Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Design to Eurocodes Page 1 of 7

Reinforced Concrete Deck Design to EN 1992-2 & UK National Annex

Problem:

Design a simply supported reinforced concrete deck slab using a unit strip method. The deck carries a 100mm depth of surfacing,
2
together with a traffic load (LM1) udl of 5.5 kN/m and tandem axle load of 100kN (300kN/3m lane width). The deck should also
be designed to carry the SV80 model vehicle. The span of the deck is 12.0m centre to centre of bearings.

3
conc. = 25kN/m

SV80 model vehicle also to be considered.

Use C32/40 concrete to BS 8500.
Use Grade B500B reinforcement to BS 4449.

EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.1 gives the Exposure Class XD1 as suitable for deck soffits.
NA to BS EN 1992-1-1 clause 4.4.1.2(5) says values of cmin,dur shall be taken from BS 8500-1
BS 8500-1 Nominal cover for C32/40 concrete = cnom = cmin,dur + cdev = 45 + cdev with
Table A.5 3
maximum water-cement ratio = 0.55 and minimum cement content of 320 kg/m
Fixing tolerence for reinforcement cdev = 15mm for insitu concrete Nominal cover cnom = 45 + 15 = 60mm

Loading per metre width of deck (unit strip)

(Note: The loading has been simplified to demonstrate the method of designing the slab (See BS EN 1991-1-1
to 1991-1-7, 1991-2 and National Annex for full design loading)

EN 1991-1-1 Permanent Actions (Gk): deck slab = 25 x 0.65 x 1.0 = 16.3 kN/m
Annex A
NA Table NA.1 It will be assumed that the depth of surfacing could vary considerably as a result of future resurfacing.
cl. 5.2.3(3)
Clause 5.2.3(3) makes an allowance of up to 55% additional weight.
surfacing = 1.55 x 24 x 0.1 x 1.0 = 3.7 kN/m

EN 1991-2 Variable Actions (Qk): Traffic Load Model 1 = 5.5 kN/m(udl) + 2 x (300kN/3m)
Table 4.2
(Q1k = 1 & q1k = 0.61) axles @ 1.2m centres.
NA Fig NA.1 Traffic Load Model 3 (SV80) = 6 x (130kN/3m) axles @ 1.2m c/c
NA Cl. 2.16.3 DAF for 130kN axle = 1.16 axle load = 1.16x130/3 = 50.3kN
Combination of Actions

a) Ultimate Limit State : EN 1990 clause 6.4.3.2 requires one combination of actions to be considered for the
"STR" limit state:
Eqn 6.10 Ed = E( GjGkj + pP + Q,1Qk,1 + Q,i 0,iQ k,i)
Table NA.A.2.4 Group of Loads sup inf 0
Dead Load 1.35 0.95 -
Superimposed Dead Load 1.20 0.95 -
#
Temperature Difference 1.55 0 0
Traffic Groups 1.35 0 ##
N/A
Key:
#
EN 1990 Table A.2.1 Note 3 says the value of 0 of 0.6 may be reduced to 0 when considering ULS.
##
Traffic loads are the leading action

b) Serviceability Limit State : EN 1990 clause 6.5.3 requires three combinations of actions to be considered
for the serviceability limit state:
i) Characteristic combination Ed = E( Gkj + P + Qk,1 + 0,iQ k,i) for limiting stresses

ii) Frequent combination Ed = E( Gkj + P + 1,1Q k,1 + 2,iQ k,i)

iii) Quasi-permanent combination Ed = E( Gkj + P + 2,iQ k,i) for crack control

Table NA.A.2.1 Action 0 1 2

Traffic load group gr1a 0.75 0.75 0
Traffic load group gr5 0 0 0
Thermal 0.6 0.6 0.5

Temperature Difference Effects

Apply temperature differences given in EN 1991-1-5 Figure 6.2c(Type 3a) to a 1m wide deck section.
-6
EN 1991-1-5 Table C.1 - Coefficient of thermal expansion = 10 x 10 per C.
-6
CIRIA Report C660 ("Early-age thermal crack control in concrete") suggests that a value of 10 x 10 per C

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Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Design to Eurocodes Page 2 of 7

-6
is unsuitable for some of the concrete aggregates used in the UK and suggest a value of 12 x 10 per C
-6
should be used if the type of aggregate has not been specified. use 12 x 10 per C
From EN 1992-1-1 Table 3.1 :
0.3 0.3 2
fck = 32 fcm = fck +8 = 40 Ecm = 22[(fcm) / 10] = 22 x 4 = 33.35 kN/mm
3 -6 2
Hence restrained temperature stresses per C = 33.35 x 10 x 12 x 10 = 0.4 N/mm
Interpolating values of T from EN 1991-1-5 Table B.3 for a 0.65m depth of slab with 100mm surfacing we
get:

Section Properties
6 2
Area = 1000 x 650 = 0.65 x 10 mm
3 9 4
Second Moment of Area = 1000 x 650 / 12 = 22.9 x 10 mm

a) Heating temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :
3 -3
0.4 x 10 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 + 5.05 ) + (195 x 1.5) + (195 x 1.05)] x 10 = 683 kN
Moment M about centroid of section to restrain curvature due to temperature strain :
3 -6
0.4x10 x[150x(3.0x250+5.05x275)+175x(0.3x87.5+1.35x116.7)-(20x0.15x6.7)-(195x1.05x260)]x10 =
119.9kNm

b) Cooling temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :
3 -3
- 0.4 x 10 x [ 130 x ( 1.8 + 2.5 + 1.5 + 1.9 ) + 163 x ( 0.9 + 0.75 )] x 10 = - 508 kN
Moment M about centroid of section to restrain curvature due to temperature strain :
3 -6
- 0.4 x 10 x [130 x ( 1.8 x 260 + 2.5 x 282 - 1.5 x 260 - 1.9 x 282 ) + 163 x ( 0.9 x 141 - 0.75 x 141 )] x 10 =
-14.3kNm

Note:
1) Sign convention is compressive stresses are positive.
2) The deck is simply supported and allowed to expand and contract freely. Therefore there will be no
secondary stresses due to the curvature and axial strain in the deck.

Dead + Superimposed Dead Loading (per metre width of deck)

SLS = Serviceability Limit State

ULS = Ultimate Limit State

Design SLS moment = Gkj = (16.3 + 3.7) x 122 / 8 = 360 kNm

Design ULS moment = 2
GjGkj) = [(1.35 x 16.3)+(1.2 x 3.7)] x 12 / 8] = 476 kNm

Variable Actions (per metre width of deck)

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Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Design to Eurocodes Page 3 of 7

Traffic Group gr1a

Footway loading will not affect the unit
strip loading.

Moment at leading axle = 5.5x(6x6.3 - 6.32/2) + 100x5.7x(6.3 + 5.1)/12 = 640 kNm

Design SLS moment characteristic combination = Q k1 = 640 kNm
Design ULS moment = Q1Qk1 = 1.35 x 640 = 864 kNm

Traffic Group gr5

Model LM1 is positioned 5m clear of LM3
and will be off the deck.

Moment at X = 143.4 x 5.7 - 50.3 x (2.4 + 1.2) = 636kNm

Design SLS moment characteristic combination = Qk1 = 636 < 640 kNm gr1a governs
Design ULS moment = Q1Qk1 = 1.35 x 636 = 859 < 864 kNm gr1a governs

Combinations of Actions

a) Ultimate Limit State Ed = E( GjGkj + pP + Q,1Qk,1 + Q,i 0,iQ k,i)

Design ULS mid span moment = 476 + 0 + 864 + 0 = 1340 kNm

b) Serviceability Limit State

Characteristic Combination Ed = E( Gkj + P + Qk,1 + 0,iQ k,i)
Design SLS mid span moment = 360 + 0 + 640 + 0.6 x (differential temperature effects)
=1000 kNm + 0.6 x (differential temperature effects)

Quasi-permanent Combination Ed = E( Gkj + P + 2,iQ k,i)

Design SLS mid span moment = 360 + 0 + 0 = 360 kNm

Ultimate Capacity of Deck Slab

Ultimate Design Moment = 1340 kNm

EN 1992-1-1 It is usual to design reinforced concrete for the ultimate limit state and check for serviceability conditions.
& EN 1992-2
cl. 3.1.6(101)P Design compressive strength = fcd = ccf ck / c
cl. 3.1.7
cc = 0.85
cl. 2.4.2.4 Table 2.1N c = 1.5 s = 1.15
2
fcd = 0.85 x 32 / 1.5 = 18.1 N/mm
Table 3.1
c2 = 0.002 cu2 = 0.0035 n = 2.0
Try 32mm dia. reinforcement at 125mm centres:
Nominal cover to reinforcement in deck soffit = 60mm
Fig. 3.3 Using parabolic-rectangular diagram:
2
Average stress f av = fcd[1- c2 / { cu2(n+1)}] = 18.1 x [1 - 0.002 / {0.0035 x (2 + 1)}] = 14.7 N/mm
Assuming steel yields then:
M = fsz = fykA sz / s = Fcz = favbXz
Depth to neutral axis X = fykAs / (fav s)
X = 500 x 6434 / (14.7 x 1000 x 1.15) = 190.6mm

Check that steel will yield:

Cl. 3.2.7(4) 2
Modulus of Elasticity Es = 200 kN/mm
Steel strain at yield = s,yield = fyk / s / Es = 500 / 1.15 / 200000 = 0.00217
from linear strain relationship:
s = cu2(d/X - 1) = 0.0035 ( 574 / 190.6 -1) = 0.007 > 0.00217 steel will yield.

Hence Mult = favbXz = favbX(d - X)

2 2 2
Where = 1 - [0.5 cu2 - c2 / {(n+1)(n+2)}] / [ cu2 - cu2 c2 / (n+1)]
2 2 2
= 1 - [0.5 x 0.0035 - 0.002 / {(2+1)x(2+2)}] / 0.0035 - 0.0035 x 0.002 / (2+1)] = 0.416
-6
Mult = 14.7 x 1000 x 190.6 x (574 - 0.416 x 190.6) x 10 = 1386 kNm > 1340 OK

Check Serviceability Limit State

Characteristic Combination SLS Design Moment = 1000 kNm (360 + 640) + 0.6 x (differential temperature
effects)

Check stresses in the concrete and reinforcement at:

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Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Design to Eurocodes Page 4 of 7

i) Early Age (before creep has occurred)

ii) Long term after all the creep has taken place.

i) Before creep has occurred the cracked section properties will be based on the short-term modulus for all
actions.
EN 1992-1-1 0.3 0.3 2
Ecm = 22[(fck + 8) / 10] = 22[(32 + 8) / 10] = 33.4 kN/mm
Table 3.1
2
Ec,eff = Ecm = 33.4 kN/mm
Modular Ratio m = Es / Ecm = 200 / 33.4 = 6.0
Let dc = depth to neutral axis then equating strains for cracked section:
s = c(d - dc) / dc
Equating forces:
AsEs s = 0.5bdc cEc,eff
2 0.5
Hence dc = [-AsEs + {(AsEs) + 2bA sEsEc,effd} ] / bEc,eff
2 0.5
dc = [-6434x200000 + {(6434x200000) ) + 2x1000x6434x200000x33400x574} ] / (1000x33400) = 175mm
2 3
Cracked second moment of area = As(d-dc) + Ec,effbdc / 3Es
2 3 9 4
INA = 6434 x (574 - 175) + 33.4 x 1000 x 175 / (3 x 200) = 1.32 x 10 mm (steel units)
Concrete stress c = M / zc + 0.6 x (differential temperature effects)
6 9 2
c = {1000 x 10 x 175 / (1.32 x 10 x 6.0)} + (0.6 x 2.49) = 22.1 + 1.5 = 23.6 N/mm (Heating temperature
difference)
cl. 7.2(102) Limiting concrete stress = k1fck
k1 = 0.6
2
Limiting concrete stress = 0.6 x 32 = 19.2 N/mm < 23.6 Fail

The concrete strength class will need to be increased to class C40/50

Re-working the example gives:
2 9 4 2
Ecm = 35.2 kN/mm m = 5.7 dc = 171 mm INA = 1.34 x 10 mm c = 22.4 + 1.5 = 23.9 N/mm
2
Limiting stress = 0.6 x 40 = 24 N/mm > 23.9 OK

EN 1992-1-1 ii) After all creep has taken place the cracked section properties will be based on the long-term and short-
term modulus for the various actions.
Short-term modulus = Ecm
Long-term modulus = Ecm / (1+ )
Effective modulus Ec,eff = (Mqp + Mst)Ecm / {Mst + (1 + )Mqp}
Table 3.1 2
fcm = fck + 8 = 40 + 8 = 48 N/mm
Cl. 3.1.4 Relative humidity of the ambient environment = 80% (outside conditions)
Age of concrete at initial loading t 0 = 6 days (when soffit formwork is released)
Annex B h0 = 650
(B.6)&(B.8c) 0.7 0.7
1 = [35 / fcm] = [35 / 48] = 0.80
0.2 0.2
2 = [35 / fcm] = [35 / 48] = 0.94
(B.3b) 1/3 1/3
RH = [1 + 1 x {(1 - RH / 100) / (0.1 x h 0 )}] x 2 = [1 + 0.8 x {(1 - 80 / 100) / ( 0.1 x 650 )}] x 0.94 = 1.113
(B.4) 0.5 0.5
(fcm) = 16.8 / fcm = 16.8 / 48 = 2.425
(B.5) 0.2 0.2
(t0) = 1 / (0.1 + t0 ) = 1 /
( 0.1 + 6 ) = 0.653
(B.2)
0 = RH x (fcm) x (t 0) = 1.113 x 2.425 x 0.653 = 1.762
Moment due to long-term actions = Mqp = 360 kNm
Moment due to short-term actions = Mst = 640 kNm
2
Hence Effective Modulus Ec,eff = {(360 + 640) x 35.2} / {640 + 360 x ( 1 + 1.762)} = 21.5 kN/mm
Modular Ratio m = Es / Ec,eff = 200 / 21.5 = 9.3
Let dc = depth to neutral axis then equating strains for cracked section:
s = c(d - dc) / dc
Equating forces:
AsEs s = 0.5bdc cEc,eff
2 0.5
Hence dc = [-AsEs + {(AsEs) + 2bA sEsEc,effd} ] / bEc,eff
2 0.5
dc = [-6434x200000 + {(6434x200000) ) + 2x1000x6434x200000x21500 x574} ] / (1000x21500) = 209mm
2 3
Cracked second moment of area = As(d-dc) + Ec,effbdc / 3Es
2 3 9 4
INA = 6434 x (574 - 209) + 21.5 x 1000 x 209 / (3 x 200) = 1.18 x 10 mm (steel units)
Concrete stress c = M / zc + 0.6 x (differential temperature effects)
6 9 2
c = {1000 x 10 x 209 / (1.18 x 10 x 9.3)} + (0.6 x 2.49) = 19.1 + 1.5 = 20.6 N/mm (Heating temperature
difference)
cl. 7.2(102) Limiting concrete stress = k1fck
k1 = 0.6
2
Limiting concrete stress = 0.6 x 40 = 24.0 N/mm > 20.6 OK

cl. 7.2(5) Limiting steel stress = k 3fyk

k3 = 0.8
2
Limiting steel stress = 0.8 x 500 = 400 N/mm
Tensile stress due to cooling temperature difference =

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Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Design to Eurocodes Page 5 of 7

2
9.3x[{(1.52+0.06)x(130-60-16)/130}-0.06] = 5.5 N/mm
Steel stress s = M / zs + 0.6 x (differential temperature effects)
6 9 2
s = {1000 x 10 x (574 - 209) / (1.18 x 10 )} + (0.6 x 5.5) = 309 + 3 = 312 N/mm < 400 OK

Crack Control:
Consider worst condition before creep has occurred and
Quasi-Permanent Combination Moment = 360 kNm (no secondary effects from temperature difference as
deck is simply supported single span)

Cl. 7.3.4(1) Crack width wk = sr,max sm - cm)

Cl. 7.3.4(3) Spacing Limit = 5(c+ /2) = 5(60 + 32/2) = 380mm > 125mm :
sr,max = k3c + k1k2k4 / p,eff
k1 = 0.8 (high bond bars)
k2 = 0.5 (for bending)
k3 = 3.4 (recommended value)
k4 = 0.425 (recommended value)
Cl. 7.3.2(3) hc,eff is the lesser of:
i) 2.5(h-d) = 2.5(650 - 574) = 190
ii) (h-x)/3 = (650 - 175) / 3 = 158
iii) h/2 = 650 / 2 = 325
hc,eff = 158 mm
2
and Ac,eff = 158 x 1000 = 158000 mm
Cl. 7.3.4(2)
p,eff = As / Ac,eff = 6434 / 158000 = 0.0407
sr,max = k3c + k1k2k4 / p,eff
sr,max = (3.4 x 60) + (0.8 x 0.5 x 0.425 x 32) / 0.0407 = 204 + 134 = 338
Cl. 7.3.4(2)
sm - cm) = [ s - {k tf ct,eff(1 + e p,eff) / p,eff}] / Es 0.6 s / Es
kt = 0.4 for permanent loading (no short-term loading included in design moment of 360 kNm)
e = Es / Ecm = 200 / 35.2 = 5.7
6 9 2
s = 360 x 10 x (574 - 171) / (1.34 x 10 ) = 108 N/mm
Table 3.1 2
fct,eff = fctm = 3.5 N/mm
-3
sm - cm) = [108 - {0.4 x 3.5 x (1 + 5.7 x 0.0407) / 0.0407}] / 200000 = 0.328 x 10
-3 -3
0.6 s / Es = 0.6 x 108 / 200000 = 0.324 x 10 < 0.328 x 10 OK
-3
Crack width wk = sr,max sm - cm) = 338 x 0.328 x 10 = 0.11 mm
NA EN 1992-2 Recommended value of wmax = 0.3 mm > 0.11 mm OK
Table NA.2

Hence B32 bars at 125 centres are adequate for the mid span. The concrete strength class will need to
be C40/50

Shear Design

Shear is designed for ultimate limit state.

cl. 5.4.4 VEd = shear force due to ultimate actions.
Maximum VEd due to permanent actions = GjGkj) = [(1.35 x 16.3) + (1.2 x 3.7)] x 12 / 2 = 159 kN

Traffic Group gr1a

Cl. 6.2.2(6) Reduction factor for tandem axle at support = av / 2d = 0.5d / 2d = 0.25
Minimum reduction is applied at 2d = 2 x 0.574 = 1.148m from support
Only one axle should be considered for reduced load effect (see PD 6687-2:2008 Cl. 7.2.2)
Maximum VEd due to gr1a = Q1Q k1) = 1.35 x [100 x (0.25 + 10.8/ 12) + (5.5 x 6.0)] = 188 kN

Traffic Group gr5

TS axles of LM1 are not fully on the deck
ignore the load effects from these axles
[see EN 1991-2 Clause 4.3.2(1a)]
Cl. 6.2.2(6) Reduction factor for axle at support = av / 2d = 0.5d / 2d = 0.25
Minimum reduction is applied at 2d = 2 x 0.574 = 1.148m from support
Only one axle should be considered for reduced load effect (see PD 6687-2:2008 Cl. 7.2.2)
Maximum VEd due to gr5 = Q1Qk1) = 1.35x{50.3x[0.25+(10.8+9.6+8.4+7.2+6)/12]+5.5x1.0x0.5/12} = 255 kN

Maximum VEd from variable actions is from traffic group gr5 = 255 kN
Maximum Combination VEd = GjGkj + Q1Qk1) = 159 + 255 = 414 kN

Shear Capacity of Slab: Try B32 dia. reinforcement @ 125c/c

Cl. 6.2.2(101) 1/3
VRd,c = [CRd,ck(100 1fck) ]bwd
CRd,c = 0.18 / c = 0.18 / 1.5 = 0.12

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0.5
k = 1 + (200 / d) 2.0
0.5
k = 1 + (200 / 574) = 1.59 < 2.0
1 = Asl / bwd 0.02

1 = 6434 / (1000 x 574) = 0.011 < 0.02

Cl. 3.1.2(102)P fck = 40 ( < Cmax = C50/60)
1/3 -3
VRd,c = [0.12 x 1.59 x (100 x 0.011 x 40) ] x 1000 x 574 x 10 = 387 kN ( < 414 kN Fail : see below)
3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 -3
Minimum VRd,c = (vmin)bwd = 0.035k fck bwd = 0.035 x 1.59 x 40 x 1000 x 574 x 10 = 255 kN
cl 6.2.2(6) Check that the maximum allowable shear force is not exceeded:
Maximum allowable shear force = 0.5bw fcd
= 0.6[1 - fck / 250] = 0.6 x [1 - 40 / 250] = 0.504
fcd = ccfck c
cc = 1.0 [see NA to Cl. 3.1.6(101)P]
2
fcd = 1.0 x 40 / 1.5 = 26.7 N/mm
-3
Maximu V Ed = 0.5 x 1000 x 574 x 0.504 x 26.7 x 10 = 3857 kN >> 414 kN
VRd,c = 387 kN < VEd = 414 kN Fail. It would be necessary to increase the longitudinal reinforcement to B40
at 125 c/c however the UK National Annex allows an alternative approach.

NA to 1992-2 Alternative Solution:

Cl. 6.2.2(101)
If the reduction factor is not used to reduce the applied shear force actions then the allowable shear force
VRd,c may be enhanced if the section being considered is within 2d of the support.
Traffic Group gr5
Ignore effects from LM1

i) Consider a section at d (a = 0.574m) from the support :

Maximum ULS shear force due to gr5 = 1.35x[50.3x(11.426+10.226+9.026+7.826+6.626+5.426)/12] = 286 kN
Maximum VEd from permanent actions = {[(1.35x16.3)+(1.2x3.7)]x12/2} - {0.574x[(1.35x16.3)+(1.2x3.7)]} = 143
kN
Maximum Combination VEd = GjGkj + Q1Qk1) = 143 + 286 = 429 kN

Enhanced CRd,c = (0.18/ c) x (2d/a) = (0.18 / 1.5) x 2 = 0.24 kN

1/3
VRd,c = [CRd,ck(100 1fck) ]bwd
1/3 -3
VRd,c = [0.24 x 1.59 x (100 x 0.011 x 40) ] x 1000 x 574 x 10 = 773 kN ( > 429 kN OK)

ii) Consider a section at 2d (a = 1.148m say 1.15m) from the support (no enhancement):
Maximum ULS shear force due to gr5 = 1.35 x [50.3 x (10.85 + 9.65 + 8.45 + 7.25 + 6.05 + 4.85) / 12] = 267 kN
Maximum VEd from permanent actions = {[(1.35x16.3)+(1.2x3.7)]x12/2} - {1.15x[(1.35x16.3)+(1.2x3.7)]} = 128 kN
Maximum Combination VEd = GjGkj + Q1Qk1) = 128 + 267 = 395 kN
VRd,c = 387 kN 395 kN (2% error say OK for conservative nature of unit strip analysis)

Hence B32 bars at 125 centres are adequate for shear at the ends of the deck.

Note: Intermediate sections between mid span and the ends of the deck will have a smaller moment than at
mid span and a small shear than at the ends of the deck. These sections need to be checked to determine
where the reinforcement may be reduced to B25 at 125c/c.

cl. 7.3.2(2) Minimum area of reinforcement As,min = kckfct,effAct / ct

kc = 0.4
k = 1.0 - {[(h - 300) / (800 - 300)] x (1.0 - 0.65)} = 0.755
Table 3.1 2
fct,eff = fctm = 3.5 N/mm
2
Act = 1000 x 650 / 2 = 325000 mm
2
s = fyk = 500 N/mm
2
As,min = 0.4 x 0.755 x 3.5 x 325000 / 500 = 687 mm

cl. 9.2.1.1(1) Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement As,min = 0.26btdfctm / fyk > 0.0013btd
2
As,min = 0.26 x 1000 x 574 x 3.5 / 500 = 1045 mm
0.0013btd = 0.0013 x 1000 x 574 = 746 > 1045 OK

2
Hence minimum longitudinal steel (bottom of slab) = B16 @ 125 c/c (As = 1608 mm > 1045)
2
Minimum distribution steel = B12 @ 125 c/c longitudinally (As = 905 mm > 687) & B12 @ 150 c/c transversely
2
(As = 754 mm > 687)

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