Centroids

Method of Composite Areas

A small boy swallowed

some coins and was
taken to a hospital.
When his grandmother
telephoned to ask how
he was a nurse said 'No
change yet'.

Centroids
Previously, we developed a general
formulation for finding the centroid for a
series of n areas

x A i i
x= i =1
n

A
i =1
i

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 Centroids

xi
was the distance from the y-axis to the
local centroid of the area Ai

x A i i
x= i =1
n

A
i =1
i

3 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

Centroids

If
we can break up a shape into a series of
smaller shapes that have predefined local
centroid locations, we can use this formula
to locate the centroid of the composite
shape
n

x A i i
x= i =1
n

4 Centroids by Composite Areas

A
i =1
i
Monday, November 12, 2012

2
 Centroid by Composite Bodies
There is a table in the back cover of your
book that gives you the location of local
centroids for a select group of shapes
The point labeled C is the location of the
centroid of that shape.

5 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

Centroid by Composite Bodies

Pleasenote that these are local centroids,
they are given in reference to the x and y
axes as shown in the table.

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 Centroid by Composite Bodies
For example, the centroid location of the
semicircular area has the y-axis through
the center of the area and the x-axis at the
bottom of the area
The x-centroid would be located at 0 and
the y-centroid would be located at

4r
3
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Centroid by Composite Bodies

If
we wanted the centroid with respect to
another axis, say along the top of the
semicircle and along the left edge, the
values in the table couldnt be used exactly
y
x

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 Centroid by Composite Bodies
The table would give you the distance of C
above the base of the semicircle, but that
isnt the distance from the centroid to the
x-axis

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Centroid by Composite Bodies

y
x

C
4r/3

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5
 Centroid by Composite Bodies
Since
the radius of the semicircle, in this
case the distance to the y-centroid would
be

4r
y = r
3

11 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

Centroid by Composite Bodies

y
x
4r
y = r
3

C
4r/3

12 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

6
 Centroid by Composite Bodies
By
the same logic, the distance to the x-
centroid would be

x=r

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Centroid by Composite Bodies

y
r x

r-(4r/3)

C
4r/3

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7
 An Example
Lets
start with an example problem and
see how this develops n

x A i i
x= i =1
n
1 in A
i =1
i

1 in

1 in
1in

3 in
15 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
Wewant to locate both the x and y
centroids n

x A i i
x= i =1
n
1 in A
i =1
i

1 in

1 in
1in

3 in
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8
 An Example
Thereisnt much of a chance of
developing a function that is easy to
integrate in this case n

x A i i
x= i =1
n
1 in A
i =1
i

1 in

1 in
1in

17 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

3 in

An Example
Wecan break this figure up into a series of
shapes and find the location of the local
n
centroid of each xA i i
x= i =1
n
1 in A
i =1
i

1 in

1 in
1in

18 Centroids by Composite 3 in
Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

9
 An Example
There
are multiple ways to do this as long
as you are consistent n

x A i i
x= i =1
n
1 in A
i =1
i

1 in

1 in
1in

3 in
19 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
First,
we can develop a rectangle on the
left side of the diagram, we will label that
as area 1, A1 n

x A i i
x= i =1
n
1 in A
i =1
i

A1
1 in

1 in
1in

20 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

3 in

10
 An Example
A
second rectangle will be placed in the
bottom of the figure, we will label it A2
n

x A i i
1 in x= i =1
n

A1 A
i =1
i
1 in

A2
1 in
1in

3 in
21 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
Aright triangle will complete the upper
right side of the figure, label it A3
n

x A i i
1 in x= i =1
n

A1 A
i =1
i
1 in
A3
A2
1 in
1in

3 in
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11
 An Example
Finally,
we will develop a negative area to
remove the quarter circle in the lower left
hand corner, label it A4
n

x A i i
1 in x= i =1
n

A1 A
i =1
i
1 in
A3
A2
A4

1 in
1in

23 Centroids by Composite3Areas
in Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
We will begin to build a table so that
keeping up with things will be easier
The first column will be the areas
n

1 in
x A i i
ID Area x= i =1
n

A1
(in2)
2 1 in A1 A i
A3 i =1
A2 3
A3 1.5
A4 -0.7854 A4 A2 1 in

1in

3 in
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12
 An Example
Now we will calculate the distance to the
local centroids from the y-axis (we are
calculating an x-centroid)
n

ID Area xi 1 in
x A i i
(in )
2
(in) x= i =1
n
A1
A2
2
3
0.5
2.5 1 in A1 A i

A3 1.5 2
A3 i =1

A4 -0.7854 0.42441
A4 A2 1 in

1in

3 in
25 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
To calculate the top term in the expression
we need to multiply the entries in the last
two columns by one another
n

x A i i
ID Area xi xi*Area 1 in x= i =1
n

A
2 3
(in ) (in) (in )
A1 2 0.5 1 i
A2 3 2.5 7.5 1 in A1 A3
i =1
A3 1.5 2 3
A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

A4 A2 1 in

1in

26 Centroids by Composite Areas

3 in Monday, November 12, 2012

13
 An Example
If
we sum the second column, we have the
bottom term in the division, the total area
n
ID Area
(in2)
xi xi*Area
(in3)
x A i i

A1 2
(in)
0.5 1 1 in
x= i =1
n
A2
A3
3
1.5
2.5
2
7.5
3
A
i =1
i

A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 1 in A1 A3

5.714602

A4 A2 1 in

1in

3 in
27 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
And if we sum the fourth column, we have
the top term, the area moment
ID Area xi xi*Area n

A1
(in2)
2
(in)
0.5
(in3)
1 x A i i
A2 3 2.5 7.5
1 in
x= i =1
n
A3
A4
1.5 2 3
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333
A
i =1
i
5.714602 11.16667 1 in A1 A3

A4 A2 1 in

1in

3 in
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14
 An Example
Dividingthe sum of the area moments by
the total area we calculate the x-centroid
n
ID Area
(in2)
xi
(in)
xi*Area
(in3)
x A i i

A1 2 0.5 1 1 in
x= i =1
n
A2
A3
3
1.5
2.5
2
7.5
3
A
i =1
i

A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 1 in A1 A3

5.714602 11.16667
x bar 1.9541
A4 A2 1 in

1in

3 in
29 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
You can always remember which to divide
by if you look at the final units, remember
that a centroid is a distance
n
ID Area
(in2)
xi
(in)
xi*Area
(in3)
x A i i

A1 2 0.5 1 1 in
x= i =1
n
A2
A3
3
1.5
2.5
2
7.5
3
A
i =1
i

A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 1 in A1 A3

5.714602 11.16667
x bar 1.9541
A4 A2 1 in

1in

3 in
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15
 An Example
Wecan do the same process with the y
centroid
n
ID Area
(in2)
xi
(in)
xi*Area
(in3)
y A i i

A1 2 0.5 1 1 in
y= i =1
n
A2
A3
3
1.5
2.5
2
7.5
3
A
i =1
i

A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 1 in A1 A3

5.714602 11.16667
x bar 1.9541
A4 A2 1 in

1in

3 in
31 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
Notice
that the bottom term doesnt
change, the area of the figure hasnt
changed
n
ID Area
(in2)
xi
(in)
xi*Area
(in3)
y A i i

A1 2 0.5 1 1 in
y= i =1
n
A2
A3
3
1.5
2.5
2
7.5
3
A
i =1
i

A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 1 in A1 A3

5.714602 11.16667
x bar 1.9541
A4 A2 1 in

1in

3 in
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16
 An Example
We only need to add a column of yis
ID Area xi xi*Area yi
2 3
(in ) (in) (in ) (in)
A1 2 0.5 1 1 n

A2 3 2.5 7.5 0.5 y A i i

A3 1.5 2 3 1.333333 y= i =1
n
A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441
5.714602 11.16667
Ai =1
i

x bar 1.9541 1 in

1 in A1 A3

A4 A2 1 in

1in

33 Centroids by Composite Areas 3 in

Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
Calculate the area moments about the x-
axis
ID Area xi xi*Area yi yi*Area
n

y A
(in2) (in) (in3) (in) (in3)
A1 2 0.5 1 1 2 i i
A2 3 2.5 7.5 0.5 1.5 y= i =1
n
A3
A4
1.5 2 3 1.333333
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333
2
Ai =1
i
5.714602 11.16667
x bar 1.9541 1 in

1 in A1 A3

A4 A2 1 in

1in

34 Centroids by Composite Areas 3 in

Monday, November 12, 2012

17
 An Example
Sum the area moments
ID Area xi xi*Area yi yi*Area
(in2) (in) (in3) (in) (in3)
A1 2 0.5 1 1 2 n
A2 3 2.5 7.5 0.5 1.5 y A i i
A3 1.5 2 3 1.333333 2 y= i =1
n

A
A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333
5.714602 11.16667 5.166667 i
x bar 1.9541 i =1
1 in

1 in A1 A3

A4 A2 1 in

1in

35 Centroids by Composite Areas 3 in

Monday, November 12, 2012

An Example
And make the division of the area
moments by the total area
ID Area xi xi*Area yi yi*Area
(in2) (in) (in3) (in) (in3) n
A1 2 0.5 1 1 2 y A i i
A2 3 2.5 7.5 0.5 1.5
y= i =1
n
A3 1.5 2 3 1.333333 2
A4 -0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333 Ai =1
i
5.714602 11.16667 5.166667
x bar 1.9541 y bar 0.904117 1 in

1 in A1 A3

A4 A2 1 in

1in

36 Centroids by Composite Areas 3 in

Monday, November 12, 2012

18
 Example Problem 9-60

Problem 9-60

37 Centroids by Composite Areas Monday, November 12, 2012

Example Problem 9-61

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19
 Homework

Problem 9-64
Problem 9-65

Problem 9-71

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20