysterical patient,
Blanche (Marie) Wittman, who is supported
by Dr. Joseph Babinski.
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OTHER USES
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Hypnotism has also been used in forensics, sports,
education, physical therapy and rehabilitation and other
things.
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BRIEF, HOW HYPNOSIS WORKS
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Nicholas Spanos, who championed the idea that hypnotic
procedures influenced behavior indirectly by altering
subjects motivations, expectations and expectations and
interpretations.
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BRAIN IMAGING
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participants of low and high hypnotic susceptibility. At
baseline and after hypnotic induction.
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CHAPTER
FOUR
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CHAPTER FOUR
SELF-HYPNOSIS
Healthy Directions - Aug/Sept 2008 Issue
What ever the mind believes becomes its own truth. Why is
it that when you reach the age of forty fifty or even
sixty your body has to begin deteriorating? Or, does it?
Have you ever wondered what they had that you dont?
Ever wondered why cant you have a more youthful
appearance?
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It all boils down to your own personal belief system. You
believe that just because the dates on the calendars have
flipped many times, that you have to accept the fact that
you are getting old. In truth, old is just a state of mind.
What ever you believe to be truth, becomes your own
reality. So, why not start on changing your own belief
systems, and allow yourself to begin defying the aging
process?
METHOD
Now, think back to when you feel that you were at your
absolute pinnacle of health, and vitality. Notice how strong
you looked and felt.
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With your hands on your lap, while you are still focusing
your thoughts on the more youthful you, repeat the
following phrase, Every day, in every way, my body
becomes stronger and more youthful. And my mind
supports this completely.
Repeat this ten times, using your fingers, pressing into your
thighs to keep track of the count.
How do you feel? How does your mind feel? How does
your body feel? This is the first step in altering your own
thoughts about the aging process. To have this become your
own new reality, you have to make a very strong
commitment to yourself.
For the nest twenty-one (21) days, you have to make a total
commitment that each night, just before you go to sleep,
you sit on the side of your bed, and go through this
exercise, to a full count of ten, each and every consecutive
night for the full twenty-one (21) days. Repeat it when you
wake up in the morning and perhaps a couple of times
during the day. You will be amazed at the results it has on,
not only your mind, but your body as well. You are
beginning to alter your own belief system and you truly are
becoming more youthful.
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Become that person that defies the aging process, and let
others look at you in admiration.
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CHAPTER
FIVE
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CHAPTER FIVE
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HOW TO HYPNOTIZE
SOMEONE
Step 3: Now you need to take him into a deeper and more
relaxed states of mind, such as the theta and delta states.
You can do this by giving him some sort of a visual
suggestion such as he is floating like a feather or that he is
coming down a long stair case and with each step he is
going into deeper and deeper states of mind and getting
more and more relaxed.
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JUST SOME LITTLE TOUCH
UPS ON HYPNOSIS
94
counter, which is true because more and more people are
becoming hypnotists.
95
Going into a trance is something that we learn and we are
taught when a hypnotist talks to us, and talks us down from
the stress of the thoughts that fly here, there and
everywhere, into a relaxed state of clarity, and peace, where
your body is at ease and mind healing can finally begin.
And this is as easy as sitting down in a chair, putting on the
headphones and letting the hypnotist do their job.
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CHAPTER
SIX
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CHAPTER SIX
DO IT YOURSELF!
Self-Hypnosis
98
This incredibly powerful technique will help you reduce
your dependency on outside sources and get you to
establish more control in your life. There is no greater
suggestion than self-suggestion. So learn how to hypnotize
yourself. NOW!
99
DISPELLING THE MYTHS
ITS A CHOICE!
100
for hundreds of years and have yet to formulate a
conclusive explanation of how it actually occurs. This said,
however, many of the common characteristics of being in a
hypnotic state has been well documented, and hypnotists
today have access to a very effective model of application
of hypnosis techniques. I have stated in previous chapters
how trance states occur.
101
CHAPTER
SEVEN
102
CHAPTER SEVEN
RESEARCH
103
consistent with the notion that hypnotized participants have
unusual experiences. One of the most eloquent defenses of
this position comes from Spanos (1989):
104
sense that the self is identified with ones body. In contrast
to this baseline state, Detroit (2003) gives a description of
a typical altered state of consciousness: a sense of
timelessness, denial of self, little if any self-reflection and
analysis, little emotional content, little abstract thinking, no
planning, and a sensation of unity.
105
induction. In one participants received a traditional
induction, with suggestions for relaxation. In the second
condition participants rode a stationary exercise bicycle.
Both techniques were said to produce equivalent levels of
suggestibility, and thus relaxation cannot be considered to
be an essential component of hypnosis. The efficacy of the
active-alert induction has subsequently been supported by
Miller et al (1991) in a study comparing the efficacy of
pain reduction suggestions following a traditional or active
alert induction.
EFFORTLESSNESS
BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES
106
been the mainstay of 20th century research into state
effects. A number of interesting methodologies including
the real-simulator design, have been developed to
investigate hypnotic phenomenon. Interestingly it has been
found that there is often very little difference in terms of
response to suggestions between hypnotised and
unhypnotised subjects, this has led some to conclude that
the hypnotic state is an irrelevance, while others believe
that any response to suggestions fall within the domain of
hypnosis.
NEUROIMAGING STUDIES
107
Neuroimaging studies, which began with EEG and which
have developed in to PET and fMIR methodologies, offer
promises in discovering more about how response to
suggestion is mediated by the brain. At least two clear
methodological approaches have been used to tackle the
issue. The first examines brain activity in individuals as
they become hypnotised - this approach characterises the
early EEG studies. A later approach examines brain activity
in response to tasks conducted in and outside hypnosis, the
aim is to assess whether responses to suggestions are
processed differently when in hypnosis - later ERP, PET
and fMIR studies have tended to take this approach.
108
THEORIES
Beginning with Mesmers advancement that a magnetic
ether explained the effects he observed, theorists have tried
to explain the mechanisms underlying hypnosis. It is now
generally accepted that any adequate theory of hypnosis
must use concepts compatible with general psychological
models of consciousness.
109
model proposes that the SAS has become functionally
dissociated from the CS - that is, these two levels cease to
work together effectively. With the higher level control
system partly disabled when high-hypnotizables are
hypnotized, the individual is more dependent upon CS-
based automatic processes. Contextual cues and influence
from the hypnotist influences the contention scheduling
system, and this determines the hypnotized persons
experience.
110
hypnosis results from participants motivated tendencies to
interpret hypnotic suggestions as not requiring active
planning and effort, i.e. the experience of effortlessness
stems from attributional error. The attribution of volition
depends on the kind of response-set which has been put
into place.
Implementation intentions are a representation of the
form: When x happens, I will do y
whereas response expectancies are representation of the
form: When x happens, y will occur
Kirsch and Lynn (1997) proposed that subjects in a
hypnotic situation hava generilized response expectancy
that they will follow the hypnotists instructions and
produce behaviours that are experienced as involuntary. A
consequence of this is that these subjects attribute hypnotic
responses to external causes and experience them as
involuntary. According to this theory hypnotic responses
are initiated by the same mechanisms as voluntary
responses, the difference is in how the behaviours are
experienced.
111
NEODISSOCIATION THEORY (Hilgard, 1979, 1986)
112
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL THEORY
113
models is questioned by sociocognitive theorists (e.g.
Wagstaff, 2004). Crucially, the predictions of enhanced
executive skills in high hypnotizables are testable.
114
of mental state (e.g. I see that the cat is black). The cold
control theory of hypnosis states that a successful response
to hypnotic suggestions can be achieved by forming an
intention to perform the action or cognitive activity
required, without forming the HOTs about intending that
action that would normally accompany reflective
performance of the action.
DISSOCIATED-EXPERIENCE THEORY
Kihlstrom (1985)
EGO-PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY
115
immature) and secondary processes such as (affect-free,
analytical, logical, conscious, developmentally mature).
Whereas normal adults functioning is biased towards
secondary processing the induction of hypnosis makes the
subject let go of some secondary process activity. Heap
et al (2004) characterise the evidence for ego-
psychological theory as mixed.
NEUROIMAGING STUDIES
Intrinsic
Rainville et al (1999)
116
conducted PET scans before and after a hypnotic induction
(in the absence of suggestion), and also with hypnotic
suggestions for pain modulation.
Rainville et al (2000)
examined perceived mental relaxation and mental
absorption using PET, before and after a hypnotic
induction.
Egner et al (2005)
examined attentional abilities in low and high
hypnotizables at baseline, and following a hypnotic
induction.
Oakley et al (2007)
investigated the neural correlates of a hypnotic induction in
fMIR.
Instrumental
Rainville et al (1997)
used hypnotic suggestion to modulate the unpleasentness
but not the intensity of a painful stimulus.
Szechtman et al (1998)
used hypnotic suggestions to produce auditory
hallucinations
Kosslyn et al (2000)
117
used hypnotic suggestion to produce positive and negative
colour hallucinations.
Willoch et al (2000)
used hypnosis to produce phantom limb pain.
Schulz-Stubner et al (2004)
studied pain responses before and after a hypnotic
induction.
Derbyshire, et al (2004)
used hypnotic suggestions to generate pain in the absence
of noxious stimuli.
Raij et al (2005)
used hypnotic suggestions to generate pain in the absence
of noxious stimuli.
Raz et al (2005)
used posthypnotic suggestions affecting participants
ability to read, which knocked out the Stroop effect.
Roder et al (2007)
used hypnosis to study the experience of pain during
hypnotically produced depersonalisation. Found reduced
pain related activation in the depersonalisation condition.
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CHAPTER
EIGHT
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CHAPTER EIGHT
MEASUREMENT OF HYPNOSIS
120
(Weitzenhoffer, 1980) posits that a suggestion must be
experienced as involuntary, that is, it should feel like it is
happening by itself.
SUGGESTIONS
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producing or inhibiting perceptions or sensations. An
example of a positive cognitive suggestion would be a
visual hallucination of someones best friend. A negative
cognitive suggestion might be where it is suggested that a
participant cannot hear (hypnotic deathness).
VARIOUS SCALES
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suggestions. In research situations a group scale is often
used to test large numbers of people best practice is then to
follow up high and low scorers with an individual
administered scale.
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13. Carlton University Responsiveness to Suggestions
Scale (CURSS)
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CORRELATES OF HYPNOTIC
SUGGESTIBILITY
125
Self-directedness (One component of the Temperment and
Character Inventory, Cloninger et al, 1993), (Laidlaw et al,
2005)
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CHAPTER
NINE
127
CHAPTER NINE
PAIN MANAGEMENT:
IMAGERY & VISUALIZATION
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/ doctor / hypnotherapist to get you started but it can also be
done alone if you are able to go to deep into your
imagination.
HERE IS AN EXERCISE
Feel better now? Less stressed? Less tense? Less pain? You
should. Other visions might include a healthier you. Picture
your pain surrounded in cotton or white fluffy clouds.
Imagine a beloved pet or favourite person sitting near you,
129
not talking but just be there to support you. Picture your
stress as helium balloons, and release them, one by one.
The possibilities are only limited by your
imagination.
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CHAPTER
TEN
131
CHAPTER TEN
132
A key fact is often missed is that the induction of hypnosis
by itself does not generate pain relief. It is the suggestion
inside a hypnotic framework, or at least the expectation of
pain relief which leads to reduction of pain. A number of
studies have specifically assessed pain relief following a
hypnotic induction, or the induction of hypnotic and
specific suggestions (Knox et al, 1974; Zachariae et al,
1998).
133
Since many hypnotic inductions contain elements of
relaxation it has been proposed that any pain relieving
properties of hypnotic suggestion could be due primarily to
a relaxation response. However, this hypothesis has been
tested experimentally. Miller and Colleagues (1991) gave
analgesia suggestions to two groups of participants: the first
group were hypnotized using a traditional relaxation
induction, while the second group were hypnotized using
an active-alert induction whist riding a stationary exercise
bicycle. They found that the amount of pain relief
experienced by each group was equivalent, contradicting
the idea that the effects of hypnotic analgesia are simply the
result of relaxation.
134
contrast to this evidence, many clinicians report that the use
of imagery in hypnosis is particularly useful in helping
clients to engage with treatment, more work is needed to
clarify the precise role of imagery in hypnotic responding.
135
as early as 1962 this area of the brain had been thought to
be involved in the perception of pain unpleasantness.
136
unpleasantness in Rainville et al (1997). Black and White
images from Folz & White (1962) showing probe
positioning to produce lesions in the same region of the
ACC which produces reductions in perception of pain
unpleasantness.
137
Imagination of pain only resulted in minimal activation of
the pain network. These results indicate that it is possible to
experience pain in the absence of direct stimulation, and
provide some evidence for direct cortical involvement in
some clinical functional pain disorders. Similar results were
reported in 2005 by Raij and Colleagues.
138
Figure: Pain activation reported by Derbyshire et al (2004)
in response to physically-induced (read area), hypnotically-
induced (Blue area), and imagined (green area) pain.
139
CHAPTER
ELEVEN
140
CHAPTER ELEVEN
MODIFICATION OF
SUGGESTIBILITY
141
MODICATION OF SUGGESTIBILITY WITH
HYPNOSIS
142
to be responding to the suggestions because they are in a
trance, but the only reason to think they are in a trance is
because they are responding to suggestions).
143
participants are indistinguishable from participants who
were naturally high suggestible without training. They
also argue that training generalizes to new, untrained,
suggestions, and that the effects persist for up to a 4 month
follow-up (Gorassini, 2004).
MODIFICATION OF SUGGESTIBILITY
WITH DRUGS
144
drug and the other group the placebo. Large number of
participants are necessary in this designed to avoid chance
variations in suggestibility affecting the results. An
alternative method, is to test the same people twice, once
before and once after taking the drug. In many ways this is
a more reliable method, although it may introduce biases
because of test-retest effects, participants becoming
familiar with the tests.
145
Some pioneering research has already indicated that
hypnosis can be beneficial alongside conscious sedation
(Faymonville et al, 1997).
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CHAPTER
TWELVE
147
CHAPTER TWELVE
FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
What is hypnosis?
148
Can anyone be hypnotized?
Is hypnosis dangerous?
149
are concerns that if it is not used properly then it could lead
to negative reactions. The risks associated with hypnosis,
for example, participants very occasionally experience a
mild headache.
150
response. People typically report feeling very focused or
absorbed, often effortlessly so. Since instructions for
imagery are often used people can have very vivid
imaginative experiences, many report feeling as they were
there.
151
No. You will always be in full complete control, and you
have the ability to your eyes at anytime you choose. NO
ONE can control your mind, EXCEPT YOU.
152
NLP is a set of techniques that are intended to promote
personal development. Some of these techniques were
developed from the work of successful hypnotherapists,
notably Milton Erickson. NLP remains scientifically
unvalidated and is not a part of mainstream academic
psychology.
153
Canada, however, hypnosis has not yet been recognized as
a medical process. The Canadian Hypnotherapists
Association is currently seeking formal recognition of the
practice by the federal government.
Your subconscious mind will only give you what you are
ready to handle. Trust the integrity of your subconscious
mind. When you are ready to address a particular issue,
youll find it very empowering to release it and move on
with your life.
154
What about those hypnosis stage shows?
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COMMENTS ARE WELCOME
GeorgeFelfoldi@Hotmail.Com
156
THIS IS A
FREE
BOOK
157
Enjoy!
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