ME6501 Computer Aided Design

Cycle Test - III

1. What are the basic elements associated with a CAD system?
i).Operator(user) ii).Graphics support system iii).Other user interface support system
iv).Application functions v). Database

2. Brief the primary purposes of the Graphical Kernel System (GKS)?

(i) To provide for portability of graphics application programs
(ii) To aid in the understanding of graphics method by application programs
(iii)To provide the guidelines for manufacturers in describing useful graphics capabilities.

3. Define Open Graphics Library?

OpenGL (Open Graphics Library)is a cross-language, multi-platform application
programming interface (application program interface-API) for rendering2D and 3D vector
graphics. The API is typically used to interact with a graphics processing unit (GPU), to
achieve hardware-accelerated rendering.

4. Define Data exchange standards in CAD?

CAD data exchange involves a number of software technologies and methods to translate data from
one Computer-aided design system to another CAD file format. This PLMtechnology is required to
facilitate collaborative work (CPD) between OEMs and their suppliers.

5. What is the use of IGES system?

The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) (pronounced eye-jess) is a file format which
defines a vendor neutral data format that allows the digital exchange of information among Computer-
aided design (CAD) systems.

6. What is the use of STEP data exchange format?

STEP(Standard for the Exchange of Product model data) can be used to exchange
data between CAD, computer-aided manufacturing, computer-aided engineering, product data
management/enterprise data modelingand other CAx systems. STEP is addressing product data from
mechanical and electrical design, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, analysis and
manufacturing, with additional information specific to various industries such
as automotive, aerospace, building construction, ship, oil and gas, process plants and others.

7. What is the need for CALS

To establish an integrated system in which any information obtained at each stage (survey,
designing, construction and maintenance) of public works should be digitalized so that every
person of each section both in public and private sectors could share and re-use the
information.

8. Define communication protocol?

Communicating systems use well-defined formats (protocol) for exchanging messages. Each
message has an exact meaning intended to elicit a response from a range of possible responses
pre-determined for that particular situation. Thus, a protocol must define the syntax, semantics,
and synchronization of communication; the specified behavior is typically independent of how
it is to be implemented.

9. Mention the different file section in IGES?

i)Flag section(optional) ii) Start section(S) iii) Global section(G) iv) Directory entry(D)section
v)Parameter Data section vi) Terminal section

10. Name the basic methods of transferring data ?

There are basically three methods of transferring data from one CAD system to another.
1.Direct CAD system export/import 2. Direct 3rd party translators.3.Intermediate data exchange
formats.
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 11. What are the different parts of STEP?
i) Environment ii) Integrated data models iii) Top parts

12. Mention the requirements of a conformant STEP application?

i)implementation of either a preprocessor or a postprocessor or both,ii)using one of the STEP
implementation methods STEP-File, STEP-XML or SDAI for the AIM/MIM data model and
iii)supporting one or several conformance classes of an AP.

13. What are the three layers of architecture?

i)Application layer ii) Logical layer iii) Physical layer

14. What is Graphic Communication?

Graphic communication as the name suggests is about communicating through graphics. It is
the process of creating and producing drawings or images that get a message across. For
example a poster advertising an event, a drawing showing the plans for a building or a 3D
computer model showing what a new product will look like.
15. What are the model communication policy?

1.. Openness, accessibility . . . availability and willingness to respond.

2.. Truthfulness . . . unconditional honesty is the only policy.
3. Responsiveness . . . recognition that any constituent concern is by definition legitimate and must be
addressed.
4. No secrets . . . our behavior, our attitudes, our plans, even our strategic discussions must be
unchallengeable, unassailable, and positive

16. What is colouring and enumerate the colouring models?

Colours can be used in geometric construction and distinguishing the wireframe, surface or solid
entities by assigning different colours.
RGB (Red, Green, Blue) Model
CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) Model
YIQ Model
HSV (Hue Saturation Value) Model
HSL (Hue Saturation Lightness) Model

17. What is coherence?

The elements of a scene or its image have some interrelationships called as coherence. It is the
measure how rapid a scene or its image changes and describes the extent to which a scene or its image
is locally constant.

18. What is diffuse reflection?

Lamberts cosine law governs the diffuse reflection. It relates the amount of reflected light to the
cosine of the angle between I and n. Lamberts law implies that the amount of reflected light seen by
the viewer is independent of the viewers position.

19. What are all the main modules of a ray tracing algorithm for CSG models?
A ray-tracing algorithm for CSG models consist of three main module a) Ray/primitive intersection b)
Ray/primitive intersection c) Ray/primitive classification

20. Differentiate Bottom-Up assembly and Top-Down assembly approach.

Bottom-Up assembly Top-Down assembly
In this approach the individual parts are In this approach initially an assembly layout
created independently and inserted into the is created which acts as a backbone which
assembly helps to design the individual parts

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 In this method the sub-assemblies are
This is a traditional method which can be managed which helps to assemble more than
used for hundred or thousand parts thousand parts

21. What is a subassembly?

When an assembly is a component of another assembly it is known as subassembly. We can nest
subassemblies in multiple levels in the assembly tree to reflect the product hierarchy.

22. List down the common mating conditions in assembly modeling.

1) Coincidence 2) Concentric 3) Tangent 4) Coplanar 5) Parallel 6) Perpendicular.

23. Define Datum.

A datum is a theoretical plane which acts as a master reference for locating features of a part during
manufacturing and inspection. A datum may be a point, a line or a plane.

24. Define product design?

Product design is the process of creating a new product to be sold by a business to its customers. It is
essentially the efficient and effective generation and development of ideas through a process that leads
to new products.

25. Define working coordinate system?

It is a convenient user-defined system that facilitates geometric construction. It can be established at
any position and orientation in space that the user desires.

26. Define model coordinate system?

It is defined as the reference space of the model w.r.to all the model geometrical data is stored. It is a
Cartesian system which forms the default coordinate used by a particular software.

27. What is surface trimming?

Trimming of surface is segmentation or intersection problem. It is the process of reduction in area of
an entity with respect to the other entity. If the surface is to be trimmed between two point trimming
boundaries the problem is a segmentation problem.

28. What do you mean by projection of surface?

Projecting an entity onto a plane or a surface is useful in applications such as determining shadows or
finding the position of the entity relative to the plane or the surface.

29. Differentiate Geometry and topology.

GEOMETRY
It is the actual dimensions that defines the
entities of the object
It is the visible geometry and graphical
information at user point of view
It is also called as metric information
TOPOLOGY
It is the connectivity and associativity of the
object entities
It is the non-graphical relational information
stored in the solid model database in user
point of view
It is also called as combinatorial structure

30. What is Rigidity?

Rigidity implies that the shape of a solid model is invariant and does not depend on the model location
or orientation in space.

31. What are the reasons for evolving a graphic standards ?

i) Need for exchanging graphic data between different computer systems
ii) Need for a clear distinction between modeling and review aspects

32. What are the three types of data types in IGES?

i) Geometric ii) Annotation iii) Structure
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 33. What is sequential Engineering?
Sequential engineering is the term used to describe the method of production in a linear format. The
different steps are done one after another, with all attention and resources focused on that one task.
After it is completed it is left alone and everything is concentrated on the next task.

34. Name the list of co-ordinate systems used in computer graphics systems?
1. Working Coordinate System (WCS) 2. Model (Object) Coordinate System (MCS) 3.Screen
coordinate system (SCS)

35. Distinguish between translation and scaling?

When every entity of a geometric model remains parallel to its initial position, the rigid body
transformation of the model is defined as translation.
Scaling is used to change, increase or decrease the size of an entity or a model.

36. Define clipping?

Clipping algorithms are designed to efficiently identify the portions of scene (in viewing coordinates)
that lie inside a given viewport. They are useful because they:
1) Excludes unwanted graphics from the screen.
2) Improves efficiency, as the computation dedicated to objects that appear off-screen can be
Significantly reduced;
3) Can be used in other ways (modelling of rectangular apertures, for example).

37.What are the characteristics of B-spline surface?

A rectangular set of data or control points creates the surface. This set forms the vertices of the
characteristic polyhedron that approximates and controls the shape of the resulting surface. The
degree of the surface is independent of the number of control points and continuity is
automatically maintained throughout the surface by virtue of the form of blending functions.

38. List a few commonly used solid primitives.

The most commonly used solid primitives are
a) Block b) Cylinder c) Cone d) Sphere e) Wedge f) Torus

39. What is shading? List the shading models

Shaded colour images covey shape information that cannot be represented in line drawings. Shaded
images can also convey features other than shape such as surface finish or material type.
Diffuse Reflection
Specular Reflection
Ambient Light

40. What are Silhouettes?

A set of edges that separates visible faces from invisible faces of an object with respect to a given
viewing direction is called silhouette edges.