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1. Prefix
mili 0.001 10 3
centi 0.01 10 2
deci 0.1 10 1
kilo 1000 10 3
2. Measuring Instructions
a. To measure curve line (e.g. river or road
on the map)
- Use thread and ruler
- Use opisometer 4. Steps to light a Bunsen burner
b. i. Internal calipers to measure internal - Close the air hole
diameter of cylinder. - Light the match stick and bring near
ii. External caliper to measure external - Turn on the gas pipe
diameter of cylinder. - Adjust the collar
iii. Thickness of cylinder
Extended - Internal 5. Sequences of scientific investigation
=
2 a. Make an observation
b. Make a hypothesis
3. a. Estimate the area of an irregular object
c. Carry out a experiment
d. Analyse and interpret data
e. Make a conclusion
b. Differences
Mass Weight
- quantity of - force reacts on
matter an object
- measured by - measured by
level balance spring balance
- unit kilogram - unit Newton
- constant - influenced by
gravity force
CHAPTER 2 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
Add methylene blue Cover with slip Wipe off excess Observe under
solution on the cell methylene blue microscope
solution
2
Cell Tissues Organ System Organism
.
- a basic unit - A group of - A few groups - Digestive - animal
- eg: sperm, similar or different system and plant
ovum, platelet, cells groups of
white blood, red performing tissues
blood, neurone the same involved in a
function specific
eg: function.
sperm ovum
(reproductory i. Muscle
process) tissue
(allow 2b.
movement) Organ System Function
Stomach Digestive to digest or break food
Heart Blood circulation to pump blood
Respiratory Absorb oxygen
Lungs
ii. epithelial Excretion Carbon dioxide / water
tissue Uterus Reproductory
Eyes / skin Sight / touch
Ear / nose Hearing / smelling
Pancreas Digestive
iii. cardiac Kidney Excretory excrete waste product
tissue Intestine Digestion Absorb food
Bone Skeleton Support and protect
3. a. Nerve / neurone = carries impulse / send information from one part to another part in a
human body.
b. Type of nerve Diagram Function
Sensory - To transfer impulses to the brain.
neurone
Relay neurone - To connect sensory nerve and
motor nerve.
Motor neurone - To transfer impulses to the
effector.
4. Organism
Multicellular Unicellular (can move)
Plants Animals Plants
- with chloroplast - without chloroplast - Without - With chloroplast
- can make food by - cant make food. chloroplast - Can make food by
photosynthesis - Cant make food photosynthesis
Spirogyra
Amoeba
Mushroom
CHAPTER 3 MATTER
1a. Matter
Freezing Melting
- Kinetic energy / heat is absorbed
- Kinetic energy / heat is released
- Distance between molecules become
- Distance between molecules nearer.
further
- The particles become closely together
- The particles move further apart and
and orderly arranged.
faster
- Particle vibrate only
- Move randomly
- Cant move freely
- collision greater
b.
1. Substances
1.
a. Combustion Respiration Photosynthesis
i. Occur day and night - Occur day and night - Occur daytime only
ii. Produce energy - Produce energy - Absorb energy
iii. Release CO 2 - Release CO 2 - Release O 2
iv. Absorb O 2 - Absorb O 2 - Absorb CO 2
v. Occur outside of the - Occur inside the living - Occur inside the living
living cell cell cell
2. a. Photosynthesis (use carbon dioxide) iii. lower of oxygen level in the
i. maintain the composition of carbon atmosphere.
dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. iv. destroy the habitat of flora and fauna.
(reduce the amount of carbon dioxide c. Ways to prevent air pollution
in the atmosphere but increase the - enforcement of laws
amount of oxygen in the atmosphere). - used unleaded petrol
ii. supply food and oxygen for living - practice car-pooling system
organisms. - ban open burning in public area.
- replanting tree
d. Prevent depleting of ozone
- reduce the usage of CFC materials in
air conditioning and aerosiol can
b. Effect of deforestation / logging e. Ozone layer
i. cause greenhouse effect / global - protect our earth from harmful ultra-
warming violet
ii. increase of carbon dioxide level in - ultra-violet can cause eye cataract and
the atmosphere. skin cancer.
- ozone layer can be depleted by CFC
(chloroflour-carbon)
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ii. After two days, the fish
die because:
- insufficient of oxygen
- without food.
b. Radiation of Heat
ii.
5. a. Bimetallic strip
8. Differences
Evaporation Boiling
b. Conclusion - occur on the - occur all over
Different metals has different rate of surface the liquid
expansion - occur at any - occur at 100 C
temperature only
c. Devices using bimetallic principle: below 100C
- Fire alarm system - Iron - slow process - quick process
- Refrigerator - Oven
- Air-conditional 9. a. Fire alarm operation sequences
d.
flow
a. Air bubbles are released when the air is
heated. Bell rings
b. Bubbles are given out because air The fire heat up the bimetallic strip
particle distance further apart and and cause it to expand and bend. The
faster when heated. The kinetic energy bimetallic touch the contact, enable
increase and the collision is greater. the current to flow and cause the bell
c. Mercury is used in thermometer to ring.
because it expands evenly with heat. b. A tight metal cap of a bottle can be
removed by immersing the metal cap into
7. Sublimation hot water. The metal cap gets hot,
expand and become loose.
eg - Iodine crystal, ammonium chloride c. Two glasses that are stuck together and be
- Naphtalene separated by putting the outer glass into
- Solid carbon dioxide. hot water as the outer glass will expand
more than the inner glass.
d. The electric cables become straightened 12. Radiation (no medium of transfer heat)
during cold weather. The electric cables
contract when it is cooled.
e. Ping-pong ball
A dented ping-pong ball will become
round again when put into hot water. The
air pressure inside the ping-pong ball has
- The heats from the sun reach us by
high energy to push the wall round again.
radiation.
f. Thermometer
- Radiation can transfer through outer
- The mercury expands when the
space which is vacuum.
thermometer is placed into hot water.
- The mercury contracts when the
thermometer is placed into the cold 13. Condensation
water. - gas liquid
- The gas
10. Electric Cables
molecules lose
- During winter the cables contract and
its kinetic
become straighten because the cables
energy and turn
atoms move closely together.
into liquid
- During summer the cables expand and
molecules.
become curve because the cables
atoms move further away.
14. Convection
- Hot air moves up
- Cool air moves down
- e.g. car radiator,
refrigenerator, kettle (boiling of
water/kettle) and air conditioner.
- The water level drops first because - Natural phenomena of convection :
the flask expands. Then the water
level rises because the cool water i.
inside gets hot and expand.
iv. Convection