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ABSTRACT: Biomass fuel exists in various forms, traditionally as wood, bark, harvesting residues sewage sludge
and organic waste resulting from agricultural industry. With the actual on or near site availability of biomass fuels
and the trend for independent power production the demand for reliable biomass fired power plants is increasing. To
satisfy this demand, a combustion technology, which can cope with a broad fuel range as well as with low ash
melting points, and in on the other hand can produce at high steam parameters without the risk of corrosion, is
necessary. To comply with these demands the standard bubbling fluidized bed technology normally operating in
combustion mode was modified to a staged combustion concept. The fuel is gasified in the bed to yield combustible
gases which are then combusted in the post combustion chamber. Last year in Moerdijk/Netherlands the second FBC-
plant based on chicken litter was successfully put into operation. The boiler has a thermal capacity of 118.5 MWth
which equals 36 MW electrical output. The boiler is designed for 67 barg at a live steam temperature of 478C. It
consist of a integrated fluidized bed boiler with, with a electrostatic precipitator, flue gas cleaning based on the
Turobsorp mechanism and a SCR-system. The investment volume was nearly 150 Mio Euro to burn 440.000 tons of
poultry litter a year which equals of 65 trucks a day for the sufficient fuel supply. The plant produces 270 GWhel/year
of green electricity for 90.000 households.
Keywords: fluidized bed, combustion, manure, agroindustrial residues, industrial scale application, dedicated
biopower plant.
25 25
the fuel.
The oxygen level in the fluidised bed is limited and
hence only a part of the fuel is combusted, whereas the 20 20
rest of the fuel is gasified. This can be achieved by
adding a substoichiometric amount of oxygen (lambda 5 15
approx. 0.35) to the fuel. However, in order to keep a
constant lambda and temperature in the bed, this would 0 10
result in a fluctuation of the fluidisation air volume flow
and hence in fluidisation of the bed in accordance to the 5 5
heating value of the fuel. Since this effect is not desired,
the primary air is mixed with recirculated flue gas. This 0 0
allows the control of lambda and the bed temperature as 700 900 1100 012345678
well as keeping the fluidisation of the bed at a constant
level.
This substoichiometric bed operation allows the Figure 1: Temperature and oxygen profile in the
control of the bed temperature in the range between combustion chamber of the fluidised bed boiler
3 THE FUEL POULTRY LITTER
4.1 Basis for the design of the fluidized bed combustion
Waste from the poultry industry includes a mixture of Considering the difficult fuel properties and the range
excreta (manure), bedding material or litter (e.g. wood of the heating values, the decision was made to use an
shavings or straw), waste feed, dead birds, broken eggs ECOFLUID bubbling bed with substoichiometric
and feathers removed from poultry houses. Its nature is combustion in the bed and a secondary air supply for the
heterogeneous and this could hence considerably vary the post combustion chamber.
ash composition. The presence of K in ashes is very
much a function of what type bedding material is used, Table I: Design values of the boiler
and usually K2O being very high if straw is used reaching Design Values
30-35%. On the other hand, the use of wood shavings Max. fuel heat rate 119.0 MW
reduces the level of K2O considerably, being below 16- Lower heating Value 6.000 9.000 kJ/kg
22%. For these reasons, poultry litter is quite different Moisture 25 50 %
from other biomass fuels or coal. Ash content max. 34 %
The humidity can reach well over 40% which give Fuel flow max. 66 t/h
considerable challenges in both feeding and in Control range 65 100 %
maintaining the sustainable combustion. The calorific Combustion temperatures 700 900 C
value of poultry litter decreases with increasing moisture
content, air dried samples having a typical value of
Considering the difficult fuel properties and the range
13.5 GJ/ton, which is about half that of coal. Poultry litter
of the heating values, the decision was made to use an
has a low ash fusion temperature. This ash fusion can
ECOFLUID bubbling bed with substoichiometric
cause problems when using a conventional grate
combustion in the bed and a secondary air supply for the
combustion and a non advanced fluidized bed systems.
post combustion chamber.
Parameters such as combustion temperature, air mixture
and moisture content must be held within optimal
Table II: Design parameters of the boiler
specifications for the efficient running of a combustion
facility and vary for combustion design. The process Design Values
produces an ash residue, which retains most of the Max. fuel heat rate 119.0 MW
phosphate and potash present in the fresh litter. The Lower heating Value 6.000 9.000 kJ/kg
original nitrogen concentration is variable and loss to the Moisture 25 50 %
atmosphere on combustion as NOx, may not be Ash content max. 34 %
considered a problem. The nitrogen in poultry litter exists Fuel flow max. 66 t/h
in two forms: inorganic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. Control range 65 100 %
What is oxidized to NOx is ammonia nitrogen and this Combustion temperatures 700 900 C
results in NOx well below what is permitted by EU
directives. The ash is stable, sterile, easier to handle and The required residence time after last air injection
transport and more marketable as an organic fertilizer level and at a temperature higher 850C is two seconds.
than conventional poultry litter. The emissions are related to 11 % O2 content in dry flue
gas (mean daily averaged).
5 OPERATING RESULTS
6 CONCLUSION
Based on these results it can be seen that the
ECOFLUID technology is capable to combust a broad
range of different biogenic fuels. The range includes
conventional fuels like wood, wood chips or bark but
also fuels like chicken litter or bio sludge.
Furthermore, it is possible to keep the strict emission
limits of the Waste Incineration Directive at the same
time.
This is a major contribution to enhance green power
production on an environmentally friendly basis.
6 REFERENCENS