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EURE

ISSN: 0250-7161
eure@eure.cl
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Chile

Sabatini, Francisco; Arenas, Federico


Entre el Estado y el mercado: resonancias geogrficas y sustentabilidad social en Santiago de Chile
EURE, vol. XXVI, nm. 79, diciembre, 2000, p. 0
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Santiago, Chile

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19607906

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Santiago 1997: localizacin residencial de la lite. 
Fuente: elaboracin propia a partir de la encuesta: Origen y destino de viajes del gran Santiago, Sectra, 1991.
Permisos de construccin 1991-1997, Cmara Chilena de la Construccin.
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