SimplyLearnt.com NOTES ANIMAL NUTRITION Photosynthetic nutrition: Green plants Chemosynthetic nutrition: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulphur oxidizing bacteria and iron bacteria Heterotrophic nutrition: All animals, fungi, bacteria etc. Heterotrophs may have holozoic, saprotrophic and Mikotrophic nutrition found in euglena. ‘On the basis of nutrition animals are herbi oat) carnivores (lion, tiger), Omniyores (Human), detr scavengers cannibals (many snakes) etc. Hard palate is made up of mavilla a<. The thick mucous membrane covering of hard palate is fansverse ridges alled palatine rugae si es for holding focd under mastication. area: for different tastes — sweet (tip), sat (tip & sides), tter (base). fecth, dentine is mesodermal in origin produced by sour (sides) an Main odontoblasts. Teeth are many types on the different basis like - Aerodont (Amphibio, Reptiles (except crocodile) Pleurodont (Reptilia), Thecodont (mammal, crocodile, Monophyrodont (Platypus), Diphyrodont (Lacteal teeth of mammals), Polyphyodont (Frog), Homodont (Toothed whale) HeterodontSimplyLearnt.com NOTES (Human) Bunodont (human) lophodont (elephant), solenodont (cow, sheep], and secodont (ceraivere), 13. Anatural space between two types of teeth is referredto asa diastema, 14 Tusk of elephant is - modified upper incisor. 15 Dental formula of human is - 2123/2123. 16 Dental formule of Rabbit is - 2033/1023. a7 Allindsors, canine and lower premolars have sin 1, upper premolar ‘and lower molars havetwo roots while upper m: wwe three roots. 18 Highest rate of peristalsis Is found in oesophay 19 Ruminant animals have a compound chamber like rumen (Largest, cellu 22 2 2s Peyer's pal je, patches scattered along the intestinal from infection, 26 success entericus is secreted by crypts of lieberkuha or is expanded to form a small dilated spherical sac jundus in rabbit. 2 d absorption occur in small intestine. 29, In man, e8etum is reduced. A coiled tube measuring about 3 inches in length, called the vermiform appendi 20. Inflammation of the vermifarm appendix is called append s1, Colon the largest part of large intestine which has four segments ascending, transverse, discending and sigmoid.SimplyLearnt.com NOTES 52. Colon has three longitudinal bands called taeniae coll and small pouches named haustra 33. Enlargement of rectal veins causes piles or haemorrholds. 34 There are three pairs of salivary glands Present in human beings. S.N | Types Special feature _| Duet Opening a. | Parotid Largest, below | Stenson's ductal Just out side the and infront of 2" upper molar. 2. |Submaxillary | Medium size, at jear the lower the angle of jaw ral inscisor 3. [Sublingual | smallest, bellow the tongue 28. There are four types of gland cells Fol a. Peptic or chief cells b. Oxyntic cells, 4 castle's intrinsic factor. & Mucous eells d. Argentaffin: jptamine and histamine, 26. Functions of HCI — ria, provides acidic medium, changes pepsinoge SPktion of salivary enzymes, prevention of or cerfed with internal absorption of cobalamine 2 igMents bilirubin (Yellow) and biliverdin (Green), bile sodium glycocholate), fatty substances hin and other phospholipids) and inorganic salt, (Biocal chlorides, carbonates and phosphate of Na‘ K’ and Ca") 40. Gall Bladder: Absent in Whale, Rat, Horse and many birds. In human, removal of it disturbs fat digestion. Presence of stones in gall bladder and bile ducts is called cholelithiasis. Gall stones are formed of bile salts and ‘ealcium. Formation is promoted by high cholesterol level. 41, Accumulation of bile pigments in the body causes Jaundice.SimplyLearnt.com 2 NOTES ‘he exocrine part of pancrease secrete pancreatic julce (PH — 7.5 - 85) having four types of enzymes-Proteolytic proenzymes (trypsinogen, chymatrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase) Nucleases — (DNA ase, RNA ase), Pancreatic lipase, Pancreatic amylase. ‘Trypsinogen is changed into trypsin by enterokinase of intestine. ‘Succus entericus is slightly alkaline (Ph - 7.5), contains mucin, organic salts part of stomach), CCK-PZ (entire small intast¥fe), sec¥a@tip (duodenum + jejunum), enterogasteron (duodenum), and vill ‘and enterocrinin (duodenum) Vitamins required by body a Vitamins Deficiency Disease A (Reuno!) Xerophthalmia, night blindness, keratomalacia D (Catctterat) Rickets in children, Osteomalaca in adults Erythrocyte breakdown, membrane lipids muscular dystrophy, miscarriage, reduced fertility. Ke none) | Antihaemorrhagic Prolonged bleeding factor, factor _for | haemorrhages, synth esis of prothrombin 2, | Thiamine) Antineuritic, Muscular atrophy, Antiberiberi, component | Bert-ber! inSimplyLearnt.com NOTES of TPP. humans, polyneuritis in animals 2 Riboflavin) Component of FMN & | Chetlosis, FAD, antimigraine intoleranceto light Bs Formation of _CoA.| Gastro-intestinal (Pantothenicacid) required in cell diggffters burning respiration syndrome Bs Vitamin, PP | Antipellagra, compom: factor, of NAD‘, NADP* ener} (Nicotinamide, | transfer Niacin) Bg (Pyridoxine) skin Ba (Biotin) Dermatitis ‘anorexia, muscular pain rise in blood cholesterol Vitamin Megablastic anzemia rocyte maturatin, | Pernicious synthesis myelin | anaemia, formation Scorbic a) | Absorption of iron, blood formation of dentine | vessels and bones, collagen and bone|delayed + wound matrix, ammo acid | healing ete. oxidation 47, Death of intestinal bacteria will cause reduced synthesis of B-complex and vitamin K. 4 stion of carbohydrates:SimplyLearnt.com NOTES a) Action of saliva (Ptyalin) Saliver starch —Seince? maltose + somaltose + ‘mit Dextrins’ b) Action of pancreatic juice: Pancreatic Starch —Gnylase > Maltose + somatose + ‘limit Dextrins’ ©) Action of Intestinal juice: Maltose —Maluse 5 Glucose + Wsomatose = —amaltase gy Sucrose —S¥"7252_, Glucose, lactose —42282¢_5 g Lactose Limit Dextrins y-25°25=—5 49. The cellulose is digested in the alimentary canal of symbionts in the rumen an! e@tomach of the ruminants (cows & buffalo other herbivores (horse, donkey).these mi ent cellulose into short-chain fatty ‘acids such as acetic jc acid, These acids are then absorbed 251s Pepsin (Active) HCL, rennin (active) sein, —ZERRM S parscascin sein + Ca ——> Calcium Paracaseinate PHS, peptones Proteins = P25 Peptones b) Action of Pancreatic juice Trypsinogen (Inactive) —22e72K722°_, Trypsin (active)SimplyLearnt.com NOTES Chymotrypsinogen —- —2¥25#"_. chymotrypsin (Active) (inactive) Procarboxypepidase. © —"¥P*""_ carboxypeptilade (Active) (inactive) Dapsin Peptones "#5" . peptides Peptones —CABMEPEPE™ 5 peptides Peptides § —SPaurEP tase, smater p Action of Pancraatic juice: Peptides —Aminenentidase s matter Peptides PREPS, a, 51 Digestion of Fats: Fat —3! 5 emulsifie Emulsified fat 2 Deoxyribonucleotides —ANGS_; nibonucleotides b) intestinal juice Nucleotides —MUCHEOrdAse , Wy ctaosides + organic phosphate Nucleotides + Phosphate ppLESHAtilt—> wutrogenous bates + pentose phosphateSimplyLearnt.com ss Ey 2 NOTES ‘Marasmus: It is a disorder caused by deficiency of food or protein energy malnutrition (PEM). Marasmus occurs in infants (1-2 years) when they do not get sufficient mother’s milk and weaning diet. Marasmus babies have wrinkled and dry skin, protruding ribs, reduced digestion, frequent diarrhoea, low weight, poor mental abilities Kwashiorkor: It is a protein energy malnutrition that occurs in children of 1- 4 years (weaning and post-weaning) due to consta@i reduced protein availability this can be due to (i) Early stoppage of breast milk (ii) late supply of supplementary food A kwashiorkor child has ‘mateh stick anaemia, ‘oedema of certain parts and repeated ‘Osteoarthritis, gall bladder stones, high blood ac problems, The reason for over eating are psychogeni ent ossification of bone ends leading to (knee, wrist, elbow). It occurs in ity produced by deficiency of thiamine as of polished rice. It results in loss of apatite ning of muscles, fatigue, poor digestion, slow reflexes, neuritis. There Is inflammation of peripheral nerves, cles, paralysis and progressive oedema. eMhe disorder is due to deficient vitamin nicotinamide (niacin = nicotinic acid). It is characterised by extra-pigmentation, thickening cracks and eruptions in exposed regions of skin (dermatitis), glossitis (swollen tongue), swollen lips, peripheral neuritis and dementia Choilosis: Inflammation and cracking of mouth corners due to riboflavin (B.)deficiency.SimplyLearnt.com a NOTES ‘Anaemia: It's of three types (i) Microcytic - It is due to iron deficiency leading to fewer and smaller erythrocytes with reduced haemoglobin, (li) Megablastic — It is due to fewer abnormal red blood calls caused by deficiency of folic acid (ii) Pernicious ~ itis due to production of haemoglobin free immature ey <