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FEBRUARY 2OO9
1 lssN 1030-2662
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ilavlgation Speclalc - 58 Found

BEiIGH LATHE BEIIGH BS-44 BAIIDSAW

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programme has resulted in the need for dedcaled compeftive salary sales commissions and have great
ndvduals 1o ioin our team t0 assist us in achieving our benefits like a liberal staff purchase policy.
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Betail 0peralions Manager - Jaycar Electronics Pty Lld ,at
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you? Please put a tick in the boxes that do:
P0 Box 107, Rydalmere, NSW
Email: iobs@iaycarcom.au
21 16
t
X Knowledge ol electroncs, partcularly at component level
Jaycar Eleconics is an equal opportunty employer and
Ll Assemble proiects or kits yourselffor car. computer, audio, etc
! Have empathv wlh others who have the same interest as you. actvely promotes staff fiom wilhin the organston.
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16 Review: LeGroyWaverunner 104Mxi Digital Scope
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62 Programmable Time Delay Flash Trigger 2.4GHz Digital Spread Spectru
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Ph: (08) 9307 7305 Fax: (08) 9307 7309
Email: worcom@iinet.net.au 78 Multi-Purpose Car Scrolling Display, Pt.3
Pt.3 this month describes how the unit is connected to a car and how it is
used. We also describe the simple command-line program that's used to drive
... continued from page 102 it - by Mauro Grassi

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Silicon thitt ledsales.com.au 85 Circuit Notebook

ffimw
Do you have a good circuit idea?
PCBs MADE, ONE OR MANY. Any
format, hobbyists welcome. Sesame
Electronics Phone (02) 9593 1025.
(1) Tricks Wth A 4017 Chaser; (2) Low-Power Analog Computer; (3) Loud
Repeater For Traffic lndicators; (4) Semiconductor Evaluator For Scope;
(5) Bedside Lamp Controller

lf so, sketch it out, write a brief sesame@sesame.com.au 90 Vintage Radio

description of its operation & www.sesame.com.au The Australian Army Signals Museum - by Rodney Champness
send it to us.
Provided your idea is workable & KIT ASSEMBLY
original, we'llpublish it in Circuit
Notebook & you'll make some KEITH RIPPON KIT ASSEMBLY &
money. We pay up to $100 for a 2 Publisher's Letter 96 Ask Silicon Chip
REPAIR:
good circuit idea or you could * Australia & New Zealand, 4 Mailbag 99 Notes & Errata
win some test gear. * Small production runs. 10 Order Form 102 Market Centre
$ilicon Ghip Pulications, Phone Keith 0409 662794. 19 Product Showcase
P0 Box 139, Gollaroy, ilSW 2097. keith.rippon @ gmail.com

1.O4 StLtcoN Cntp www. s i I i co n ch i p. com. a u siliconchip.com.au FEB&UARY 2OO9


Pub I ish er & Ed itor-in-C h i e
Leo Simpson, B.Bus., FAIGD
Produclion Manager
Greg Swain, B.Sc. (Hons.)
Technical Editor
John Clarke, B.E.(Elec.)
Technical Slalf
Ross Tesler
Jim Rowe, 8.4., B.Sc
Mauro Grassi, B.Sc. (Hons), Ph.D
Photography
Ross Tester
eader Eervices
Ann Morris
Adverfising Enquiries
Glyn Smith
Phone (02) 9939 3295
Mohile 0431 792 293
glyn@siliconchip.com.au
Begular Conlribulors
Brendan Akhursl
Rodney Champness, VK3UG
Mike Sheriff, B.Sc, VK2YFK
Stan Swan
srLrc0N cHrP is published 12 times
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-Recommended
and maximum price only.
StLtcot Cutp
VIDEO.AUDIO.PG ELNEC IC PROGRAMMERS
PuilisneF's Letter Tough times distribution amps splitters
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genlockers - scan converters
bulk vga cable - wallplates Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2klXP
watch every dollar. SPLat
ban on incandescent lamps embedded controllers DVSSo & DVS5S CLEVERSCOPE
Back in December last year, the New Zeaand gov- give OEMs more High Performance
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ernment reversed the ban on incandescent iamps. functionality per
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anyway. The same comment would apply much more IMAGECRAFT C COMPILERS
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to your annual energy consumption. HI.FI SPEAI(ER REPAIRS
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piasma set would merely cause a slight reduction in the amount of central heating recone krts and more, 0riginal 0EM partsforScan-Spea(
others!
which is typically required for eight or nine months of the year. The fact that big Dynaudio, Tannoy, J Bl, ElectroVoice and g
plasma sets can function as room-warmers could be regarded as a bonus!
One has to ask the question: "Why do Governments feel that it is necessary to
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
introduce these siily edicts, supposedly in the interest of reducing energy consump- o Prompt Response
tion?" Is it merely to be seen to be "doing sometling" in the face of the advancing . Relioble Service Also
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Tel: 03 95AA 2A2A Fcrx: 03 95aA 2ala For more information, contact
can have many ramifications which were initialy not apparent. In aly case, with Erncril : soles@pcbeze.cotr John Parncutt, Hon Gonrulbncy
much of Europe presently freezing in the depths of winter, they might welcome
some global or at least, local, warming.
So how should governments proceed? Given that much of the interpretation of
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is almost impossible, Governments probably could take the prudent approach as
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ments need to ensure that their nations always have a secure supply of energy in
the future. If that means making major reductions in energy consumption, then always available with these handy binders
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But that does not meal banning incandescent lamps and big plasma TV sets. Available Aust, only. Prce: $413.95 plus $7 p&p per order (includes GST).
Just fill in and mal the handy order form in this issue; or fax (02) 9939
Leo Smpson 2648; or call (02) 9939 3295 and quote your credt card number.
siliconchip.com.au www. si I icon ch ip. com. au FEBRUARY 2OO9 103
 NflARKET CEDVTRE Helping YOU SuGCeed
Cash in your surplus gear. Advertise it here in SrLrcoN Curp

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wvvw. si I iconch iP. com. au SMrcno
 Letters and emails should contain complete name, address and daytime phone number. Letters to
the Editoi are submifted on the condition that Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd may edt and has the
right to reproduce in electronic form and communicate these letters. This also ppplies to submissions
to'Ask S|LIoON CHtp" and "Circuit NotebootC'.
Wiring standards
should be observed
I have several comments to make
about the contents ofrecent issues.
(r) The October 2008 article describ-
ing the use of the old microwave for
exposing PC boards had a glaring error
in the wiring. AS:N2S3000 states in
several places that green/green and
yellow wiring shall only be used for
earth and nothing else - no excep-
tions,
The picture clearly shows several
green/yellow wires used for power,
Freeview digital channels
wll be more of the same
f refer to the cu-t'r'eul prorrrotions
ofFreeview on television ard I have
read the ,{.BC press release of July
17 th 2OOB at http ://wlvw.abc.net.au./
c orp/pubs/media,/s2 3 062 64. htm#
I note that a total of 1b chatnels
will be available in 2009 with the
addition of extra standard definition
channels. I am wondering about
the value of this when (presently)
most of the networks, particularly
the commercial channels, run pro-
gramming identical to their analog
transmissions with very few excep-
tions. Unless substantial amounts
of different programming will be
broadcast on these extra standard
definition channels, I hardly see the
point of their introduction.
The present SD channels avail-
able, generally the commercial
networks, are hardly worth viewing
as far as programming is concerned.
and supposedly made OK by using a
little bit of coloured sleeve or perhaps
red insulation tape. This is an example
of why we need licensed electrical
people.
I was taken back that you actually
published such a picture. It may have
been more prudent to send the project
photos to the author and ask him to
make the project comply with the
standards, then resubmit the project
to you. Publishing such a project cer-
tainly isn't as professional as you have
been in the past.
The only advantage is picture clarity
but even then, signal dropouts can
be flequent, naking tligiLal televi-
sion for those without the best ter-
restrial location or the best altenna
something of a pain and analog is
sometimes the better alternative.
So what will change with the
introduction of additional SD chan-
nels in regard to programming to
make viewing digital television
worthwhile? If an extra channel
just means more of the same analog
material being broadcast as it is
now, then I don't see the point of
the exercise. The advertising prom-
ises so much but is likely to deliver
little if the present digital services
are any guide, although ABC2 does
provide good alternative program-
ming. Channels 7, 9 & 10 however
provide very few alternatives, so
what will change?
Peter Cahill,
Westmead, NSW.
(2) Australia is now a signatory to
the International Standards organisa-
tion and as such, we ae now obliged
[indeed have to) accept equipment
made to standards that apply in differ-
ent parts of the world. I want to draw
your attention to several potential
outcomes of such acceptances.
Some years ago I was wiring up a
small solar system, consisting of three
24Y 175W panels, a small 24V battery
bank and an inverter, Before turning
on the solar circuit breakers, it is my
practice to run a meter over the panels
at the circuit breaker board and check
the open-circuit voltage, the short-
circuit current of each panel and the
wiring continuity.
Imagine my surprise when I meas-
ured about 65V across the open-circuit
breaker. Checking the wiring of the
solar panel showed that the black wire
was positive, not negative, while the
white wire was negative. Hence the
readings of qZY open-circuit on the
array plus about 26V from the battery.
Subsequent investigation revealed
that this is the standard in lapan and
we have to wear it. You have been
warned.
I service various pieces of electrical
equipment and have also found that
the Chinese standard is as follows:
Green - Active; Black - Earth; White
- Neutral, In Japan, it is as follows:
Black - Active; White - Neutral; Green
- Earth. Since we are signatories to
these international treaties, we must
accept their appliances under threat of
legal action in the World courts.
(3)With regard to the letter on solar
SItICOil CHIP'S PERFORMAilGE ETEC-
TR0llCS FOR CARS Pubtished 2oo4
lf you ever wanted to performance from your car, this is the
.l
book you need. 60 pages of technical background to give
you a thorough understanding then 1 6 specialised prolects
to build to make your car really perform, including engine
modifiers and controllers, instruments and switches/t
timers.
AC MAGHI]IES
By Jim Lowe Published 2006
Applicable to Australian trades-level courses including NE10
AC Machines, NEI 2 Synchronous Machines and the AC part
NE30 Electric Motor Control and Protection.
Covering polyphase induction motors, single-
phase motors, synchronous machines and
polyphase motor starting. 160 pages in paperback.
PIG M|CROGO]{TR0IIERS: know it all
il By diJasio, Wilmshurst, lbrahim, Mofton, Bates,
Smith, Smith and Hellebuyck
Ll3*o."*t*tt tt-tt The best of subjects Newnes authors have written over the
,
';t I :ll past few years, combined in a one-stop maxi reference.
Covers introduction to PlCs and their programming in As-
sembly, PICBASIC, MBASIC & C.
More than 900 pages paperback.
ROBOT BUILDER'S COOKBOOK
By Owen Bishop Published2007
The PIC microcontrollerthroughout provides a panless
introduction to programming. lt's a book for first-time and
advanced robot builders and those studying at higher educa-
tion levels in this fascinating field. Has companion website
to download programs. 374 pages in paperback
]{EUrl{ES GUTDE T0 TEtEVtStot{
& UIDEO TEGHIIOIOGY
By KF lbrahim 4th Edition (Published 2007)
It's back! Now in a new edition provides full and comprehen-
a
sve coverage of video and television technology including HDW
and DVD. Starts with fundamentals so is ideal for students but
covers n-depth technologies such as blu-ray, DLP, Digital
TV, etc s0 is also perfect for engineers.
600+ pages in paperback
PRACTICAT VARIABIE SPEEII DRIUES
A]{D POWER ETECTRO]IICS
by Malcolm Barnes. 1st Ed, Feb 2003,
An essental reference for engineers and anyone who wishes
to design or use variable speed drives for induction motors.
As reviewed in Srucol CHlp September 2003. 288 pages.
UIDEO SCRAMBIII{G & DESGRAMBTI]IG
FOR SATEIIITE & CABTE TU
by Graf & Sheets -2nd Edition
Ever wondered how they scramble video on cable and satel-
lite TV? This book tells you! Encoding/decoding systems
(analog and digital systems), encrypti0n, even schematics
and details of several encoder and decoder circuits for
expermentaton. For both the hobbyist and the professionl
290 pages in paperback.
AUIIIO POWER AMPTIFIER DESIG]I
HAI|DBOOK by Douslas Self 4th Edilion 2006 ; i,,'i,,li'1 i,,',',*'
Beduced in price lrcm previous edition! From one of the world
most rspected audio authorities. New 4th edition is more comp-
rehensive than ever - now with new chapters on Class D ampli-
fiers and DC servos. Now even bigger - 465 pages in paperback.
See lhe rcview in Sept. 2006 issue.
PROGRAMMIilG 16.bt MIGROCOil.
TR0LIERS lil G sv Luci diJasio (2007)
Subtitled Learning to Fly the PIC 24, A Microchip insidertells
all on the newest, most poweful PlCs ever! Condenses typical
introductory'fluff' focusing instead on examples
that show how to solve common, real-world desi
quickly. lncludes handy checklists. FREE CD-l
includes source code in C, the Microchip C30
pile and MPLAB SlM.400 pages paperback. \
CD-R0M included
HAIIDS.OI{ ZIGBEE
By Fred Eady, Published 200i
We asked our Zigbee guru, Telelink's Jack Chomley,
to comment on this book and he said 'wow! This one is right up
-si to date'. A lot of it is pretty in-depth but, according to Jack, if
Hands'on ZigBes
you want to learn all about Zigbee you'd go a long way
to find a better reference than this one.
336 pages in paperpback.
AUDIO ETEGTROilIGS
By John Linsley Hood. Second edition 1999.
For anyone involved in designing, adapting and using analog
and digital audio equipment. Covers tape recording, tuners
and receivers, preamplifiers, voltage amplifiers, audio power
amplifiers, compact disc technology & digital audio, test &

TU Al{D H0BBIES April 1939 to March lg65

omponent speciali sts - Every artcle to enjoy once again on DVD.R0M!
er drvers - tweeters to 18" subwoofers - plus kits This remarkable archival collection spans nearly three decades of Many thousands of copies now sold. Two incredible CDs
itors, terminals, wire, colls and parts Australia's own 'Radio and HobbiesTRadio W and Hobbies'. Every containing over 1000 classic projects, sourced from
components L article has been scanned into PDF format - ready to read at your Scientific American over the past 73 years - and covering

'ifliJ|.* f
leisure on your computer (obviously, a computer DVD-R0M reader every field of science. This new 'Dr Shawn" edition is the

.rndus
. Much moreontineorphone (o2) 4627-8766
is required al0n0 with Acrobat Reader 6 or later). For history buffs,
it's worth its weight in gold. For vintage rado enthusiasts, what could
be better? For anyone interested in electronics, this is one which you
latest version - it's said to be even more user friendly
with much more information and data. Runs with
browser (on Win2000 or later).
S OUn d Ia b S
ro www.soundlabsgroup.com.au lOE: ALL
ilUSfhave in your collectionl I'lB: Ooes not play on audio DVll playerc.

PilcEs AE plas D&E - AUsfnAuA 0ilLy: 97.00 oe ode; ilz - 012.00 pEB
National Science Teachers Association

B00K; Esr 0F wnu, t9.00

Stucott Cutp siliconchip.com.au

.ALL
TITLES SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY. PRICES VALID FOR MONTH OF MAGAZINE ISSUE ONLY ALL PRICES INCLUDE GST

SOIAR SUCCESS - Getting it tight
Covers the ramifications of lighting, frldges and freezers,
air conditioning, washing machines and driers and much
more on solar systems; also covers solar basics and how
to conduct an energy audit. As reviewed in Slrtcoru CHlp
November 2008. 1 12 pages.
TV ACROSS AUSTRATIA
just wanting to know the channels, polarity and location
of all television transmillers and translators from coast to
coast. Plus coverage maps, tv transmtter data . . . every-
MICROCOIITROTTER PROJECTS I1{ G FOR
THE 8051 by Dogan lbrahim. Published 2000.
Through graded prolects introduces the fundamentals of
microeleclronics, the 8051 family, programming in C and
the use of a C compiler Provides an interestng, enioy-
able and easily mastered alternative to more theoretical
textbooks.178 pages in paperback.
OP AMPS FOR EVERYOI{E
to a "bible" on 0p amps. Ths is an engineer's reference
with lots of theory, plenly of maths and right up-to-
the-mnute with modern devices. Not cheap but
worth every cent. 478 pages, soft covers.
RF CIRGUIT DESIG]I
CIRCUIT circuit design is now more important that ever in the
desig n wireless world in which we live. ln most of the wireless
devices that we use there is an RF component - this
book tells how to design and integrate in a very
practical fashion. 244 pages in paperback.
PRACTICAT RF HAIIDBOOK
by lan Hickman 4TH EDITION 2006
The latest guide to RF design for engineers, technicians, stu-
dents and enthusiasts. Covers key topics in RF: analog design
principles, transmission lines, couplers, transformers, ampli-
fiers, oscillators, modulation, transmitters and receivers,
propagation & antennas. 279 pages in paperback.
AIIAIOG TEGHIIIQUES WITH
II IGITAT I]ITERFAC I]{G
by T H Wilmshurst- Published 2001.
Cvers all the analog electronics needed in a wide range of
higher education programs: first degrees in electronic engi-
neering, experimental science course, MSc electronics and
electronics units for HNDs. Supported by numerous worked
examples and experimental exercises. 312 pages paperback
ETECTRIG MOTORS AIID DRIVES
for non-specialist users of electric molors and drives, filling
the gap between academic texts and general'handbooks'.
Explores all of the widely-used modern types of motor and
drive including conventional & brushless DC, induction
motors, steppers, servos, synchronous and reluctance.
384 pages, soft cover
(oo
S0IAR THAT REAttY W0RKS - motorhomes,
5th Wheelers, Campefuans and Gabins.
An expert on getting the most out of solar systems,
Rivers dispels many of the myths and helps you get it
when there is no mains power available. As reviewed in
Srr-rcon CHtp November 2008. 82 paoes.
PRAGTIGAT GUIDE TO SATEIIITE TV
By Garry Cratt - New 7th Edition 2008
We've had other satellite W books in the past but they have
all had a lot of useless (to this part 0f lhe world) overseas
stuff. This one is written in Australia, for Australian conditions
by one of Australia's foremost satellite TV experts. lf lhere
is anything you wanted to know about setting up a satellite
TV system, (including what you can't do!) it's sure to be
covered 76-page paperback book
A]{AIOG ETEGTROilICS
By lan Hickman.2nd edition 1999.
Essential reading for electronics designers and studenls
alike. lt will answer questions about core analog theory and
design principles as well as offering practical design ideas'
Many of the circuits taken from lan Hickman's
magazine articles. 294 pages in soft cover.
POWER SUPPTY COOKBOOK
by Marty Brown. 2nd edition 2001.
An easy-to{ollow, step-by-step text for a wide variety of power
supplies. All described in simple language. Anyone with a
basic knowledge of electronics can create a very c0mplcated
power supply design. 265 pa0es in paperback.
SlllllTGHlilG P0WER SUPP. A to Z
measuring electromagnetic interference in switching
. er supplies. lncludes flow-charts for building
DC-DC converters and their magnetic com-
-'ponents under typical wide-input supply
conditions. 503 pages in hard cover.
-
C0-R0M included.
DVD PLAYERS Al{D IRIVES
by K.F. lbrahim. Published 2003.
A guide to DVD technology and applications, with particular
focus on design issues and pitfalls, maintenance and repair.
ldeal for engineers, technicians, students of consumer
electronics and sales and installation staff. As reviewed in
Silicon Chip February 2004. 319 pages in paperback.
PIC 11{ PRAGTIGE by D w smith.
2nd Edition - published 2006
Based on popular short courses on the PlC, for
professionals, students and teachers. Can be used
at a variety of levels. An ideal introduction to the
world of microcontrollers. 255 pages in paperback.
Prc MrcRoc0llTRottER - 175W solar panels. We also fitted a
PERSO]IAI II{TRODUCTORY COURSE
By John Morton 3rd edition 2005.
A unique and practical guide to geltinq up and running
with the PlC. lt assumes no knowledge of microcontrollers
- ideal introduction for studenls, teachers, lechnicians
and electronics enthusiasts. Revised 3rd edition focuses
entirely on re-programmable flash PlCs such as 16F54'
1 6F84 1 2F508 and 1 2F675. 226 pages in paperback.
Gylinder deactivation
a Glever marketng scam
I read your article about Honda's
new cylinder deactivation and
couldn't help thinking this is the
most clever marketing scam I have
seen for awhile, Think about it: if it
takes 40kW to push an 1800kg car
along at 100km/h, the number of , transmission (which the Honda does
cylinders does notmatter. Itwill still
use the same amount of air and fuel
to produce 40kW. The reason a little
3-cylinder car uses less fuel is less
weight, Iess rolling resistance, less
aerodynamic drag and less friction
from the smaller drivetrain. Honda
has addressed none ofthese.
I suspect the light on the dash
which indicates V6, V4 or 3-cylinder
mode probably saves more fuel as
it changes the driver's behaviour,
which has the biggest effect on fuel
consumption.
Honda claims to have fuel econ-
omy of lo.ol/tookm with cylinder
deactivation. A quick check ofother
cars of a comparable size without
VCM are as follows:
o Toyota Aurion 3.5 V6:
9.91/lookrn
power in Ask Sntcox CHIP, November
2008, I agree that it's not usually prac-
tical to operate air-conditioners from
solar but we do. Our system is 4.5kW
solar, SkW inverter (2okw tlztrotl),
4BV 5Okwh battery bank, etc. It runs
two houses with air-conditioning,
fridges, fi'eezers, electric frypans, etc.
We do have a 6,5kVA standby genera-
tor for bad weather but one doesn't use
A/C in the rain - usually.
The reason for spending in excess
of $70K on our solar system was that
when we passed through the Hunter
Valley and saw the destruction that is
being causedby the power stations we
decided we did not want to be a Part
of that. As well, we are doing our bit
for the planet.
While solar installations in most
mobile homes can't usually cope with
,\/C, it is possible. I helped a mate
to build a mobile home and we used
12004h sealed batteries (z+V) and r0
1604 alternator to the bus with two
PL60 regulators. His split system A/C
works well on solar; just as well, as he
siliconchip.com.au
o Jaguar XF 3.0 V6t 10.51/10okm
o Nissan Maxima I31. ST-L XTron-
Asmall
ic CVT 3.5 V6: 10.s1/7o0kn1
Mercedes Benz C-Class 3l V6: oscllosco
9.61/100kr1
. Ford Mondeo MA XRs 2.5I
-cyl 9.51/100krn that thin
I notice that cars with a 6-sPeed
not have) had better fueI economY.
Warrick Smith,
Numurkah, Vic.
Comment: you have missed the Point
of the story. Because cylinders are
deactivated, it reduces pumPing
losses in the motor and that is what
improves fuel economy. Surc, the
fuel economy would be far better if
the car was lighter, had less drag etc
and a smaller motor.
However, as alluded to in the
conclusion of the article, we think
Honda have mis se d the b oat on their
VCM. If they had kept the engine to
Vicom ptesents the LeCroY
three litres and the weight of the car
the same, the fuel economy would WaveRunnel.
have been considerably better. At
177kW the power of the previous Performance re-magned!
3-lifte motor is more than adequate LeCroy WaveRunner featuies:
for normal motoring. . WavestteamTM Fast
Viewing Mode
is in northwest Australia at present. . Wavescanl* Advanced
Peter Laughton,
Search and Analysis
Tabulam, NSW.
. 400 MHz to 2 Gllz
llo futute in Bandwidth
hydrostatic ttansmissions
I read your comments about hYbrid
. Up to 10 GS s
vehicles and hydrostatic transmis- . 12.5 Mpts Ch standard
sions in the Publisher's Letter of the mem0[y
December 2008 issue. However, when
you suggest the use of hydrostatic
. Big 10.4" LCD DisPlaY
transmissions, you are simply swap- . Small 6" footptint.
ping one set of problems for another.
Hydrostatic transmissions have high Performance on a budget!
fluid flow (high current) so the resist-
ance losses are a big problem with the
The Lecroy WaveAce Series
oil. The accumulator storage is simply exceed all exPectations of a
compressed air with its associated small affordable oscilloscoPe.
heat losses and highly variable pres-
sures. The actual storage densities are
less than that for lead-acid batteries.
They do not come anywhere near the
energy density of modern lithium type
batteries.
The load on a smal diesel engine For the latest information on these
plus other leading LeCroy products
driving an hydrauic accumulator is
far from constant as the pressure in call Vicom todaY on 03 9563 7844
the accumulator varies from 100% OT VISit WWW.ViCOM.COM.AU
FEBRUARY 2OOg

NIXIE CLOGK
The best looking Nixie Clock around.
as in Silicon Chip Juty/August 2007
A top setler - Crystal controled with retro nixie
tubes, transperent perspex housing and blue
LED up-tghting.
Stll At The Speciol Price Of 5199 (normolly 52591
The Kit contains everything you need to buitd
this unique clock. with fu[[ and easy to fottow
instructions. Order now for early delivery.
GLESS AUDIO
.Ph 03 9442 3991 .Mob 0403 055
374
ema iI gtesstronltlmsn.com
Mailbag: continued
down to the lowest usable pressure of around 10%. For
the same engine charging a battery, the voltage remains
relatively constant.
When complete systems are compaed, battery/elec-
tric has higher energy density, relatively constant power
availability and higher efficiency but with one significant
drawback - the life of the batteries. Note, however, that
any vessel containing a compressed gas has to be checked
periodically and then replaced with time.
When accumulator hydrostatic and compressed air
systems are compared for small vehicles like cars, the
fully compressed air system turns out to be more efficient,
with lower weight and cheaper in the long run. So why
not go for that rather than hydrostatic?
Bruce Withey,
Mylneford, NSW.
Comment: we think the big advantage of hydrostatic or
compressed air systems could be that you can repeat-
edly cycle the system down to a small percentage of its
capacity - something you cannot do with batteries. This
laryely negates the fact that batteries moy have much
higher energy densities.
Shocking lamp experience
A few years ago we purchased two new marble bedside
lamps. They have an on/off switch with an inbuilt dim-
mer. One of the lamps recently blew, so I went to replace
it. I received a severe electric shock in the process. I had
the unit turned off at the dimmer switch and I partly
specifically for the Programmable Ig-
nition system featured in the March,
April & illlay 2OO7 issues of Sntcol
CHrP. However, it does deliver a +'1.2V
signal when knock is occurring so
it could suit the same purpose with
your ECU.
Give it a trybut we cannot guaraltee
that it will work with your setup.
Courtesy light
delay confusion
My original "Car Courtesy Light
Delay" kit stopped working after five
years. I bought the new "improved"
model fiom Jaycar - Cat. KCS392,
It seems this kit does not cater for
a single-earth at the door like the old
kit did. The new instructions assume
that the single wire is positive, ie,
"if there's only a single wire running
to the switch, this will be positive".
Thinking this cannot be correct, I in-
stalled the new light delay kit in the
same way as the old kit I previously
built and installed. The new kit did not
work, In facl,I sizzled the circuit.
Cal someone please inform me if I
can still buy the older kit or make the
new kit cater for a single-earth wire
switch? (J. H,, Ermington, NSW).
o The Courtesy Light Switch-off
Timer as published in October 1993
Sffiha@WmMIEftor
IrecentlybuilttheProgrammable
Ignition System from SucoN Cutp,
March, April & May 2OO7.
Initially, at power up, the inter-
nal oscillator was always off [as
designed). But now, it is always
on, regardless of what state it was
in when powered dornm. Would re-
programming the PIC IC cure this?
Or would clearing the EEPROM be
a better option?
This fault occurred while I was
period when the door is closed so you
can still see for a time after the door
closes; hence the term "courtesy". So
they have completely different func-
tions. The confusion probably comes
about because the earlier circuit is
misnamed. It should have referred
to cabin or interior lights rather than
courtesy.
You should be able to repair your
switch-off timer lrom Uctober 1993.
Possibly the 8D650 transistor has
failed.
DIY radio
battling to get the timing light to
work on the secondary coil. (W. D.,
via email).
o Youcanresettheinternaloscilla-
torbyswitchingonpower,selecting
Settings and then switching off the
oscillatormalualy, Thenchangethe
trigger edge from the current setting
to the alternative setting and then
returnto the original setting. Switch
off power and check that the oscil-
lator is off at power up.
it used individual input and output
boards for each channel.
Do you think it may be time for an
updated version ofthis project as this
may offer an alternative to commercial
equipment with fixed and or limited
outputs? (M. R., via email),
o We published a complete RC system
in a series of articles between Decem-
ber 1994 and October 1996, by Bob
Young, the designer of the system in
"Electronics Australia". We would not
do it again as a DIY R/C controller is
now much more expensive than one
you can buy. sc

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r' Features PlCl 6FBTTMicrocontroller
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gripped the metal stem of the globe in making sure it was
screwed in securely,
I traced the wiring ard found that what had happened
was thatthe polarity hadbeenreversed inside the moulded
mae plug. The negative was being switched with the ac-
tive being alive at all times. The moulded plug had each
blade marked A or N but the wiring was reversed. They
were made in Chinal
I thought that other readers might benefit from my
experience,
Barry A. Smith,
Peregian Springs, Qld.
S-VHS recording clarification
I am replying to Mr Nicholls' letter on page B of the
January 2009 issue. Mr Nicholls quite correctly states that
I implied his IVC VCR played back Teletext because of
its built-in timebase corrector. What I also said was that
most if not all S-VHS recorders needed the help of a TBC.
In other words, "most if not all" concedes that there are
exceptions arrd Mr Nicholls' set-up obviously falls into this
category, for what reason one can only speculate, With so
It may be possible to duplicate the system but equal
performance could not be guaranteed so should not
be advised. Both Teletext decoders and VCRs do have
fairly wide tolerances, particularly VCRs where jitter
ald long-term timebase errors are seldom if ever speci-
and the Courtesy Light Delay from
Jtne 2OO4 (Jaycar KC5392J are com-
pletely different projects with opposite
control proiect
About 30 years ago, i built a radio
control project that was serialised in
re&ffi
Car Scrolling Display, November
functions. The flrst switches off the "Electronics Australia" or possibly
2008: on the schematic published
courtesy lights ifthe door is left open an English publication. It was quite on pages 32-33 of the December
or not fully closed for a period. This a successful project with 10 channels
2008 issue, the ground connec-
design intercepts the positive 12V that I think you could configure for an tions to pins 15, 18 and 19 of
supply to the lamps and switches off analog or digital output depending on CON6 have notbeen sholrrn. These
the lamps. the control board used on the transmit- connect to the ground rail of the
The second circuit (lune 2004) ter and receiver. display board via CON7.
switches off the lamps after a delay One thing I do remember is that
SlLlcoN CntR magazine regularly describes projects which employ a rnains power supply or produce high voltage.
All such projects should be considered dangerous or even lethal if not used safely.
Readers are warned that high voltage wiring should be carried out according to the instructions in the artcles.
When working on these projects use extreme care to ensure that you do not accidentally come into contact with
mains AC voltages or high voltage DC. lf you are not confident about working with projects employing mains voltages
or other high voltages, you are advised not to atlempt work on them. Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd disclaims
any liability for damages should anyone be killed or injured while working on a project or circuit described in any
issue of SlLlcoN Cue magazine. Devices or circuits described in StLtcoN Cnle may be covered by patents. StLtcoN
CHIP disclaims any liability for the infringement of such patents by the manufacturing or selling of any such equip-
ment. SlLlcoN CHIP also disclaims any liability for projects which are used in such a way as to infringe relevant
government regulations and by-laws.
Advertisers are warned that they are responsible for the content of all advertisements and that they must con-
form to theTrade Practices Act 1974 or as subsequently amended and to any governmental regulations which are
applicable.

StLtcort Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 ss


Sometime ago, I started assem-
bling the Deluxe Lead-Acid Battery
Zapper Kit [SntcoN Crm, May 2006)
and recently, I finally finished it!
However, I noticed a variety of
problems. In particular, I noticed
that all the battery condition LEDs
are lit when the battery voltage is at
about 6V. This seems to be due to the
supply voltage on the LM3914 (IC5)
being no higher than the voltages at
pins 5 & 6.
This situation arises because of
the voltage drop across D5 and tlre
1000 5W resistor. To make matters
worse, even more voltage is dropped
as the LEDs draw twice the current
at the transition between compara-
tor levels because the LED drive
terminals are paired up.
I recommend two actions: (1) add
one 330C) resistor in series with all
the LEDs to limit their current draiu
and (z) fi.t a fast recovery or Schottky
diode between the 6V terminal on
rotary switch S2c (ie, at the 1kC)
The fuse and its holder would also
need a rating to suit your current te-
quirements.
ULN2003 Darlington
array query
I am looking to use the ULN2003
to drive a number of relays, using
outputs fiom a PIC16FBB micro. In
some articles, I have seen a resistor
between the PIC output port and the
input to the ULN2003 and in other
cases, there is none.
The current through the relay coil
isn't very large (35mAl, so when
would I need to use this resistor ard
is there something on either the PIC
or ULN2003s data sheet to indicate if
I need it? (8. W., via email).
a There is no need for a base resis-
tor because there is already a 2.7kQ
series base resistor for each transistor
in the ULN2003. Base current with
a 5V output from the PIC would be
about 1.4m4.
If you want to reduce the current
used by your circuit, you can use a
7,SkC)resistor at each ULN2003 input,
to reduce cunent lo 372p.A. The col-
lector drive current for the ULN2003
98 Stucort CutP
resistor to LEDT) and the cathode of
zener diodeZD4, thus bypassing the
100Q resistor & D5 when operating
at 6V. This will raise the supply volt-
age to the LM3914, This worked in
my unit though the voltages on tlre
LM39L4 are still near critical.
I also noticed that the battery-
condition-check function didn't op-
erate consistently. This was due to
the 4093 oscillator section running
far too fast - 250H2 when it should
have been 66H2. Replacing the
original 4093 brought that down
to L45H2 and certainly helped the
situation,
The 10rF capacitor at pin 5 on IC5
now had 7ms charging time but not
the 15ms mentioned in the article. In
my case (ie, mostly 12V operation),
increasing the B2kO resistor at pin
B ofthe 4093 to 150kQ or so should
correct that, though obviously 4093
ICs can vary quite a lot. [M. M',
Dunedin, NZ).
Thanks for those suggestions.
with 372p4 base current is 200m
for a 1.3V (typical) collector emitter
saturation voltage.
DC-DC converter causes
radio interference
This is an old design by Peter Smith
in SnrcoN Crm, March 2004, and sub-
sequently also pubished in the UK
magazine EPE for Jtne 2OO7.
I built one from a kit by Altronics
and it works fine at producing the 9V
as designed. I thought it would be a
great idea for use with an old restored
Australian Kriesler radio that used a
2362 battery, as I could not fit six AA
or,\AA cells in the space available.
Unfortunately, the device Puts out
a terrible whine that seems imPos-
sible to overcome, even by wrapping
the whole thing in aluminium and
grounding it to the chassis. I twisted
and shortened the input battery leads
and the output leads to no avail.
It would be a perfect solution for
this application if I could suppress
the whine. Any ideas or suggestionsl
(R. G., via email).
There are two specific reasons why
your radio is picking up the whine.
The first is direct radiation fiom the
inductor and the input and output
leads to the PC board. The other is
the residual high-fiequency switching
ripple which will be superimposed on
ihe 9V output.
We would expect the ripple to be
pretty low so that leaves direct radia-
tiori. The best way to suppress this is
to keep the inductor away from the
radio's altenna and second, mountthe
whole device in a steel box.
Modern TVs don't have
enough analog inputs
I just managed to get an Blcm LCD
TV. The set works just fine but the
problem is that it has three remote-
selectable HDMI input sockets and
only one analog A/V input. There
must be thousands of others like me
who have a HDD vicleo recorder and a
DVD player with only analog outputs
but have a new TV with (mainly)
HDMI inputs.
There must be a market for a video
convetter with a minimum of two
analog A/V inputs and corresponding
HDMI outputs. I was offered amPli-
fiers with video processing starting at
around $1000, well out of my price
range. Has SucoN Crm ever published
or considered such a project? (M. H.,
via email).
o Yours is a common problem but
I don't think we could justifY the
resources we would need to apply to
produce an A/V to HDMI adapter. The
only other way around it is to use an
A/V switcher.
Knock sensor for
after-market ECU
I have an enquiry about the " Knock
Detector For The Programmable Igni-
tion" in the Jtne 2oO7 issue of Stt tcoN
Cmp. How does this unit connect or
interface to an ignition sYstem?
I have an aftermarket ECU which
controls fuel and ignition and I have
the ability to use an auxiliary input
on my ECU to retard timing. To trig-
ger this, I must supPlY +12V to the
auxiliary input wire.
Can this knock detector deliver
+12V or ground signal when it detects
knock? Also, I imagine the trimPot
on the circuit board is used to adjust
sensitivity of the knock sensor? (R. M. ,
Kingsgrove, NSW).
r The knock detector was designed
siliconchip.com.au
More info on fixng cat homs
I have an answer to the question posed by K' C., of
leve cope
Wangaratta, inthefanuary 2009 issue. K. C. asks about Mixed Signal Oscilloscope
+ Mixed signal triggers
the horn on a 1978 Falcon ute. Sucot Crm is correct
when they advised about cleaning and adjusting the
+ Spectrum analysis
horn's electrical contacts. However, the faultmay also
+ Symbolic maths
lie within the steering column.
+ Custom units
+ Copy & paste
If memory servesr behind the steering wheel is a + Signal generator
spring-Ioaded pin with a diameter of around 5mm + USB or Ethernet
+ 8M samples storage
and usually made of brass. This pin rubs on a circular
+ 100 MHz sampling
contact affixed to te steering wheel itself and gives
the electrical connection to the horn switch.
+ 10,12 or 14 bit dual ADC
This system was usually negative switching, tat
is, the horn is fed positive via the fuse panel and tl.en
grounded tlrrough t.e steering wheel connections. If
the pin and/or contact ring are badly worn, there will
be no ground connection and hence no horn.
The steering wheel must be removed to access
tlese parts. This must be done with the correct wheel
puller, not a hammer! Once the steering wheel has
been removed, you will see the pin and circular con-
tacts. The circular contact is fitted to the back of the
steering wheel.
Remove the wire fromtheback of the pin, ten care-
fully remove the "C" clip while keeping one finger on
the head of the pin, otherwise the pin and its spring
will leap out and never be found again. Remove the
pin, replace the new pin in the same hole and ensure
the spring is also in that hole. Then press the pin Zooming in on one
through, replace the "C" clip and refit the wire.
By the way, the above job is reasonably straight-
forward. My car is a 2004 Holden and getting to its
horn contacts took me just over an hour. On modern
cars, tlle airbag, cruise control and on-wheel radio
controls make removing the steering wheel a lengthy
Dave Sargent,
Maryborough, Qld.
fied on domestic units, I trust this has cleared up any
misunderstanding.
Victor G. Barker,
Gorokan, NSW.
Gomment on AEVA atcle
Thank you for your coverage of the AEV,\ electric
vehicle field day in the December 2008 issue. It should l@g
r5r
help to promote the increasing use of electric vehicles See the Silicon 437 l@g 7
{2l@ llqg
4@ l@9-
by enthusiasts. {.82 llqg
A couple of things to note - all of the motors seen fltted Chip review - {ffiE
{EEr
r@931
t&tg &
{FS r@9 A
0@ L@9t
to the cars were DC series motors manufactured by either October 2008, 67 L@9 6
GEs toqg 6
0 L&qg 37
of two US companies: dvanced DC Motors or Netgain p10-13 2Br l@q
cffi l.@gB
Motors lnc. Neither motor can be operated in shunt mode
because the voltage on the field, when connected in series Sydney:02 9896 7150 Brisbane: 07 33766277
mode, is only about 2V (at up to a few hundred amps). Perth: 08 9321 2899 National: 1300 853 407
A separate field winding would be necessary for shunt
connection and this is not provided.
www.cleverscope.com
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9
 ASK SILICON CHIP
StA battery
charger
I have a few questions regarding an
old SLA charger (Powakaddy 1999)
and I hope you can help me to sort
out some problems. First, there is no
voltage across the alligator clips (with
no load and justthe voltmeter) andthe
regulator measured 24Y.Is ittrue some
chargers register 0V until connected
to a battery?
The black negative output lead
consists of three wires and is sort of
terminated as one single wire before
it's solderedto the alligator clip. Ithink
the two wires incorporate a thermis-
tor measuring the temperature near
the battery. Would it be an NTC type?
What is a typical value? 500C)?
Unfortunately, I replaced the leads
and have had no luck surfing for a
schematic of the charger, [E. W., via
emai).
o It is possible that your charger does
not deliver an output unless a battery
is connected. Try connecting a large
electrolytic capacitor (say 1000rF)
mftffiAHWffi
I am working on project that will
a be able to provide a short supply of
turn on several different incandes-
cent 12V lights using relays powered
by a small l.3Ah SLAbattery. WhatI
have found is that the battery voltage
drops quite a lot when the lights are
turned on, due to the large load, but
what I am concerrled about is that if
this voltage drops too much it could
reset the microcontroller that is be-
ing used to switch the lights on,
The light ratings are:
Relayl:3x6W
Relay 2: x 1,8-21.W
Relay 3:
1,
1x 1,8-21W
Relay4: 2x1B'21'W
No more than two reays will be on
at the same time. Is there any way of
reducing this drop in the battery? If I
added largish capacitors on the out-
put of the 5V regulator, would they
96 Stucort Cntp
across the output leads together with
a shunt resistor of 100C) or so. This
will simulate a battery but depending
on the complexity of the charger, even
this may not work when you make a
measurement.
The thermistor would be a NTC
(negative temperature coefficientJ type
but you need to know tle specified
value as there is little point in making
blind guesses.
Frequency
indicator query
Could you tell me if any circuit
modifications or misprints ate asso-
ciated with the "Frequency Indicator
For Generating Equipment" featured
in the Circuit Notebook pages of your
May 2008 issue? I have built the unit,
checked the circuit, connections and
components several times. I can only
get the LEDs running continuallY
through a decade count and no varia-
tion on adjustment of VR1.
I am testing it with transformer T1,
plugged directly into the mains. I know
power until the lights are switched
off, as they are only turned on briefly,
for less than two seconds? Or should
large capacitors be added across the
input to the regulator?
Can you provide any ideas? (B.
W., via emailJ.
. By the sound of it, the battery is
notbig enough. Youhaveto consider
that an incandescent lamp will pull
surge currents of 10-15 times its nor-
mal rating at the instalt after switch-
on. With a 21W unit, its surge rating
canbe anywhere between 17.5 (10
times rating) to 26.54, The battery
certainly cannot supply this current
without drooping.
The solution is to use a bigger
battery or use high-brightness LEDs
instead of incandescent lamps.
these are contributors' circuits ald not
yours. (R. C., via email).
If the LEDs just run as a chaser, it
suggests that Q1- is on permanently,
You need to carefuIly check the con-
nections around ICIc, ICld & Q1.
Interference from
High Energy Ignition
I get radio interference ftom the
High Energy Ignition kit. I added a
power line fllter and also an aerial fi.Iter
as the noise only comes through when
the radio is playing - no noise comes
through when the CD is playing.
I have tried placing the HEI as far
away from the aerial and radio as
possible, I even converted the igni-
tion back to the standard Chrysler
electronic ignition and have no inter-
ference at all. So it's obviously being
generated by the l{EI. Any suggestions,
please? (W S., via email).
o The causes ofinterference fiom the
High Energy Ignition (HEl) could be a
poor earth between the diecast case
of the HEI and the vehicle chassis.
Alternatively, a suppression capaci-
tor may be required between the coil
output from the HEI and chassis. Use
a22OnF 24OVAC class X2 capacitor or
use a suppression capacitor available
fom automotive shops suitable for
ignition coil suppression.
GPS clock
power supply
I have recently purchased a Trimble
Thunderbolt GPS-disciplined Clock
(http //trl. trimble. c om/d o cushare/
:
dsweb/Get/Document-1 0001hun'
derBoltBook2003.pdfl , without a pow-
er supply. The unit comprises a GPS
receiver and ovenised quartz crystal
oscillator and provides L0MHz sine-
wave and l PPS square-wave outPuts
with high precision and accuracy.
The unit requires +12V +5V DC,
with 750m,4. orr+12V,10m4 on-12Y,
and 400m4 on +5V. Note that I have
it on good authority (ht://vurvw.leap'
second. com/p ages/tbolt/p ower.htm)
siliconchip.com.au
Loop antenna wofks wellto
improve AM teception
It was good to see an article about
how to improve AM recePtion bY
using a loop antenna. I have been
using one for a couple of years at
my workplace and the difference it
makes is amazing. It lifts AM receP-
tion in my open plan office environ-
ment, surroundedby computers and
other electronic equipment, fiom
unlistenable to very usable.
It only relies on inductive cou-
pling from the large rectangular loop
(15 turns of wire on a polystyrene
box lidl to the Sony radio's internal
ferrite rod. The radio has a good
audio frequency response on AM,
so cutting down wideband noise is
important for good sound. The IooP
antenna is very sensitive to orienta-
tion, requiring careful rotation to get
the best results for each station and
small adjustments of the 200pF vari-
able capacitor to peak the signal.
Also in that article, there was
mention of "a hard-hitting earth-
quake awareness TV program"
recently broadcast in NZ, about
the importance of communications
after a disaster, I am working with
the Critical Infiastructure Project at
Geoscience Australia.
This is a project funded by the
Attorney General's Department, con-
cerned with the interdependencies
of Australia's critical infrastructure
(Communications, Baking and Fin-
al ordinary teaspoon will do. I have
measured the weight of salt (at level
filling) held by several of my kitchen
teaspoons, flnding 2.4-2.89, so half of
one of these would be only 1.2-1.49. I
realise that few households have any
weighing device sensitive to 0.1g but
many digital kitchen scales are sensi-
tive to 19, So why not weigh out 50g of
salt, which shouldbe accurate within
2%, dissolve it in water and make it
up to 1 kg on the scales? Mix well and
weigh out 609 of this liquid.
That contains your 39 ofsalt and ca
now be diluted to 1 litre to make your
standard solution. Or if you haven't a
trustworthy litre measure, again make
it up to 1kg on the scales, (The density
of the final solution is within O.2"/o of
that of pure water.)
siliconchip.com.au
PROCUREMENT
SOLUTIONS
Unit 3, 6l-63 Steel Street
Gapalaba QLD 4157
AUSTRALIA
Ph (07) 33e0 3302
Fx (07) 3390 332s
sales@rmsparts.com.au
alce, Energy ald Water), Further in-
formation can be found about this
pro j ect at: httl:/uww.ga.gov.au/aus-
geonews/ausgeonews2 00 5 09/cip. j sp
We are mapping and modelling
the facilities used by the broadcast-
ing and telecommunications sector,
and their vulnerabilities, to predict
how this critical infrastructure will
behave during and after natural
disasters such as earthquakes and
cyclones, so public service broad-
casts can continue to be made.
Dr Adrian Whichello,
Infrastructure Engineer,
Critical Infr astructure Proiect, o Resistors
Geoscience Australia,
Canberra, ACT. o Gapacitors
o Potentiometers
As to the electrical aspect of ihe
article, I would remark that although
o Grystals
the method you use is good enough for o Semiconductors
the purpose, a DC resistance measure-
ment with carbon electrodes is not o Optoelectronics
the method of choice for electrolyte
conductance. Polarisation of the elec- o Relays
trodes tends to give higher resistance
readings. o Buzzers
Again I stress that this does not o Connectors
invalidate your method, as such er-
rors will largely cancel between the o Switches
sample and reference. However, for
accurate measuements, an alternating o Hardware
current bridge using a lkHz supply at
say 500mV would be used, with pro- o Ghemicals & Fluxes
vision for simultaneous capacitance
balancing. O WHOLESALERS O
Measuring granular solids by vol-
ume is at best an unreliable way of
. DISTRIBUTORS O
. KITTING SOLUTIONS O
FEBRUANY 2OO9
 Mailbag: continued
EONTROLS
ilei;:!;;! i;r rllj r;i:l i ( ul1rl
Series motors are not easy to operate
(1tntrcl Darits as generators and this is one of the rea-
sons why none of the cars on show are
fitted with regenerative braking. The
other reason is that only about -l\yo
of atypical journey's consumed energy
can be recovered during braking and
returned to the battery. It's just not
worth the added circuit complexity,
can be used with most
Almost all cars were converted to
uids, 4-20m4 output
electric power for commuting by one
person - the owner, Carrying a full
load ofpassengers or a payload is not
a requirement. Donor cars are thus
selected for their capacity to carry bat-
teries, without concern for the space
taken up.
Most DIY electric cars do not have
/DC, $29.50+cST power steering because of the constant
power drain which would arise from
having a separate electric motor driv-
ing the hydraulic pump all the time
the car was being driven. The Holden
Combo conversion has factory-fitted
electric power steering (EPS) which
draws appreciable current only when
the driver changes the direction ofthe
front wheels at low speeds. At higher
speeds it draws no current; the steering
is entirely manual. As a result, average
power drain is very low.
Car manufacturers are increasingly
of large induc- fltting EPS to their new models to
proxmity switches for sensing improve fuel consumption, so more
distances up to 50mm
donor cars with EPS will become
$39+GST available to EV enthusiasts.
LEDs for tail, brake and indicator
lights are fairly expensive ald hence
difficult to justify on an EV for the
small amount of electrical power
saved.
outputs for our motors
Peter Stuart,
$13s+GST
Carlingford, NSW.
Honda's cylnder
of cloth, paper deactivation
and other ma- I have just finished reading your
Available with article about Honda's engine with cyl-
inder deactivation, in the January 2009
outputs. Both pulse stream or
issue. I would have thought that the
energy requirement for a car travelling,
(whether climbing, accelerating or
coasting) would be the same whether
the engine had 3, + or 6 cylinders. Any
Gontact Oeean Gontrols power loss through engine friction etc
Ph: 03 9782 5882 will still be there with the deactivation
w\vw. ocea fi co ntro s. c0 rn. a u of the cylinders. So I don't really see
Stucort Cntp
"Incompatibility Between Smart
the point, especially if the engine is
going to nrlroughly on three or four
so
cylinders that it needs to have active
engine mounts.
I am tempted to think this is just
going to be the latest marketing fad
(clean green cars, yeah right) but
Honda do some amazing work with
their Formula 1 engines, so I will wait
ald see,
Tony Brazzale,
Lakes Entrance, Vic.
Comment: it is true that the energy
required for moving a car is the same
regardless of how many cylinders
are operating. The point is that with
cylinders deactivated, there are less
pumping losses in the engine and
therefore it uses less fuel. In the long
run, the increased engine complexity
may well be a drawback.
Ouety over
salt solution
Ientirely agree with your article
(December 2008, page 36J showing
that a $300 gadget for checking the salt
Ievel in pools is unnecessary. And the
claim that such a meter also checks
total dissolved solids is optimistic, to
say the least, It merely assumes that
aII the dissolved solids are electroytes
and gives the ppm of sodium chloride
which would have the observed con-
ductance, Non-electrolytes like sugar,
or more relevantly urea from humal
sources,will not be included.
However, may I comment on your
method of preparing the standard
reference solution? I find general
agreement that the volume measure
"one teaspoon" in all English-speak-
ing countries is Sml, so your "half
teaspoon" measure is presumably
2.5m1. Now I took a typical dispenser
of table salt like the one you picture
and poured it into a chemical meas-
uring cylinder to the 50ml level, then
weighed this on a chemical balarce,
The result was 53,80g. So its apparent
density is 1,08g/m1.
This converts your half teaspoon-
fi to z.zg, which may well be near
enough to 3g for this far from critical
application. However, some readers
may not have a set of (standard?)
measuring spoons and may think
siliconchip.com.au
@@reffiMNffireffim@
With reference to the letter titled
The basic operating principle is
Charger & and Digital Inverter Gen-
erator" in Ask SucoN CHrp for Oc-
tober 2008, I thought I might relate
some of my experiences with an
off-grid power setup.
We have apair of l00Ahbatteries,
a 1500W pure sinewave inverter, a
300W windmill ard two generators
(petrol 6.5kW and diesel goow).
The system is set-up to run tjire 24Y
inverter so the windmill is also 24V
and the batteries are in series.
The first thing that raised its ugly
head was the fact that although the
batteries are 1004h, a warning writ-
ten on the second one I bought said
not to take it below half charge or
this would compromise its life,
So instead of having 24Y and
1004h capacity I effectively had
only 50Ah available. It is worse
than that though, as in practice I
can get only abor.rt 600W stoed in
the batteries.
That aside, the generators pose
some interesting questions, They
are both self-exciting generators out
that after the initial oven warm-up,
the unit only consumes about 160m4
on the +12V rail and 260m4 on the
+5 V rar_t.
Would the October 2005 Studio
Series Preamplifier Power Supply be
appropriate for this application? I plan
to replace the 100O resistors between
the Output andAdjpins of the LM3\7
and 337 regulators with 130Q. My
calculations show that this would give
me -r11. B 3V (11. B BV if you include the
55pA ADJ current).
Would the heatsinking arrange-
ment be sufficient? Should I choose
a transformer with 12Vl12V rather
than 15V/15V? If I choose aI2V/12V
transformer, would I have to adjust the
value of the 5W dropping resistor on
the input of the 7B0S regulator? Is the
measured current draw on the -12V rail
(Sma) sufficient to maintain regula-
tion of this output? (S. M., Mawson
Lakes, S,{).
o The suggestedpower supply should
be ideal for your application, with the
change to make if 12V. Without know-
ingyour localmains voltage, we would
siliconchip.com.au
of China and are generic brads.
smaller 900W generatr one of the
that the rotor has a winding with
what looks like big zener diodes to
limit the voltage in the winding, A
small magnet is buried in the rotor
to start the magnetic field, once the
rotor is turning, The stator has the
main winding for the output and
another winding which is tuned
by a capacitor to be resonant at the
output frequency.
Set up correctly, this gives a rea-
sonably stable output voltage with
varying loads, The output fromboth
these generators is more a square
wave thal a sinewave ard it contains
a high level of a higher ftequency
components (around 300H2 Irom
my scope and frequency meterJ, This
high-frequency component plays
havoc with our washing machine
which will not even switch on when
plugged into the 6, 5kW generator but
runs faultlessly on the inverter,
We also use a couple of '1.2V
switchmode battery chargers to
charge the batteries when the genera-
tors are running. They work perfect-
be inclined to stick with the specified
1svi 15V tralsformer.
Bigger charge
controller wanted
I read the project article on the
"Charge Controller For 12V Lead-Acid
Or SL,A. Batteries" (April 2008) and I
am wondering whether it's possible to
upgrade the capacity of the design to
harrdle 20, 40 or even 60,t charging.
There seem to be a lot of com-
mercially available units from the
USA fespecially Xantrex) and a lot of
cheaper ones coming out of Asia but
they all seem to be focused on solar
and wind systems. I feel that your de-
sign is not only simpler (less problems
in future) but also better suited to my
needs. What do you suggest? (D. 8.,
via email).
o The circuit can be used for higher
charge currents if the fuse and Mosfet
are placed offboard ardthe wiring and
components are upgraded. The ter-
minals for the negative supply would
need to connect at the same point
ly on the 6.SkW generatorbut on the
chargers gets upset and its charging
current (which is a 3-stage automatic
systemJ drops off way below the
voltage it is supposed to. The other
charger performs normally.
My batteries are now difficult to
charge, coming up to the limiting
voltage (14.2-14.5V) in less than
two hours at a 12A charge rate ald
thus have a capacity of maybe only
204h. Do you have any suggestions
on how to improve the batteries'
capacity?
Also, is there any way of filtering
or modifying the generators to get a
better waveform out of them so they
car run switchmode power supply
devices more successfully? [K. C.,
Tauranga, NZ).
o It may seem like a paradox but
you cannot heavily discharge deep-
cycle batteries repeatedly. It sounds
as though your batteries may have
become sulphated. You might want
to try out our Battery Zapper project
to recovertheir capacity. This project
was in our May 2006 issue.
rather than via the short PC track.
The Mosfet would need to be suit-
ably rated and mounted on a heatsink,
The 20,A. rating could use the speci-
fied Mosfet but with a 20,{ fuse and
fuseholder and heavier duty wire. For
a 60,4. rating, a Mini-bloc SOT-2278
package for the Mosfet is ideal as it
has screw terminals rather than small
diameter leads. The IXFN200N0 7 (Far-
nell Cat. 490-5659) is rated at 70V and
2 00'\
- wvw.farnellinone.com.au
Tel: (03) 8 20
Email:
Nevv voice recoltler kits
rrsirrg lSDl TOO serits lGs
The sampling frequency can
be set from 4kHz lo 1 2kHz v
external resistor, giving greater
flexibility in duration versus
recording quality. Non-volalile
storage. Standalone or mcroc0ntroller (SPl) operating
mode. All inputs & outputs via standard connectors.
onboard microphone. Kl88 (40 sec)....946.20
$eedocsfordetails Klgg 11Z0
More kils and all d0cumentati0n arailable on website:
FEBRUARY 2OO9 s7
 0rdet Formax lnvoice
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eMAIL: silchip@siliconchip.com.au
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This photo shows an AT5/ARB MF/HF transmitter/receiver combination. It was commonly used as a low-power (50W)
base station and was extensively used in RAAF aircraft and in shipboard installations during WW2.

The set ran from 12V and had quite

a low current drain- about the same as
many tralsistorised car radios, in fact.
I could rave on about it for some time
but the point I want to make here is that
a large number of its faciities and in-
novations were not incorporated into
domestic sets and communications
receivers until 10-20 years later,

Summary
Like most good museums, this
museum is still a work in progress.
However, |im would like to have more
volunteers to assist in restoring equip-
ment, setting up displays and guiding
visitors around the museum,
Currently, due to staff shortages,
the museum is usually open between
10am and 3.30pm on Tuesdays only.
The entrance fee is just $2 and the
museum is located in the Simpson
Barracks, The entrance is from Greens-
boroughRoad, just south of Yallambie
Road.
If you feel that you can assist as a
volunteer or have some redundant
P&P RATES: military equipment which could be of
Subscriptions, back issues and proieDt reprints: P&P included
Bindets (available Australia onlyl; $7.00 per order; for 5 or more P&P is free. value to the museum, please contact
Books' rst.STperAEcl; NZ:SAUI2perbook; ElsewheregAUlsperbook Major lim Gordon onO4O7 264 961 or
contacthim via e-mail at jim.gordon@
vicsig.net
silchip@siliconchip.con.au OB fax this form (or a photo- OR This form to
with order & credit card details copy) with all details Collaroy N siliconchip.com.au

The 62 portable transceiver (left) and the
128 back-pack transceiver (right) replaced
tlr,;e a22 and the 108 transceivers in the years
followiggtW?*--.
The type ",{" Mk,3 "suitcase" set was the smallest transceiver to be d-eveloped
during wwz and was commonly used by resistance groups and for clandestine
oper"iio.rs in Europe, It used miniaturised parts and had a range of over L60km.
played an important role behind en-
emy lines during WW2. Sets such as
the Type 3 Mk.2 and the Type A Mk.3
transceivers, plus the MRC-1 receiver,
were commonly used in Europe by
various resistance movements. The
94 StLtcoN Cutp
Type Mk.2 andthe TypeAMk.3 were
3
described in the October L99B issue.
Of course, much larger and more
powerful transmitters were used to
ensure reliable long distance com-
munications. A good examPle is the
AT20 which had an output power of
500w.
WW2 receivers
A number of communications re-
ceivers and amenities receivers were
also produced during WW2. These
included sets such as the AMR300,
the HRO and ,\R7 communications
receivers, along with the No.4 general
entertainment (amenities) receiver.
General overview
From this short story, it can be seen
that this museum caters for well over
100 years of military communications.
It really is fascinating to see how
ihings were done over the years and
the explanations given by Major Jim
Gordon helped me to understand why
things were done the way they were. It
is rare to have the opportunity tolearn
the rationale behind communications
developments.
Most radio collectors concentrate on
domestic radios and as such tend to
shun military equipment. The reasons
aren't hard to find - it is generally visu-
ally unappealing and quite compiex
technically. However, I think that all
radio enthusiasts should consider hav-
ing at least one piece of our military
radio communications history in tleir
collection. We thinkthat our domestic
radios are complex (and some are) but
it was the military equipment that lead
the way in technical innovation.
By the way, although most of
the museum's display is indoors,
there were also a few large items
undergoing restoration in the com-
pound. Many of these are post WW2
semi-mobile, high-technology com-
munications and surveillance units
that were mounted in trailers and
vehicles.
My favourite gear
One highly-innovative piece of
equipment from WW2 is l}re 122
high-frequency AM/CW transceiver.
It's one of my favourites bits of gear
and it used aluminium extensively to
keep its weight down.
It also featured a semi-break-in
Morse code facility, a press to talk
(PTT) dynamic microphone and a
metering system that allowed reading
of all vital operationa indicators. It
was also well-sealed against moisture
ingress, In fact, it could probably sur-
vive an accidental dunking in water
with no ill effects.
s nchip.com.au
Mailbag: contnued
estimating mass. A single crystal of
sodium chloride has a density of 2.t69l
ml, yet the fine-grained table salt that
I used has an apparent densitY onlY
half of that. Furthermore, my 5Oml in
the measuring cylinder packed down
to 45ml on repeated bumping of the
cylinder on the table. This increases
the apparent density lo 1.2}glm,
somewhat higher than the internet
fi.gure you quote. But you can't easily
pack down a teaspoon.
In general I have found that numeri-
cal data fom the internet cannot be
trusted unless they come from au-
thoritative websites like government
research institutes. For example, the
website for Cheetham Salt Ltd (www.
poolquip.com.au), a major supplier of
pool salt, gives the melting-point of
sodium chloride as 8010"C, 10 times
the actual 801"C, and a similar tenfold
error in the boiling-point, given as
14,130"C. But to make uP for these
enors, they quote the solubility in
water as 35.79 per 1100m1; that should
be per 100m1.
Robin Stokes
Armidale, NSW.
Comment: the conductivity meter
featured in the article may well have
used an ACbridgebutwe werc unable
to determine that with our very limited
Distributed in Australia bY
testing and we did not do an internal
inspection. Microzed Gomputers PtY. Limited
Servicing a Phone: 1300 735 420 Fax: 130O735 421
belt-drive tutntable uvww.mcrozed.com.au
The recent article by the Service-
man encouraged me to repair my old
Philips GA 21,2.I proceeded slightly
differently, removing the goo with used for cleaning the keyboard) does readily available from most electrical
cardboard strips cut to size, so that the cleaning job very well also, By the "wholesalers" in surface mount, plug
only a thin layer of black sticky goo way, the belt can be ordered athttpzll ends and socket ends (look just like
remains. 3-pin plugs and sockets), These are
When cleaning my greasy hands Kubli Hans, often cheaper than some of the Plugs
with a special soap (here named Frenkendorf, Switzerland. and sockets supplied bY auto Parts
"BLITZ Rosa", by van Baerle Chemi- shops.
cal, Muenchenstein, Switzerland and Anderson connectors fot DG I am now also converting to the
sold in drugstores), I noticed that the I have been reading the mail regard- "Anderson" type connectors (available
substance literally dissolved the goo. ing the use of normal mains power at least from Jaycar) as there is now a
So I wet a cloth and rubbed a little boards for "Extra Low Voltage" (ELVI 30Aversion and as itis "sexless" (there
BLITZ into it, then the goo could be appications. is no separate male or female part) it
rubbed off, even on the capstan, where Personally, I do not like the idea makes it much more flexible.
it took a bit more patience. of using standard 3-pin plugs and Ray Saegenschnitter, VK3UCB,
In the meantime, I found out that sockets for ELV use. I use the 2-Pin Mectronic Rural Services,
Vic.
using isopropyl alcohol fnormally "T-polarised" plugs and sockets Huntly, sC
77
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9

Dgital rqdo
broqdcqsts will frnolly stqrt n
Adelade, Brsb,ne, Melbo,urne, Perth and Sydneydlst May with
71 rqdo statons (ABC, SBS t commercql) on ten DAB+ transmitters.
Ths s the first of a series of articles gvng you the detqls on ths
complex and completely new radio broadcqst medium.
figital radios will have excel-
I llenl sound quality and a lot
.U u leatures that are not avail-
able on the existing radios we have
listened to over many decades.
For example, to select a station you
will pick its name from a list. There
wiII be no need to tune across a band,
If you are in a car and move out of
digital signal range, the receiver will
automatically select another digital,
FM or,A.M signal containing the same
program. When you move back within
range, the receiver will automatically
switch back to the digital signal.
Timeshift will be available so you
can delay listening to broadcasts, just
as you can right now with TV if you
have a suitable recorder. And while
many existing radio programs can be
downloaded as Podcasts, most digital
radios will have flash RM cards to
store programs,
72 stuco curp
So you will be able to timeshift, "re-
wind" and pause the programs while
recording and "fast forward" after the
recording is complete.
,\nd just as digital TV has an elec-
tronic program guide (EPG) so too
will digital radio, EPG wiII allow au-
tomatic recording of programs within
the radio.
Other features
. Dynamic Label Segment (DLS)
DLS will show text information
on a screen. This couldbe telephone
numbers, website addresses, track-
now-playing and announcer names.
A maximum of Lz\ characters can be
displayed at a time.
. Multimedia Object Transfer (MOT)
Slideshow
This will include product shots,
studio web cams, weather maps, al-
bum cover information, stock market
article onthe FS6 appearedinthe May
transceivers, transmitters and receiv-
graphs, racing information and just
about any information that can be
conveyed as a simple graphic image.
A 32O x 240 pixel |PEG image can be
transmitted every 9 - 15 seconds.
. MultimediaObjectTransfer(MOT)
Broadcast Website (BWS)
BWS allows for the transmission
of a series of HTML fiIes (along with
corresponding graphic imagesJ to
receivers that have a built-in web
browser. This alows the user to search
the downloaded files, If a receiver has
a built-in back-channel ffor example,
a GPRS enabled mobile phone with a
DAB+ radio), it could access links that
would take it to the outside world, If
there are a lot ofrequests for files then
delays will result due to the restricted
download capacity.
. Traffic Information
Traffic conditions will be transmit-
ted to the car navigation system so
s nchip.com.au
I'or the troops in the front line,
progress in radio communications
was slow but steady during WW1.
During this time, low frequencies were
still thought to be the most usefuI for
long-distance communications. It
was not until the 1920s that amateur
exp erimenters proved that shortwave
(high-frequency) communications
were much more effective.
Perhaps the most successful "trench
wireless" during WW1 was a unit de-
veloped by the British in 1917. This
had a range of around 70km but if it
had used shortwave frequencies, it
would have been well ahead for its era,
However, it was still a good performer
and despite its limitations, itremained
in service until the 1930s.
The post WW1 era
Developments in radio communica-
tions forboth military arrd commercial
use picked up speed during the 1920s
and 1930s. In the early 1930s, the C
Mk.2 "Cork Set" was being used by
the Australian Army, It required no
less than nine soldiers to look after
it and is shown in one of the photos.
Subsequently, by the time WW2 ar-
rived, equipment like the No.11 set,
the 101 and the FS6 were in use (an
2002 issue),
During WW2, other more advanced
ers were developed to cater for the
needs of the military. This equipment
Major fim Gordon, the Officer In Command of the museum, with a lVWz 101
inciuded the No.19, which was used military transceiver.
in tanks, and the 22/1.22. Both were
semi-portable transceivers that could
be back-packed into remote areas and
were good performers for their era
(ltre 1-22 was featured in an article in
October 2OO2).
Another well-known set was the
AT5/ARB, Developed by AWA for the
RA,{F, this 50W MF/HF transmitter/
receiver combination was also often
used for low-power base station work
and in shipboard installations.
Yet another interesting set is the 108.
This was one of the first backpack or
"walkie-talkie" sets and it's closely-
related sibling, the 208, was one of
the first low-power sets to be used by
commandos. The 108 was described
in the November 2006 issue,
Following WW2, the 62 replaced
lhe 1.22 and the 108 was replaced by
a much superior back-pack set desig-
nated the 128. A close-up view of the WT Set C Mk.2 used by the Australian Army during the
Radio communications equipment L930s. It required lots of support equipment.
s nchip.com.au FEBRUAY 2OO9 93

The WS20B was one of the fitst low.power sets to be used by commando units during WW2. This CW-only 6-valve set was
carried in a back-pack and had ari operating frequency range from 2.5-3.5MHz'
Made by an English War Department Wireless Factory during-Vvry-1, the WT1-
hansmtter *. fitted to recnnaissance aircraft from 1916. The pilot's task was
to transmit enemy troop deployments back to HQ and to artillery batteries.
used by armies during WW1. Wireless
had been around in its fledgling form
since the turn of the century and was
now sufflciently advanced enough for
use by the military,
However, it was not enthusiastically
endorsedby all sections of the military
because it was still relatively undevel-
oped. The main problems included the
bulk and weight of the equipment, its
unreliability and a lack of competent
radio technicians to handle the gear.
s2 StilcoN Cutp
' in 1915, "portable" meant that the set
their antennas were inefficient if made
At that stage, wired telephone and
telegraph systems were well devel-
oped and worked well. However, the
amount of wiring needed between
each communications site had Srown
enormously and the system was inflex-
ible due to the rapidly changing nature
of the conflict.
It didn't take long for many forward-
thinking military leaders to realise
that "wireless" was the way to go if
communications with the front line
were to be effective and timely, It was
just a matter of waiting for suitable
equipment to be developed.
The first wireless sets in \MW1 were
Marconi pack sets, These required four
horses to cany each pack set plus five
or six men to set up a station, which
took around 10 minutes! It then re-
quired two soldiers to operate it.
The range was claimed to be around
5Okm.
In 1915, another set called the BF
was introduced, which had a range of
around 17km, This meant that "port-
able" battery-operated spark transmit-
ters with valve receivers were starting
to be used at the Iront line. However,
could be carried with difficuttY bY
several soldiers,
- Most of the sets worked on quite
low frequencies which meant that
too small. For example, the Wilson
spark transmitter worked on three
wavelengths - 350 metre$,450 metres
and 5s0 metres. However, some small
spark tralsmitters operated on 65 and
B0 metres.
Bythis stage, some aircraftwere also
being equipped with transmitters to
report conditions back to headquar-
ters from behind the lront lines and
to adjust the fall of artillery. The WT1
transmitter from 1916 was one of the
sets used for this task and is shown in
one ofthe photographs.
by Alan Hughes
that the driver can be routed around
obstructions. The navigation system
will need compatible firmware.
o Conditional Access
DAB+ is capable of controlling who
is able to decode the signal. This can
enable nartow-casting to specific pri-
vate audiences andto PayRadio. This
can also apply to data only. Over the
air flrmware upgrades for particular
receiveis would need to use condi-
tional access.
. Radio forthe deaf&hard ofhear-
irg
L7"/o of the Australian population
(3,6 million people) have a significant
hearing loss. The text capability will
enable speech to be subtitled. This
applies to emergency announcements,
news bulletins, current affairs, talks
and phone-in programs. The MOT
capability (see above) would allow
the display of Auslan (sign language)
icons.
. Multilingual - SBS Radio and
Ethnic Broadcasters
1.3 million people do not use Eng-
Iish at home and 4.4 million were not
born in Australia. The text capability
could be used to add English sub-
===
3
==
95==
=
I 40
Nole: Eqch DAB+ chonnel con conlon up lo 9 rodio stotions' progrqms
7
7 I
6
6 \2
Fig.L: channel allocations for DAB+ radio.
titles to foreign language programs.
This could help the foreign language
speakers learn to read English and the
converse is true.
Let us now look at the various tyPes
of digital radio broadcasting.
Tres of Digital Radio
. Digital Audio Broadcast DAB+
is transmitted in VHF TV band 3
(containing TV channels 6 - 1,2) or
using the 1,.4GHz'L band. Note that
this system is incompatible with the
DAB system used in Canada and the
UK. A number of countries, including
the UK, put nine radio stations on a
single transmitter but this produced
sound quality worse than FM stereo.
o' DAB+ is 3.5 times more efficient
in compression than DAB and so the
sound quality should not be reduced.
In additionDAB+ uses Reed-Solomon
error cortection to reduce the possibil-
ity of gaps in the sound that you hear.
AII new DAB receivers must be able
to decode DAB+ in Europe.
. DRM (Digital Radio MondialeJ is
used throughout Europe and parts of
Asia. It uses the AM bands of MF and
HF (Short Wave) and in DRM+, the
Bosed
i 3='9=== =====
1470 I 480
200 210
I ilt
FM band as well, Coverage is from a
community to a continent. It's used
by Radio New Zealand International
to cover the Pacific Ocean'
. HDRadio is a system which adds
a digital sound signal to an existing
AM or FM broadcast. This does not
work as well as those above' This
system involves patent rights to the
Infinity Corporation and is used only
in the USA. DAB+ & DRM do not have
system patent rights,
. Radio programs on digital TV
signals. Examples of these can be
found on ABC and SBS digital TV
broadcasts. The disadvantage of these
program signals is that You need a
digital TV ieceiver to obtain them
and they are unsuitable for use in car
radios.
o Internetradiois availablethrough-
out the world. This is not a Public
system and is subjectto internet costs.
Internet radio is also unsuitable for
wide area reception.
Channel allocations
Fig.1 shows the proPosed chamel
allocations for DAB+. All transmitters
willhave amaximum of SokW (effec-
-+
Frequency (MHz)
I 490
DigitolTV Chonnels
ll 0ld TV Chonnels
Europeon TV Chonnels
FEBRUARY 2OO9 13
 to Digilol Converler
f---
C
fi
R,
STUDIO
Where else is this progrom simulcosl
Dole ond Time
Progrom type
Slotion ldentifirolion
Stotion
Piclure ond
Poging
Troffir
Conditionol
Emergency Worning
Network Swilching
tive radiated power) using vertically
polarised antennas. Note that not all
transmitters will be at full power in
all directions. This is to avoid interfer-
ence problems to television reception
outside the istening area.
Ctv
Adelaide
Brisbane
Melbourne
Perth
Sydney
Hobart
Note that Hobart
next round which is yet to be an-
nounced.
All transmitters are on Broadcast
Australia towers except in Sydney
where the transmitters are on the
Willoughby TXAustralia site.
Radio broadcasting history
Before going further, let's briefly
review the development of radio
broadcasting up to the present.
Amplitude Modulation (AM) was
invented in 1901. It's an analog sys-
tem with a frequency range of 30Hz
to gkHz (or better), however nearly
all available receivers restrict the
high frequency response to less than
4.1Jlzdue to theiruse of rudimentary
IF (intermediate frequency) stages.
AM is unable to reject noise in the
transmission path.
The channel width forAMtransmis-
14 StLtco Crtrp
Fig,2: a typical DAB+
transmitter arrangement.
The program multiplexer
continually switches
between up to nine program
digital streams which are
combined into the one data
stream.
sions is 1BkHz, due to the upper and
lower sidebands of the modulation.
Frequency Modulation (FM) was
invented 193J. It's an analog system
with a ftequency range of 30Hz to
15kHz. Multiplexed stereo was added
in the 1960s. Provided there is enough
Channels signal, noise is well suppressed. The
98,9C channel width is 200kHz.
94,9C Despite the number of FM stations,
94,9C even its future is not assured. The UK,
98,9C for exampe, has announced it will
94,9C switch off FM radio broadcasting in
128,12D 2020.
Digital Audio Broadcast (D,{B) was
will start in the devised in 1987. It's a digital system
which sends the perceived character-
istics of the sound.
In other words, signal processing
and compression is used to reduce
the required amount of data for the
signal.
The frequency range is from 20Hz
to 20kHz. The channel width is
1.536MH2 which can carry five stereo
programs with sound quality equiva-
lent to FM stereo broadcasts.
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) was
devised 2O02, It's a digital system
which sends the perceived character-
istics of the sound (see above). DRM is
capable of "FM stereo" quality sound,
The channel width is 18 or 2okHz
and contains only one music quality
program,
is an upgraded version of
D,{.8+
DAB which can carry nine stereo
programs per channe. The channel
width is 1.536MH2. Ttre Europeans
have now mandated that all new
radios must be able to decode D,\B+
signals.
DRM+ is an upgraded version of
DRM which extends the transmis-
sion frequency range from 30MHz
fo L2OMHz. The channel width is
100kHz. This system would be suit-
able inthe vacated analog TV channels
L,2 and the FM radio band.
Even if ,\M and FM radio trans-
mission continues as we know it, to
receive DAB+ and DRM+ signals all
existing radio receivers will eventu-
ally need to be replaced with digital
radios capable of DAB+ and DRM+
reception.
DAB+ transmission
In studios and on compact discs,
analog signals are convertedto digital
in the recording process and on play-
back the digital signal is converted
back to analog, Such digital signals
are very high quality but require data
rates of up to 3 Mbits/second. So much
data will not fit into existing radio
channels.
Many digital recording systems Australian diggers pre-\rVW2 with a WT Set C Mk.z "Cork Set". It took no less than nine soldiers to support and operate
greatly reduce the amount of data re- this equipment which was used by the Australian Army during the 1930s.
quired by storing only those parts of
the signal which the brain "perceives". from hilltop to hilltop.
Such digital standards include digital It was used from around the 1850s
radio, MPEG 2 & MPEG 4 for TV DVD and even saw limited use in WW2.
& Blue-Ray sound, AC3 (Dolby Digital)
sound and MP3 & MP4 used in iPod Radio communications
devices. With the invention of Morse code
Some of these staldards sound very and the telegraph, communications
good ald can be regarded as almost from fixed locations became quite
equivalent to the CD audio while speedy, Insulated single and twin ca-
others, such as MP3, can be notably bles were often laid underground for
inferior, depending on the sampling fixed locations and on the surface for
rate. much more temporary installations.
|ust how good the DAB+ system Some readers will be familiar with
eventuaily sounds wil depend on the D-series (commonly called Don 5
many variables, including the quality by the layman) twin-insulated cable.
of the original recordings, the amount This had one green and one black
of data compression, sampling rate wire and was commonly available in
and so on. disposals stores afterWW2. This cable
In the DAB+ system, AES standard could be run out fiom a hand spool or
digital signals are fed into an ,\d- more commonly lrom a cabie-laying
vanced Audio Coding PIus (,\,\C+) trailer.
encoder. In addition, program associ- Wired communications developed Designated the Model 94 Mk.6, this portable radio was used by the fapanese
ated data (P,{D) is interleaved with the at a pace during WW1 and a variety army during WW2. It operated over the 24-47MHz frequency band and could be
digitised sound signal. of systems were used. Some using a powered from external gV and 135V batteries or from a hand generator.
Prior to the transmitter input a sec- single wire with an earth return proved
ond switch repetitively and sequen- not to provide secure communica- introduced. At around the same time, munications in the army and civil
tialy selects the digital audio signal tions. After all, one side of a conflict a telephone system using equipment life is in itself quite an extensive and
and its associated PAD from up to nine did not want to have the other side called a "Fullerphone" provided much interesting story.
different programs. reading their messages. rrrore secure communications than
For example, the "Government" To overcome this, the D-series cable some other methods of the same era. Wireless in WWL
transmitter will include ABC Local and other similar twin cables were The history and use of wired com- Wireless communications were first
siliconchip.com.au FEBH]ARY 2OO9 91

The Austral,hn Arrn'y, 1950s at Balcombe where members
of the School of Signals initialy set
Signals,:Museum up displays of equipment that
being phased out of use by the army,
The museum was subsequently rnoved
was
to its present location in Macleod in
1970, where it was housed a redundant
satellite monitoring facility from the
Cold War era.
It probably seems ironic that a muse-
um is housed in abuilding previously
used for the rrery "high-tech" satclite-
monitoring task. In fact, the redundant
monitoring station equiprnent still
occupies some 60% of the floor space,
which means the museum cannot dis-
pay all of its stored equipment until
the redundant equipment is removetl.
Trn,o 600kVA emergency power plants
are also still instalLed, although these
are no ongel operating.
Communications pre-radio
Although our interest in armv
communications is predominately
concerned with radio, it is interesting
to consider how armies communicated
before radio was invcnted.
In very early tinros and even up
until relativelJ reccntlJ, runners and
couriers were often used to keep the
commanders informed of progress
on the battlefield and to deliver their
ordels. Horse-mounted dispatch liders
were commonly used before giving
This month, we take a look at an interesting way to motorcycle dispatch lidels
museum that's dedicated to the display of during WW2.
Courier pigeons Were also com-
ex-Australian Army radio equipment. It's monly used by manv armies up until
WW2. In fact, they were still in use by
not often that you get the chance to see a the Swiss Arm1, s late as 1994.
collection of military communications gear. A variety ofsound and visual signal-
ling methods were also used over the
centuries. Most were abour intensive
,TTECHNICAL MUSEUMS have presented itself. I was fortunate that and messages usuallv took quite some
I always interested me and I en- Major Jim Gordon was able to give me time to reach their intended recipient.
deavour to visit them whenever the a personal tour of the facility. However, some methods proved rea-
oppoltunitlr arises. Recently, an op-This museum is part of the Armv
portunity to visit the "Roya Austral-
Museums Network, r,r'hich itself is
tively fast in t'-ansferring signas. For
examp.e, the heliographwas an optical
ian Army Corps of Signals Museum" part of the Arrny History Unit. It device that reflected strong sunlight
at Macleod in north-east Melbourne commenced operation in the early and had quite a long range when ttsed
s0 stucoN cutp siliconchip.com.au
Fig,3: here's the counterpart DAB+ receiver. The microprocessor takes data
from the AAC+ decoder according to the selection by the listener. Depending on
signal strength, the output may be DAB+, FM or even AM in origin'
Radio, Radio National, ABC Classics,
lJJ, PNN and SBS.
A DAB+ VHF transmitter will
convert the combined signal to the
transmission frequency and increase
the power fed to the antenna near the
top of a tower to ladiate the signal to
the receivers.
Fig.2 shows how up to nine different
radio programs are combined into the
one DAB+ transmission.
DAB+ reception
In a DAB+ r'eceiver, the signal fiom
the antenna is filtered to select the
channel requested by the listener.
The signal is amplified and then fed
to the demodulator. The demodulator
converts IF signal back into the data
signal which is similar to the output
of the program multiplexer shown
above.
The srrne logic circuit can be used
to demodulate all broadcast radio
systems.
If you are tuned to a DAB+ station
and prorrided the signal evel is suf-
ficient for good reception, the selected
program is demultipexed and fed to
the AAC+ decoder.
The decoder output can either be
converted back into analog and fed
into speakers or the digital output can
feed a home theatre amplifier, particu-
larly if 5.1 sound is being broadcast.
The microprocessor is also fed with
the alternate frequency information
from the program-associated data
IPAD). The processor will monitol the
quality of the DAB+ signal and also
monitors the ftequencies containing
an identical program (ie, fiom FM
siliconchip.com.au
QUALITY PCB & SERVICE
PROTOTYPE TO PRODUCTION
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and AM broadcasts). A single tuner
does this by tuning to the DAB+ and \!cb hllptLrw.pcbd m
alternate frequencies at a rate which E-tD sales@pcbce m
is too high to be noticed. Tei +86-571-87A13819
If the DAB+ quality is insufficient, Fax +86-571-87036705
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the next option willbe selected, When
DB+ reception returns to accept-
able levels, the sound signal will be
switched back.
Fig.3 shows the much-simplified
schematic of a DAB+ receiver. De-
pending on signal quality, you might
be listening to DAB+ DRM, FM or
even AM. FRONT PANELS
Broadcast Efficiency LOSURES
Channel width is spectrum "rea
estate" and has an ACMA auction-
able price. Effective radiated power is
based on actual transmitter power but
rn,ith the efficiency of the transmitter
antenna system factored in.
Tralsmitter power consumption de-
Cost-effective
pends on its efficiency and the power and production
of the air conditioning required.
Wide range of
At ihe most inefficient level, AM customization of
ladio transmits a carrier which con-
tains no progr-am information; all the
program information is in the gkHz : #",,H"i::11"j.c
sidebards. This is a fixed power which
is one-quarter of the power level trans-
mitted with the loudest sounds. The
channel width is 1BkHz,
FM radio uses a channel width Sample price:
of zo)kHz, corresponding to the USD43 78 plus S&H
maximum frequency deviation of
+100kH2.
DAB+ bandwidth per channel is ]EENT,TflEI
aI 2.4o/o of the FM effective
1.71.kH2
radiated power per program.
#
ww.f rontpanelexpress.com
Next month u,e give more details of
how the DAB+ system works. sc
FEBRUARY 2OO9 15

[GGffioVUUnwcRumnw
LeCroy's WaveRunner 104Mxi is a 4-channel digital oscilloscope which
operates under Windows XP. You can configure and run the scope using
either a USB mouse or via the touch screen. In fact, most of the time you
can completely ignore the front panel controls and iust use the mouse.
TWILL BE honest. When I first turned
Ionthe LeCroy WaveRunner 104Mxi
I did not realise it had a Windows XP
interface. LeCroy do not make a big
fuss about it in their literature; in fact
they hardly mention it at all.
So when I had to do a quick wave-
form measurement recently ald I knew
I had to take a look at the LeCroy I
just grabbed it and set it up on my
desk, ready to do the measurement. I
switched it on, hooked up a couple of
probes arrd hit the Autoset button. This
gave me a waveform on the screen, as
you would expect, but when I came
to do the measurements I was bushed
- OK, where are the measurement
controls?
I will admit that just like everyone
else, I had not looked at any instruction
manual-who does that? (In fact,I did
not find the instruction manual until
16 Stttcort Catp
some days later - in the back pocket
of the scope). But then in a moment
of enlightenment, I touched the screen
and found that I could do everything
that way. There are the usual drop-
down Windows menus along the top
of screen - it all works. It's not the first
Windows oscilloscope I have come
across but I seem to remember that
the others I have come across are not
as intuitive as the LeCroy.
By the way, LeCroy probably don't
want you to put your greasy paws on
tle touch screen so they have provided
a little slide-out wand which you can
use instead. After using that for a cou-
ple of minutes, I thought that a USB
mouse would be a better way and sure
enough, when I dived back into the
packaging, the local distributors, Vi-
com, had provided one. Plugging that
into the fiont panel immediately lets
f0 lffi d
you do everything via the mouse.
The layout of the scope's front panel
looks fairly conventional uniil you
start looking for a particular feature
such as how to set up triggering. This
throws you into a display whereby
you select parameters via the wand or
mouse, Butbackto the scope itself, The
screen itself is a 1O.4-inch
(26.4cm)
SVGA LCD with a resolution of 800 x
600 pixels. This improves consider-
ably if you connect an external moni-
tor which can give a stated maximum
resolution of zoq\ x 1536 pixels (4:3
aspect ratio). When connected to a
widescreen LCD monitor, we were
able to set it to 1.92o x 1200 pixels. We
wil'l come back to the operation of the
external monitor later,
Below the scope screen is a line of
flve BNC sockets; one each of the four
input chalnels ald one for an external
siliconchip.com.au
N
+
.i Bedside lamp
o controller
Do you hate the bright glare as you
switch on yoru bedside light when
the alarm goes offf This circuit uses
an electuet microphone to pick up the
sound of your alarm. It then slowly
brings up the brightness of a bedside
Iamp made from a L2V 24W automo-
tive tail/stop lamp. The result is that
you wake to a much more pleasant
situation,
When you stop the alarm, the
() lamp remains at the current bright-
o
@ ness level. If you press the snooze
\
button on the alarm, the lamp will
o
u become brighter next time the alarm
L sounds.
You can turn the lamp off when-
ever you wish by pressing the DOIIIN/
o
OFF button. The system can also be
disarmed if you don't wart the sys-
tem to control the lamp. The lamp
can also be manually dimmed up and
down using the UP/DO\AIN buttons.
The electret microphone signal
is -[ed l-o 8C549 tlansistor Q1, The
amplified signal fom Q1 is then
rectified by a charge pump consist-
ing of diodes D1. e.Dz and a 100nF
\
N capacitor. The resulting DC is fed to
/'l
E
trimpotVRl which acts as a sensitiv-
ity control for the following compara-
z
II
tor stages using ICla & IC1b.
L
oc q; =ll When the DC level at pin 4 is
o f llv
olI
above the reference level at pin 5,
lH'' t ICla quickly discharges the 10rF
8ll" capacitor at pin 7 of IClb and this
causes the output of IClb (pin 1l to
go low This low is sensed at pin 4
of the PICAXE microprocessor (IC2l.
As a result, IC2 now starts to turn on
the lamp via comparator IClc and
Mosfet Q2.
z The PWM signal fiom pin 5 is 5V
> peak but the Mosfet needs around
I o
z 1.0-1.2V on its gate to fully turn on.
Because the comparator outputs
are "open collector", IClc is able to
perform signal level translation to
convert this 5V signal to a 12V sig-
nal, The 470f) resistor pulls the gate
lo +L2Y whenever the PWM signal
L
N
goes high.
N The software listing (BLC_ .bas)
o
will be available on the SIltcoN Crup
Z website and is fully commented to
o= make it easy to understand.
feffMonegal,
u eg North Maclean, Qld. ($40)
zz .
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 B9
 REGI 78tl 5
EBC
REG2 79L1 5
COMPONENT TO BE TESTED
:5-
Dl,D2:1N4004 Semiconductor evaluator
AK for scope
Ifyou have an oscilloscope that can be
operated in X-Y mode (ie, with horizon-
tal timebase turned off), this circuit can
be the basis of a useful semiconductor
s b-' o evaluator. It can help identify unknor,r,n
semiconductors where you can no longer
read the labelling. For example, it will
S distinguish between a diode and a zener
diode, between NPN and PNP transistors
and also identify SCRs and unijunction
transistors IUlTs).
/ The circuit comprises tr,r'o intercon-
nected op amps (IC1a & IClb) which
generate sinewave signals which are 90o
/ navigate, particularly if you don't use
,/ / / out of phase. These signals are then ap-
pied via the two sections of srvitch 51
to the horizontal and vertical inputs of
q A
+ o the oscilloscope and to the socket for
the component to be tested. The switch
selects 1OkQ or 100kO resistors, depend-
=t e O a ing on whether the component is a small
signal device or power device.
Depending on the type of device being
a 2 a /
tested ancl whether or not it is faulty, the
circuit will produce characteristic wave-
forms which are shown in the accompa-
'c nying panel. Note that these warteforms
are not definitive and will var)/ with the
C D D particular component being tested.
Note that when no component is con-
''
U. D
nected, the oscilloscope controls should
be adiusted to give a circular pattern.
Craig Kendrick Sellen,
o Normally, when you turn it, on it
c. Carbondale,
Philadelphia, USA. ($a5)
StLtcoN Cntp siliconchip.com.au
These four scope grabs from the LeCroy 104Mxi porhay a range of video waveforms from the Pocket A/V Generator
presented in th une 2006 issue. ,{.ll but one show the scope traces reversed out of white background. This saves toner
when printing the scope grabs and makes it easier to read the on-screen measurements.
trigger solrrce. Al the inputs have
probe sensing and active probes may
,+1-
be used. Also on the front panel is the
=e .li
already-mentioned USB socket which 6 rL-
can be used to connect a mouse. t= *.'
To the right ofthe screen is an array
-
- JJ
-\
->\
of knobs and buttons which let you
select and adjust basic features of the
scope, eg, vertical sensitivity and off- *
set for each ofthe four input channels
and timebase speed and delay. Each
time you press a button or change a
knob setting, it brings up a panel on
the ower half of the screen which lets
you access detailed settings.
In manr ways, this works better
than typical digital scopes which ,\lent
have "soft" buttons and multi-lavered
nenus which can be quite hard to
a
the scope frequentllr. ^
3
On the righthand side of the scope
is a comprehensive input panel for
connection of peripherals. There are
mini DIN sockets for an external mouse
and keyboard, four USB sockets, an
Ethernet port (Rl-a5), an RS-232 port,
a VGA port for connecting an exter-
nal monitor (as already mentioned),
LeCroy's L-bus connector and ine-in
and speaker outputs for the sound
card interface.
So essentially what we have is
a laptop machine with a powerful
digital scope built-in. In fact, there is
The LeCroy WaveRunner L04Mxi is a powerful
digital scope that runs under Windows XP.
nothing to stop you from using it as
a conventional aptop. Just connect a
full-size keyboard and USB printer (if
you wish) and you're ready to go. Us-
And of course, you can connect it to
a network if you desire, The internal
capacity to store waveforms and set-
ups and other software.
ing Windows XP, it employs a 1.3GHz
Celeron processor and 5L2}18 of RAM.
hard drive is 33G8, partitioned into
1OGB and 23G8. so there is no lack of boots straight into Windows XP and
siliconchip.com.au FEBR(]ARY 2OO9 77

to fill th scren s shown heie.
then loads the LeCroy DSO operat-
ing system. This can be windowed or
minimised at any time to let you run
other applications.
The 10.4-inch (diagonal) screen is a
very good size, especially considering
the relatively small amount of space
taken up by the scope. Its overall di-
mensions are 340mm wide, 25Smm
high and 2o0mm deep, including
knobs and the rear zippered pocket
for probes and accessories.
Having said that, the ability to con-
nect an external VGA monitor is very
useful, particularly if you are using
the scope to demonstrate to a group or
classroom. Typically, in a large group,
the VGA signal would be connected to
a projector but it is here that a weak-
ness in the LeCroy external monitor
set-up becomes apparent.
Unlike the situation where you may
be using a laptop for a PowerPoint
presentation on a projector, the LeCroy
scope does not alow you to have the
same screen display on the scope as on
the projector; you can have one or the
other, not boih. This makes it difficult
to operate the scope when using the
external display because nothing can
be controlled by its touch screen - vou
have to use the mouse on the external
18 stLtcoN cntp
240VAC waveforms with a 10:1 probe.
screen. That could be very awkward
if you are using a projector. It seems
likely that a software change could
easily remedy this.
On the other hand, when using
the externa monitor, it is very good
to be able to have the scope operate
on the external screen while you do
other functions on the scope screen
such as saving screen grabs or any
other software function. In fact, if I
had connected a full keyboard and
loaded Word onto the LeCroy, I coud
have written this review on the ma-
chine while I tested its capabilities
as a scope.
Unfortunately, time constraints pre-
vented us from fully evaluatingthe
LeCroy 104Mxi but it quickly becomes
obvious that it is a fuly featured
4-channel lGHz loGs ls machine with
very comprehensive waveform meas-
urements. The full specifications of the
WaveRunner scopes are available at
http ://www. lecroy. com/tm/products/
scopes/specs. asp?mseries=3 2
A unique feature allows you to do
separate measurements on each trace,
something that is just not available on
competing scopes. Importantly, the
range of vertical input sensitivity is
from 2mV to 1OV/div in the usual 1-2-
The panel on the side of the machine
includes an ethernet port, LeCroy's
L-bus connector and I/O sockets for
various peripherals & sound,
5 sequence. You need the maximum
figure of 10V so that you can measure
That gives you 1OOV/div on screen. If
your scope is imited to 5V/div, you
need a 100:1 probe to enabe you do the
same thing; a small point perhaps but
most labs do not have more than one
100:1 probe and this can be a hasse
if you want to measure more than one
24OVAC waveform at a time,
The timebase can be switched from
200 picoseconds to 1Os/div in real time
and up to 1000s/div in roll mode. Very
comprehensive triggering is available,
including TV (PAL, NTSC, SECAM
and non-standard video modes up
to 1500 lines), ORed-qualified, Pat-
tern (logic combinations), Dropout,
glitches and pulse widths, runt, slew
rate and so on.
So how do summarise a scope like
this? It certainly has very wide range
a
of high-performance features but the
fact that it is operated under Windows
probably means that it is easier to drive
than if it relied on a multi-level menu
system operated by soft keys - we
Iiked it a lot.
For further information regarding
price and availabiity of the full range
of LeCroy digital oscilloscopes, con-
tact the,\ustralian distributors, Vicom
Australia Piy Ltd, 1064 Centre Road,
Oakleigh South, Vic 3167. Phone (os)
9563 7844; fa-x (03) 9579 7Z\S;website
www.vicom.com.au SC
siliconchip.com.au
VR2
r0k
Fig.2: the complete circuit. It's based on a logarithmic converter
involving op amps ICla-IC1,c and transistors Q1 & Q2.
variabe DC r,oltage source to gener-
ate the number (N) entered into the
logarithm converter, ie, the voltage
on the wiper of VR2 represents the
number, N, to be computed.
The output at pin 7 of IClb is
-log2N while op amp IClc multiplies
this result bl, -1 (ie, inverts the sig-
nal) to give the function +og2N at
its output.
Finally, op amp ICld is used to
multipll' the function on the output
of IClc by +6 to give the overall func-
tion +20log16N at its output.
As you can see, we pay good money
for each of the "Circuit Notebook"
items published in SrLrcoN Curp. But
there are four more reasons to send in
your circuit idea. Each month, the best
contribution published will entitle
the author to choose the prize:
an LCR40 LCR meter, a DCA55
Semiconductor Component Ana-
I
I lyser, an ESR60 Equivalent Series
Resistance Analyser or an SCR100
!
I Thyristor & Triac Analyser, with the
I compliments of Peak Electronic Design
I I
siliconchip.com.au
Calibration is as follows: adjust
VR2 until +1.00V is on its wiper and
then adjust VR1 until the output of
IClb reads 0.0V. Once calibration
is done, you simply dia in your
number via VR2 and et the circuit
compute the logarithm; no need for
a caculator!
Because the entire circuit is a DC
amplifier, temperature changes can
play havoc with it. The LF444 quad
op amp minimises this problem to
some extent. The accuracy of the
circuit can be within 2o/" for a tem-
Ltd - see www.peakelec.co.uk
So now you have even more reasons
to send that brilliant circuit in. Send it
[oG2N
OUT2
OUT3
-LOG2N
-t 5v
perature range of LB-22"C.
There is one more interesting
feature this circuit possesses. By
feeding in a sinusoidal r,t'aveform
superimposed on +2V DC in place of
VR2, the output of IClb (or for that
matter ICld) resembles a parabolic
wave. The point of inflexion in this
\ /ave can be moved by increasing
the amplitude of the sinewave, a
similar effect to integrating a saw-
tooth vi.aveform.
Malcolm Sharp,
Berala, NSW.
to SrLrcoN CHtp and you could be a
winner.
You can either email your idea to
@ siliconchip.com.au or post it to
silchip
PO Box 139, Collaroy, NSW 2097.
FEBRUARY 2OO9 87

TOGARNHM
CONVERTER
(-logzNl
lClo,lClb,Ql,Q2
Low-power
analog computer
These days, digital computers
are ubiquitous but there was a time
when analog computers were more
commonplace and they still have an
advantage for certain applications.
They also do not require any pro-
gramming (as in written code).
This circuit will compute the
logarithm of a number (N) using
the base 2 system. To convert it to
base "e" (2.71,8), use the function
Loud repeater for
traffic indicators
Many older drivers calnot hear
the clicking of the traffrc indicator
lamps and so may forget to cancel off
the indication after changing lanes.
These add-on circuits use a 12V
piezobrzzer to give a much louder
indication.
The simple circuit of Fig,1 uses
two diodes to sense the presence
of +1.2V across the left or right turn
indicator lamps, The commoned
signal is fed via potentiometer VR1
which acts a volume control for the
piezob:uzzer. The 4.7V zener diode
reduces the overall signal voltage,
otherwise it would be far too loud,
The drawback of this circuit is that
its indication becomes rather too
insistent after a period, especially
if there are passengers with keen
hearing. The solution is to add a 555
timer to the circuit - see Fig,2.
Here, the diodes are now used to
derive the power for the circuit, as
they feed a 3300pF 25V capacitor.
The 555 is configured as a standard
timer and trimpot VR1 is set to
sound the buzzer for every two to six
flashes of the turn indicator lamps.
+2.5V
DC VOLTAGE
REFERENCE
tc2
or,tfPuTl
OI..fTPUT2
OI,JTPIJT3
L.44271og"N, where N is the number
entered. It will also compute
similar function 2Olog1N.
As shown in the block diagram
(FiS.r), the circuit can be broken
dourn into four sections: a logarithm
converter & inverter, DC voltage
reference IC2, DC voltage generator
VR2 and DC amplifier IC1d.
The heart of the circuit (see Fig.2)
is the logarithmic converter involv-
ing op amps ICla-IClc and transis-
tors Q1 & Q2. It works on the prin-
ciple that the collector current in
DI
This has the advantage that when
the turn indicators are cancelled,
the sound from the piezo decays in
a chime effect.
OUTPUT
+
transistor doubles for every lBmV
the increase in voltage at its base (at
20.3'C). The 56kQ & 1kQ feedback
resistors from the output of ICLb
give the required voltage attenuation
of .018 needed for this effect. The
output of ICla provides bias to the
emitters of transistors Q1 & Q2,
IC2 generates a +2.5V DC refer-
ence voltage. Together with VR1,
this voltage and the 200kQ resistor
generates a reference current for the
logarithmic converter to act on.
a Potentiometer VR2 provides a time correlated channels for analysing
The 12V piezob.uzzer is available
from Jaycar- Cat. ,{8-3459.
Robert Baker,
Miranda, NSW. ($40)
Tektronix claim their new MSO2000
and DPO2 000 Series of Digital Phosphor
Oscilloscopes are the flrst entry-level
oscilloscopes with feature-rich tools to
simplify mixed-signal designs.
The DPO2000 series consists of
three models ranging from 100MHz to
200MHz, with two or four analog chan-
nels, with the familiar Tektronix front
pane ayout, serial triggering, protocol
decoding, USB plug and play PC con-
nectivity, a 7-inch widescreen TFT
display and a three year warranty.
The MSO2000 models also include
16 digital channes, providing up to 20
both digital and analog data.
,A.ll models have the deepest memory
depth ofany oscilloscope its class at a
[--
Touch sensing continues to
gain
p0pularity as an alternative to traditional
push-button user interfaces, improving
reliablity and lowering lotal system costs.
Touch sensing also enables a completely
sealed and modern-looking design.
lnductive touch sensing works thr0ugh
a front panel such as plastic, stainless steel
or aluminum and also through gloves and
on surfaces that conlain liquids.
With the new mTouch lnductive Touch-
Sensinq Technoloqv, Microchip enables
www. s i I i co n c h i p. co m. au
a New Tektronix End of the road for
G
G
MSO2000 and the Hard Disk Drive?
DPO2000 Two press releases from industrY
leader Sandisk received as we were going
Digital Phosphor to press arguably presage the end of the
Oscilloscopes mechanical hard disk drive.
The first was for drop-in flash disk
fuIl 1M point per channel with 1GS/s hard drive replacements for notebooks,
sampling rate, which ensures at lease laptops, etc. lnitial members in the
flve times oversampling of the signa, SanDisk G3 f amily are SSD C25-G3 (2.5")
Key points which set the DPO2000 and SSD C18-G3 (1.8"), each available
and MSO2000 apart as the new bench- with a SATA-ll interface. Available in
capacites of 60, 1 20 and 240G8, the unit
mark entry-level oscilloscopes are:
. l6logic channels (MSO2000 models MSRPs are $U51 49, $U5249 and $US499,
respective ly.
only)
Parallel (MSO only) and serial trig- The second was lhe announcement of
2TB (two terabyte, or two trillion byte!)
gering and decode
Memory Sticks, developed in c0niuncti0n
o Wave Inspector
a Long record length (1M points per with Sony.
channel)
o Bright widescreen 7-inch display
a FilterVu Variable low pass filter.
Level 2 802 Pacific Hwy Gordon 2072
Contact: Tel: 1800 793 652
Pt ttd
TekMalk Australia Website: http:/au.sandisk.com
Suite 302, 1 8-20 0rion Rd, Lane Cove 2066
Tel:1300 811 355 Fax (02) 9418 8485
Websile : www.tekmadqroup.com
A]ITRIM
TRA]ISFORMERS
designers to integrate inductive
manufactured in
touch-sensing functionality with Australia by
their existing application code n Harbuch Electtonics pty ur
a single standard 8-, 1 6- or 32-
bit PIC microcontroller (MCU) harbuch @ optusnet.com.au
or 16-bit dsPlC Digital Signal
Controller (DSC), thus reducing
- Conventional Transformers
Toroidal
Power - Audio - Valve -'Specials'
total system costs. Medical - lsolated - StepuP/down
Major applications for in- Encased Power Supplies
ductive touch-sensing user
interfaces include those in the
appliance market because of the
possibility of a stainless steel
front panel; the industrial market because of
the technology's robustness and the auto-
motive market because of the technology's
aesthetics and ability to reduce accidental
touch triggers.
Comprehensive data available:
Contact:
Microchip Technology Australia
P0 Box 260, Epping, NSW 2121. Hatbuch Electtonics',, uo
Tel:(02) 988 6733 Fax:(02) 9868 6755 9/40 Leighton Pl, HORNSBY 2077
Website: Ph (02) 9476 5854 Fax (02) 9476 3231
FEBRUA&Y 2OO9 L9
gg-ry. rk drtrksmrlh Talk to the Techxperts
Interesting circuit ideas which we have checked but not built and tested. Contributions from
readers are welcome and will be paid for at standard rates.

BELKIN.
Home Theatre Surge and Screen Clean Kit Clean and protect
the LCD, plasma or CRT screen in your home entertainment system
with this fantastic value kit. lncludes Belkin 4-outlet surge board for
protection of power and antenna connectons, Pure-AV spray-on
display cleaner, micro-fibre cloth, and quality cable restrants For
added peace of mind, the surge board is covered by a Belkin Lifetime
Warranty and a $75,000 Connected Equipment Warranty, M7824
Lab Power Supply 0-30V 2.5 Amp Digital Display
Laboratory grade linear style power supply with 0-30V adjustable
output and an adjustable constant current settng from 0A to 2.54 at
all selectable output voltages. Features separate voltage and current
metering, overload protection and high/low current front panel
terminals. Solidly built chassis, measures 150mm (W) x 235mm
(D, inc knobs) x 145mm (H, inc feet). 01770

Dl: IN4148.IN9l4EfC

300W Power lnverter Provides mains

power for smaller electrical equipment
Heavy Duty Heatsink ldeal for high- Small Breadboard Kit Non-solder (notebooks, mobile phones, digital cameras,
power amplifier projects, this wellfinished style prototyping kit with 800 holes and 10 hi-fi's etc.) from your vehicle's 12V socket
aluminium heatsink is thermally rated at
0.55C/W. Size: 200 x 75 x 48mm. Limited
distribution buses. Complete with base plate
and non-slip rubber feet, binding posts and a
(cigarette lighter). Efficient modified-sinewave
design, with inbuilt cooling fan and rugged
- The first press of 51 does not
stock - no rainchecks. H34o large selection of jumper wires. H4o2o aluminium casing. M53oo (crRcurT 2) trigger SCR2 because pin 3 of IC2 is
already high (by virtue of the auto
Tricks with 555 timer IC1 and a 4OL7 counter
(ICz). The 555 timer sends puses
reset) and therefore no trigger pulse
can be delivered (to SCRz).
sAUt[0T,
a 4Ol7 chaser to the 4017 counter which turns on Pressing switch 51 r,r'ill then re-
P7914 normally This circuit uses two SCRs in each of its 1o LEDs in turn. The auto start the cycle. If )ou want to alter
P79'l normally conjunction rvith a 4017 decade reset components connected to pin the speed of operation, just increase
counter/divider so that its 1O-LED 15 of IC2 ensure that its output 0 or reduce the 1tF at pin 2 of IC1.
output cycles only once after each (pin 3) goes high first. To provide repetition of the 10-
press ofabutton. This couldbe use- After a puse has sent output 9 LED display just connect Circuit 2
TV Ribbon Cable ful for door chimes, an eye-catching (pin 11) high, then next pulse sends to the gate of SCR1. This is another
Traditional balanced (300ohm) flat LED signal, a countdown timer or a pin 3 of IC2 high and this sends a 555 astable timer (IC3J ',r'hich trig-
ribbon TV cable with solid time-out signal for a quiz game. trigger pulse to the gate of SCR2 r'ia gers SCR1 at intervals determined b1'
DPDT Mini Slide Switch Bussman Genuine dielectric separaton
Overall size: 23x8xl9mm Recommended especially in Initially, both SCRs ae off and the a 1OnF capacitor. SCR2 turns on and the timing components connected to
Single Pole Momentary Fingerproof Panel Mount
Push "On" Push Button
Mounting: 2xM2 screw holes
M205 and 3AG Fuseholder
country areas where signal circuit does not operate. On pressing commutates SCR1 off, by removing pins7,6&2ofIC3.
Lever shank: Brushed aluminium strength is weak. Suits analogue
switch 51, SCR1 is turned on to ap- r,oltage from its anode which stops ,{.. f. Lowe,
swtch - Black Rating: 35V Clearance: 12mm Cutout: 9x4.5mm with lnternal Safety Switch VHF / FM reception. Clear ribbon
DC 10m4, Mounting: PCB, Pin Rating: 50V DC 500m4 Rating 240V ac '104. lnsulation is for indoor use only. UV stabilised ply power to the circuit comprising the entire circuit. Bardon, Qld. ($40)
Size:0.88 Square, Pin Spacing: lnitial contact resistance:<30Mohms Resistance: 1OMohm @ 500V dc Black model (not shown) is for
On 5mm Square, Cut Out: 8mm lnsulation resistance: 50!m9!qs Mounting hole: 13 5mm (diam.). both indoor and outdoor use.
Square. P7572 @ 500V DC. p713 I .tt \ p79i4M2o5/pi9163Ac W2070 Black/W2071 Clear
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 B5

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r-1: ! {-'-sill,I 44 qE I -lla
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ola ao
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aaa aoa aa o oaa
q
aia aa

aao oiaa aa,t aaa

Fig.13: In the Static Display Mode,

overflow is indicated by 4 '+' signs,
il while 4 '-' signs indicate that the
--H
i?
reading is not ready to be displayed.
E In the scrolling modes, the value will
ii appear as 'N/A'when the reading is
not ready to be displayed.

\
running the command: cardisplay -v ElT.lll I Powerware
!3 15 and choosing the "Change Welcome USB Uninterruptible Power Supply 700VA Protectyour DIEK_MF
ffi
Message" option. small office or home office from power outages, surges, spikes and
sags with this 700V4 uninterruptible power supply unit (UPS) The 2OMHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope This affordable 20MHz
in-bullt alarms notify you of any power problems and with up to 53 bandwidth dual trace oscilloscope suits a wide range of
117 nl
Saving & Restoting mnutes of protection you have plenty of time to save your files and applicati Ps), digit
ltt i
'tl Settings To A File shut down your PC properly. Provides mains outlets, phone line 2}Mllzf , selectable
transient protector, USB connectivity and 2 year warranty. LanSafe trigger s Panel variable
Fig.10: this shows the result of importing the log file into the spreadsheet To write settings to a file for later Power Management software for various operating systems can be trace rot Ss/Dlv'
restoring, run tlre command cardis- downloaded from the www.powerware.com website. M778 Complete wth two CRO probes. 01822
application Microsoft Excel. We've also created a graph of the battery voltage
level. this shows that the battery voltage was switched on around 4s after the play -w:<filename>. You can restore
start of logging and switched off again at about the 15s mark, settings by running the command
cardisplay -r: <fi lename>.
can choose to toggle whether each of values will be shown as four "+" signs,
the four values of the variable will be When a displayed value comes from Restoring Default Values
logged. If at least one value is made a variable that has not been updated To restore all default values, as we
loggable, you can further choose to log since being last displayed, the value as clearing all strings, you run the
the accumulator for the rrariable and will appear as "N/-A" in the two scroll- command cardisplay -r.
to log the limit conditions. ing modes and as four "-" signs in the That completes our presentation of
,\ screen shot showing a log file Static Display mode (see Fig,11). this project in the magazine. To ob-
that has been imported into Microsoft tain more detailed information about tt.t'
I\
Excel is shown in Fig.10. Here, the bat- Changing The Welcome Message the operation of the software and the
tery level has been logged and a graph When the Car Scrolling Display calibration procedure, as well as how
has also been created. first powers on, a welcome message is to change the variables' settings, you Bench Style Function Generator Ths
shown. The default welcome message can access a PDF file entitled "Car Wide Ranoe lR Thermometer mult-purpse 3MHz sweep functon generator is ideal for
flut 0f Range Values Scrolling Display User Guide" on our with Laser-Marker Measure a. education, production, and R&D users. Features outPut
includes the firmware version. You object's temperature remotely with waveforms, a pulse generator and a sweep generator.
In Static Display Mode, out of range can change the wecome message by website. sc Automotive Multimeter this sensitive lR thermometer. A quality Supplied wth adjustable tilt handle, mains lead, and a
Multimeter and automotve tester lR sensor and lens (distance to spot detailed instruction manual.
in one. Measure RPM, DWELL ratio of 8:1) minimises the surface area SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency: 0.5H2-3MHz (2.5MHz Ramp &
angle, current, temperature and required for accurate readings over Pulse) in six steps. Output waveform: Sine, Square, Triangle,
more. lncludes inductive pick-up, the -50"C to 538"C range. ln-built laser Positive Pulse and Negative Pulse.
temperature probe, rubber holster and marker, backlit LCD screen, Auto Power Min output: No Load 0.1V p-p; 50 Ohms load 0.05V p-p.

offiflmg foP reaf DGPormamGm test leads 01585 Off and Data Hold functions. o'1370 Other outputs: Synchronous, sweep synchronous 0182

Learn how engine management systems work

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 bient level drops. It wil also result in
lower current drain.
The scrolling speed (applicabe to
the two scrolling display modes) can
be varied. The lower the scrolling
delay (measured in milliseconds), the
faster the scroling wil be.
To set the minimum and maximum
brightness as well as the scrolling
speed, run the command cardisplay
-d and choose the "Change Display
Settings" option.
Changing the Displayed
Readings & Their Order
The display menu also allows you
to select up to 10 readings to display
and choose the order in which they
appear. Note that the first reading
cannot be hidden, so there wiil always
be at least one reading to display. The
accumulator of each variable can also
be displayed.
When the accumulator is displayed
in any of the two scrolling modes, the
name string will be that of the value
which it is summing with a '(+)' suf-
fixed to indicate that the accumula-
tor rathel than the value is being
displayed.
To change which readings are dis-
played and in what order, or to hide
or add a reading, run the command
cardisplay -d and choose the appro-
priate options as shown in the screen
grab in Fig,6, For example, choose
"Change Order of Display Object" and
select an object from the list of cur-
rently dispiayed readings, Then use
the arrow keys to move the reading
up or down in order.
Battery Plotection, Automatic
Wake-Up 0n Battery Sense
With the correct powet supply con-
nection, you can enable automatic
wake-up on battery sense and battery
protection. Recall that the Car Scroil-
ing Display will go into standby mode
(drawing only very small currents)
Want to convert an old chest-type freezer into an energy- when it detects that the battery volt-
age has dropped below the minimum
efficient fridge? Or convert a spare standard fridge into an (it will, however, not go into standby
excellent wine cooler? These are iust two of the iobs this low- mode if USB power is available).
The delay from detecting the low
cost and easy-to-build electronic thermostat has been designed battery condition to the Car Scrolling
Displar shutting down (with a mes-
to do. It can also be used to controllzV fridges or freezers, sage as shown in Fig.7) can be set by
as well as heaters in hatcheries and fish tanks. It controls the running the command cardisplay -s,
fridge/freezer or heater directly via their power cables, so a aaa
a0a
a a a aoa a a aaa
there's no need to modi$r their internal wiring. a
aa
a
a a
a I
o I
a a
a a
a a
a a0 a
aa ao a
rtaaa o a aa aa aa
a aaaa aal a a a a aa aa aa
Stucott Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au
The setting to change is the "Battery a
aaa a aaaa
Protection Delay". This delay is useful, aaaa
aaa
a a
a a aa
for example, if you are running a cool- a aaaa aa a
ing pump from a relay on the digital aaa aaa
outputs and you want it to operate for aaa
aa
a a a
a a
a aaaa aaaa
a
a
while after the ignition key has been
a aaa
aaa
aaa aaa
switched off.
When you enable automatic wake-
up on battery sense, the Car Scroling
Display wil turn on when it detects
that the battery level is above the mini-
mum. You can enable or disable this
by running the command cardisplay
-s. The setting to change is "Automatic
Wake Up on Battery Sense".
Note that when you see the message
in Fig.7 and the Car Scrolling Display
goes into standby mode, you can man-
ually force the display to ''ake up by
pressing the pushbutton on the front Fig,B: these are some system messages,
panel, Keep it pressed for 10 seconds which begin with a ">" character,
or so and the display will turn on. "\.4/ait" appears when the display is
busy; "Logging" when entering data
System Messages logging mode; "USB On!" when a USB
From time to time, you will see a cable is connected; "USB Offi" when
number of messages scroll by on the a USB cable is disconnected; and
display which are generated by the "Reset" when a reset has occurred.
firmware in response to a number of "Of indicates that you have scrolled
past the last reading and that the
events. These are shown in Fig.B.
display is about to turn off (but not go
into standby mode yet).
Real Time Data logging
For data logging, run the command:
cardisplay -u:<N> or cardisplay "-l:2000:my Output Log", encosing
-l:<N>:<filename>, where <N> is the the argument in double quotes.
number of samples and <filename> is The produced file wil be a .csv
the name of the file to save the data to. (comma separated values) file which
Fig.9 shows an example screen grab. can be opened with any spreadsheet.
Note that when specifying a com- Only values which have been made
mand line option with spaces. you use loggable will be logged at the set log-
double quotes to enclose the argument. ging frequency.
For example, to collect 2000 samples To change the loggabe values of a
and store the result to a file called variable, run the command: cardisplay
"My Output Log" you would type -v and choose the "Set the Logging
at the command prompt cardisplay Parameters For the Variable". You
rrs.sthr scr.r, s."b ** t"L"" ;dr'rpl -ltooto collect 100
samples in real time. The battery "ft"r;"tng
level and the ambient "v
light level are being
logged at the logging foequency of 5.6H2. When using the -u option rather than
the -1 option, the filename is generated automatically from the PC's date and
time, In this case, the log was saved to dataWed.Decl7l647472q0q.csv.
FEBRUARY 2OO9 83
 in Static Display mode when a limit
condition occr.rrs. The smaller the
number, the shorter the time that the
reading will be seen.
(c) Readings Rounding OffMode: you
can enable or disable rounding off of
readings. If enabled, rounding will
be applied to all readings, depending
on how man1, digits after the decimal
point are set for that variable.
For example, if a variabLe is set
to show two digits after the decimal
point and the reading is 123.5565, the
display willshow 123.56 (with round-
ing enabled) rather than 123.55 (with
rounding disabled).
(d) Zero Accumulators at Power On:
you can enabe or disable setting all
..-.-_l L accumuLators to 0.0 when the display
Fig.s: this shows the result of running the command. cardisplay -s to change is powered on. Disabling is useful if
system settings. The value of the setting is shown and you are prompted to enter you want persistent running totals, ie,
a new value. In each case, pressing ENTER retains the old value. For the Enable/ totals that retain their value when you
Disable settings, you press either e (for Enable) or d (for Disable). When the switch off the ignition,
settings have been entered, the new settings are displayed, (e) Automatic Wake-Up On Battery
Sense: enable this to have the display
turn on automaticaly when power is
detected at the battery sense input,
(fJReadings' Update Frequency (Log-
ged): you can set the readings' update
frequency for data logging from 0.2H2
to BHz. Note that the readings'update
frequency for normal display mode is
always half of this value.
Display Settings Menu
Once you've set up a variable, you
can select which readings to clisplay
using the display settings menu. You
can also select the order in which the
readings -are displayed, the minimum
menu, Here you can add readings you want to show or hide readings you no
and maximum displaybrightness and
longer want to display, You can also change the order ofthe displayed readings,
the scrolling speed of the display and the minimum and maximum brightness the scrolling speed.
levels.
Ambient Light Level Response
the current value of each system setting able settings and you simply type 'e' or The ambient light level is used to
and prompted to enter a new value. In 'd'to enable or disable respectively. automatically dim the display when
all cases, pressing ENTER retains the The system settings are: the light level drops. This can be
clurent value. Again, in most cases, (a) Minor delay: this is a number in overriclden by setting the minimum
the default system settings probably multiples of 16ms that sets the delay and maximum brightness levels. The
will not need to be changed. for flashing and reverse flashing in higher the number, the brighter is the
typical screen grab is shown in Static Display mode. The smaller the display. If you set the minimum to
Fig.5. Note that some are Enable/Dis- number, the shorter the time that the be equal to the maximum, then the
readings will be off (if flashing to indi- brightness will be fixed.
cate minimum condition) or reversed If, for example, you set the mini-
Fig.7: this is the message that will (if flashing inreverse to indicate a mum to 100 and the maximum to 250,
scroll when the battery level drops maximum condition). the brightness will vary between these
below the set minimum. The Car (b) Major delay: this is a number in extremes, depending on the ambient
Scrolling Display will protect the
battery by shutting down to standby multipes of 16ms that sets the time iight level. It is usualy desirable to
that the actual reading is displayed have a dimmer display when the am-
mode.
aa
a aaal
a a a a
a
aa
aaa
a a a al
aaa aaa
a a
aa
aaa a a
a aa a
a a aa a aoaa aaaa aaa
aaaa a a a a a
a aa
a a
a a
aaa
aaa
a
a
aaa
aaa a a aaoa aaaa
aaaaaaaaaa
a aaa
a a a aa aa a a aa aa a a aaaa a a a a a a a a a o a a a
a a a aaaaa a a aa a a aa a a a a
aa
aa a a a ao a a a a
a a a a a a
a
aa
a a
a a
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82 sntcoN cntp siliconchip.com.au
trimpot adjustment and DC power supply.
T ACK IN THE TUNE 2005 issue
ll of SnIcoN CHIp, we described an
electronic thermostat intended mainly
for converting an old fridge into a
wine cooler or a chest-type freezer
into an energy-efficient fridge. Dubbed
the "Coolmaster", it turned out to be
a very popular project, especialy
with people wanting to reduce their
power bill and reduce their "carbon
footprint".
Converting a chest lreezer into a
"chest fridge" results in much lower
energy consumption than a normal
"vertical" fridge of the same internaL
a
capacitv, because cold air doesn't fal
al
out every time you open the door and
oa
siliconchip.com.au
The other end ofthe case carries
access holes for the sensor jack plug,
chest freezers tend to be better insu-
lated anyway.
The project became even more
popular when the people in Jaycar's kit
department came out with a slightly
modified version which could be used
to control heating elements as well as
fiidges and fieezers. This modified ver-
sion was called the "Tempmaster", to
describe its expanded capabilities.
Unfortunately, some constructors
did experience problems with the
project. In most cases, this seems to
have been due to spurious triggering
of the control Triac due to inductive
spikes fed back from the motor in the
compressor of the fridge/fieezer, caus-
ing noisy and/or hesitant switch-on or
switch-off. This problem was solved
in most cases by fitting a mains filter
circuit between the Tempmaster and
the motor but it did point to one short-
coming in the project's use of a Triac
for power control of motors.
Of course, a Triac can only be used
for controlling AC in any case, and
this meant that the first Tempmaster
could not be used to control fridges,
fieezers or heaters which run from 12V
DC - shortcoming number two.
We also received criticism fiom en-
ergy conservationist Dr Tom Chalko,
who complained that the Coolmaster/
Tempmaster was mediocre in terms of
energy efficiency. This was because of
its own quiescent energy consumption
and it would pose problems for those
using eectronic inverters to produce
24OVAC from a solar or wind generat-
ing system, by preventing the inverters
from ever being able to switch into
"sleep" mode.
Dr Chalko claimed that our TemP-
master had a continuous quiescent en-
ergy consumption of 60 watt-hours per
day, equating to a power consumption
of z.sW. I'm not sure how he arrived
at this figure, because my calculations
gave afigure of only 0.25W or 6Wh/day
with a 90% efficient plugpack supply,
or perhaps 1 OWh/day with a plugpack
which was only 50% efficient.
Added to the other shortcomings of
the original Coomaster/Tempmaster,
though, Dr Chalko's criticism did
prompt us to produce a new and im-
proved Mk.2 version of the project. So
that's the story behind the new version
described here.
There are two main differences be-
tween this new Tempmaster and the
original. First, it now uses a 24OYAC'
rated relay to switch the load power
instead of a Triac. This has three main
advantages: no problems with noise
triggering, the ability to switch DC just
as easily as AC and lower quiescent
energy consumption because there is
now no snubber circuit or bias filter
circuitry associated the Triac.
The second main difference is that
we have used a more efficient voltage
regulator circuit, anL}l{723, to power
the thermostat's control circuitry. This
has lowered the quiescent power con-
sumption to below 4BmW (0.048W)
- equating to just 1.15Wh/daY.
How it works
There's very little in the thermostat
FEBRUARY 2OO9 23
 temperature being measured by sen-
sor TS1, the lower will be its output
voltage, So when the sensor voltage The available command line options will be
cardisplay or cardisplay -h cardisplay
line options (help). shown.
r ,{393
is below the reference voltage, the
COMPARAOR
output of the comparator will be high View real time information from
cardsplay -x:N or varable number N, where N is Shows information on variable 0 including
COMPARATOR
and this means that nothing will be cardisplay -q:0
OI.JT cardsplay -q:N in the range 0-5. The -x option all real time readings.
switched on by it. is useful for troubleshooting
When the voJ.tage from the sensor
You can change all variable settings, like
rises, corresponding to an increase in minimum and maximum values, enable or
measured temperature, at some point cardisplay -u
('v' is for variable) Go to the variable setup menu. cardisplay -v disable averaging mode, change the name
TEMP it will go above the reference voltage at and unit strngs for the variable, among
SENSOR pin 3. This will cause the output of the others.
TSt
L.t3352
comparator to go low and it will then You can change which readings are
switch on transistor Q1 and the relay cardisplay -d ('d' is for display) Go to the display menu. cardisplay -d displayed and in what ordet among other
things. The menu options are listed in Fig,6.
which we will come to later on.
Fig.1 also shows the sensor connec- Display lnformation about the
cardsplay -i Displays the current values 0f the settings,
COMPARATOR CONFIGURATION - COOUNG CONTROL tion details and the means of deriving ('i' is for information) Car Scrolling Display, including cardisplay -i including system settings.
system settings
Fig.L: the circuit is based on remote temperature sensor TSL. It's the reference voltage from the +5V
output is fed to the inverting input of comparator ICla where it is Displays extended information including
supply. s can be seen, sensor TS1 is cardisplay -e Display extended informaton
compared with a preset reference voltage (Vnr) derived from a cardisplay -e internal settings useful for troubleshooting,
connected to the +5V rail via a 5,6kf) ('e' is for extended) about the Car Scrolling Display.
regulated +5V rail. if needed.
resistor, which is used to provide the cardisplay -c
sensor with a small bias current. Go to the calibration menu. cardisplay -c Follow the on screen prompts.
('c' is for calibration)
2.92 The reference 'rroltage at pin 3 is
Allows you to configure the two digital
derived from the +5V rail via a voltage cardsplay -o Go to the output configuration
2.91 cardisplay -o outputs for connecting relays or buzzers.
divider formed by the 2.7kO resistor ('o' is for outputs) menu.
2.90 The menu 0pti0ns are listed in Fig.4.
2.89 and the 3,3kQ resistor in series with Staft real-time data logging Capture 100 samples in real time at the set
lJ 2.88 VR1, a 500Q multi-turn trimpot. cardisplay -u:N up to N samples or until cardisplay -u:100 logging frequency and dump the data to a
o 2.87 ,A.s a result, when VR1 is adjusted interrupted by the user. .csv file - see F9.9.
!f 2.86 over its range this varies the reference Start realime data logging up Capture 2000 samples in real time at the set
o 2.85 voltage between 2.75Y arrd 2.92V. cardisplay -l:N:<filename> to N samples and store as file
Cardisplay "-l:2000:my
Data Log"
logging frequency and dump the data t0 a
, 2.84 These happen to be the LM335Z sensor <filename> in csv format. f ile.
o
an
2.83 voltages at 2'C and 19"C respectively. cardisplay -s ('s' is for system)
Go to the system settings
cardisplay -s
Ghange any system settings. The menu
z
LL
2.92 VR1 therefore becomes the thermo- menu. options are shown in Fig.5.
v, 2.81 stat's "set temperature" control. cardisplay -w:<f ilename>
Write all settings to a file for
cardisplay "-w:mySeltings" Saves all settings to the file mySettings.
N 2.80 OK, the foregoing description of later recall.
o
( 2.79
(
ICla applies to when the Tempmas- cardisplay -r:<f ilename>
Read all settings from a
cardisplay "-r:mysettings"
Restores all settings from the file
previously created f ile. mySettings.
2.78 ter is in cooling mode. Now have a
2.77 look at the complete circuit of Fig.3. cardisplay -r Reset the Car Scrolling Display
cardisplay -r Resets the car scrolling display and restores
= 2.76 This shows ICla connected so that it and restore all default values. all default values.
2.7 can provide either heating or cooling Table.2: this table shows the command line options for the PC program "cardisplay.exe" running on your Windows OS.
2345789 l0ll12131415ll71819 You can use a laptop to connect to the Car Scrolling Display if it is already installed in your car. You will need a USB
275K 280K 285K 290K control. Sensor TS1 plugs into socket
CON2 which in turn connects to test cable and the PC host program will allow you to log your car's signals in real time.
TEMPERATURE - DEGREES CELSTUS (KELV|N)
point TP2 and one end of links LK1
Fig.2: the graph plots the output voltage of the LM335Z as a function
and LK2. The reference voltage is fed shown in Fig,3. Note that the current Note that each variable has its own 95 % of the maximum vaue, ie, beLow
of temperature. It rise3 linearly by 10mV for every 1"C increase.
to test point TP1 as well as the two settings of the two digital outputs will hysteresis value (shown as a percent- 13.1V.
other pins of LK1 and LK2. be shown. age) r,r'hich is settable by running the
The two inputs of ICla are connect- Choose the "Set Up a Relay" op- command cardisplay -v and choosing Setting Up A Buzzer
circuit and its operation is straightfor- ,\t a temperature of 2"C (275K), Ihe ed to the centre pins of LK1 and LK2. tion. Then choose ihe digital output the "Change the Minimum and Maxi- ,A.gain, run the command cardis-
ward. Fig.1 shows the basic details. voltage drop of the LM335Z is very This allows us to set the Tempmaster connected to the relay you wish to mum values & Hysteresis" option. play -o. This time, select the "Set Up
The heart of the circuit is the remote close to 2.75V. Simiarly, at 19"C for either cooling or heating control, control. You then select one ofthe four A typical vaue will be 10%. This aBtzzer" option, then choose one of
temperature sensor TS1, which is an (292K) , it rises to 2,92Y,It's this change simplyby moving the jumpers on LK1 operating modes: affects how a relav connected to one the two digital outputs and the vari-
LM335Z device specifi cally designed in voltage that we use to control the and LK2 from one end to the other. (a) Relay switches on at a maximum of the two digital outputs is switched able the btzzer applies to, Remember
for temperature sensing. The LM335Z temperature of our fridge/freezer or For example, when LK1 connects condition. on or off. that the btzzer will emit two short
acts like a special kind ofzener diode, heater, by cogrparing the sensor's volt- ICla's pin 3 to the reference volt- (b) Relay switches off at a maximum Suppose for example, that the beeps when the reading is below the
in which its voltage drop is not fixed age with a preset reference voltage. age (TP1) and LK2 connects pin 2 condition. minimum and maximum values for minimum and one longbeep whenthe
but varies linearly and quite accurately The actual comparison is made by to TP2 and temperature sensor TS1, (cJ Relay switches on at a minimum the battery votage are set at 1 1.0V and reading is above the maximum. Recall
with its temperature. In fact, its volt- IC1a, one section of an LM393 dual this configures the Tempmaster for condition. 13.8V respectively, with the hysteresis also that beeping is only enabled in the
age drop is directy proportional to comparator (the other section is not cooling control (ie, control of a fridge (d) Relay switches off at a minimum at 5%. Static Display mode.
absolute temperature, having a value used). Sensor TS1 connects to the or freezer), Conversely when LK1 condition. If the relay is set to switch on at a
of 0V at 0 Kelvin (-273"C) and rising inverting input (pin 2) of ICla which connects pin 3 to TP2 and TS1, and You then choose the variable to maximum condition, tf.." ifr" r""y Changing SyStem Settings
linearly by 1OmV for every Kelvin (or compares it with a reference voltage at LK2 connects pin 2 to TP1 and the monitor and the relay output will be will switch on whenever the battery There are a few system settings
"C) rise in temperature. its non-inverting input (pin 3J. reference voltage, this configures the setup. A complete procedure is shown voltage is above 13,8V and switch off which can be set by running the com-
This is shown in the graph of Fig.2. Now remember that the lower the Tempmaster for heating control. The in the screen grab of Fig,4, whenever the battery voltage is below mand cardisplay -s. You will be given
24 StucoN Crutp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 81
 a
aaaaa
aaa a aaaaa aa
aa
aaa
aaa a aaa variable number (0-5) and N is the
a a aaaa aaa aaa aaaa a oal aaa aa a a a aaa aaa
a
a aaa
a
a
a
a a a a
a aaaa aaaa a
a a a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
aa
aa
aaa
aa
aa a
a
a aa
aaaa a a
a a
a value number (0-3). For example, the
a a a aaaa a a a a a a o aa aa a aa a WARNING: COMPONENTS A WRING lN SHADD AREA
a aaa a aaa aaa aaaa a aaa aa aa aaa a a a default name of reading 2 of variable 3 ARE AT 240V POENIII WHEN IHE
a aaa aa a aaa aa
.aaa is Var3 (2). The default unit strings are ^tAlNS CONACT AAY BE IETHI
CIRCUI IS OPER,AIING.
aaaa oaa
a a
a aaaa
a a
a a a
aaa
a
a
a
.
a a
laa
a a
ala :aa aaa a a
a oa a
aaa
similarly of the form UnitD(NJ.
a
a a
a
a a
a aa
aaaa
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a a
aa
a
a
a
a
' a
a aa aa
a a aaaaa
a
a
For example, if you are measuring
i Y sLow Btow Sl
a a a a aaa aa a aaa laa aaaaa aaa a a o

Fig.Z: typical limit condition messages in the two scrolling modes. When a engine RPM, you could choose the I2V DC IN 10c
reading is below the minimum or above the maximum, you will periodically be name "Engine Revs" and the unit
warned about this, You set the minimum and maximum values by running the "RPM". To do this, run the command: zDl
47Opt
command cardisplay -v and choosing the "Change the Minimum & Maximum cardisplay -v and choose the "Change 25Y lv
Values & Hysteresis" option, the Name and Unit of the Variable".
Once you've chosen the variable name
and its units, select the "Exit and Save"
option and they will be saved to non-
vol.atile memory.
Remember that you will also need to
add the reading to the display queue
as explained in the section titled
"Changing The Displayed Readings & 3'3k
Their Order" (see below), for it to be l'"-T'' 7 "k] J ;v
''
u * t lo.tf
displayed.
Setting Minimum &
Maximum Values
Next, you can also setthe minimum
and maximum values for the reading,
by running the command cardisplay
Fig.3: this screen grab was obtained by running the command. cardisplay -o. It
-v and choosing the "Change the
shows the output configuration menu and this is used to set up the two digital Minimum and Maximum Values & fP2

outputs to drive buzzers or relays, depending on limit conditions. In this

example, the second output is disabled, while the first output controls a relay
Hysteresis" option,
Visible cues depend on the mini- f f^

that will switch off when the battery voltage drops below 11.0V. mum and maximum values you enter.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Recall from the first part of the article,
that in the Static Display rnode, the
) set u,o a Buzzer Orput readings will flash when lelow the lJv1335Z 8C327
Set UF a Relay output
minimum and flash reversed when
Disbl al l otputs
E)<it & save
ss (a)-(d) tc Select Lrne oF the lo,e (eny other Key tD can<el)> b above the maximum. "4t
cose Nhich output To Enble A Rely cn:
) tutput(o) A.oss Pin 1 (-) and Pin 2 (+) ot c{ In the other two scrolling display
ffi TTiIPiIASTER [IKz -"*t ,Z'4
) output(1) Across Pin 4 (-) a-d Fin I (-) of cm willbe periodic warning
:ss ()-(b) to Select cne of the Abo'/e. (Any other

hl Re]i sv/iiches oFF oi a ilrmrr conditic,n

ci nelV svitcres oN on $iirm conoton
Key to cancel)> b modes, there
messages as shown in Fig.2. If you are
also planning to use one of the two dig-
^
Fig.3: the complete circuit of the Tempmaster Mk.2. Links LK1 & LKZ allow comparator ICLa to be connected so that
it an provideithe" heating or cooling control, ICla drives transistor Q1 which in turn controls relay RLY1 to switch
power through to the GPO.
d) aelrv svi -cre" oFF on i lininilm coidi I'on
.ss (i-(d) tr Seleci cne of the Above. (ny at/r Ke/ t'. anc-')> i
ital outputs to monitor a reading and
have a relay switch on or off or a buzzer
) t/rble #0 ilonitorihq'/otaqe/Resistance chnnel aNo (Pin 5 of c{l)
b)'/ar'aole #1 ilonitorinq./oltge/Resistnce chanel (Pin 4 of coll) sound on the extremes, these are also
-) !.Lle
d)'/riable
J7
tl
Morilr'ing /ol il'cFsisln.F
tiotorin'otae/qesistancc
a\7 (Pr
ah.nel ^N1
cla-nel A\l (Pin 2
f cl)
of cill) the vaues that determine the on/off "C" and "H" at each end of LK1 and on LED1 or relay RLY1, So no output comparator and the comparator will
uonitorin Frrquncy,/oury clal: c'an'e' rQJ (P:n
e) vrib'le
f)'r'arible
J
#5 iloiitoring Frequency,/Dury C\,.1e Cnrr FQ1 (Pn
2 ol'co\2)
I of CON2) switching of the relay or bu.zzer. LK2 indicate this. power will be delivered to the GPO. switch back off again, turning off Q1,
) Eatter:r'
) Amoi enr- Li g-t For exampe, for a 12V car battery, On the other hand, if the tempera- the LED and the relay once again. It
ess (a)-(h) cne of Ehe above. (v cter Key to cancel)> l
tput coni
t! 5elect
tured. a typical minimnm value would be Cooling control ture inside the fridge/freezer rises to runs the compressor only long enough
e Follov/inq are the o!tplt
) otput(Oj current State:
Settins:
ff
- tlod: Re1y ilode (Inyerted) 11V and a typica maximum would Now consider that LK1 and LK2 are just above the reference voltage (set to bring the temperature just below
GF l..fier tsatterv- )ro.s c-.'\' 1-.0 \'
Filn.:t')n: Rl! sritchs
') output(I) crrrnt stete: Gl. \'ode: qe'v lode be 13.8V. For cabin temperature, you set for cooling mode, as shown by the temperature) leve, the voltage drop the set level.
funition: Pely sqtches d hen Battery Rises Abov'I1.6 V
might choose 16oC for the minimum two red links on the circuit diagram across TS1 (fed to pin 2 of IC1) rn'ill
and 32'C as a maximum. (Fig.3). This means that while ever the just rise above the reference voltage Heating control
Exii & St\/e If you would like to monitor a read- temperature of TS1 inside the fridge on pin 3. The comparator output will If links LK1 and LK2 are swapped to
ss t) (d) to select one of the Above. (My other Ke!' ta cncel)> d
ing and have a relay switch on or off or freezer remains lower than the set switch low to pull current through the their "H" ends, this reverses the wav
on a limit condition, or have ab::tzzer temperature leve, the voltage drop 4.7kQ resistor and hence turn on Qt, the comparator controls the power fed
beep, you should configure one ofthe across TS1 (applied to input pin 2 of This will operate LEDl and energise to the Tempmaster's GPO in response
:crolJinq oispl3y\car Scrolling Display
;\Documen:s nC settings\lauro,rbrk\Desktop\c Pc Software>
two digital outputs as follows. ICla) will be lower than the reference the relay coil. This wil provide power to changes in TS1's voltage. Since
voltage applied to pin 3 via LK1 and to the compressor in the fridge/freezer, TS1's voltage is now fed to pin 3 of
Setting Up A Relay the 1.2kO resistor. causing it to cool things down again. ICla and the reference voltage to pin
Fig,4: how to use the command cardisplay -o to set up a relay connected to Of course when the fridge/freezer the comparator's output wil. remain
Setting up a relay to switch on or As a result, the open-collector out- 2,
Output 1. In this example, we have followed the prompts to set up the relay to high and not draw anlz current whi.e
off on a limit condition is easy, Run put at pin 1 wil not draw any current temperature drops below the set level
switch on when the battery voltage exceeds the set maximum value of 13.8V. The
the command cardisplay -o to enter from the +12V rail and transistor Q1 again, the voltage from TS1 will drop ever TS1's voltage is higher than the
choices are made at each step by pressing the appropriate key (we've selected
options b, b, a, g & d here). Choose "Exit & Save" for the changes to take effect' the output configuration menu as wilL not be able to conduct to turn below the voltage on pin 3 of the reference voltage.

B0 StLtcoN Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 25


GRN^EIOW
lEARHl NOTE: A[ WIRING TO HE IEC CONNECTOR, IHE GPO AND THE OUTPUT
7' CONTACTS ON THE REI.AY f I)MUST BE RUN USING 2sOVAC CABI.E
=a
' Voltage/Resistance sensor, connect the
MAINS WIRING CONNECTORS:
l: .4mm INSUIAIED SPADE CONNECTORS
2: 4.9mm INSU|ATED SPADE CONNECTORS
Fig.4: install the parts on the PC board and complete the wiring as shown here. Note that all connections to the GPO,
the IEC cennector and the relay contacts (1) must be run using mains-rated cable. Be sure to secure [s s'iing using
cable ties, as shown in the photos.
As a result, Q1 and the relay will
remain off and no power will be fed
to the GPO or any heating element
connected to it.
However, if the temperature inside
the hothouse or fish tank falls jusi
below the set temperature, TS1's
voltage will drop below the reference
voltage, The comparator's output will
thus switch low, drawing current and
turning on Q1 and LED1 and energis-
ing relay RLY1.
As a result, power will be switched
through to the heating element to
warm things up again. Then when the
temperature rises above the set level
again, TS1's voltage will rise above the
reference voltage and the comparator's
output will switch high again, This
will turn off Qr, LEDI and the reay,
removing power from the heater.
Positive feedback
Regardless of whether the circuit is
working in cooing or heating modes,
we need to prevent the comparator
from oscillating back and forth (or
hunting) by appying a small amount
26 StttcoN Cntp
M4 x lOmm SCREWS
WITH FIAT & LOCK
ofpositive feedback. This is arranged
by the 10MQ resistor between pins 1
and 3 of ICla and the 1,2kQ resistor
connecting pin 3 to LK1. This lowers
the voltage at pin 3 sightly when the
compaator is switched "on" (pin 1
low and Q1 energising RLYI) and
raises it slightly when the compara-
tor is "off",
In cooling mode, this means that
in the input voltage fiom TS1 at pin
2 must drop down to a evel at pin 3
that is slightly lower than the refer-
enie voltage, before the comparator
will turn off again. Conversely, it must
rise to a evel slightly higher than the
reference voltage before the compara-
tor will turn on. In other words, we
give the comparator a small amount
of hysteresis.
Low power drain
AII the low-voltage part of the
circuit operates from a nominal 12V
DC supply, which is derived from an
external DC plugpack or battery via
CON1 and protection diode D1. The
47Op,F capacitor provides a reservoir
you want to use running totals that
persist over many on/off cycles.
Connecting Sensols
The Car ScrollingDisplay canmoni-
tor up to six different sensors. For a
output of the sensor to one of the four
input channes on CON3 (referred to
z
I as ,\N0-,.N3), For a sensor with a vary-
ing voltage (eg, oxygen sensor), you
S of your sensor to either CON2 or CON3, depending on whether it is a voltage/
should connect its ground reference
to pin 6 of CON3. For a sensor with
U
4 a varying resistance (eg, thermistors),
you should connect its other end to
tr3
u pin 1 of CON3 (+sV rail).
u For a Frequency/Duty Cycle sensor,
connect the output of te sensor to one
e
o of the two input channels on CON2
zU (referred to as FQO-FQ1), You should
also connect the ground reference to
u
= pin 1 of CON2. If you want to measure
fuel injector duty cycle, for example,
connect the fuel injector signal to
one of the input pins of CON2 - see
Table 1.
Connecting Relays & Buzzers
If you plan on using at least one of
the two digital output channels for
switching a relay orb:uzzer on a limit
condition (a reading that is too high
or too low), you should connect the
relay or tuzzer to CON4.
Note that if you are powering the
for the additional current needed Car Scrolling Display solely from USB
when the relay is energised, while power (+sV) then neither relays nor
the 10O resistor and zener diode ZD1 buzzers will work on the output chan-
provide protection against over volt- nels, because they take their positive
age damage. supply fiom pin 4 of CON1 (the power
The regulated +5V supply needed supply input pin). Using USB power
for TS1 and the reference voltage only does allow you to do everything
divider is derived from the nominal else though, including data ogging
+12V rail via R-EG1, an LM723C regu- and powering the display.
lator. We have used the LM723C here There are tw o relay lb.uzzer outputs,
because it has a very low quiescent referred to here as Output 0 and Out-
current. As a result, the maximum total put 1. Output 0 corresponds to pins
quiescent current drawn from the 12V 1 (-) and 2 (+) of CON4 while Output
supply (via CONI) is less than 3.BmA. 1 corresponds to pins 3 (+) and 4 (-)
This is when the relay is not energised, of CON4. For relays, which are not
of course. When the relay is energised, polarised, the coil is connected across
the current rises to about 79m4. pins 1 & 2 or across pins 3 & 4. You
So in a typica freezer-to-fridge should connect b:uzzers with the cor-
conversion application where the rect polarity, however.
relay will be off for most of the time,
the Tempmaster's average power con- Gonnecting The Supply
sumption will be only around 5OmW There are two options when con-
and its energy consumption around necting power. One way is to connect
1.2 watt-hours per day. the ignition-switched +12V supply
from your car's battery to pin 4 of
Construction CON1 while connecting the negative
Most of the components used in the terminal of the battery to either pin 2
Tempmaster circuit are mounted on a or 3 of CON1 (it is immaterial which),
siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au
Table.l: this table shows the pin-outs of the six channels. You connect the output
resistance sensor or a frequency/duty cycle sensor - see text,
You then connect the positive battery
terminal to pin 1 of CON1 (for battery
level measurements).
With this configuration, the "off"
state current drain (the current drain
when the Car Scrolling Display has
shut down) is very small and is es-
sentially determined by the 66kO
Ioading on the battery sense input (the
input impedarce of the ADC input,
which is very high, is in parallel with
the 10kO resistor). It works out to be
roughly 200rA.
Unfortunately, with this power sup-
ply connection, three features of the
Car Scroling Dispay will not be avail-
able: battery protection, automatic
shutdown ald wake-up, and persistent
running totals (see below for explana-
tions of these features).
For cars that are driven frequehtly,
say at least once a week, and to ensure
all features of the Car Scrolling Display
will function correctly, you should
reverse the positive supply connec-
tions. In other words, connect the
(unswitched) +12V battery line to pin
4 of CON1 and the ignition-switched
+12V to pin 1 of CON1.
The oniy penalty is that when the
Car Scrolling Display shuts down (for
exampie, when you switch off the
ignition), the display will still draw
standby current - aound 10m4. If that
is a problem, you will need to connect
the display to the car's battery in the
alternative way described above.
Connecting A Computer
The next thing to do is to connect
the Car ScroingDisplayto a computer
running Windows, using a USB cable.
You can do this at any time to change
settings, calibrate the sensors and to
do real-time data-loggi ng.
In last month's article, we guided
you through the instalation of the
Windows Driver, and the PC host pro-
gram. You may want to create a short-
Properti"t l7l[i
cardisplay
!"1"'d!,!!qlS4:E!qs: Fo{il I
Lvout
:9+]:, !q!f4y-
Screen hffer size
Udth; 'E i,
Heisht jiO .,
widrh:
Hght:
Wnde{ poslj
Left
Lop:
E Let sydempo$tEn window
fj-a-l f- c"*'r I Tpp I
Fig,1: this screen grab fiom Windows
XP shows the properties of the
command prompt shortcut used
with the program cardisplay,exe.
We suggest you use size 16 Lucida
Console font, while the window width
should be L25 and the height 58.
cut to the command window to go on
your Windows Desktop. The guggested
settings are shown in Fig.1. Change
these by right clicking on the shortcut
icon and going to "Properties".
The line width should be at least
120 characters, as the program can
output some very long lines, which
will otherwise wrap around and be
difficult to read.
When cardisplay.exe is runwithout
command line options, it will display
the help message listing the available
options. The full list of command line
options is shown in Table.2.
Setting l{ame & Unit Stilngs
Each of the four values of each vari-
able has an associated name and unit
string. The default name strings are
of the form VarD(N) where D is the
FEB\UARY 2OO9 79

In Pt.3 this month, we describe how the Multi-
Purpose Car Scrolling Display is connected
to the car and used. It's driven using a simple
command-line program.
wlf"T"'Y#f#"i",i:'iiilfi :
driver and software as explained in last
month's article, you will then need to
use the host program for calibration,
to change preferences and to set up
the features of the display.
This is done using a PC (a laptop
is preferable if the device is already
instaled in a car), a USB cable and
the command line program for Win-
dows: cardisplay.exe (downloadable
from the SIt IcoN Cutp website at www.
siliconchip.com.au).
7a Sntcott Crutp
There are many user-changeable
settings but the software is organised
into multiple-choice menus which
should make it clear to use. We should
point out that in most cases, the default
values will not need changing - you
can use them as they are.
Aside from the main features de-
scribedin the December 2008 issue
of Sti,IcoN Culp, there are several other
features. These are battery protection
(if using a carl's battery as the power
source), dependent variables and
limit condition messages, The latter
are messages that, in the two scrolling
display modes, will alert you when a
variable is too low or too high. As pre-
viously mentioned, in Static Display
mode, flashing and reversed modes
indicate the limit conditions.
With dependent variables, you can
display temperature in both degrees
Celsius and Fahrenheit. More gener-
ally, you can display the same reading
in different units, or show a corrected
speed reading, for example,
When using the display in a car,
with the car's battery supplying power,
you can enable battery protection to
switch off the display when the bat-
tery level drops beow a set minimum.
The display will then go into standby
mode with a current drain typically
around 1omA.
This mode is also recommended if
siliconchip.com.au
PC board measuring 151 x L09mm and
coded t0202091. The board has round-
ed cut-outs at one end so it mounts in-
side a sealed polycarbonate enclosure
measuring '1.71x 12L x 5Smm, sitting
on the tapped pillars moulded into the
bottom of the enclosure.
RelayRLY1 is mounted ontheboard
at lower centre, as shown in the in-
ternal photos. The connectors for the
1.2V DC input and remote temperature
sensor TS1 are mounted on the right-
hand end ofthe board, being accessed
via matching holes at that end of the
enclosure. The "set temperature"
trimpot VR1 is mounted centrally at
the same end of the board and is ac-
cessed via a small hole in one end of
the enclosure.
The only components not mounted
on the PC board in the Tempmaster
itself are the fused and switched IEC
mains input connector and the 3-pin
mains outlet or GPO. The latter is
mounted in a cut-out at upper left on
the enclosure's lid, while the former
mounts on the lefthand end of the
enclosure,
Since the IEC connector is a snap-
in type that's suitable for panels with
a maximum wall thickness of lmm
(much thinner than the enclosure
walls), it's first fitted to a small metal
plate of 1mm-thick sheet steel or
aluminium. The resuting assembly
is then fastened inside the enclosure
behind the connector's cut-out, using
four M3 x 10mm Nylon screws ald
eight M3 Nylon hex nuts (two on each
screw, for safety).
This arralgement gives maximum
safety combined-with neatness, as the
front surface of the IEC connector is Inside the completed Tempmaster Mk.2 - note how the mains lfiring is firmly
virtually flush with the outside of the secured using able ties, s that it's impossible for the leads to come adrift
enclosure wall. and contact low-voltage wiring.
Wiring up the board and in fact the
tr No. Value 4'Band Code (1%) 5-Band Code (1%)
tr 1 10MO brown black blue brown brown black black green brown
tr 1 22ka red red orange brown red red black red brown
tr 1 11kO brown brown orange brown brown brown black red brown
brown
tr 1 6.8kO blue grey red blue grey black brown brown
brown
tr 1 5.6kO green blue red green blue black brown brown
tr 2 4.7kA yellow violet redbrown yellow violet black brown brown
tr 2 3.3kO orange orange red brown orange orange black brown brown
tr 1 2.7kA red violet red brown red violet black brown brown
tr 1 1.2kO brown red red brown brown red black brown brown
tr 2 rcA brown black black brown brown black black gold brown
FEBH]ARY 2OO9 27
siliconchip.com.au
 Resellerts
r.M3352
(rl^r\
SIDE
DOWNI
colour codes but it's also a good idea to
check each one with a DMM justbefore
it's fitted to the board. Once they are
It's Proie_ct Tme! WESTEBN AUSTRALIA

4!b_C!y _ __
Denrork
Esperarc ____
J&Mgtroni_,9_8423404
J&M Electronics
Esperance@ryllClSls Zl
98,18 2164

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in, fit trimpot VR1 - this goes at centre ldeal for Dl setups! t9 ,.j, Gemldtm ML Communetims 9965 7555

+REDWIRE .-.9
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right, between CON1 and CON2. 7100
TO CENTRE
The two non-polarised ceramic ca-
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starting with diodes D1 and D2 and Mackay .-_ SlevensEctronbs 491L1723
12V Timer Kit Maryborough. LeadrEEdgeElec[on'Hs 4121 !!9
zener diode ZD1. Follow these with (SC October'Og)
Uq!&grqus!
Moffi _
Mosron LeadngEdgeEllron' 4ql8_2200_
transistor Q1 and LED1, The latter A handy timer module Pialba__ Ldnsllgel!rclq_tu{.'11_99
R|amolm Affi Elmtron6 4922 1058
shoud be mounted vertically, with designed to accept a trigger
module converts unbalanced line TmMba Mbhaels Eleclron'Ks 4632 9990
input from a rising or falling
the bottom of its body about 12mm level signals to balanced, ideal for Tomsville Solex 4nl 4211
voltage. When triggered the Yeppq__ xeppglElg4rcn' 4!9-s_!q
M3 x 9mm LONG COUNTERSINK HEAD above the board, Make sure the LED timer can swtch devices on for
sending over long distances with
VICTORIA
minimal hum and noise Requres 9-30VDC
scREws wfIH sfAR Loctov'sHERs is orientated with its flat (cathode) any period between 0.1s and 16.5 minutes. Eallat Wiltron 53342513
AND M3 NTJTS Bnalla Norlh East Elecon's 5762 2710
side as shown, then fit IC1 and REG1, Elecmnbs
Rolling Code lnfra Red Capacitor Discharge Beffiick
54,1 40.14
g4m
soldering these into place if you're not Eleclrmic Con-ntim 9768

using IC sockets. Remote Control Kit lgnition Module Kit q9gqe.Igle _ TopEndTechmlogv 547217@
(SC June'04) ldeal for keyless '08) lf the CDI module
(SC May lguq__Bockby Electron'rcs 95,62 8559
Now you can bolt reay RLY1 to the entry systems n the car or in your motorbike, outboard, E!qq$___ Bourne Suprslore 5996 21
: q_rcydon
_ Truscotts Electron'$ 9223 3860
board at lower centre. It's attached i' home Equipped with door ride-on mower or other small qe!ng AcademyTv ?!q rc?1
to the board using two M4 x 10mm $68.e5 strike and alarm outputs petrol motor fails, you could be in for a Hoham--_ Leading Edge Eleclron' 942 41!!_
Operate up to 1 6 keyfob transmitters on shock They can cost up to 5400! Build this Leonsarha __9edCr edrS!_!64? ?q9l_
machine screws, flat washers, lock- K 1340 a sngle system. Requires 1 2V DC supply. one for iess than 520 and it will do the samejob!
washers and hex nuts. Make sure that HOT PBODUCTI
Great for securing your workshopl Please nole tht thk kd wi I not replre units tht generte ther own hiqh volg Mellon Mellon Elhonics 9743 t2g

..--....-.If9T.?ltvss., Nunawading Semtroni{s 9q43555

you mount the relay with its coil con- rg..t,titg.i.l.?Y.9-"j."-ry.:.,.cPlY
Pakenhm Gel Smrt Hi-Fi & Repai _q4l 99

nection spade connectors to the right Speed Controller / Lamp Dimmer Kit P;l|ild PR Elearonis sszt llzl
(5C November'O8) This Preslon --- Prston Eltmni6 9,184 0191
CI.AMP SENSOR ASSEMBTY Flf 3.5mm IACK PIUG TO and its contact connectors to the left, small circuit can be used
Sle Eleclrmics Barn 5144 77@
Swan Hill
TO 25 x 50mm AIUMINIUM OTHER END OF RIBBON as shown in the wiring diagram and as a speed controller for
Llenl Ctrmunimtions 5032 2322
Warnanbl Aloth Sond a S99!!!L5!61!14
HESINK PTAIE CABIE IRED W|RE TO nPl
photos. Also make sure that you flt a 12V motor rated up to ffisssoilil
5A (continuous) or as a tandem with a power supply wqlon_ ExactomreQ_endl!9S!0lrcs 005ql$
Fig.S: follow this S-step procedure to make the temperature sensor assembly. the relay mounting screws with their *
As shown, the sensor is clamped to a25 x 50mrn aluminium heatsink plate. dimmer for a 12V halogen or or standard battery charger to provide W!4F3ggL_ Raneye Ptv Ltd 5672 424
heads under the board, and their nuts standard incandescent lamp up to 50W lt I
staged float charglng for sealed non-sealed lead acid NEW SOUTH WALES

ard washers above the relay mount- varies the power to the load (motor or batteres. This prolongs battery lfe and prevents over- Ballina_ Leading Edge Eleclroncs 6686 3610

lamp) using pulse width modulaton. charging damage that cheap battery chrgers can cause
Brkvale Brookvale Eleclrical 9938 4299
ing flanges, Csnod(__ LeadjngEdgeElectronics 4990594
Cobar Electronics 6836 2962
C,obar
Model Railway 100W Class AB Amp Denliqun Wired Enlertainmenl 5881 3555
Preparing the enclosure 5
Forsler
qr[q ___- qq[nh q!el!!s Alq
Po,rpoint Eltronics 50!6
Power Controller qqq498
Your board assembly should now be Gunnedah
Kit Protroncs 6742 2110
complete and you can place it aside (SC Sep-Oct'08) RMS output (rnto 8Q), Leelm Ezone Ellrcnbs & Entertanmenl 6953 2800
Mu llbrk __ Ldng Edge EleclroniF_j,lq U.0l
while you drill and cut the various The ultimate D-l-Y class AB design Ultra low dislortion Newestle West HerchM Products 4956 7111
desiqn nr.rkes tlis nrodule l)erfect
holes needed in the enclosure and its model railway con-
for hi1h fidelity use ldeal do it
North Ricimond CPT - Candle PowerThnolSw
qr.qs
_151L{!W
troller
lid (note: you probably won't have Latest design
offers infra red remote yourself honre .rnrplifier rnodule I P4q ___ Gdffns Leadins E!g,e_ _q8q2_2!_9
to do this if you're building it from Add these parts to your order Pammatla ltroncs Busines Solutions 90 930
a kit, as it will very likely come with
control, pulse power for
realistc low speed train to build up your new stereo E ll! __lCuth!S!!Cqd_sfud.',4722223.
lo4 4a!q!qne @ltqlettelLlry_lvqyEa!!0 _S-81141
movement, speed bargraph, adjustable braking amplifier..
the enclosure and tid fuliy prepared nertia and much more! 1 6-1 7V output up to 6A K 51 52 power supply krt $23 95
_E_d-s9!!9gf94s 49!Z 4e0e
9_'qg!on _-.,_ _ snglelmfr:Fi _65723ry
for you). Use the enclosure cutting M 5535 300V4 35+35 transfolner S82 80 Smilhlield Chiltroni 9609 7218
-

main Tempmaster circuit via a 3.5rnm mono iack plug. diagram shown in Fig.6 as a guide to M 4912A 3OVA12+12 transfornrer S30 80 Tamworth Ellroni 6766 4664
Boue St

Build up an ultra low distortion sterco

Tatry _,.
Ptrerpq|llEl1rcnls__q@_
the size and location of all holes. .llgdulle
__L-eqj!s_tdsgBeq!r!ts__!1q.qs88.
multichannel amplifiers to be bridged into amp for superb hi-fi performance!
Fig.6 also shows the details for USS4vasg q_agggealCqto_&_!!:E qq25!1!!
a single high power channel Walerloo Herk leclrical 9319 3133
thermostat as a whole should be very If you are using sockets for IC1 and the metal mounting plate for the IEC WelherllParl lhmElectron{s 96049710
Get more power from _-
easy if you follow the internal photos REGI these can now be fitted as well. connector. ryl.4ig. _ .ryl'!?13
Urygng Pl9_qi$-E!!e1?.r|{ne!t a33 !q0
and the wiring/overlay diagram care- You can also frt the two 3-way SIL Once the enclosure has been pre- SOUfH AUSTFALIA -__Uldllegrry
tully. pared, slip the PC board assembly Adelaide l.,toni 82126212
headers for LK1 and LK2, which are -_
qt9!9n _ ___&q.Elqs!r9t'E! 2q912
Begin wiring up the PC board by located just to the left of CON2. It's down into it and screw it into place Enlield Aztronics 8349 63f0
ble of charging up to 1 5 Findon
using the four M3 x 6mm machine Eleclronics 8347 I 18
Force
fitting the three terminal pins (used to also a good idea to now fit the wire identical NiMH or Nicad cells Build Holden Hill Force Eltroncs 8261 7088
provide test points). These go at centre link which goes just to the left of the screws, which mate with the metal lncredibly easy to build, this it to suit ny size cells or capacity! lt features MlBarker Forc Electroncs 8391 1133
Mlcambier AnvilElectronbs 87253366
right on the board. Follow these with LK1 header. nuts moulded into the standoffs in the cool LED chaser has 32 superbrlght i an adjustable fast charge r
!4! yqrtds _ _ l9r1199!atbs !5?14q3
red LED's that cn iight up in '12 dif- : trickle charge Temper Wdville South
DC input connector CON1, the tem- Next, fit the various resistors, mak- bottom of the enclosure. That done, Force Eltronics 8347 1188
ferent patterns Powered by 12V DC ; overcharging I TASMANIA
perature sensor socket CON2 and the ing sure you fit each one in its correct clip the IEC mains connector into Burnie Eltron'Kx Plus 6432 2644

two-way terminal block CON3. position. Table 1 shows the resistor its metal mounting plate and fit this Hobart Acliw Eleclronbs 6231 01 l l
Sale Ends February 28th 2OO9

m
Lunceslon Actiw Eltronics 6334 73
Altronics One-Stop Electronic Shops Phone 13OO 791 007 Fax 13OO 7A9 lll Lunceston CBo Electroni6 6334 277
28 StttcoN Cutp siliconchip.com.au Mtl Orclers C/ PO Box 8350 Pcrth Blrsiness Cenlre, WA 6849
NEW ZEALAND

(:.r Altronrcs 2009 E&OE Pilces slted herern are oly valrd lor the c!rrenl monlh or unlrl sl0cks run otl Al prccs
Bps]]ui
Rccarlon
_ GlqbalP_c aq1.a.!.39_
Global PC 3 343 4475
rnclu,Je GST ad exclude frerght nd rnsurance See alesl ctalogue for fretght rales
 T ,)
T .t I I
t
;Ili ffi F
I I Ir t'
Beware of cheaPe
BATTERIES A versions with lowt
surge ratings!
PORTABLE POVTIER
Power up
A 5 stage charger utlisrng
24VDC a microprocessor ensuring bat-
Devices ln teres reman in optimum condi- Pure sine wave!
Your Car! ton Automatcally diagnoses bttery state of
-lhrs (ompact charge and delivers an appropriate current . Also Efficient n
lncludes 6 laPtoP tiPs!
' po\ier suppiy recovers batteres with slightly sulphated plates . ?z Power: Anyw here! Anytime!
cielrvei's 5 16 iA, 19. . 22 Operates in sub zero temperatures . Sutable for permanenl Pure sine wve 'l2V inverter $iith high 1000W surge
$30 and 2.1VDC : Lp io J 5A c,rrre.i connecton without damage to batteries . Weatherproof case . ldeal for reting suitbie for p or,verirlg ltems,.f/ith s\i'ilclmod
M 8G26
loeal for laptops, rrotebooks or connectng to seldom used vehicles such as boats, vintage cars, power srrplies or s lnsrtive devlces such s meciicai
RBPs{4.95
m ly cihr oor tble dev,ce) etc. . Suits sealed lead acid batteries (SLA), wet cells, gel cell and AGM gar, laptops etr D :livers ciean 240\AC pou,er vra
batteres from 1 ZAh to 1 20Ah . 5upplied with pluggable croc clips and dual pcvJer outlets 300W rated
Multi Voltage Car rng terminals . 144V @ 3.84 .
Dmensions: 175 x 60 x 45mm
tnctudes
Power SuPPly With 8 Power tips! Activate You ' Mains Appliances
With Remote Control
USB.
GrFl ior now,ef-
* Up to 20m awal
ing lylnlng
portable in
SOI.AR POVTIER IDEAS... Autonate your hcnl
appiances at the tor rch of
the car Ilt', Keep Your Car a button Up to 5 nr Iilt5
feeps ii:e ('d; ' .i h r sockets cn be contr olled
qrre units porvered : ."-> -:_:.i, Battery in Top from one rel'rote llr )\'vtq
rod rro<l Condition ONioFF slvrichrng l( ,r up to

;#:'"ffi Tired of forking out oriLrne 1 000W of pplance i oer

for batteries lt,hen yo s,7s

il"*p".t 5w solar
socket Great for stv tching
panel, iust 35x13cm your garden lights o ancl off
your cr or bot sting for fen'
ureeks? This solar trickle charger keeps your bttery rn top $30 ',,rith esel Add nore outlets to
12 Slot conditron, even o|er long perrocs of inacti'/iti, =100m4 N 07m
ih system rvith A 0. t42 522 95
clarge rte Conneris vie cr ccessory socket or croc clrps
Battery RRP $37 95

Charger
\\ ll not chrq dao ai Lr:.rter ?5
BARGAII U BENCHTOP
Charge up to Solar Charge Controllers POVTIER SUPPLIES!
1 0 x AA/AAA and Suits \ret or clry cell btterres 6A chargin!J
2 x 9V rechargeable battefles lor current N 2075: Operates as a solar batiery Digital Regul ated Lab Power
overnight chargingl Gret for
chargrng plenty of batterres for
554 charger by day which switches on lod at
nght Auto dusk detecton activles the load
Supplies
40216 Requlated Precision
for
tlre kicis tovs Inc udes plugpack rvhen nighi falls N 2077: Solar battery
FRP $79 95 volta-ge critical aPPlicatons
I car sockei dapor chrger circui only No load slvitchrng

'
r
.+
assembly into the matching cut-out
in the lefthand end of the enclosure,
of RLYI - see Fig.4. Note that these
leads must all be rated at 250VAC. FoEm Ghoek
Sub-C Rechargeable 12V 304 Solar from the inside. The blue (Neutral) and green/yellow
zooomAh N|MH Batteries (1) Be sure to use the specified ABS
Charge Controller You'll find that the flange of the IEC (Earth) leads from the outlet socket plastic case & nole lhat Nylon screws
;
t,-"'i
E*",:?::',':;i:i;
m o.*::fio*":'
U!I@ bttery
A flexible battery manager
and solar regulator for any
alternatve power system.
Conrpact
s',vitchmode clesign ,oo,nO O'
oolierful and lght! jglt Gret for po'*ertng
: connectoL slips snugly inside the cut-
out and the mounting plate is flush
each have a 4.Bmm insulated spade
connector crimped firmly to their far
must be used t0 secure lhe IEC connector
plate lo ensure safely.
tool s
It ensures optrnal chr-oing for communrcations eq( rpment, car udjo anrplrfters, against the inside of the enclosure ends. By contrast, the brown (Active) (2) Use mains-rated cable t0r all connec'
bolh wet cel s and sealed lead acrd batteres Acljusiable camprng fridges or r rortabl DC pon,er appliances
wall. You can then fasten the assembly wire from the GPO is fitted with a tions to lhe IEC socket, lhe GP0 and the
trner settings alLo\^,, the loacl lo be pon,ered whene,rer you M 8212: 3 io 30V egulted @ 204 nrax
in place using four M3 x 1Omm Nylon 6.4mm insulated spade connector to relay conlacts. Secure ths wiring using
likel . lvlicroprocessor controlled . Deep cycling for wet cells ' Sysier M 8222: l -1 5V reg rlated e 604 nrax Plus auxilliar;,
sclews and nuts. It's a good idea to connect to one of the relay contact cable lies - see pholos.
slalus screens showing panel E bttery output . Over charge 6 ol,er 5A output on front I
temp protectron . Lo\\'voltge disconnect ' Back current protection then install an additional Nylon nut terminals. The brown (Active) lead (3) Use fully-insulated spade connec'
. Over drscharge I polarily protectron . f0A nax current 254 Bench on each rnounting screw. These will between the IEC connector and the tors to terminale the leads to lhe IEC
Power Suppl firmly lock the first nuts into position relay is fitted with a 4,Bmm insulated connector and t0 the felay contacts. A
Pure Sine Wave 3 in 1 lnverters Conpact s!vitchmo
pov.,,er suppl;, with
and ensure that the assembly can not spade connector at one end and a ratchet-driven crimping l00l is necessary
to fit the spade connectors.
INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL - SAVE UP TO S35O! analog VU readout come loose. 6.4mm connector at the other.
Finaly, the lead that's used to link (4) Do not touch any part of the 230VAC
lhese stte of the art pure sine wave UP5/inverters utilise sophisticated circutry that Auxiliary car ccess( )ry socLet, Next, mount the mains outlet socket
includes battery charger, nverter, solar requlator and an automatic bypass switch adjustable voltage f r rose offset wiring while lhis device is plugged into
suitable for a wide variety of power backup installations They are designed to be 4 1 6V 224 contnu, )us. 254 mx
in its matching lid cut-out. This is done two terminals on the IEC connector the mains. Do NOT attempl to build this
permanently connected to 240V mans grid power. a solar array and suitably sized Excellent low noise design for comms equpment
by undoing the screw in the centre of has 4.Bmm insulated spade connectots device unless you know whal You are
battery bank Under normal conditions the load s direct fed, under mains failure the socket to separate the front and at both ends. doing and are familiar with high'voltage
the inverter powers the load (from the batteries). The LCD control rear sections, then screwing them Fig.4 shows what type of spade wiring.
:i ::'iili:liiiiffi::?i,'^i""nt
and vo,t-
s27 45 back together with the lid sandr,t'iched connector to fit to each wire. These
spade connectors must all be fully
F;;u;;;;. p;;;;il*;;;",i,i*lt'*i;i;;; ril- ttfr1|f'ou between the two sections.
swtching . suitable for fxed installatons eg: backup power sys-
l^. insulated. Ifyou are unable to obtain Make sure you attach all of these
Lff : ill llll ",'; J:,:": :l'j",i:,','!::
charge prameters . Gel cell or lead-acid compatible .
r,'"
Front
*n

panel
" $
205
M814423Kv24V
0 \ s8re5
1 3 8V DC output rs great for
ror',,ering portable appliances in
the honre such as: CB radios.
Fitting the mains leads
After the outlet socket is fitted you
fully insulated 4.Bmm connectors,
then use non-insulated connectors
space connectors very firmlY using
a ratchet-type crimp connector, so
they will give reliable long-term con-
M 8252
but be sure to fully insulate them us-
can be remote mounted . 24v input BRPS2295
\ @, BRP $'t345 portble TV's, scanners etc can then prepare the various mains
connection wires which link it to the ing 6mm-diametel heatshrink tubing nections.
Two short wires are used to con-
frl r !I Z I xfl tv/ f.Erl :m IEC mains connector and the contacts after the leacls are crimped.
//\
I I

I o l :+' lAc{TETEIfi
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 2S
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el I
Do-lt-All Driver Set Wire Strippers
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lock 0 02 to conductof afeas between
sockets, torx, security torx,
( u 150mm 10and32mm
() (t triraring and triangle types
u
u A must have for service Toolbox
ts technicians lncludeshandle
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live venues, nstallers, motion, on-screen vew va its
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:1 for ensuring sound Full screen, you always get a cler, crisp
levels remain legal colou close uP view Focuses down to 5cm!
Fig.6: this diagram shows the cutout and drilling details for the GPO socket in the case lid, the access holes for the DC viewing on vista,rxP
Amazing value
socket, the temperature sensor socket ad the trimpot (righthand end), the IEC connector (lefthand end) and the metal Your PCI
700Mhz, 64mb of
for moneY!
mounting plate for the IEC connector. A large cutout can be made by drilling a series of small holes around the inside
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30 StUcow Cnrp siliconchip.com.au

EXPRESS ORDER
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Phone: 13OO 797 0A7
Fax: 1300 189 717
wrnv'. a ltror-l ics. com.a u
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ONE-STOP
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Dear Valued Customers, i
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The new year continL es to bring us even more excting ;
Replace up
tl: qli{0
O

ilt a
rft
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.41 : I
I D
T
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Non-insulated
4.Bfnm spade
1 PC board, code 10202091,
151 x 109mm
Farts Est

1 2m length of 2-conductor
ribbon cable
new releases. This mo nth we have a full page of Silicon i to 8 remote can be used, provided they are 1 lPs ABS sealed polycarbonate 225mm lengths of 2.5mm
chp projects to b uild, plus useful dditions to your i frrlly insulated with 6mm
toolbox, test benc \, even the home theatre system :
controls enclosure with clear lid, 171 x heatshrink sleeving
heatshrink sleeving as shown here. 121 x 55mm (Jaycar HB-6248 1 150mm length of 6mm
ilcfiluet, I yuu I :an't make it into the store, order : Wth ONE!
onlne at www altronics.com.au and we can ship i
Featuring multi-colou HAtF or equivalent) heatshrink sleeving
t to your door overnight! i
screen and stylish PRICE! 1 2.5mm DC input socket, PC 4 M3 x 1Omm Nylon screws, Pan
,/ r^ ^--t

i aluminium case! nect the coil of RLY1 to terminal board mounting (CON1) head
5imply learns from your
/tu ck O'Donnell - Managing Director :
existng remotes lt
block CON3. These can be made up 1 3.5mm jack socket, PC board I M3 Nylon hex nuts
I features multi-colour from medium-duty insulated hookup mounting (CON2) 2 M3 x 1Omm machine screws,
Apache
back-lighting for each wire, with each one having a 4.Bmm 12-way terminal block, PC countersunk head
device, combination insulated spade connector crimped board mounting (CON3) 2 M3 hex nuts & star lockwashers
of'hard' keys and
touch-screen, and to one end. 1 3.5mm stereo jack plug 4 M3 x 6mm machine screws
Blackhawk compatiblity wth the That completes the wiring of the 1 10A flush mountng mains outlet 2M4x 1Omm machne screws
latest AV devices Tempmaster but before you screw on socket with side wire entry 2 M4 hex nuts
s!l5ea (including Foxtel and
Topfield set top boxes)
the lid of the enclosure to finish it, fit 1 snap-fit fused male IEC 2M4lal washers
Did you i in December? Uew stocks I
X 3055 Aphe
X 3058 Blackhawk For nght tme viewing plastic cable ties to the mains wiring connector with switch 2 M4lockwashers
th ey sell out!
have arl ived't lurry in before RRP S39 95 it will even light up as as shown in the internal photos. These 1 chassis-mount 12V coil SPDT 1 500l multi-turn cermet trimPot,
soon s you pck it up
Minil \pach e Blackhar ruk RC Choppa's! Neat I Tidv will ensure that the spade connectors relay wth 204 contacts horizontal adjust (VR1 )
Hours of f rn for th kids (or big kids!) . r \dded flying stabilty from the cannot come loose and make it impos- (Jaycar SY-4042) 1 3Omm-length tinned copper
latest 3 c nannel c ntroller . Hovers ar d flies effortlessly around the sible for a mains lead to make contact wire (for link)
room. R charges i r just a few mnutes , Inciudes controller . Requires 6
x AA batt( fle5. Limrt s with any of the low-voltage wiring.
You can also fit one or two cable ties
1 104 M205 slow blow fuse
3 PC board pins, 1mm diameter
1 14-pin machined lC socket Semiconductorc
around the wires lrom the relay coi 1 8-pin machined lC socket 1 LM335Z temperature sensor
Lights - Less h, eat! to CON3, to make sure these will also 1 300mm length of 104 brown (rs1)
Low Power Us age! hold each other in place. mains wire 1 1M393 dualop amp (lC1)
Drect replacement fo MR-l6 1 100mm length of 104 blue 1 LM723C regulator (REG1)
halogen globes. Provde supto
Add drawer divders
Installing the jumper shunts mains wire 1B;C327 or 8C328 transistor (Q1)
100,000 hours of life, mL ch more
than ordinary halogens f owered off H 0238 Pk 20 for H 0237 58 05 Another job to do at this stage is to 1 100mm length of 104 green/ 1 16V 1W zener diode (ZD1)
a standard hlogen trans 'ormer. 3W
H 0240 Pk 10 for H 0239 55 20 fit the jumper shunts to the two 3-way yellow mans wire 1 Smm red LED (LED1)
light output, 5W power ( onsumplon header strips on the top of the Temp- 2 50mm lengths of medium duty 2 1N400414 diodes (D1,D2)
12-24V ACIDC oper Keyless Entry for Your master PC board, to provide links LK1
ation (note: swtch- insulated hookup wire
Home or Busness and LK2. Whichever positions you use
mode lransformers may 6 plastic cable ties Gapacitorc
require up to 4 LED5
per crcuil to operate )
for these two jumpers will depend on 172x38 x 1mm sheet steelor 'l 470f 25V RB electrolYtic
vid eo Door lntercom whether you're going to be using the aluminium (for IEC connector 1 1OrF 16V RB electrolYtic
See who's at the door before opening it! ln lniversal Tempmaster to control cooling or heat- mounting plate) 1 1nF disc ceramic
A safe ar d easy way to monitor your front
Remote r Control ing. They go in the lower "C" positions 2 3-pin SIL headers 1 100pF disc ceramic
door d ry or night Complete kit includes
power: upply, hookup cable, indoor base I
Pre-prograr nmed infr nd PIN securty. Features: 3 relay outputs for cooling or the upper "H" positions 2 jumper shunts
IF :staton and amera unit Coupled with a door
,
:
strike :vailable separately) you can even
remotely nlatch your front door/gate to let
red learning ldeal lvay to
clear that coff ee table clut-
ter and con rbine all your
;. l: I",ir" !1';l',1 i'i': : ,i
card style lags 55 95 (5 5375).
e' for heating,
Finally, flt the rubber sealing strip
around the groove in the underside
1 25 x 50 x 3mm aluminium sheet
1 30 x 10 x 1mm aluminium sheet
Resistors (0.25W, 1%)
1 IOMO 24.7kA
vtsttors r Can be easly expanded up to 2 remotes nt( ) one easy to 26.4mm insulated spade 122kl 2 3.3kO
ndoor se stations and 2 cameras, Black use unit I \lso great for
Handy RF of the enclosure lid, and then screw connectors for 1mm2 wire 1 11kO 't 2.7K>
I
White onlY replacinq lost remotes
the lid to the enclosure using the four
Extra ndoor unit 5 94144 S137 Modulator 7 4.8mm insulated spade 1 6.8kO 11.2kO
. Extra camera S 94154 S79,35
lnclt rdes codes Allows you to screws provided, You should now be connectors for 1mm2 wire 1 5.6kO 2 10)
fol 100's of easily send a ready to make up the Tempmaster's
Latest model with 4" screen trands! composte video & stereo audio signal va a
single RF coax output Ths means you can ds-
'19
s 92334
remote temperature sensor.
tribute AV signals to any ry in the housel RRP s28 70

Microl r Precision Vacuum Desktop Hard Transmts on VHF channel 1 lncludes power supply. Making the remote sensor they butt hard against the body of the to accept countersink-head screws
De-Sol dering Station Drive Dock Follow the step-by-step diagram LM335Z, after which they are heated installed from underneath.
Move data from Colour DIY Next make the 30 x 10mm Piece of
Desolde.: i a 14 pin lc n less than 30
one drive to
shown in Fig.5 as a guide. The first to shrink them in place fstep 2J. Then
seconds, even on double sided PcB's
another with step is to clip short the unwanted a 30mm-length of Smm diameterheat- 1mm aluminium into a clamp piece,
A professi, >nal grade soldering tool, built
tough to l, rst a lifetime offering superb
ease! Transfer
Camera Kit third lead off the LM335Z sensor and shrink sleeving is slipped along the by bending its central Bmm section
reliability, ;ervceablity and perf ormance,
data fronr any
Provides '120" wide
then solder the ends of the 2-core cable and over the other sleeves, and into a half-round shape to fit snugly
25" or35"
even wher r used every day! lt offers
5AlA hard d ive of the road/driveway ribbon cable wires to the other two heated in turn to shrink it in place as over the LM335Z's body. After this,
adjustable temp control 6 high speed
continuou ; vacuum action for
withoul the need to It4akes reversing with leads after slipping 25mm lengths of well (step 3J. drill 3.5mm holes in the flat ends of
unbelievat rle perfor
out. 300-4 50"c
y in, day
assemble an external case
Enables fast 'hot swapping
of drives whilst the PC s p( rwered up
; ii:il:i ;, :",,,fl :i'.ffi i:,ii ::i,f
er wrth 5m lead. Connecls esily to
'
your car's reversing lights, powering up the
a 2.5mm diameter heatshrink sleeving
over each one.
After the solder cools and you
Next, prepare the sensor's heatsink
assembly by drilling two 3.5mm diam-
eter holes on the centre line of the 50 x
this clamp piece, lBmm apart again to
match the holes in the larger plate.
You should then be able to assemble
A must for lT technciansl I l582 0 or
Bacl <ed by nge of ti
eSATA connection. *Hard dr ive [ot rncluded vbrant 2.5" colour screen when required
are happy that both joints are good, 25mm aluminium plate, lBmm apart. the probe withthe LM335Z clampedto

/rI I i{o t +I F
7
3l illl{ql :{f \\l '
the sleeves are then moved up until
siliconchip.com.au
Both holes should be countersunk the top of the plate flat side down and

FEBRUARY 2OO9 31
 each one into its correct position and
with the correct orientation,
Checkout time
Your flash delay unit board should
now be ready for a quick functional
checkout. To do this, first connect
NOTE CABLETIES switches 54, 55 and 56 to the board
USEDTO SECURE using short lengths (say 25mm) of
NEUTRAL & EARTH hookup wire. Then set clock switch
LEADSTO GPO
, 56 to the 1Oms position, set the three
rotary switches S3-S2-S1 to a setting
of sav '500' and connect the clip lead
to a suitable 9V alkaline battery . Then
turn on power switch 54. You shoud
find that the red 'triggered' LED glows
briefly but then goes dark and the green
'ready' LEDl begins glowing.
Ifyou have access to an oscilloscope
or a frequency counter, you can check
that the board's clock osciliator is
working correctly by checking the
signal at test point TP1. You should
find a 3BkHz square wave of around
9V peak-to-peak, You can also check
Making a custom microphone
lf you want to make use of the delay
unit's s0und triggering option, y0u'll need
to make up a custom microphone lead.
This is very straightforward, as you can
see from the diagram below. The only
components involved are a 3.5mm mono
or stereo plug, a suitable length of screened
single-core microphone cable and a small
electret microphone insert.
At the microphone insert end of the
cable, just make sure that the screening
braid connects to the 'eadhy' pin or pad
0f the insert - j.e., the 0ne which is clearly
connected to the metal case of the insert.
The cable's inner wire connects to the other
pin 0r pad. Atthe other end, the cenire wire
connects lo the plug's 'tip' connection lug,
while the screening braid connects to the
'sleeve' lug (the one which connects t0 the
body of the plug).
ETECTREI
MICROPHONE
INSERT
Needless to say making up a cable f0r
the delay unit's 'c0ntact cl0sure' input is
even simpler. Here allyOu need is a 3.5mm
mono or stereO plug plus a suitable length
0f screened cable, connected to the plug
in exactly the same way as with the mi-
croph0ne. At the other end the inner wire
and screening braid are simply connected
to the two contacts (normally open) of the
sensor unt you're using to provide your
'triggering event'.
Parts requited
1 miniature electret microphone
insert
1 3.5mm mono or stereo line plug
Suitable length shielded
microphone cable
ACTIVE WIRE CONNECTS TO
'TIP' LUG 3.5mm MONO OR
STEREO PLUG

the timing pulses at TP2, which should

have a lrequency of 100H2 if you have
switched 56 to the '1Oms delay steps'
option. If you switch 56 to the 'lms SCREEN BRAID SUITABTT TTNGTH SCREEN BRAID
(No
CONNECTION
steps' option the frequency should CONNECTS TO OF SCREENED CONNECTS TO
.=3 A
IF STEREO PLUG)
INSERT CASE
change to 1kHz. MIC CABIT 'SI.TEVE'LUG

If all seems well so far, try plug-

the screws tightened down using M3
nuts and star lockwashers (step 4).
Complete the sensor assembly by
fitting the 3.5mm mono jack plug to
the other end of the 2-core ribbon
cable, connecting the red wire to the
"tip" lug and the brown wire to the
"sleeve" lug (step 5).
Initial checks
Before doing anything else, use your
mutimeter (settoa low ohms rangel to
check between the earth pin of the IEC
connector and the Earth outlet of the
GPO. You should get a reading of zero
ohms here (this checks the integrity of
the earth connection).
Having verified the earth connec-
tion, fit the 10,\ fuse to the fuseholder
in the IEC socket, Note that this fuse
should be a slow-blow type.
Note also that we strongly advise
against connecting this unit to mains
power without the lid in place, to
eliminate the risk of electric shock.
Setting it up
This is mainly a matter of adjusting
trimpot VR1 to produce the reference
voltage level at test point TP1 that cor-
responds to the average temperature
you want the Tempmaster to maintain.
This can be done by trial and error
once the project is finished and work-
ing but if you have a DMM it can also
be done before the case is closed up
(but before the IEC mains connector is
connected to the power, of course).
If you want to do this, firstplug
the 12V DC cable from your plugpack
or battery supply into CON1 at the
righthand end of the box. Now con-
nect the leads of your DMM (set to
a low DC voltage range) to TP1 and
TPG. Read the voltage, which should
be somewhere between 2.75Y and
2.92V. Now all you have to do is look
up the voltage leveL for the tempera-
ture you want from Fig.1 and adjust
VR1 until the DMM reading changes
to this value. The encosure can then
be closed up again.
All that remains now is to mount
the remote sensor inside the fridge or
fieezer cabinet, or inside the hothouse,
fishtank or seed germinating cabinet,
attaching the sensor's heatsink plate to
the side of the cabinet using two short
lengths of gaffer tape. Then you can
run its ribbon cable outside, holding it
down with further strips of gaffer tape
so it will pass neatly under the rubber
door seal when the door is closed.
If you mount the Tempmaster on the
wall just behind the ftidge/freezer or
heater, the plug on the end of the rib-
bon cable can be plugged into CON2
on the righthand end of the enclosure
to complete the job.
ging a 3.5mm jack pug into CON4
and then shorting its 'tip' and 'sleeve'
connection lugs together with a short
length of wire. You should find that
nothing happens when you first do
this, because the contro circuit has
not been 'armed',
But ifyou now press S5 briefly and
try again, this time LED1 should turn
off and LED2 turn on, indicating that
the circuit has been triggered. And
it should remain in this state for five
seconds, if you have set S3-S1 for
'500' and 56 for 10ms (500 x 10ms
= 5000ms or 5s). At the end of this
time it should switch itself back to
the 'ready' state, with LED2 dark and
LED1 glowing again.
Assuming this is what you find, your
delay unit is almost certainly working
correctly. So switch off the power, be-
cause you shoud now be ready for the
final assembly step: fitting the board
assembly inlo lhe box.
Final assembly
Before you can fit the unit into its
box, you may need to drill the vari-
ous holes in the box first - unless you
are building it from a kit with a pre-
punched box and lid.
There are not manv holes to drill as
you can see from the drilling diagram,
so preparing the box and its lid won't
take very long.
If you are building the unit up 'from
scratch' rather than from a kit, you may
also want to fit the lid with a copy of
the front panel artwork. This can be
photocopied onto an A4 size adhesive
label, and then cut to size before peel-
ing off the backing and sticking it to the
lid. To protect it from dirt and 'finger
grease' you can then cover it with some
clear adhesive film or, as we often do,
laminate t (,{4 laminators and sleeves
are now ridiculously cheap!).
The board assembly mounts on the
underside of the box lid via six M3
x 2Smm tapped spacers, using coun-
tersink-head M3 screws to attach the
spacers to the lid and pan-head screws
to attach the board to the spacers.
lust before you screw everything
together, though, you need to mount
switches 54, S5 and S6 in their respec-
tive positions on the lid/front panel,
and also fit the lugs of each switch
with a 25mm length of tinned copper
wire. These will pass down through
the matching holes in the board when
it's brought up to the spacers, and are
soldered to the pads underneath.
Note that pushbutton switch S5
(the "arm" switch mounts through
the front panel from above, secured
by a nut underneath the panel, while
54 and 56 mount through the panel
from below and are secured with nuts
from above.
When you are attaching the board
to the id/front panel rria the spacers,
take care to ensute ihat the tops of
the two LEDs protrude through their
matching holes, as do the rotary switch
and pot spindles through their own
holes. Needless to say you also harre
to ensure that the wires from the lid-
mounted switches pass down through
their own holes in the board, This is a
bit fiddly but not difficult if you take
it slowly.
All four of the input/output connec-
tors CONl -CON4 are accessed through
holes in the rear side of the box itself,
with identification labels along the top
of the front panel,
As noted before, the unit's battery
simpy sits in the bottom of the box,
held in place by either a small bracket
fashioned from sheet aluminium or
even secured with a length of 'gaffer'
tape. st

32 Sil,tcoN Cutp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 73


Fig. 5: same-size front panel artwork which can be photocopied or
downloaded fiom siligqlgh:ip.cqm. au.
after turning the spindle articlockwise
as far as it will go, replace the stop
washer with its cranked indexing pin
passing down into the rectangular
hoe between the numbers 'l-0' and
'11' moulded into the plastic.
,\fter this, place the lockwasher over
the indexing washer, and finally screw
on the nut again to hold it all together.
72 Sil,tco Cntp
through the holes in the board. Then
after the leads have been soldered to
the pads underneath, the SCR is held
down to the board using an M3 x 6mm
screw and nut.
15. Fit the reed relay RLY1, orien-
tated as shown in the overlay diagram.
Note that although the relay has the
same 'footprint' as a 14-pin DIL IC, it
A
'\l/-r 3
has only eight pins - four at each end.
These pins should all be soldered to
the pads underneath, to hold the relay
firmly in place.
16. Next fit the two LEDs, remem-
bering that LEDL is the green LED and
LED2 is the red LED. Both should be
fitted with their cathode ('flat') side
o) towards the top of the board, with the
leads left straight and measuring about
18-19mm between the bottom of the
LED body and the top ofthe board.
17. The next step is to decide wheth-
er you want the project to provide a kept "topped up" by a suitable charger.
delay programmable in 10ms steps
(i.e., 0-9.99 seconds) or in 1ms steps
(0-999ms). If you want the former,
G
there's no need to fit any of the jumper
oE
u shunt links to LK1-LK4 because there
o are already four small copper links in
E the board pattern to suit this option.
il However if you want the '1ms steps'
tz ffi option, you'll need to cut each of the
; small links under the board and frt a
=
h'- jumper shunt to each of the headers,
F
N-
Iuo at the ends indicated on the overlay
diagram as '1ms'.
(If you want to swing back to the
'1Oms step' option in the future, this is
done quite easily by simply changing
ffi the four shunts over to the other end
of each header.)
18. The final wiring steps are to
solder the ends ofthe battery clip lead
wires to the terminal pins under the
board (making sure you connect the
ffi red positive lead to the upper'+'pinJ,
and then flt power switch 54 just to
the Ieft of these pins.
Note that this switch does not mount
directy on the board, but via three
short lengths of hookup or tinned
coppei wire so that the switch itself
can be mounted to the box lid/Iront
panel. For the moment though, just
You'll find that once this is done each solder the three wires to the lugs on
switch will have only 10 positions. the rear of the switch, and solder the
14. Now fit the SCR, which mounts ends of the wires to the pads under
flat against the top of the board with the board, The wires should each be
its 'metal plate' side uppermost. The about 12mm ong,
three leads ofthe device are bent down 19. Your board assembly should
by 90' 6mm away from body and the nowbe complete, apart from plugging
outer leads cranked slightly outwards, the various ICs into their sockets, So
so all three will pass easily down do this now, making sure that you plug
siliconchip.com.au
Gonneetion ll[tions for Tne cm[master
There are at least three different ways
that the Tempmaster Mk.2 can be con-
nected up to control the temperature of
a fridge, freezer or heater set-up. Which
one you use will depend on whether your
lridgellreezerlheater operates f rom 240V
AC or 12V DC and also whether you will
be running it from the AC mains or from
a battery supply.
TEMPERURE
The three main options are shown for
your guidance n the diagram at rght. I 2V DC PIUG PACK
IOR CHARGER + I 2V SLA Bil-ERYI
0ption A use wtrH 24ov MANs PowER
Option A shows the simplest arrange-
@ FRTDGE/FREEZER,
ment, where a 240V fridge/freezer or
heater is to be operated directly from
the 240V AC mains supply. The 12V DC
needed by lhe Tempmaster itself can be
supplied either by a small plugpack DC
IEC MAINS
supply or f rom a 1 2V SLA battery which is
Option B lr2v Dc IEADI
The next option (B) shows how a240V
fridgellreezer or heatercan be connected
to a 12Y1240V power inverter, in a home
or building which relies on solar panels or
wind-generated power. As you can see,
the Tempmaster itself can be powered
from the main battery, along with the
power inverter used to operate the fridge/
reezerlheaTer.
@ usr wttH sorR/wtND powER, 24ov FRIDGE/FREEzER
Because there is no current whatso-
ever drawn from the Tempmaster's IEC
mains input socket when theTempmaster
has switched off the power to the fridge/
freezerlheater, the inverter should drop
back to "sleep" mode at these times.
0ption G
Option (C) shows how to connect things
up when the Tempmaster is to be used with
a 12V fridgelfreezer and a solar power
system. Here the configuration is quite
straightfonruard but you MUST replace
both of the Tempmaster's "mains"
conhectors with suitable low-voltage
plugs and sockets - to make sure that
they can't be accidentally connected
usE wrTH soLAR/wtND powER &
't2v FRTDGE/FREEZER
to 240V. O
Now you can unplug the power system will begin working. the compressor or heater simPlY bY
cord of the fridge/freezerlheating If you want to make sure that the watching LED1.
cabinet lrom its original GPO and plug thermostat is holding the fridge/ If you need to adjust the average
it instead into the GPO on the top of freezer/heater to the temperature you temperature up or down, this is done
the Tempmaster, Then when you con- want, this can be done quite easily quite easily by adjusting trimpot VR1
nect the Tempmaster's own IEC mains using a thermometer placed inside the using a small screwdriver, through the
connector to the original GPO via a cabinet for a while. You can see when small central hole in the righthand end
suitable IEC mains cable, the complete the Tempmaster is switching power to ofthe enclosure, sc
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 33
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Fig,a: drilling detail for the UBzlitry Box which houses the unit.
Gapacitor Godes additional holes. The ends can then entation. This is r.rrhere the single rotor
Value pF Gode
be soldered to the copper underneath pin is in the 'three o'clock' position.
IEC Code EIA Code
so that the r,r,ire 'U' wil act as a hold- Note that when you have fitted the
220nF 0.22p,F 220n 224 down. switches and soldered all of their pins
'100nF 0.1rF 100n 1O4 13 . Next fit the three rotary switches to the pads underneath, it's a good idea
1OnF 0.01pF 10n 103 S1-S3, after cutting each of their spin- to program each switch to have a range
4.7nF .0047p,F 4n7 472 des to a length of lBmm and smooth- of 10 positions, To do this, unscrew
1nF .001rF 1n0 102 ing off any burrs with a small file. the nut from the threaded ferrule and
These switches fit directly into the then remove both the star lockwasher
27pF NA 27p 27
board but will only fit in with one ori- and the indexing stop washer. Then
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUAY 2OO9
 Fully assembled and ready to place in the UB2 box
(drilling detail at right). The front panel has holes for
the six switches and two LEDs, along with the six screw
holes which hold the panel to the threaded standoffs. We
covered these with the front panel in the final version.

them touching another link or com- 6. ,\fter these fit al of the fixed diodes in positions D1-D4, and the
ponent). resistors. These are not polarised, but 1N4004 'power' diodes in positions
3. After the links fit the six terminal make sure you fit each one in its correct D5-D9.
pins. Four of these are mounted in the position using the overlay diagram as a 11. After the diodes fit the four
usual from-the-top fashion, for the guide. If necessary use your multime- transistors, again watching their ori- TSS STANDS FOR "Digital Spread Dave Jones was looking to conduct transfer control ofthe test aircraft from
two test points (TP1, TP2) and their ter/DMM to confirm the values before entation but in this case also making Lf Spectrum", a highly rbust'radio a flight of a 3 -metre UAV to an altitude the experimental DSS system over to a
accompanying ground pins. soldering them in position. sure that you fit the BC33B transistors system that was initially confined of 30,000 feet. As you can imagine, standard TZMHzsystem; avery sound
The remaining two pins are used for 7. Next fit trimpot VR1. The board in positions Q1 and Q4, while the to exotic defence communications. one of the biggest concerns was how approach from a safety asPect.
the battery clip lead terminations, just has holes to allow you to use either PN200 transistors go in positions Q2 Spread spectrum was primarily used to ensure rock solid, reliable control Following AU,{V's early success,
to the right of the mounting position standard size of horizontal trimpot, and Qa. by the military in the 1940s and 1950s of the aircraft. They had planned to other manufacturers looked at DSS
for 54 (at lower right). These pins are so whichever kind you use there 12. Now fit the 3BkHz crystal X1. for communication systems to send conduct most of the flight under au- R/C systems with great interest. Thus
mounted from under the board, so shouldn't be a problem. This is very smal, so handle it care- and receive secure data. It has only tonomous control but still wanted to 2.4GHz DSS was soon picked uP bY
there is plenty of pin left under the B. Now fit the smaller disc ceramic fully to avoid damaging it. Both of its been since about 1985 that it's been have the ability to take over manually Spectrum (JR) and others, with low
board for soldering the ends of the and multilayer monolithic ceramic leads are cranked outwards slightly available for use by the general public. or make changes in the flight profile range, lightweight park flyers. ,A.fter
clip lead wires. capacitors, which are again not po- andbent downby 90'about 3mm from Now it has come to radio control for should the need arise. a very successful and relatively short
4. Now fit the IC sockets, making larised, the case, so that the crystal can lay model aircraft and it is revolutionising The main concern was that while period of introduction, the manufac-
sure that you fit each one with the ori- 9, Follow these with the electrolytic on the top of the board with its leads the scene. the aircraft was at those extreme al- turers began to produce sets aimed
entation shown in the overlay diagram caps. There are only three of these passing down through the matching The idea for spread spectrum com- titudes it could be subject to higher at small R/C sport models and then
so they guide you later in plugging in (counting lne 22l,F tantalum unit), board holes. munications originally came from levels of natural or man-made radio gradually the size restrictions fell away
the ICs correctly. Note that a socket is but they are polarised so watch their When the leads are soldered to the film actress Hedy Lamarr who frequency interference. Without some as manufacturers and R/C modellers
not used for RLY1, because this is best orientation. their pads underneath, bend a resistor conceived and patented a frequency form of protection, it would be very a.ike began to have greater confidence
soldered directly into the board. 10. Now you can fit the diodes, lead offcut into a'U' shape and slip it hopping system using something akin easy to lose control of the aircraft, with in this new technology,
5. Next fit the four three-pin SIL which are again all polarised. Take down over the crystal case, with its to piano rolls. The technology origi- devastating results. In fact, in November 2008, the
headers used for LK1-LK3. care here also to fit the 1N4148 'signal' ends passing down through the two nally could not support this system A likely scenario was that a72MHz author test flew the new Silvertone
and the idea lay dormant for many hobby R/C transmitter (72MHz being Mk.2 Flamingo UAV using a com-
Resistor Golour Godes years but was eventually picked up the legal R/C aircraft band in the USA) mercial 2.4GHz direct-sequence DSS
and developed into the modern spread could be transmitting on the same fre- R/C system.
(1%) spectrum system. quency in the same locality as the UAV. One of the really nice features of
No. Value 4-Band Gode 5-Band Code (1%)
You can read more about Hedy This could have serious consequences operating on 2.4GHz is that all of the
tr 1 10MO brown black blue brown brown black black green brown
if the autopilot activation switch was annoying old bugbears such as servo
Lamarr's patent and a lot of other in-
tr 2 2.21\Aa red red green brown red red black yellow brown teresting information at http://www. turned off due to interference. electrical noise, long lead problems
tr 1 330kO orange orange yellow brown orange orange black orange brown inventions. org/culture/female/lam arr. AU,N's first approach was a Dual and electric motor interference, etc
tr 2 220kA red red yellow brown red red black orange brown html RedundancyR/C systemwith one link have all been minimised or completely
tr 1 110ko brown brown yellow brown brown brown black orange brown As near as I can ascertain, the pio- on 900MHz and one on 2.4GHz, with eliminated. This is by virtue of the fact
neer of spread spectrum R/C systems auto transfer fom one to the other, if that the 2.4GHz ftequency is far above
tr 1 100kO brown black yellow brown brown black black orange brown
was Dave Jones of AUAV based in interference or failure occurred on one the noise frequencies and the elaborate
tr I 10kO brown black orange brown brown black black red brown Florida, USA. In 2000, Dave began Iink. However, after much research, encoding/decoding simply obliterates
tr 3 4.7kA yellow violet red brown yellow violet black brown brown experimenting wiih Digita Spread AUAV finally decided to use Digital whatever does get through. Hence
tr 2 22kO red red red brown red red black brown brown Spectrum R/C systems for use in his Spread Spectrum and started devel- R/C operation has become virtually
tr 2 1kA brown black red brown brown black black brown brown UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). He oping the forerunner of the DSS R/C problem-free,
chose Digital Spread Spectrum (DSS) systems nowbeing produced and sold
tr 1 680f) red red brown brown red red black black brown How DSS works
for its tight security and outstanding to hobbyists the world over.
tr 1 470A yellow violet brown brown yellow violet black black brown
Direct sequence spread sPectrum,
ability to reject intentional or uninten- During the testing phase, a solid-
tr 1 1000 brown black brown brown brown black black black brown tional radio frequency interference. state A/B switching system was used to also known as "direct sequence code

70 StLtcoN Cutp siliconchp.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 35

 control transmitter that may be near
or on the flying site, -- j:"O ll .r
(Z) Frequency Hopping: the transmitter
I"i l)
and receiver are constantly changing - dl (ll
fl
channels by a predetermined pseudo- e -':l
t),;r
1 'r l)l
r).+ rl
ta

raldom seluence, through up to 75 -l)a\

I
24 2.1 2-@ 24l 2U 26 2. 2_ L4 2 l l' gr) dl)
ECDE F l[ lt l2 13 t4 li i6 i? lE 19 lA cF, channels to avoid interference fiom t):, or)
cr)
d)
dl)
I r! ::..,.- i; - '
I (r :
Fig.1: a spectrum analyser display of the 16 2,4GHz channels used in Arnelica. natural or mal-made radio frequency
cr)
t) a)
dl)
: F'i
:i
The Australian band allocation is a little clifferent. interference, For example, if channel Gr) 'a t) I , _u' .rcti

L2 }rras interference on it, the system

would onlybe on that chalel for such I
Gr) a .): |

.:
"
.:ii! ti
I i .l
t.)
l)
rlr ;:
I

l-ra ) l)
a short time that the pilot would not
I
t
Ii
division multipJ.e access " (DS-CDMA) usually better ard more reliable, t- l)
or DSSS, is the basis for CDM,A, cell- Frequency Hopping Spread Spec- even notice a glitch of tlle controls. It , r l I i l)
tlr llr l)
phones ard 802.11 wireless transmis-
sions. It multiplies the data bits by a
trum (FHSS) continuously chalges the
centre frequency ofa conventional car-
(3) Unique Spread Code: if a second
FHSS trarsmitter is transmitting on fl '.a
ft
l)

F
(
: (tr
very fast pseudo-random bit pattern
(PN sequence) that "spreads" the data
rier severa-l times per second according
to a pseudo-random set of channels,
the same 2.4GHz band and even us-
ing the exact same set of frequencies,
I
lr (
(
tI
(
,

into a large coded stream that takes the while chirp spread spectrum changes the spread code fhopping sequence)
S. ll

fulI bandwidth of the channel.
DSSS is one of two approaches
to spread spectrum modulation for
digital signal transmission over the
(i
the carier frequency, Because a fixed would have to be identical as well as
frequency is not used, iilegal moni-
toring of spread spectrum signals is
extremely diffrcult, if not impossible,
time sequence matched to the first syS-
tem in order to cause interference.
(4) Unique Addressing: each DSS trans-
l. --

""
_l Lt - ce--
I
I
I
I .J
I

airwaves. A data signal at the point
of tralsmission is combined with a
higher data-rate bit sequence (also
knor,rm as a chipping code) that divides
the data according to a spreading ratio.
The redundant chipping code helps
the signal resist interference and also
enables the original data to be recov-
ered if data bits are damaged during
transmission.
Direct sequence contrasts with
the other spread spectrum process,
known as frequency hopping spread
spectrum or ftequency hopping code
division multiple access (FH-CDMA),
in which a broad slice of the band-
width spectrum is divided into many
possible broadcast frequencies. In
depending on the particular method,
Essentially, spread spectrum is a
system in which the data is transmit-
ted across a wide portion of the band
or transmitted on a ralge of fiequen-
cies so that interference on one or
more frequencies will not degrade
the overall system performance to
any great extent. This method can be
used to make transmissions more se-
cure, reduce interference and improve
bandwidth sharing.
DSS systems used inthe R/C indus-
try can be divided into two categories:
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSSI and Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS).
R/C modellers are alLowed to use a
mitter ald receiver pair use unique
addressing that is assigned to only
that transmitter and any receiver that
is bound to it.
(S) Digital Data Format: the control
data that is sent over this type of sys-
The matching photograph (to the component overlay) also shows all component placement. We used DIL sockets for the
tem is true digital data and is for all
ICs - they're cheap enough and make both assembly and any later troubleshooting much simpler!
practical purposes immune to outside
interference fin the marner that we
use this system). Even if a second
FHSS tralsmitter was transmitting on Parts list - Time Delay PhotoFlash Trigget
the same 2.4GHz band with the same
hopping sequence, the servo decoder 1 PC board, code 13102091, 186 x 102mm 8C338 (Q1,Q4)
board would still have to receive the 1 UBz size jiffybox(197x113x63mm) PN200 (Q2,Q3)
exact same digital data in the correct
forrnat before any of the servos would
3 1 pole 12 position rotary switches (S1-S3) 2N7000 (Q5)
move,
2 Mini SPDT toggle switches (S4,SO) clo6D SCR (SCR1)
1 Mini pushbutton switch, rnomentary NO (S5) Smm LED, green (LED1)
Provided the hopping speed is rela- 1 38kHz quarlz 'watch'crystal (X1)
.

5mm LED, red (LED2)

general, frequency-hopping devices
use less power ald are cheaperbut the
performance of DS-CDMA systems is
This polar response diagram shows
two complete orbits of the model - an
ideal pass with a perfect circular
response and a slightly heart-shaped
response indicating some form of re-
ceiver antenna shading in the model.
36 Stuco,t Crup
portion of the 2.4GHz band known as
the ISM band (Industrial, Scientific
and Medicall, along with a myriad of
other applications such as WiFi, video
transmitters and portable telephones.
The allocated ISM bard may be divid-
ed up arbitrarily by each malufacturer
in order to suit their o'vrm purposes and
it is this fact that makes describing the
typical DSS system so difficult.
Advantages of FHSS
There are five main advantages of
FHSS:
(7) z.aGHzband: tlis
frequency is 68
times higher than the 36MHz radios
currently used to fly model aircraft
in ,tustralia. This in turn allows the
use of much smaller antennas on the
receiver and higher gain antennas on
the transmitter. The high frequency
insures that we will not have inter-
ference from a 36MHz model radio
tively high, the FHSS system offers a
very high level of protection and has
proven quite successfuI out on the
model fieIds.
0irect Sequence Spread Spectrum
Depending on the manufacturer's
specifications, DSSS divides the al-
located 2.4GHzbandinto anumber of
discrete channels, It then selects one
ofthese discrete channels and spreads
the data across that individual chan-
nel. This channel selection may be a
fixed selection setby the manufacturer
or a dynamic selection after a bald
search, depending upon tlre design
of the system.
The Zigbee 2.4GHz RF module used
in Dave Jones' Infinity radio uses 12
channels, Each channel is identified
with its own unique ID number, Each
of the direct sequence channels has
65,534 unique network addresses
siliconchip.com.au
2 3.5mm stereo sockets, PC board mtg 1N4148 diodes(D1-D5)
(coN1,coN4) 1N4004 power diodes (D6-D9)
2 2.5mm concentric DC connectors (CON2,CON3)
Gapacitors
5 14-pin DIL sockets, PC board:mtg 'l 470tF 16V RB electrolytc
5 16-pin DIL sockets, PC board mtg
1 100pF 16V RB electrolytic
1 8-pin DIL socket, PC board mtg
1 22pF 25V tag tantalum
9 1mm PC board terminalpins
1 9V battery clip lead
1 1pF 35V tag tantalum
25mm long M3 tapped spacers
1 220nF MKT metallised polyester
6 6mm long M3 screws, countersink head
'1 100nF MKT metallised polyester
7 6mm long M3 screws, pan head
I 100nF multilayer monolithic
1 M3 hex nut
1 1OnF MKT metallised polyester
1 4.7nF MKT metallised polyester
Semiconductos 1 1nF MKT metallised polyester
4069U8 hex inverter (lC1) 2 27pF NPO disc ceramic
40408 binary counter (lC2)
Resistors (0.25W 1% unless specifed)
40738 triple AND gate(lO3)
1 10MO 2 z2MO 1 330kO 2 220kA
40178 decade counter (lC4-lCO)
1 110k 1 100k I 10ko 3 4.7kA
40938 quad Schmitt NAND (lC7,lC8)
2 2.2kO 2 1k( 1 680c 1 470A
1M358 dualop amp (lOg)
401 1B quad NAND (1C10)
1 100o
1 50kO potentiometer (VR1)
40538 triple SPDT switch (1C11)
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 69

Fig.3: component overlay for the Time Delay PhotoFlash Trigger, from the component side. The longest links can be made
with tinned copper wire - we used insulated type to avoid shorts.
are the Q output of FF2 and pins 3 and
5 are its Q-bar output. That's why the
'counter enable'signal from pins 4 and
2 istaken back to pin 1,4 of IC4 (counter
1), as this is effectively the counter's
enable input. Similarly the 'counter
reset'signa from pins 3 and 5 of FFz
is taken back to pin 1 5 of IC4, IC5 and
IC6 - the MR pin for these devices.
The NAND gate used to combine the
count outputs from switches 51, 52
and S3 is formedby diodes D1-D3 plus
ICBd (connected as an inverter) and the
1OkQ resistor connected between its
pin 13 input and the +9V rail.
This input of ICBd can therefore
only rise to logic 'high' Ievel when
the cathodes of diodes DI,D2 and D3
are all high. This only occurs when
the counter outputs selectedby S1, S2
and 53 are all high at the same time,
ICBd's output at pin 11 then goes low.
This pin is connected back to pin 13
of IC7d, which is the control flipflop's
R-bar input.
The remaining circuitry at lower
right of Fig.2 forms the pulse stretch-
ing and SCR driver block, Gates ICBa,
ICBb and ICBc, together with diode D4
and the 1kQ resistor/1OnF capacitor
combination form a one-shot monos-
table to stretch the very narrow 'end
68 sucoN cutp
EXT TRIGGER
CONTACTS
tts2 '
@5t
a1a
of count' pulse from ICBd. Transistor
Q1 functions as a buffer to apply the
stretched pulse to the gate of SCR1, to
switch it on. When SCR1 conducts it
triggers the electronic flash via diode
bridge D6-Ds and the flash trigger
output socket CON3.
The complete circuit runs from a
9V akaline battery, with S as the
on/off switch. Unless you take a LOT
of photos (or forget to turn the pornrer
switch off !) , battery life should be very
long indeed - probably approaching
shelf life.
Construction
Virtually all of the circuitry and
components used in the flash delay
unit are mounted on a single PC board,
coded 13102091and measuring 185 x
102mm. The board has rounded cut-
outs in each corner so that it fits snugly
inside a standard UB2 size jiffy box,
measuring '1,97 x 1,13 x 3mm,
The shafts of switches S1-S3 pro-
trude through the box lid (which be-
comes the front panel) along with the
power switch 54 and the two indicator
LEDs. The battery fits inside the box
underneath the PC board assembly,
while all four input/output connectors
are accessed via holes in the upper rear
of the box itself.
A smalL hole top left of the front
panel allows screwdriver access to
the sensitivity pot underneath. This
should rarely need adjustment after
the first time.
Incidentaly, we specify 3.5mm
stereo sockets only because mono PC
board-mounting types are virtually
impossible to obtain, We obviously
only use them as mono (ie, the "ring"
terminal is left unconnected). Mono
line plugs can of course be used - these
o'e commonly available.
The PC board overlay diagram of
Fig.3 shows where all of the compo-
nents are placed. Follow this diagram
and the internal photo carefully, to
build up the project without any
problems.
Here is the suggested order for as-
sembling the board:
1. Fit the four input/output connec-
tors along the rear edge of the board.
2. Then fit the various wire links.
There are 13 of these in all, eight of
which are 0.4 inches long and can
easily be made from resistor lead
offcuts. The remaining five are some-
what longer, and wil need to be made
lrom lengths of tinned copper wire
(pulled straight so there is no risk of
siliconchip.com.au
avaiable called the PersonaL Area
Network (PAN ID or chipping code),
represented in hex code as 0000 - FFI'F.
,\ddress FFFF is set aside as a unique
address for use during ihe binding
process. This address wil never be
used in a system for flying - it is onlv
used for the binding process.
In the binding process, it is neces-
sary to set the transmitter and receiver
to a common RF channel and a com-
mon set ofcodes. These codes consist
of the channel ID number, PAN Ad-
dress Number, Receiver Destination
Address, Transmitter Source Address
and the Transmitter's Serial Number,
This makes it possible for an un-
matched Tx/Rx pair to communicate
during the binding process. This
process sets both the transmitter and This view shows the Xtreme Link receiver installed in an autopilot housing,
the receiver to a particular RF chan- Note the tidy lead arrangement.
nel, PAN address and pre-determined
destination and source addresses. It
aLso sets the receiver to the transmit-
ter's serial number to get them com-
minicating.
,A.ft er communication is estabished
on the set-up channel, the transmitter
tren transmits to the receirreL its own
configuration codes that are factory
preset. From this point on the Tx/
Rx pair are bouncl via a unique set of
codes and will no longer accept data
ftom any other source.
As an illustration of just how secure
this system is, let's say that ther e areL2
RF channels that we can use and that The Silvertone autopilot
each of the four addresses is 16-bit. unit with tle Xtreme Link
A 16-bit number can be represented receiver.
as 0000-FFFF in hex or' 0-65,535 in
decimal. If we set aside one address
fiom each ofthe four address blocks for
binding, as stated earlier in this artice,
then we have foul unique addresses However, that is not the full story. ramifications, ,A.t this frequency, any
that will range from 000O-FFFE in hex The magical aspect of DSSS is that metal object close to the 26,1mm long
or 0-65,534 decimal. From here we can when noise is received by the receiver antenna can be a hazard. Any re.ative-
do the maths and determine just how along with the transmitted data, it gets ly large mass of metal or carbon fibre
many unique combinations of address compressed out of existence when the will act as a shield, reflector, director
and RF channels we can have, ie: data is decoded and recovered. Be- or absorbing element at these frequen-
RF Channel x PAN x Destination cause the noise is in real time and the cies. Even the paint used on the model
Address x Source Address x Tx Seal data is expanded across the spectrum, can function as an antenna shield and
Numbe = 12 x 65,534 x 65,534 x 65,534 when the data is compressed back to so some receivers allow the antenna
x 65,534 = 2 2 1,33 3,908,523,67 5,81 2,032. normal the noise simly disappears. to be mounted outside the fuselage of
In operation, the receiver is con- Thus, a DSSS system can pull signal the mode.
stantly looking for data assigned only out from below the noise floor. It is Some manufacturers of R/C equip-
to its destination address. To be valid, here that the DSSS system outshines ment also combat this problem with
this datamust contain the PAN ID, the the FHSS system. dual-diversity reception, as is now
Destination Address the Source Ad- common in WiFi equipment. A di-
dress and the correct Serial Number 0perating 2.4GHz R/C systems versity set-up alows antennas to
of the transmitter that the receiver has While 2.4GHz DSS R/C systems are be positioned at various locations
been bound to. Thus, it is immediately great, they do have some new problems around the fuselage (providing space
obvious that this is a very secure sys- and pitfalls. The very high operating diversity) and at different polarisation
tem indeed. frequency has the most far-reaching orientations. In this way, at least one
siliconchip.com.au FEBUARY 2OO9 37
 signa, so do not fly behind trees even
for a brief instant.
When installing the receiver in the
model keep any metal, carbon fi-
bre or water at east 5Omm away
from the receiver artenna. Water
ballast tanks in gliders, for exam-
ple, would pose a real threat if
near the receiver's antenna.
Any aileron or fap leads
dropping into the aircraft's ra-
dio compartment present a par-
ticuLar probem, so take special
care that any such leads do not
move close to the antenna during
flight. All leads must be kept well
away from the receiver's antenna
but the aileron and flap leads on
high-wing models pose a particular
it isoates the antenna from ground
moisture that will vary with weather
conditions. With the ssan receiver in lCl0o
a small 1.5m high wing model sitting 14 lCl0:40llB
on the ground, a ground range of ap- E
o2
PN2OO
proximately 60-75 paces is typical.
Then comes the most important test
of all - a "circular walk-around" the
model. This test is to verifii that there
are no weak spots in the radiation pat-
tern of the system and in particular, Dos
that there are no metal masses blocking 2N7000
S
the signal path inside the model.
First, place the model on the ground
or table and with the transmitter on
(in low-power mode, if available)
and with the transmitter's antenna re-
moved, wak to the nose of the model.
a3
That done, face the model with the PN20O

Xtreme Link 2.4GHz DSSS module in
place of the 36MHz module. Note the
small rubber duck antenna.
receiver can clearly decode data from
the transmitter at any time. If using a
non-diversity set-up (ie, single receiv-
er), the placement of any conductive
objects around the antenna becomes
far more critical.
The author recently came across a
threat. These are difficult to secure
in such a way that the leads remain
in place whie fitting or removing the
wing, Thus, they can move close to
the receiver's antenna when securing
the wing onto the model and this can
go unnoticed.
While on the issue of metal near
2.4GHz antennas, the author also
removes the carrying handle from
the transmitter as well as the original
3 6MHz telescopic antenna. The,A.ssan
transmitter held at waist height and
the antenna stub pointing towards READY
the model. l.EDI
Now walk backwards from the
model while operating the controls.
Continue to walk out from the model
until the servos start to move in a
jerky manner, indicating a loss of data
packets due to a weak signal. Move in
towards the model until solid control
is resumed and note the distance.
Now walk around the model in a PUISE SRECHER

photo of a 2.4GHz DSS dual diversity
instaliation with figures quoted for
the "circular walk-around" (polar dia-
gram) that were very poor. They varied
from B6 metres on the lefthand side of
the model to 140 metres on the right
handside, top 118 metres and bottom
manual, for example, states that it is
not necessary to remove the 36MHz
antenna but it is a little contradictory
to state that metal should not be placed
near the receiver's antenna whist
completely ignoring large masses of
metal near the transmitter's antenna.
circle with the antenna stub always
pointing towards the model and at the
same distance fiom the model. Note
any weak points in the circle where
it is necessary to move closer in to Dl5: lN4l/8
maintain solid control. Ideally, you
shoulcl get a perfectly circular polar # I.EDS 8C338 2N7000

137 metres, giving an overall range
variation of up to 61% worst case.
A glance at the installation imme-
diately showed why the results were
so poor. The installation featured
long metal pushrods passing over the
receiver, a badly placed switch har-
ness with long unsecured leads and
an antenna coax that ran in parallel
to the servo and battery leads.
To cap it all off, the receiver was
stuck to the floor of the mode with
double-sided sticky tapel In a power
model, this is one way that's certain
to destroy your receiver. Engine vibra-
tion is a killer and even surface-mount
components wil eventually succumb
if the vibration level is high enough.
0ther measures
2.4GHz signals are also seriously
affected by water in all of its forms
so be aware that conditions on flying
fields will vary from day to day and
hour by hour. Wet trees wiLl kill the
In contrast, Extreme Link does recom-
mend removing the 3 6MHz transmitter
antenna.
The rest of the installation follows
normal model aircraft procedure but
it is recommended that all leads be
lashed down to the receiver case
with a cable tie or insulation tape to
prevent any leads straying close to the
receiver's antenna.
Range testing
Once installation is complete, it is
time for a range test with the transmit-
ter antenna completely removed.
In keeping with all radio receivers,
the higher the receiver antenna is off
the ground, the greater the range that
wii be achieved. Thus, it is important
that the receiver's antenna should be
set at a constant height ftom the ground
during all range tests. Placing the
model on a table, for example, delivers
good range and also more repeatability
in range testing from week to week as
pattern.
If the pass is not circuLar, then re-
arrange the receiver installation, pay-
ing particular attention to the points
listed above. Continue to retest until
a circular pattern is obtained.
Considering the very ow output
power of the average 2.4GHz DSS
system, the range obtained is excel-
lent. For example, when range testing
the Assan system with the transmitter
antenna fitted, range was measured at
1.3km on the ground at Waikerie (in
South Australia) with the receiver on
a small cardboard box 300mm high
and fitted with a 6V battery pack. It
was not possible to take the transmitter
out further due to limitations imposed
by the terrain, so range was not tested
beyond this point. The green valid
data LED was solid green at this range,
indicating good signal lock,
Battery packs
Even when operating 36MHz sets,
The 3BkHz crystal oscillator is based
on inverter IC1a, whose output is
buffered by ICle to drive IC2, the 4040
counter and IClb which makes 3BkHz
pulses availabe at test point TP1,
Gates IC3b, IC3c and IC3a together
with triple CMOS switch IC11
40538) are used to configure 1C2 for
division by either 380 or 3B times, to
provide the option of timing pulses
with a frequency of either LOOHz
(38,000/380) or lkHz (38,000/38), The
division ratio is determined by switch
S6, which controls the state of S/SB/
SC inside IC11.
The resulting timing pulses are
then sent to pin 13 of IC4 (which cor-
responds to decade counter 1 in Fig.1),
and aLso made available at test point
TP2 via buffer IC1f.
In the section of the circuit at upper
left, you'll see the electret mic input
socket CON1 plus the mic preamp
and squarer circuitrv based around
op amps iCgb and IC9a, the LM35B.
Op amp ICgb is an inverting amplifier
stagewith negative feedback adjusted
(a via pot VR1, so that its gain can be
varied between 11.5 and 235 times to
set the input sensitivity.
The preamp output is then fed di-
rectly to IC9a, which is configured as
a comparator to 'square up'the audio
signal and convert it into a train of
pulses.
The output of ICga is then used
to switch on transistor Q4, so that
its collector voltage drops quickly
to near-zero after the arrival of the
audio signal. The collector of Q4 is
connected via the 4.7nF coupling/
differentiating capacitor to pin 12 of
G,
A,
K
gate IC7d, which is the inverter feeding
trigger gate IC7c.
External trigger input
The EXT TRIG input comes in via
CON4, which connects directly to
the collector of Q+ via a 100Q series
resistor (the 1nF shunt capacitor across
CON4 is used for noise filtering, to
prevent spurious triggering). Hence
the collector circuit of Q+ effectively
forms a 'wired OR' gate, as either Q4
or the external contacts can pull it
down to ground and hence begin the
triggering process.
Cross-coupled gates IC10a and
IC10b form control flipflop FF1, while
gates ICTa and iCTb form controi
flopflop FF2. So pins 3 and o of ICIO
is FF1's Q output, controlling trigger
gate IC7c, while pins 4 and 2 of IC7

38 StLtcot Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 67

 battery packs are the main source of
470o-
failures, With 2,4GHz DSS systems,
battery packs are even more impor-
2.2M lC9:1M358
talt.
AUDIO SQUARER
In the early days, DSS systems suf-
fered badly from voltage fold-back due
to the cut-off voltage on the front end
being set too high by the manufactur-
ers, This has largely been overcome
by dropping the voltage cut-off point
down to 2.BV or thereabouts, However
even now there are still mysteries sur-
rounding the voltage supply to DSS
receivers,
Tests were conducted on an Assan
link receiver using a variable voltage
power supply with adjustable current
limiting. This receiver is interesting
in that the manufacturer provides a
Iarge electrolytic capacitor fitted with
a servo plug and it is recommended
that this capacitor be plugged into a
spare channel on the receiver.
COUNTER CTOCK GENERAI'ION
In a series of tests, seven servos of
various types, including one digital,
were fitted to an Assan XBR receiver.
Servo channel eight was kept clear for
the electrolytic capacitor, This was
not fitted for the first test. With the
servos cycling on at least four chan-
nels constantly, the supplyvoltage was
TPGo-l dropped gradually until the receivet
stopped working al 2.4Y.
The test was then repeated leav-
ing the voltage set at 5V while the
current limit was gradually reduced
to simulate a battery that could not
supply the necessary current. While
there was no apparent (or noticeable)
variation in the voltmeter, the servos Considering that the Assan receiver 2.4GHz systems of various brands
started to slow down and behave er- works down to 2.7V, l is better to use operating simultaneously were again
ratically. The current limit was then a larger capacity 4.BV battery than a free of any interference, glitching or
further reduced until the receiver lost smaller 6V battery. any untoward event.
lock and the LED started flashing red/ Never at any time has a single non-
rd green, This test was then repeated but Flying experence diversity receivet - whether Assan,
lCl c this time with the capacitor fitted to Non-diversity systems have been Xtreme or Infinity - ever shown any
channel B. This time the receiver did flown extensively in several locations tendency to glitch or behave erratically
not lose lock even though some of the in the USA, NSW and, on several oc- when fitted into five different mod-
lClo servos stopped working. The effect of casions, in Dalby, Queensland. One els, on many busy club and display
the capacitor was very beneficial in system was also tested in Waikerie, days.
stopping receiver ock out. South Australia. During these tests, From the tests, it is clear that the
The above tests indicate that the the systems behaved flawlessly with causes of many of the failures of
internal impedance of the battery is absolutely no adverse events of any 2.4GHz systems of all brands revolve
an important factor in receiver opera- kind. around receiver installation, antenna
tion and a series of antenna-off range The Dalby tests included two days shading and battery problems, I can
I 00Hz OR I kHz checks were carried out with the same of flying with a very large gathering of only say that I am most imPressed
receiver to verify this observation. models at the offrcial opening of the with the DSS system and look for-
The range was found to faithfully new Dalby Club field. Aerial off range wad to some very interesting times
Fig.2: the circuit is essentially a audio prermp track the battery capacity, with the tests were carried out throughout the in the future with who knows what
and shaper plus a counter which controls either higher capacity battery packs deliv- day with up to seven 2.4GHz systems equipment.
a flash trigger and-/or (if available) a camera ering a better result. In other words, operating at the same time. No reduc- Acknowledgement: mythanks to Dave
PR||ORAIIIIABTE T1ASH TRIOGER IIT1AY shutter after a user-set time delay. performance is more in line with tions in range, glitching or interfer- lones for his invaluable input in ex-
"*M, ence were noted. Flights with many plaining DSSS systems.
battery capacity than battery voltage. SC

66 StLtcort Catp siliconchip.com.aLl siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 39

 indicate that the circuit has s-'itched Because the three switches are
into its'triggered' state. connected to the inputs of a NAND
N-CHANNEL At the same time the N-channel FET gate, it's only when they are all high
FET
is turned on, to produce a verJ low together that the output of this gate
resistance across the 'shutter release' switches low.
output connector (CON2). When this occurs, the resulting
So if your camera has the facility for negative-going pulse is fed back to the
remote control of the shutter, it can be R-bar (reset) input of FF2, causing it
automatically opened. to be immediately reset. The decade
At the same time because FF2's Q counters are now disabled and held
READY output has switched high, LED1 is in their reset state, so counting stops
TEDI
turned off to show that the 'ready' and the circuit is switched back to its
state has ended. 'ready' state.
The reversal of FF2's outputs in the At the same time, the negative-
This latest speed controller can be used with power tools and triggered state has another important going pulse lrom the N,\ND gate is fed
appliances rated up to 104. It is suitable for use with brush-type effect, because it means not only that
the logic high is removed from the MR
through a pulse stretcher and driver
to turn on the SCR (silicon control-
universal motors such as those in small lathes, electric drills, grss inputs ofthe three decade counters, so led rectifier). The SCR conducts, and
they are no onger held reset, but also triggers your electlonic flash unit ria
trimmers, circular saws, routers, nibblers and jigsaws. that a logic high is now applied to the the diode bridge and trigger output
EN input of counter 1, so it can begin socket (CON3).
counting the timing pulses. To sum up, the settings of switches
Counting starts immediately, with 51, 52 and 53 allow you to directly
By fohn Clarke the outputs of counter 1 going high program the time delajrbetween input
Fig.1: block diagram of the Time-
Delay Photoflash Trigger breaks in sequence for each timing pulse triggering and output flash trigger-
the circuit down into its various (ie, the 'units'), and then the outputsing. This means thai if you set 53 for
functions. Compare this with the of counters 2 and 3 going high in se- zero hundreds, 52 for two tens and
,t lthough there are countless Speed Controller published in October Because this speed controler does am overleaf, quence for each 10 pulses ('tens') and 51 for five units, the flash triggering
lI batterv-powered and 230VAC 2002. It is housed a larger diecast case, not apply fuIl power to the motor at each 100 pulses ('hundreds'). will be delayed by 25ms (using 1ms
L lpo*"itolswilh inbuilt speed not only making it easier to build but any of its settings, it cannot provide once the circuit sr,r'itches into its 'trig-This counting operation continues timing pulses) or 25Oms (using 1Oms
controls these days, there is still a need aso providing for the increased heat speed control up to full speed. That gered'state, For a stat, when the Q-bar until the counter 1 output selected by pulses)
for a stand-alone speed controller. dissipation which comes from its up- is why we have incorporated a 10.A output of FF2 switches low this causes S1, the counter 2 output selected by S2
Apart from po\ er tools, many appli- rating to suit 10,A. universal motors. bypass switch, to enable ful speed triggered LED2 to be turned on and lhe counler 3 oulput selected by Circuit details
ances need to have their motor speed without unplugging the appliance via an inverler, to The full circuit is shown in Fig.2.
reduced. Speed control range from the speed control,
In fact, we are constantly being sur- The speed controller will enable Some power tools and appliances
prised by the range ofuses that readers you to set the motor speed over a wide don't run smoothly at very lo'vrr speeds
have for this type of speed control. range, from about B0% of ful speed when run from this type of phase
Apart from drills and circular saws, at low loads, down to a very slow control circuit. They sometimes dis-
a speed control is particularly useful rate, depending on the motor and its play a behaviour known as "cogging"
for controlling routers and jigsaws gearing. whereby they run in short bursts.
when cutting materials such as plastics So the practical mini-
that will melt mum speed for any ap-
when cutting at pliance motor depends
high speed. on its freedom frour
Other items hat cogging. This will de-
that can benefit
s
pend on the design of dS
from speed con- the particular motor but
trol are hobby Gfewed 0nt0 the Gase' in general we can state
Iathes that use
sewing machine
that the cheaper the ap-
pliance, the less likely
I
-J.-
motors, foodmix- rs can be Gontrolled"' it r.r'ill run smoothly at ,,
ers when the in- very low speeds. lff
built speed con- Another factor that
trol has failed and 04. limits the minimum
grass trimmers speed at which an ap-
that constantly pliance can be run is It's all assembled onto a
#
break the Nyon and suffer damage' that most universal single PC board with the three
line when used at motors harre an inbuilt time-setting switches, pot and LEDs
full speed. fan for cooling. pointing upwards so they can poke through the
The circuit is BeLow certain speeds front panel. We removed switch S5 to pull the unit apart for
a revised version rtes' that fan is largely inef- this photo (its two extension wires are still on the PC board) and
of the popular 5A fective, so there is no of course switch 54 is not normally at quite such a drunken angle!

Su,tcott Cutp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9


,\long the top side of the case are
four sockets which connect an elec-
tret microphone, an external trigger
(eg, PIR sensor), the electronic flash
and, if required, the electronic camera
shutter.
How it works
The block diagram of Fig.1 shows
how it works. It has four states: the
'waiting' state - powered on; the
'armed' state where the unit is waiting
for a triggering input; the 'triggered'
state where the time delay is counting
through and finally the 'fired' or 'ready'
state where the time has elapsed and
the unit has fired the electronic flash
or electronic shutter.
When FF2 is in its reset state (Q-bar
high) the circuit is in the 'ready' state
but when the flipflop is triggered and
switches to its set state (Q high) this
swings the circuit into its 'triggered'
state.
When the circuit is first turned on,
FF2 is reset and so the circuit is in the
'waiting' state. The flipflop's Q-bar out-
put is high , the Q output is low and as
a result LEDl is turned on to show that
the circuit is 'ready' for action,
A logic high is also applied to the
MR (master reset) inputs of decade
counters 1-3, forcing them all to reset
with their'0' outputs high.
64 StLtcoN Cutp
ri
ARM
s5
RESET FFI
ENABII DELAY COUNER
NAND GATE
(Dr 3, rcsdl
At the same time because FFz's Q
output is low, the EN (enable) input
of counter 1 is held low, preventing
the counters from operating. The only
other part of the circuit which operates
in this 'ready' state is the 3BkHz crystal
oscillator and divider chain which
runs all the time because it's used
to generate the delay timing pulses.
The divider chain is programmed by
a switch (56) to divide the crystal fre-
quencyby either 380 times or 3B times,
to give timing pulses of either 1'OOHz
(1Oms) or lkHz (1ms) respectively,
These pulses are fed to the CK
(clock) input of counter 1 but while
the circuit is in the ready state the
counters can't respond.
Trigger gating
When a sound is picked up by the
plug-in electret microphone, the mic
signal is amplified and 'squared up'
in the preamp/squarer section, then
inverted and fed to one input of the
OR gate.
The output of the OR gate is then
fed via a differentiator circuit and an
inverter to one input of a NAND gate
- trigger gate IC7c. The other input of
this gate is connected to the Q output
of control flipflop 1 (FF1), which is
used to ensure that only one trigger
pulse can get through to trigger FF2.
{lCzc}
The trigger gate is only'open'when
FF1 is set, by briefly pulling its S-bar
input low using the 'ARM' pushbut-
ton S5, The Q output then switches
high, bringing the second input of the
trigger gate high and thus allowing a
trigger pulse to pass through and reach
the S-bar input of FF2. This flipflop is
therefore triggered, switching to the set
state - with
the Q output switching
high and the Q-bar output switching
low So the circuit now swings into its
'triggered' state.
But notice that as soon as the Q-bar
output of FF2 switches low, this im-
mediately puls down the R-bar (resetl
input of FFL, resetting this again and
causing its Q output to switch low.
This closes the trigger gate, 'disarm-
ing' the circuit to prevent any further
triggering until S5 is pressed again,
to re-arm it.
Note that this triggering action
can also be produced by the closing
of a set of contacts connected to the
circuit's EXT TRIG input, instead of
sound being picked up by the electret
microphone.
The second input connects directly
to the lower input of the OR gate, so
the logic low produced by the contact
closure is again abe to pass through
the gating and trigger FF2.
A number of other things happen
siliconchip.com.au
Our new Universal Motor Speed Controller, shown here with a typical application - an older Powe^r drill which doesn'l
have its own speed controllr - will handle nameplate ratings up to 104 and has good low-end performance.
cooing at all. This should be con- risk of overheating and burning out pensate if the motor is loaded down.
the motor.
sidered if you want to use an electric
drill as a power screwdriver with this At mid settings of the speed control, Basic circuit operation
control. the circuit gives good speed regulation. The speed controller circuit is very
By all means, use it as a screwdriver This means that the circuit slightly similar in principle to the simple SCR
but only for short periods - or run the increases the applied voltage to com- speed controls developed in the past,
I OA FUSE
A
10k
5W
A
D2 SCRT
47 SPEED ,
^()
VRI \7
AC 2k
a
)o'
K
N
Fig.1: this simple SCR controller, used exten- Fig,2: this more recent design is signficantly better in
sively in the past, has a number of draw- the performance department but one of its key components,
backs, including poor low-speed performance, the Silicon Bilateral Switch, is now quite hard to obtain,
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 41,
 aii. AgllsotTdrmlols 'TLE JAN 08;57i17 2mg .:i:::. Agllt l3drmlolh llE JAN 06 08:54:06 2009

This waveform shows the Speed Controller set for maxi-
mum output when driving a 1kW resistive load. Note that
the waveform is essenlially a half-wave rectified sinewave
with an RMS value of 161V (7o/o of 23oV) and a peak
value of 341V.
The same waveform superimposed on the 230VAC 50Hz
input (blue). Notice that there is a small voltage loss across
the Triac. The "flat-topping of both waveforms is due to
fluorescent and gas discharge.lamps and switchmode
power supplies.

such as that shown in Fig.1. early in each,A.C half cycle, the power an SCR except that it conducts for both
It is based around an SCR (Silicon fed to the motor willbe relatively high. positive and negative cycles of the AC
Controller Rectifi er). When conduct- Conversely, if the SCR is turned on late waveform. This would provide the fulI
ing, an SCR is just like a diode; cur- in each AC half cycle the power fed to range in speed control.
rent can flow in one direction but not the motor will be relatively low and In fact, we are using a Triac in our
the other, The difference between an hence the motor will run slowly. revised circuit but it still only provides
SCR and a diode is that the SCR will The trigger voltage for the SCR conduction during one halfcycle. The Who let the smoke out? 30ms after we smashed the light globe by hitting it with a metal weight (that's it on the rightJ the
bock current in both directions un- comes from VR1, a 2kQ potentiometer reason why we do not provide full- filament is only now starting to realise it's lost half of its bulb and is starting to burn up, with flame and smoke. This is a
less driven into conduction with a connected in series with a 1OkQ resis- wave control (ie, conduction on both combined time exposure (hence the warm glow from the lamp) and flash shot using the delayed trigger (hence the white
gate signal. tor and diode D1. The potentiometer positive and negative half cycles) is pieces of glass). Believe it or not, this was the first shot we took - and a dozen light globes later, we decided it was the best!
Once it
starts conducting, current is fed with half-wave rectified AC that speed regulation would be lost.
will flow from anode (A) to cathode
(K) and it will stay conducting until
the load current drops to zero. The
that is partly smoothed by the 4.7pF
capacitor across it. The resulting ramp
voltage from the wiper is fed to the
The simpe SCR circuit (and our
revised version) gives speed regula-
tionby monitoring the back-EMF from
Lf
II
So if you predict that the crucial
event you walt to capture occuls about
4Oms (milliseconds) after the reference
Triggering can be from an elec-
tret microphone (to pick up sound
'events:) or other devices like a PIR
circuit must be used with AC voltage gate of the SCR via diode D2. the motor. Back-EMF is the voltage a drop falls into a dish of milk or the event (eg, the bang or click, or contact (passive infrared) motion sensor, light-
or half-wave pulsed DC for the SCR to deveoped by a motor that opposes tip of a chameleon's tongue when it's closure), you can set the triggering beam interrupter system, or custom
be switched off. If the gate is triggered Speed regulation the current through it. It is directly attaching itself to a flying insect? Or a delay to 40ms and see if this gets the sensor switches such as microswitches
then the SCR will
again conduct on the Now you might be thinking we proportional to speed, so at high motor light bulb shattering as a bullet enters shot. If it then turns out that the shot attached to machinery.
next voltage cycle. Without the gate should use a Triac. This is similar to speeds the back- EMF will be higher, it? These are the kinds of shots which was a itte early or late, you can either It is housed in plastic case which
triggered the SCR will remain off. This circuit moni- can be achieved using 'stop motion' reduce or increase the delay to get the on the front panel (lid of case) has
Because the SCR is tors the back-EMF in photography, precise result. three rotary switches to set the time
a switching device, it ces use the folowing way. You don't need much gear to take So that's the rationale behind this delay, a sensitivity control for the mi-
can be used as a very ef- commutator and One side of the motor these shots. The main requirement is project. It's an automatic electronic crophone/preamp, an "arm" button,
ficient power controller, is connected directly a camera with a very fast shutter speed shutter release/flash trigger unit with toggle switches to turn on power and
carrying large amounts
iJl J,o'i';;i'
motor armature
i'i f
i. to the SCR's cathode or an electronic flash. a delay time which can be adjusted
in 1ms steps from 0 to 999ms or al-
to select the time delay, a red LED to
of current while itself ,i
"i'8{'i'{l while the other side Either way you need an electronic show that the unit has been triggered
dissipating relativey I term "universal"' is connected to the triggering unit to either open the cam- ternatively, in 10ms steps from 0 to and a green LED to show that the flash
controller' 59
little power. t not be used with this speed l9'Tl?
inductron cathode of diode D1 era shutter release, or fire the flash au- 9.99 seconds. or shutter has been fired.
not an
The circuit of Fig.1 you make sure that yt" il;itt" itnitt"tl motor and and to the mains tomatically in response to a reference
controls the AC power motor? Neutral wire. event - such as a sound (like a 'bang' Specifications
--:r.. i^rnrmino rht the motof has brusnes
:lYi'1|.il'{,[lJ il:$lffi":iffi l"
"' -r
to the motor by triggering n m an}, p ower t00r s vo u :11 This means that or'click'J or a contact closure (like the Trigger inputs: electret microphone or external trigger (via PIR sensor etc)
the SCR into conduction L oc
es, rnrr oet a clue from the
can also get
you nn
tne the gate-to-cathode contacts in a PIR motion sensor). Delay time: 0 to 999ms in 1ms increments or
at some point in each voltage applied to The electronic triggering unit must 0 to 9.99 seconds in 1Oms increments
positive haf-cycle of the the SCR is the dif- have an accurately adjustabe delay Timing Accuracy: 1ms or 1Oms
230VAC waveform. The ference between the time, This allows you to set the cam-
SCR does not conduct at wiper voltage from era or flash triggering to occur not Outputs: (1 ) Non-delayed triggerng for external shutter release

just automatically in response to the (2) Delayed triggering for electronic flash
all during the negative AC VR1 and the back-
half cycles. EMF generated by reference event, but a known period Power: 9V alkaline battery
If the SCR is turned on unit. Bench grinders Iyplcally
ur' -Pvrv the motor, if we of time after it. Gonsumption: 16mA (standby); 30mA when triggered.

42 Sil,tcott Cutp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 63

 ln58$ TF j-'ii' -NE
JAN (b181136 ZTB
1- Aglst Tecblo{s ]TE JAN fE fuifatrcobgies

lnto specal effects photogtaphy? 0r uuant to be? Try this

by Jim Rowe
This waveform shows the Speed Controller set for maxi.
mum output when driving an electric drill. Notice that
there is considerable hash at the beginning of each positive
half-cycle, caused by interaction between the drill's
commutator and the Triac.
Now set for a lower speed from the electric drill, the Triac
is on for a shorter time and the RMS value of the waveform
is considerably reduced to 45V. Note the frequency error
which is caused by hash on the waveform and the fact that
the Triac triggering is more erratic'

ignore the voltage drop across diode
D2.
Actually, in so-called universal
motors (ACiDC series motors with
commutators and brushesJ, there are
two back-EMFs.
The frrstis afunction of motor speed
and the remalent magnetism of the
field coils. It is generated during the
time when the SCR is not conducting,
ie, during the negative half cycles of
the AC waveform and during the frrst
portion of the positive half cycles
before the SCR conducts.
The pecond back-EMF is generated
during the time when the SCR is con-
ducting and there will nowbe current
flowing in the field coils (and also in
the armature). This back-EMF will be
higher than the first.
We are only concerned with the
back-EMF generated while the SCR is
not conducting since it is this voltage
which determines how late or early in
each positive half cycle that the SCR
begins conduction.
In our circuit, the back-EMF from
the motor applies negative feedback
to the gate of the SCR, Say a particular
motor speed is setby VRland thenthe
motor speed tends to drop because of
an increase in Joading.
This reduces the motor back-EMF
and therefore increases the voltage
at the gate the SCR. More correctly,
it mens that the trigger voltage for
the SCR gate will exceed the volt-
age at the SCR cathode earlier in the
positive half-cycle and hence more
power will be applied to the motor.
This will tend to correct the drop in
motor speed. Speed regulation is not
perfect but it's better than having no
speed regulation at all,
Better circuit
The basic circuit of Fig.1 has a
number of drawbacks. First, the total
power dissipation through the 10kO
resistor is about 2W which means
that it gets rather hot. Second, even
though the current through the 10kO
resistor and VR1 is relatively high, it
is not suffcient for reliable triggering
of higher power SCRs. And third, the
circuit is not particularly good atvery
low speed settings.
A much better circuit is shown in
Fig,2 which was published in Stllcol
Crm in September 1992, Instead of

Want to try your hand at'stop motion' photography, where dynamic events such as a End-shots ofthe Speed
Controller case showing
match bursting into flame, a drop splashing into a container of liquid or a projectile the fused IEC mains input
connector (left), while
passing through a light globe, are captured at a crucial moment? the shot at right shows
Here's a project designed specifically for this kind of work. It lets you trigger the output socket and the
controlled/fu ll speed switch.
your electronic flash at the precise moment for a great picture. Case and lid drilling details
are shown on page 48.

62 Stttco't Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBNUARY 2OO9 43


e@r
D]
rN00
lBOn /i77 i (30v1200v1
ffi,I llA UIIIUERSAT IIllTllR SPEEII CllIII
Fig.3: here's our new Universal Motor Speed Controller which has good low-end speed performance and speed regulation
but is based on components that are easy to obtain. As a bonus, its rating has doubled to a nameplate rating of roA.
an SCR, it uses a Triac and instead of
feeding the gate directly from VR1 we
have used a trigger circuit consisting
of a silicon bilateral switch (SB S1) and
a 47nF capacitor.
As mentioned above, while the
Triac is capable of conducting onboth
positive and negative half-cycles of the
230V AC 50Hz waveform, this circuit
only enables it to trigger on positive
half cycles, because of the rectifier
action of diode Dl.
The SBS is a voltage break-over
device and at voltages below its break-
circuit
over point it is essentially open
but once the break-over voltage is
reached, it conducts. The 47nF capaci-
tor charges up from VR1 via diode D2
until it reaches the break-over voltage
of about BV.
At this point the SBS dumps the
capacitor's charge into the Triac's gate
to trigger it into conduction and the
cycle repeats for the next positive half
cycle of the mains AC waveform.
The energy stored in the capacitor is
quite enough to trigger even insensi-
tive Triacs; hence we were able to use a
high power 40,t device in this circuit.
In this circuit, the motor back-EMF
acts to reduce the charging voltage to
lhe 47nF capacitor rather than reduc-
ing the SCR gate voltage as in Fig.1.
Although the circuit arrangement is
a little different, the speed regulation
is just as good as Fig.1. The circuit
effrciency is improved as well, with
only 200mW being dissipated in the
150kO resistor that feeds VR1. This
resistor has a rating of tW to ensure
44
StucoN Catp
t,r 1 Sometimes, problems arise not because the customer
D3
sTTH3ol2W
9D
BTI 9D
1 N4OO4
N4004
that it has an adequate voltage rating
to withstand the full 230VAC.
The functions of the three diodes
in the circuit need to be explained.
Diode D1 is there to reduce the power
dissipation ofthe series resistor string
and to ensure half-wave operation
of the circuit. D2 is there to protect
the gate of the Triac when it is in the
conducting state - terminal A1 can be
above the potential of the gate.
Diode D3 has been included as a
flyback diode to quench the large in-
ductive spike generated by the motor
at the end of each positive half cycle.
While the voltage spike does not cause
any damage to the circuit, it does have
the effect of disrupting the back-EMF
monitoring system described above.
Trimpot VR2, connected in series with
VR1, is there to provide a minimum
speed setting for the circuit.
One question we have not arswered
so far is why we specified a high cur-
rent Triac instead of an equivalently
rated SCR. The reason is quite sim-
ple. The Triac is half the price of an
equivalent SCR.
The 600V 40,A. rating is so that it can
withstand the "locked rotor" current
of any power tool with a nameplate
rating of up to 10,t. Note that a "Iocked
rotor" condition - eg, when a drill
or power saw jams or stalls in the
work - will probably blow the 10,t
fuse but the 40,A. Triac should not be
damaged.
Another reason for using the 600V
40,A. Triac is that it is an isolated tab
device. This means that it can be
CAUTION!
AIT COMPONENTS AND
WIRING IN IHIS CIRCUIT
OPERATE AT MAINS POTENTIAL
CONTACT COUID BE I.THAL
STTH3o',l2W BTA] 00BRG
attached directly to the metal case
without any need for a mica washer
or other means of insulation.
Revised circuit
The circuit of our new 10,t Speed
Controller is shown in Fig.3. As al-
ready mentioned, this is a revised ver-
sion of the design we featured in the
September & November L992 issues
and later in the October 2002 issue.
Our new circuit replaces the SBS
with a sensitive-gate SCR (SCRL) and
this provides t}re same capacitor dump
function as the SBS, The SCR was
chosen instead of the SBS because the
SBS is now diffrcult to obtain.
The 47kCl and 2.2kQ resistors form
a voltage divider between the anode
and cathode of the SCR, with the di-
vided voltage applied to the gate, The
SCR conducts when the gate voltage
reaches 0.6V and is triggeredby amere
200rA ofgate current,
Because of the resistive divider,
the voltage across SCR1 must rise to
some 13,4V before the gate reaches
the 0.6V sufflcient to trigger the SCR.
When the SCR fues, the charge on
the 47nF capacitor is dumped, via
the 100Q resistor, into the gate of the
Tric to fire it.
Switch 31 bypasses the Triac
that the motor gets the full
230V AC
applied to it, Note that the switch must
be a changeover type to select either
Active or the Triac A1 output rather
than just using a single switch across
the Triac, In the latter case, there
would be a short circuit when diode
siliconchip.com.au
lems, the most common being the duplicate tool trick,
Again, they are not that gullible, with the serial number
of each tool serviced recorded on the job tickets, along
with the work done,
is being dishonest but because they lack understanding
or even plain common sense. One such area that causes
confusion is warranty.
For example, a customer buys a cheap tool (eg, a
cordless power dril at a large hardware store, The tool
then fails (usually due to the customer's abuse) and so
what to they do? - they go to the specialist high-end tool
store where my friend works and demand their money
back, despite the fact that they didn't buy the tool there
in the first place!
Why do they do this? Because the specialist tool store
happens to be awarranty service agent forthatparticular
brand of tool, They can do warranty work but it's a bit
rich expecting them to give refunds for tools that weren't
purchased there in the first place.
But try explaining that to some customers!
One guy did take them for a ride, however. This par-
ticular character brought in an expensive power drill
which wasn't working and he wanted it flxed.
The fault turned out to be a burnt-out armature - a
fault normally caused by the user leaning so heavily on EASTLY BUILD
the drill that the motor stalls (and the armature current
shoots up). When informed of the problem and the likely
YOUR OWN HIGH
cost, the customer immediately blew a fuse ald argued END S,PEAKER
that this could not possibly occur in such an expensive SYSTEII AND
drill, especially as it wasn't aII that old.
Faced with that sort of attitude and the all-too-obvious SAVE MONEY
insinuation that they were trying to pull a fast one, the Professionally Designed and engineered
service manager's patience quickly ran out, In the end, in Australia using Peerless speakers
he bluntly told the customer to take the drill away and which are known and respected across
get it fixed elsewhere. And so it was reassembled with the globe. Remarkable Cross-over design,
built using the highest grade components
the faulty armature in place and returned. designed to give maximum clarity and
What this guy did next was to get a mate who knew responsiveness for voice and
just enough to be dangerous to pull the drill apart. They tonal reproduction.
then deliberately cut some leads inthe armature andthen
went to consumer affairs, claiming that this damage had For More lnfo Please visit:
deliberately been done at the tool company as a scam w ww. w a g n e r. n et. a u/s pea ke rs
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You can imagine how time-consuming dealing with
this complaint became for the tool company. And We Have Everything You Need to
although it really went against the grain, my fiiend's
boss eventually decided that the easiest way out was to
Get the Job Done!
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But he had the last word. The boss was a pretty fiery
character and when the scammer came back he cpped
a gobfull. He was bluntly told that customers like him
were not needed and that if he ever set foot in the store
again he would be thrown out on his ear!
so According to my friend, the scammer took his drill,
slunk out and never came back, He'd got his drill fixed
for nothing but had suffered the indignity of being
roundly abused and told where to go when he collected
it. Some victory.
Having had my share of those sorts of scams, l can
sympathise with the boss. It's one of those cases w here
"the customer is not always right" sc
net-au
@ Ema il : sal es @ wag ne r.
siliconchip.com.au
Phone:02 9798 9233
138 Liverpool Road, Ashfeild, NSW 2131
 Scnrfleemnamos [,og : ffiM with the video card. In fact, altering
the video card settings may have been
TRIACl
(UNDER BOARD:

the way to go but I had already wasted /,/SEE}ELOWI

Tr{ ScAl,t s lRY
"FDPLz.
crystal (ie, a real-time clock, or RTC).
This had to be solder-sucked off the
multi-layer motherboard.
That done, I "googled" for areplace-
ment part and the only supplier I could
find was in the US who wanted US$20
for the part plus - get this! - $US50 to
courier it to me, The whole computer
wasn't worth that much. In the end, I
persuaded them to post it via the US
postal service to a friend of a friend
who runs a large shipping service in
the States. They ship engines, differ-
entials ard other heavy bits around
the world and my package could ride
along with one of their shipments to
Australia,
WeIl, that was the plan bit it didn't
quite work out. They are not used to
handling small padded post bags and
so, almost inevitably, it got lost ald
was eventually returned to the sup-
plier. We repeated the exercise and
this time it was successful. The part
arived ald I wasted no time soldering
it to the motherboard.
Unfortunately, somewhere along
the line, probably when I unsoldered
the original part, one of the tiny PC
tracks had broken, As a result, the
old-fashioned 5-pin DIN socket for
the keyboard was no longer fully
connected, thus preventing changes
to the BIOS,
At this point, I was about
to abandon the project when
a friend offered to give me a
similar old Pentium compu-
ter (in this case, a Pentium
2001. He was about to chuck
it out and I told him to chuck
it in my direction which he
was only too happy to do,
Of course, he couldn't
Iet it go without having a
bit of a dig at me. In short,
he also told me that I was
a masochist for wanting to
fiddle with a Windows 3.11
system and said that I was a
brave man.
Anyway, it was arelatively
simple task to swap the hard
drive, the CD ROM and all
the internal cards over to
this, "new" computer. The
drivers were already there
on the hard disk - it was just
a matter of fine tuning those
four files I mentioned earlier.
Initially, everything went pretty
well with no elror messages and plenty
of base R tM. All the DOS programs
worked well ard Norton Utilities v.
8,00 reported that everything was
working correctly,
Windows 3.L1 was also running
well - almost! The problem was that
sometimes there was sound ald some-
times there wasn't. The sound card
used an ESS6SB chip set with the IRQ
and memory addresses setby software
at DOS level. The problem was that
they were intermittently clashing
with something else and causing an
exception error,
I mucked around with these IRQs
and memory addresses ovet and over
again but couldn't find a combination
that flxed the problem, I then managed
to procure some mote ESS sound cards
but without the original installation
floppy discs so I hunted down some
drivers off the internet. The resultwas
the same - sometimes there was sound
and sometimes it was AWOL.
In the end I abandoned the project.
My friend was right - I must be a
masochist to want to go back and fool
about with this stuff. Self-flagelation
woud be less painful,
In retrospect, I suspect that the
sound card was probably conflicting
enough time on this project.
The scams people try
You've really got to cover yourself
in this business because, quite bluntly,
some customers are less than honest.
Personally, I've seen every scam in the
book over the years.
Although not common, one such
scam involves customers who have
two identical TV sets, usually pur-
chased at the same time. They both
break down ald one is brought in for
service. Then, when that set is subse-
quently returned, they immediately
bring the other one in - often with
a completely different fault - and
claim that the first one wasn't flxed
properly.
Unfortunately for the customer,
we're not that gullible. We carefully
record both the chassis number and
serial number of every set we service,
along with the details of any work
done, so we can spot a "ring-in" a
kilometre away. A small service sticker
is also attached to the set, along with
the date of service.
It's amazing how quiet most custom-
ers become when confronted with the
facts although some do try to bluster
their way through it, ",\ww, gee - I
thought it was the same set", is one
common excuse, Yeah, right!
In fact, they don't even have to be
the same model set for some customets
to try that particular scam. I even had
one idiot who brought in two differ-
ent brands, the second just a fortnight
later! Apparently, he figured that my
memory was only good for a couple
of weeks.
Another scam involves bringing in a
set that's completely dead and claim-
ing that it was in perfect working order
up until the time it died. Then, when
you subsequently get the set going
again, all sorts of other faults become
evident, eg, inconect picture height
or a washed-out picture because the
picture tube is on its last legs.
When these extra problems are
pointed out, the customer then vehe-
mently denies that they existed, I've
even struck a couple of customers
who demanded areplacement set, the
implication being that i had caused the
problems while servicing the set.
A friend who services power tools
frequently encounters similar prob-
Fig.a [top): the PC board component overlay. Note that the Triac mounts under
th board, flat side down, with its legs bent up 90' through the board.
M3 NUT
,r'
,"tr;) M3 x l0m
SCREW
STAR I-OCK
WASHERS
Fig.5 shows the mounting arrangement for both the Triac and the
power diode. Only the anode of the diode solders to the PC board.
D3 conducts on negative half-cycles
of the 240V AC mains.
Construction
All the components of the 10,\
Speed Controller are mounted on a PC
board coded 10L02091 and measuring
79 x 38mm, It is housed in a diecast
box measuring 120 x 92 x 57mm.
Begin the construction of the 1-0,A.
Speed Controller by checking the PC
board against the published pattern.
There shoud not be any shorts or
breaks between tracks. If there are,
repair these as necessary. Use the
overlay diagram of Fig.4 as a guide
when assembling the PC board and
Fig. 5 to complete the wiring inside
the case.
PC
BoARD
+M3
sox-.J
Start assembly by soldering in the
PC stakes to the external wiring con-
nection points on the PC board (sholrm
as black dots on the overlay). Then
insert the resistors, using the table on
P47 as a guide to the values. It's always
a good idea to also check their values
with a digital multimeter as some
colour bands, particularly oranges,
browns and reds, can sometimes be
mistaken for each other. The 47nF
capacitor can be installed next.
Neither the resistors nor capacitor
are polarisedbut the diodes certainly
are, so when inserting them, take
care with their orientation. D1 and
D2 mount in the conventional way
but D3 is a larger (TO-22o case) type
which is mounted quite differently.
The case before the
label was applied. Obviously
a countersunk-head screw would be a
better choice for the lid earth termination.
1 PC board coded 10102091,
79 x 38mm
1 diecast box, 115 x 90 x 57mm
(Jaycar H8-5064 or equivalent)
1 panel label, 119 x 56mm
1 flush-moun mains socket (JaY-
car PS-4090 or equivalent)
1 IEC male input socket with inte-
gral 104 M205 fast blow fuse
1 IEC mains lead (moulded 3-pin
plug to IEC socket)
NUT 1 DPDT 104 250V rocker switch
(S1) (Jaycar SK-0981 or
equivalent)
1 1OkO linear 24mm potentiome-
ter,250VAC rated (VR1)
1 knob for potentiometer
2 crimp eyelets or solder lugs for
earth connection
4 6mm Nylon spacers
2 M3 x 1Smm screws
1 M3 x 1Omm screw
1 M3 x 10mm csk head screw
I M3 x 6mm screws
4 3mm star washers
3 M3 nuts
4 stick-on rubber feet
1 200mm length of blue 104
250VAC wire
1 200mm length of brown 104
250VAC wire
7 100mm long cable ties
1 120mm length of Smm
heatshrink tubing
1 40mm length of 8mm
heatshrink tubing
7 PC stakes
Semiconductors
1 BTA41-600BRG Triac
(TRrACl)
1 BT169D or MCR100 sensitive
gate SCR (SCR1 )
2 1N4004 1A 400V diodes
(D1,D2)
1 STTH1512D 15A 1200V diode
(D3)
Capacitors
1 47nF 63V MKT polyester (code
473 or 47n)
Resistors (0.25W 1%)
100ko 1w5% 1 47k
2.2kA 11kO 1100
1okQ horizontal Smm trimpot
(code 103) (VR2) (Jaycar RT-
4360 or equivalent)

60 StUcort Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBkUARY 2OO9 45

OnIy the anode (A) lead solders to power supply itself that was at fault,
the PC board; the cathode connec- As it turned out, the cause of the
tion is made using the metal tab to problem revealed itself when I re-
physically connect to the PC board moved the old board. Underneath, I
track using a screw, nut and star found a large cockroach wedged onto
washer as shown in Fig.S. In fact, the board where he had been electro-
you shoud cut off the cathode (K) cuted by the applied 24oV fiom the
lead on the left ofthe package before mains. Not only that, but one of his
mounting it. antenna had been etched onto the
Make sure you insert SCR1 into board, creating a carbon track onto
the PC board correcty, otherwise a small control signal track which in '"wit;':lLrf;ur':ffi
the circuit won't work. Note that turn had melted.
in a kit you may be supplied with a The reason the fuses hadn't blown
BT169D or MCR100 - pinouts and was that the series 1Q 5W surge resis-
mounting are the same. VR2 cal also tors (R+tt & R413) had bown instead,
be installed at this stage. while FET Q431 (2SK3265) had gone
The Triac is mounted on the un- short circuit from source to drain. In Wmw
derside of the PC board with its leads addition, the fine control track ran to
protruding up through the holes in an unmarked surface-mounted tran-
the PC board. Bend the eads up 90" sistor (Q440) which had gone open
so that the copper side of the PC circuit.
board is 6mm away ftom the back From the good power supply board,
of the Triac body, as shown in Fig.5. I quickly deduced that Q440 was an
Short [-3mm) lengths of Triac leads NPN type. This was done using an
should emerge from the top of the analog multimeter (placing the black
PC board. Bend these back down flat lead on the base and the red on either
onto the PC board. the emitter or collector gave a reading

-Rllv\'r-iMB:R I,ASD S',ZZ e

Putting it together
Temporarily place the PC board
into the case and mark out the posi-
tions for the mounting holes for the
four standoffs and for the Triac and
the earth lug screw Check these
against Fig.B this diagram shows
- only meant to be repaired to board
the hole positions for both the PC
board and Triac,
Because the positioning of the
Triac could easily be a couple of mil-
limetres different to our prototype,
it is probably best to mark ard drill
out the four corner holes for the PC
board first. Then position the PC
board within the box and mark out
the hole position for the Triac. The
hole for the Triac must be de-burred
with a larger dril or countersinking
bit before it is secured in place.
Fig.B also shows the holes and
ocations for the fused IEC socket,
mains output socket (GPO) and DPDT
switch on the ends of the case ald for
the lid-mounted components. These
le 4.Band Code (1%)
li:o brown black yellow gold(5%)
yellow violet orange brown yellow violet black
red red redbrown
brown
brown black red
brown
brown black brown
This photo matches the component overlay at right. Follow the photo and
diagram exactly - especially the earth wiring, heatshrink tubing and cable ties,
These are all very important for your safety,
mustbecutoutaccuratelytoavoidaly ance between the wire connections
"slop" in these components. This is and component terminals and to the
particularly important for the DPDT sides of the case.
switch (Sf ), which is a snap-in type. If using a different case, ensure
Only one side, or pole, of switch you allow a 6mm clearance between
51 is used. This is simpy because we any two Active or Neutral terminals
were unable to find a suitably-rated and between the case and a PC board
SPDT switch. Don't be tempted to terminal and the case and switch
substitute a ower-rated switch for terminals.
51 because it has to be able to switch For the same reason, you should
mains voltages at a high current. carefully check the solder (copper)
All hole locations have been posi- side of the PC board to ensure that all
tioned so as to ensure adequate clear- componentleadshavebeenclippedoff
very close to their solder joins.
Attach the PC board to the case
using Nylon standoffs and M3 x 15mm
S-Band Code (t%):..= screws. Nylon standoffs are essential
i here, to preclude the possibility of
arcing from the PC board tracks to
red red black brown the mounting screws.
brown black black brd Be sure to use metal screws for the
brown black black
'': Triac and earth connections. Secure
the Triac to the case with a metal M3
on the x1 ohms range).
Q440 was a 2SD18L9,\ which I
didn't have. As a result, I drilled
holes through its PC board pads and
mounted a BC547B general purpose
transistor in its place,
Unfortunately, as these sets are
level, none ofthese parts has even got
a part number (or so I've been told).
Worse still, there is no equivalent for
a 2SK3265 and none of my suppliers
have one. The good news is that Pa-
nasonic will be issuing a part number
soon - probably 81DEG000001. The
replacement board is about $400 trade
but the final outcome on this set will
have to wait until the Christmas break
is over.
In view of this, I offered to deliver
a loan set so that the 6-year old could
use his X-Box during the Christmas
period. However, his mother was jug-
gling various commitments and I was
unable to arrange a delivery time.
Still, it won't be the end of the earth
for her son. We promise our kids so
much these days and sometimes it
really doesn't hurt for them to learn
to accept disappointment!
Remember Windows 3.LL
Remember MSDOS6.22 and Win-
dows 3.11 for Workgroups? Not many
of us really want to but this was
the cutting edge of software in the
WINDOWS 3,LL F O. W ORKGRO\)P S7
early 90s (at least, for the PC), when a
66MHz 4B6DX2 with 4MB of RAM was
the fast lane. At the time, small home
PCs had only been in the existence for
six or seven years and developments
were coming thick and fast.
I remember it al too well, especially
configuring the system for maximum
available conventional memory on
boot up. This involved modifying and
tweaking l}re config.sys and autoexec.
bof files, either by hand or by using
the DOS memmaker.exe utility, If you
were left with more than 611K8 of
so-caled conventional memory out of
640K8, you were doing well.
DOS was one thing and Windows
3.11 quite another. Now you also had
system.ini and win.ini to tweak to get
everything to work under Windows.
You also had a swapfile - a defragment-
ed area on the hard drive dedicated to
short term memory for the exclusive
use of Windows.
That was also back in the days be-
fore plug and play hardware. In those
days, it was up to the system builder
to avoid hardware conflicts by manu-
ally assigning IRQs and memory ad-
dresses to the various plug-in cards.
Depending on the device, this -"r,as
done using either on-board jumper
0
links or [in later devices) by running
a set-up utility ftom an accompanying
floppy disk.
In short, it could be a nightmare and
a generation of PC technicians tore
their hair out trying to get recalcitrant
hardr,vare items to play nicely with
each other. Some sound cards couldbe
right proper so-and-so's to get going.
Well, I didn'treally want to remem-
ber any of this until an old friend of
mine from the country brought in
his Pentium 90 computer. He used
it specifically for his old DOS and
Windows 3.11games (which, for some
reason or other, he was very fond ofl
but it was becoming more and more
troublesome.
Foolishly, in the spirit of the season,
I agreed to see what I could do to help.
fter all, it might be fun to go back in
time and tangle with an old Windows
3.11 system.
When I switched his computer on,
the first error message I got was that
the CMOS battery was low and that
the BIOS and clock needed resetting.
In fact, it was so bad that it wouldn't
even save any BIOS settings,
As luck would have it, the battery is
embedded in a 24-pin lump of black
plastic along with the computer's clock

46 Stucort Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBUARY 2OO9 5S


Senrfle@milamos L,og
WI PR.OIALSE OUR KDS SO MVCH THISI DAYS
& SOAITIMES 1T R:ALLY DO:SN' HUR FO.
THEIA To L:ARN fo ACCPT DTsAPPoIurTnNrg
function of a fuse is to fail in order to
prevent all the smoke pouring out of
the rest of the blor,rm components.
Years ago, I worked for a TV rental
company with a tyrannical boss who
had a long hyphenated, unpronounce-
able foreign surname. So when things
went wrong, as they inevitably did
sometimes, we always used his name
as the description for the parts that
had failed - ie, they were badly put
tggether and always blowing up. It was
just luckthat a customer never twigged
and reported it back to the boss.
But I digress. As my caler was
quickly getting impatient with me, I
suggested she try calling Panasonic
themselves, Good idea, she thought,
and hung up. I was quite relieved but
knew inside that this wasn't going
to last. Sure enough, she was back
within the hour, a little more contrite,
ssrGsGffing
Keep your copes safe wth these handy binders.
Available Aust, only. Price: $413.95 plus $7 p&p per order (includes GST). Just fill in
and mail the handy order form in this issue; or fax (02) 9939 2648; or call (02) 9939 3295
and quote your credit card number.
Stucor Cutp
- @uffinM
f xc-t( ltf^tv\Y
/VO oN/S GONNA.
tv\o A. NwfV recess with an expensive, highly-
placed two milk crates covered with
thick foam in position and then care-
so I agreed to call around and collect
the set.
Now I should point out that although
I used the word "I" here, I really meant
"we". If it had been an LCD, it might
have been just "I" but a 106cm pasma
is too big and too heavy for just one
bloke. You also need something a bit
bigger than a Barina to stick it into.
When I arrived, it turned out that
my customer was really quite charm-
ing but was being hassled by a mob
of kids. However, they too were no-
where near as precocious as on first
impressions. The little 6-year old was
extremely proud of his X-Box and it
was imperative that the set be fixed
before Christmas so that he could make
full use of it.
Eager to cooperate, he showed me
what he was doing when the set died.
However, this didn't really reveal
[sffirctp
much, the only possibility being tat
he might have caused the set's demise
by repeatedly pushing the main power
switch. In fact, this switch now felt as
though it wasn't properly latching.
The set was wall-mounted in a slight
polished sideboard immediately in
front of it. Not wanting to risk damage
to such an expensive piece of furni-
ture, I hijacked some pillows from the
lounge ald put them on the sideboard.
I then unplugged the various leads,
after which we were able to lift the
plasma out and carefully lower it onto
the pillows.
After that we had to negotiate a ot
of stairs and a long path to the service
van.
Being the softie that I am, I had
reuctantly promised I would look
at it as soon as possible. I could only
sympathise with the mother - TV is a
great "minder" and I would not want
those kids on my back over Christmas
without a TV to entertain them oc-
casionally.
Back at the workshop, my first job
was to create sufficient floor space for
the job, Having done that, I carefully
fully laid the plasma face down on
them so that the weight was only on
the frame (not on the screen itselfJ.
Next, I undid the compulsory 50
or so screws and removed the back.
I then checked al the fuses but they
were OK. The power switch was also
OK- it is simply a momentary contact
type and not a latching type as I had
earlier assumed it to be.
As this stage, I applied power but
the set was completely dead, just
as the customer said it was. Power
was going in but nothing was com-
ing out of the power supply board (P
TNPA3570 4).
As luck would have it, a colleague
who works for a Panasonic agency
was abe to lend me a power supply
that still had a buzzing noise problem
he had been unable to economically
solve. This would at least allow me
to confirm whether or not it was the
siliconchip.com.au
the 3mm hole for the locking tab on
the potentiometer to prevent it rotat-
ing inside the case should the pot nut
work loose over time.
Attach the mains input (IEC) and
output (GPO) sockets. Attach the
foont panel label and solder the wir-
ing between the PC board and the pot,
leaving enough length to enable the
lid to "fold back" for convenience.
Wiring mustbe done using 1.04, 250V
AC-rated wire and heatshrink tubing
should be used over all PC stake con-
nections, the switch terminations and
the IEC input socket.
The earth connections are made
using green/yellow mains wire. It
is important to follow the diagram
of Fig.6 and the photo alongside for
your safety,
You will note that two wires connect
to the earth terminal on both the IEC
input socket and the output socket.
From the IEC input socket, one goes
directly to the metal case and the other
to the earth terminal of the output
socket. The second wire ftom the out-
put socket goes to the case lid.
The earth wires which connect to
the case and lid are crimped to eyelet
lugs and are secured to the case using
a metal screw, nut and star washer as
shown in Fig.B.
Eventhough it is unlikely that any of
the wiring can break off or move inside
the closed box, tie the wires together
Fig.6: the wiring diagram shows all components in place. While the IEC socket is
with cable ties to prevent them break-
shown here "flat" for clarity, it is mounted vertically on the box end. ing from their terminations.
x 10mm screw and nut after applying
a smear of heatsink compound on the
mating surfaces. Note that the speci-
fied Triac is an insulated tab device
and does not require an insulating
washer.
If you are using a different Triac -
and we do nof recommend that you
do - check that the metal tab is iso-
ated fiom the ,4.1, A2 arrd gate pins.
In addition check the data sheet for
that Triac to ensure it is an isolated
tab device.
Using a photocopy of the front panel
Iabel as a guide to the positions, mark
out and dril the front panel for the
speed control pot (VR1) and earth
screw. Note that it is important to drill
Fig.7: full-size artwork for the front
panel, A photocopy ofthis can also be
used as a drilling template for VR1 -
but don't forget the 3mm locating hole,
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 47
 I l.-lo ---4
SER\ruGreWOSLOG
zs
7

3.5mm
l5 DIAMEIER

IEC SOCKET
I - +NE-RJSE_ _
I

15.5 HOLDER

I I used to get a steady stream of CRT TV sets into
f- 37 the workshop but that stream is now a mere
trickle. Most people can not be bothered to get
BOX END BOX END a CRT set fixed and, in fact, perfectly good sets
are now being discarded in ever increasing
i numbers to make way for plasmas and LCDs.
A Loewe Planus 47BLZW TV was
AII HOIES
3mm DIAMETER
brought into the workshop. Oh goody,
I thought, a heavy CRT set! ,\t least
-T there was a chance I might be able to
fix it to component leve.
l3 This set employs a Q110 chassis
{
--r- and was reportedly DOA (dead on
arrival). However, when I got it onto
lo
the workbench, it turned out that this
3mm | | lo-. rumour was somewhat exaggerated.
As I quickly discovered, the set would
click on and then click off again as a
protection circuit cut in.
I began by checking the B+ rail and
this was correct at +150V. However,
70 there was no EHT and there were no
short circuits on this rail. From there,
it didn't take long to confirm that there
was no horizontal drive coming lrom
the signai board.
Before investigating this large as-
sembly, I checked the remaining
votage rails. This was a good move
because the 12V 9V and BV rails were
all missing in action. I then checked
lo FET Q663 BUZ7lA (arrd changed it for
and found that the short immedi-
ately disappeared. I then removed
and carefuly examined this board but
there were no shorts to be found so I
replaced the fuse again. The supply
rails now came up OK when the set
was switched on with the main signal
board still disconnected.
Next, I checked the main signal
board for solder dags and bent pins
but could find nothing that mighi be
causing the intermittent short circuit.
As a result, I reinstalled the board and
checked it out again before switching
on. Damn! - the short was back.
This time, I left the meter connected
while I disassembled it yet again. It
wasn't until I goi to W1201, a 3-pin
lead to the rotation coil on the CRT,
that the short disappeared, Now I re-
ally had something to work on.
I closely inspected the coil and
noticed that it had a small, sealed
assembly in the middle. However, I
could find no reference to this on the
circuit diagram and eventually, feel-
Items Govered This Month
. Loewe Planus 47812W Q110
chassis
o Panasonic fH-42P4404
106cm plasma TV set
. Resurrecting a Windows 3.11
computer
. The scams people try
December and the holiday season is
almost upon us. And as usua, some
customers are flying into a panic as
to whether "it" will be fixed before
Santa arrives.
Not only are we expected to have
done our duty at half the usual price,
no matter how late the caII, but we
don't even get milk and cookies, let
alone a red coat and a team of rein-
deer.
My first such call was from an
anxious mum, complaining that their
beloved telly had been blown up by
her 6-year old boy playing his X-Box.
I really couldn't see how an X-Box
could kill the TV without an awful ot
of jiggery-pokery but hey, I'm just the
TV technician. Prancer's stable boy
would know more than I do!
Anyway, I asked what the brand and
model numbr was, plus a definition
of whatwas meantbv "dead". She told
me it was a Panasonic Viera and I was

f*'
o *f-.o l*to
* , .*l
good measure as these do give trouble)
but it was F661, a 3.15,A' IC fuse that
had failed.
ing somewhat exasperated, I phoned
Loewe technical support, It turned out
that there are two versions of this set
thinking LCD TV but it wasn't until I
got the model number (TH-42P440,\)
that I realised that it was a 2006 plasma
BOX BASE BOX tID I soldered in a new fuse and switch- and guess what - my circuit was the set. She also insisted that she was right
Fig.B: complete drilling and cutting details for the specified box and lid. These dimensions should be adhered to closely, ed on, The set clicked, gave out an wrong one for this set. about the set being dead - there were
acrid smell and then immediately The good news was that this is a no lights or LEDs coming on and yes,
F inally, attach rubber feet to the base touching the circuit. In particular this slower. Disconnect the mains power died. I should have known it wasn't well-known fault and whatever it is power was being fed to the set and it
ofthe case. applies to when making adjustments first before making an adjustment to going to be that easy. inside the concealed lump, it does go had been switched on.
to trimpot VR2, which you may need VR2 ad then try the motor again when Now before I had replaced the fuse, I short circuit, causing the fuse to blow, The next hurdle involved getting her
Testing to do to set the minimum speed. the lid has been replaced. had checked for shorts on the L2V rail Fortunately, the set works quite well to take a few reality pills, The biggest
Note that all of the circuit is con- Screw the lid onto the case and plug You may then want to try other (by measuring across C66B) and eve- without this assembly connected (it is arrd most painful to swallow was that it
nected to the 230V AC mains supply in your favourite power tool. Switch to power tools to get a compromise setting rything had been OK. Now, however, designed to straighten the picture to was unlikely to be fixed by Christmas.
and is potentially lethal, Do not touch the "O" (controlled) position and note for the trimpot. s8 it was measuring just 4) between this compensate for geomagnetic forces). "But surely it is just the fuse?", came
any part of the circuit when it is how it runs at the minimum setting of rail and ground, so there was a short the reply,
plugged into a mains outlet. Always VR1. If itruns well (ie, no cogging) then IMPORTANT: Do not operate the somewhere in the works. No milk or cookies This is always a hard one as it is
remove the plug from the mains before VR2 could be set to make the motor run circuit with the lid offthe case. I unplugged the main signal board I'm writing this back in mid- difficult to explain that the prime
4B Su,tcoN Catp siliconchp.com.au siltconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OOg SZ
 SOTAR Gr WIN D POWER oo
Rechargeable 35W HID Spotlight Wind Generators
Solar Lighting System
High efficiency self conlained Has far longer bulb life, uses less These new supec0mpact 300W units are a technological
solar lighting system eneroy and is much brighter step up from our other two models They feature moulded,
An excellent kit that comes wth than halogen globes, With
a pounding 3,300 lumens,
compacl, efficient blade design, are lightweight, have
neodymium magnels, and the charge controller is built into
February 2OO9
everything you need to build an
efficient solar lighting system. ideal for search and rescue, the generat0r head, They also feature slip rings to avoid
buppileowrrnauromailc
c I 't
boating, professional cable breakage These 300W units will start spinning at
just 2 5m/s wind speed, and will produce lheir rated
soli panel, lamps, batlery, shoolers, security or other
high-power applicalions t's power at 1 2mls (max power 500W at 1 sm/s) Avalable in
housed in a tough weather 12V and 24U outputs, all parts fit intO one box weighing Befer: Silicon Chip lt/agazine February 2009 Build your own desk fan and run it on your own bio-fuell
resistant ABS housing and has a ust 1 7kg - making il convenent to fansport Drill speed controllers are nothing new, and n spite Generale y0ur on eleclricity from ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
handy shoulder slrap for extended use The built n
of the availability of variable speed power t00ls, there using Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell technology, Bio
rechargeable battery gives about 50 minutes of contnu0us
is stll a need lor a stand-alone motor speed fuels are an alternatve to fossil fuels as they are
use and it recharges either from the mains plugpack or a car
conlroller. Apart from power tools, it's often generated from fermented plant matter. 'i
cigarette lighter socket
handy to be able to control the speed of The kl contains everything you need to get your'
. l2V 35W -q
. Battery: 1 2V 7Ah rechargeable lead acid
other 240V motors Suilable for brush glPll,liy:ll.|,lli'l:lt 91 1l' g'gTl 9]9'Jlll9
molors up lo 1 04, the circuit is a revised
Mains adaptor: 15VDC 500m4
version of the popular 5A speed controller lrom
. Dimensions: 300(L) x 21O(Dia)mm
October 2002. Complete kit includes screen-
@
'q
printed cse, PCB and all specifed components.
40W Amophous Solar Panel You'll need a garden-variety IEC lead as well. the kt The kil includes Ethan0l storage tank, tubing, purging
Sizes range from 5 watts to a massive 1 75 watts wtTH JuilCftil Box valve, supp0rting base, electric mot0r, wlring wth crocodile
The junction box s lP65 rated and clps, fan blades, mxing c0ntainer and pH measuring strips
5W Cat,Zlvl-9091 $1 1 5 the connectors are lP67 rated. . Recommended for ages 1 2+
10\4/ Cat ZM 9093 S175 Both are TUV rated
20\,\/ Cat ZM-9094 $275 20 year limited wananty
65W Cat, ZIM 909 $639 o Maximum power: 40W peak
80\/V
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Rated Voltage: 1 2V
Current @ max polver: 2 0A
Refer: Silicon Chp MagaTine February 2009
Want l0 convert an old chest keezer nto an DON'T FOREET
energy-efficient frdge or beer keg fridge? 0r
1 75W Cat, Zlt/-9099 $1 ,750 .
.
Voltage @ max power: 18V
Dimensions:
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'No mountng
ware,
h a rd
c0nverl a spare standard kidge inlo a wine
cooler? These are just tvvo of the jobs this
VALENTTNES DAY!
low-cost and easy-to-build electronic
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SATURDAY, |ITH FEBRUARY
control I 2V kidges or keezers, as well as healers
Full specs on websi in hatcheries and fish tanks lt controls lhe Surprise Her
lridge/freezer or heater drecty via lher power
's no need to modify the internal wiring.
Solar Power Battery Chargers These pink and white
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& Controllers with LCD u'll need to add your own 240V GPO,
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You make a substantial nvestment in a solar power setup, so accessories are lhe
make sure yo look after your expensive batteries. With these
cket and cse.
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Used for connectng the output of hr/0 solar panels in parallel . Real{ime clock display and LED indcation of baltery levels items sold seDarately
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Bulk, absorption & foat charge status pages) while away
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. lln plated copper conlacts Overload and short circuit protection l2V 30 Amp meetings, lectures or conferences 0r 0nline .l-'
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2 Sockets to 1 Plug . System voltage: 1 2V connected to your computers USB port GH-l899 $54 95
l2V 204 Solat Clrarye Gontroller . 150(L) x 85(W x 50(H)mm Software included. cH-1898 $24,95
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 IAYCAR r EVERYTHING FOR THE AUDIO'g HOME THEATRE
Super Piezo lgnition lnfra Red Watch Gable TV All Over fhe House Turntable
USB
Pru Gas Butane Gas Torch Ertender Kits Don't want to miss a minute This handy lurntable is
Very versatile! ldeal for brazing, Use this lR Extender Kit to put of the footballl lndoors perfect for the
Soldering silver soldering, jewellery work, ouldoors, even if you're sent
your AV equipment out of occasional bout of
Tool Kit heatshrinking, and a whole Iot sight, and still retain the use of to the kitchen to do the nostalga and allows you
This quality kil more. lt has an adjustable flame, your infra-red remote controls dishes you won't miss any to play those old vinyl
contains a soldering and s easily filled with No need to open cupboard doors - no messl of the acton when you send records or make back-
iron with adjustable temp. ( Bulane gas. Two different models are avallable, providing high qualily audio and video up copres rn a
up to 580", 25 to 125W signals from your man
for up to six lR emitters to be connected t0 a sngle convenient digjtal
and various tips. seen, anphere The sum of the individual parts amount lo point and you can add extra emitters as you need. viewing source to another with format, The turntable
more than double the price we are selling this kit for, this powerful 5 8HGz model Avoids all plays singles, EPs,
. Quality storage case. . 240V 201130W soldering iron the nterference 0n the crowded 2,4GHz albums and even your old 7Bs
. Cleanng sponge and tray. with lurbo boost swtch Ertendet 2 lnput Ertn Emfiet - Single lS[/ band without the inconvenience and . 33145178 rpm o 240 voll powered
. .
Spare tip Basic stand AF-l812 $79.95 AR-l811 $14.95 .
Extender 6 lnput cost of running wires l\/lagnetic cartridge
o 1 mm solder in dispenser lube
Here at Jaycar Electronics we are
Ertn Emitte - Dual . NAB centre adaplor
. Metal solder sucker wth spare tip and 0-
AR-1814 $99 AR-l813 $17.95 .
lemperaturc Control led Soldering f irmly. commtted to supporting Analogue or dgital audio output
young people and helping them Note: Laptop not included
Station 200"C to 480'C
An effective yet simple soldering Stainless Sleel Side Guflers acheve their goal of following a
DJ Mobile 19"
slation that features
a ceramic heating
High quality small side cutters that
have thick (2mm) bades and
electrical trade or engineering
career. The joint Australan Back Frame Ertn receiYe avalable U S BlSD Turnta bl e/Receive r
sepanlely Cal.AE-1841 Archiving your record
soft comfort plastic Federal Government and the With a total of 18 units
element l0 collection couldn't be easier
available, you'll be able to Sss
provide piecise
lemperafure
sprng loaded handles
- initiative
Australian Apprenticeship'
also supports this fit all your rack gear and
You can record LPs directly to
an SD card or flash memory
control The . 1 1smm long and provides an allowance of keep it completely portable
va USB without needing a
soldedng-iron up to $8OO lincludng GSTI ldeal for DJs, PA techs, CD PlayerlEneoder with computer or software, You cn
weighs just for qualified particpants sound engineers or ASB4SL & Bemote also simply use the deck for
45 grams ltihch Stainless Steel Long lose Pliers to purchase I gutarists with large rack
Rip, record or play back without payback via the built in
makes it ideal for
comfortable long
-E Made of high quality stainless steel, these
pliers have half round smooth gripping
'Tools
vvru fo
rv your
tv! Trade'.
Th employer of elgible Australian
setups, The top section can
be rotated through a range of
needing a computer. Record or
play back from external sources
and soeakefs 0r
run stereo oulputs lo an
tem use Apprentices receives a voucher to the 45" for maximum flexibility. or from CD. aux, line ln, USB or
jaws perfect for external amp
value of $800 which can be presented to Sturdy steel construction with
SD card. This is one of the most
. Temperature Range: 200"C - 480'C
. Power consumpton: 50W
adjusting and bending
components, picking any Jaycar store, Bring yout voucher in and caslors
. versatle tools a musician or DJ
our staff will be happy to help you find the Steel conslruction
could ever own .
. Operating voltage: 240VAC up dropped nuts etc . Belt-drive turntable

o Conlrol unit:
.140mm o Comfortable spring loaded handles .., , ,gs !9919 tgl.y.olir !,r.94e.
Hardware included
o Dinrensions: 530(V) x .
. Built-in amplifier
.l.2WRI/S)
long
For more information vst 10s0(H) x 500(D)mm
CD/CD-F/CD-RWMP3- (2 x
CD^/VMA'CD playback .
l5 Piece Miero Driver Set www.toolsforyourtrade.com. au -Equipment
nol included . CD ripping 1x or 2x .
Track repeat function
Backlit LCD
llade 0uallU Saewdriverc Tlis handy set will fit lhe bill for all those microscopic o Encode MP3 Vvith adjustable bit rate . 33/45/78RPM
These are some of the most comfortable screwdrivers we fasteners you come across in modern electronics . ' Magnetic Wrist Tny . Built-in stereo condenser mc o USB/SD card playback
have ever used. The ergonomic handles have a soft rubber The handles are colour coded for easy This simple yet ingenious wrist tray Encode from aux-in / line-in . Bass boost swrtch
coating for a secure, comfortable grip that you can use for identifcation & lhey come in a storage will hold small steel screws, . Headphone output o Line-level stereo outputs . AM/FM radio
hours on end. . All are TW and GS approved and rated up case. lhe set contains: washers, nuts, split pins, or other
. Supports USB devices up 1o 2GB . 350[W x 300(D) x 130(H)mm
t0 IkV A size for every application. . Slotted: 1mm, 1 ,4mm, 1 .8mm, 2.4mm steel items so you won't put lhem
. Dimensions: 250(W)W x 185(H) x 75(D)mm
. Phllips: #000, #00, #0, #1 down and lose them.'Tle tray has
Ton: T5, T6,T7, TB a Velcro strap and includes 2 x
. Hex: 1.Smm, 2mm, 2.5mm Phillips and 2 x slotted ddver bts
o Drivers: 105mm long n lheir own storage slots. 2 lnput HDMI Switcher
. Case sze: 192(L) x 130(W) x 26(H)mm A simple remote controlled device for
5 lnput emote HI)MI Switcher
This stylish design five input
switching betlveen tlvo
Handy Magnet HDN/l selector routes
1000V- 7 Piece Screwdriver Set Strip
High'Def inition lVultimedia
high definition video
(HDlt4l) sources, Comes
High quality, bright red drivers you can find easily. Insulated
cID-2230 Flal Blade 2.5 x 75mm $3,95 rght t0 the tip and rated to 1000V Drive sizes:
Simplicity itselt with external lR receiver on a and audio sionals from '
.ID-2231 Flat Blade 3 0 x 100mm $4 50 Flat:1.2x6.5x150mm,1x5.5x125mm, r Just attach the handy 2m cable, enabling you lo hide
the selected input t0 the HDN/l output
o ID-2232 Flat Blade 5 5 x 125mm $4 95 0.8x4x l 00mm, 0 6x3.5x75mm.
magnels lo walls, tables DVI / Digital Audio the switcher out of sighi, Powered via the
The switcher also has five digital audio inputs (optical and
c fD-2233 FIat Blade 6.5 x 150mm $5.95 Phillips: #2 x
or other surfaces to
to HDMI Converter HDIVI cable and fully HDCP compliant
coaxial), which are switched in unison wilh the HDlvll
.ID-2234 Flat Blade 8.0 x 175mm $6.95 tools, brushes, scissors,
_. Dimensions: BO(L) x 55(W) x 17(H)mm
channels The switcher is fully HDCP compliant and comes
c ID-2235 Phillips #0 x 60mm $3 95
1 00mm,
keyrings,oranyoths I Combine a digital DVI
video signal and a
an
with lt has a
c ID-2236 Phillips #1 x 80mm $4.95
#1 x 80mm,
#0 x 60mm.
object that contains ron. You'll fnd diglal audio sgnal 4 Way Adive HMl Splitter
co
gain ong cable
.ID-2237 Phillips #2 x 1 00mm $5.95 dozens of uses for this innovative into a single HD[/l
runs, ln
o fD-2238 Phillips #3 x 1 50mm $6.50
Storage box.
magnelic storage system lead Perfect for
A splitter allows one HDNI output device t0 be
dislributed to up lo four monitors 0r projectors
.gDime )x50(H)m
Tools not included hooking a media centre ldeal for conferences,
PC up to a home theatre Economy HDMI Leads
DIGITAT MUTTIMETERS DIGITAT MUI.TIMETERS system Also provides digtal audio
oulput in both coax and optical fonnais
conventions, and
presentalions or very large
HDIVI leads can cost an arm and
a leg lf your budget doesn't

J
home theatre installalions,
.
Mains adaptor included, . Simultaneous display
extend too far, these leads are a
.
Dimensions:
.125(L)
x 100W) x 25(H)mm . Supports 480p, 720p, 1 080i,
cosleffective
solution without
o HDCP compliant
c0mprOmrsrng
. Dimensions: 205(L) x 95(Wl x 28(H)mm quality or
Active VGA + Audio performance, All
to HDMI Conveer I1DMI Ertender have a gold plaled
Takes the VCA ouiput + This HDlvll extender equalises and boosts your connectors and are fully
stereo audio signal from HDMI signal s0 thal you can run cable up HDtr/l v1 3b and HDCP compliant
your PC, & converts
to 50 metres long 1.5 Metrcs Cat WQ-7415 $1 9.95
them to HDMI format . Supports up to 1 0B0p resolulion 3.0 Meltes CatW0-741 $29 95
whilst maintaining full . Compatible with VGA, SVGA, XGA, 5.0 MeIrcs Cat W0 7417 $39 95
HD resolution SXGA, UXGA
.Mains adaplor included. . Automatic equalisation up to'1 6Gbps
.Dimensions: 90(L) x 68(\'\4 x 25(H)mm . HDMI v] ,3 compliant
. Dimensions: 6B(L) x 40(W) x 1B(H)mm
 CH ECK TH ESE OUT... DIY HANDYMAN OR WOMAN
USB Digital TV luner SilR Dome Car lweeter - 25mm Betnctable Car Phone Charger eck Magniier Magnifying Lens with LEDs !
Watch high definition digital 25mm silk dome tweeter for car audio Handy in-car phone charger with relractable r has a 2X main magnifier
telly on your desktop or applications Sm0oth, musical response lead to avoid messy and tangled lens with 5X insert lens and 2 LED lights, all mounted on a
ldeal for the elderly or vision-impared Kee
coax
king wth i
laptop. Simple to set up and up to 20kHz Crossover included wires, lncludes 6 plugs 1o fil flexible arm Can be
one in the glove box
directory in the dark
the
moie in t

. lmpedance: 8 ohms

sSS
use, just connect the USB stick, plug in the connector testin
all the latest popular freestanding or 90mm lens illumnated
antenna, nstall the software and away you gc . Frequency resp: 1 kHz - 20kHz 1-^ with this handy tool. Simply connect t to the F-conneclor
.
.
Supp0rts reeo-air DW in many countries . Sensitivity: 91dB
.
ilsi:*;3sliJfi%i::'i'ff '.,,, -- clamped to a surface
up to 38mm thick
two LEDs,
Requires 2 x
and it wll give you and audible signal and a red/green
go/no g0 signal to tell you if there's a short, an open in
Soft!,/are with time shifting and scheduled r Power handling: 8OWRMS |l:1,'.ff3[? iifflighter
standard cigarette [l',li.,
socket.
\ M batteries
. Compatble wth Windows XP, ME and Vista . 72(L) x 39(W) x 21(H)mm . Extends '.
Lens 1 10mm (dia ) \ your cable or conneclors. The F-connector is removable,

e
. Antenna, cable and soft'lr/are included . Plugs ln Nokia, .Requires3xM so you can fit an adaptor for
. Supports Electronic Program Guide Er ng, Siemens, batteries
different types of connectors
(EPG), subtitle and Teletext
Sony
(sB 233s)
. Machined from aluminium
LG and
. See website for full systems requirements
Requires 1 x A,AA battery
. 100mm long

Chassis Mount Auto Eeset Pecision Digital Vernier Calipers

Circuil Breakers ll on - Co ntact f h er m o m ete r Eleclrical Teste with Polarity
These kits are a simple single version of a High Intensity
Sngle pole thermal circuit breakers
Discharge (HiD) headlamp lhat you are now seeing on up with Dual Laser laryetng Checking & Light
Auto or manual resel. 1 2 and 24VDC Measure the temperature of a surface Designed for maximum safetyThe probes have
market cars lt is one lamp set only lt is basically intended
in current ratings from 20 - 504 from a safe dislance Dual laser sighting a good grip & are lP64 rated. Testing vollage is
t0 convert a spotlight on, say a large boat, to a much more
20A|2VDC Cal SF-4100 $8.95
$8.95 A precison tool for accurale
powerful and effective spotlght, The kt includes a HID for accuracy. simple & the unt's LED display will ndicale t0
30A |2VI)C Cat,SF-4102 $8.95 lamp, base, ballast unit and wiring harness lt s a very
measu'emenls Simple and easy . Temperature range: -50'C to +650'C the nearesl voltage up to 690V with polarity
40A12VDC Cat SF-4104 $8.95 to use wth digital readout
. Accurate to 0 01mm
. Response time: <1 50ms indition This unit will also check for low
50AI?VDC Cat SF-4106 $8.95 . Dstance spol ratio: 12:1 impedance, continuity, do a single pole phase
20A24VDe Cat.SF-4108 $8.95 Metric or lmperial measurement .
Kits to suit H1, H3 and H4 bases availabe: 140mm ong test & show rotary lield indication
available lP54 rated Vernier Calipers TD-2084 $59.9b_ o A LED light is included for dimly lit locatrons,
.Also
Requires2xM
4,8V Cordless Screwdriver batteries (included)
-lhis
will truly pound your world into submission Upset
the neighbours and get the full low-end experience
Comfortable and easy to use
Bright LED torch
. Magnetrc bit holder
utomotive Crimp Tool
witl, Connectors
. Voltage lest works
without batteries, 1
from your car stereo. 200WRMS on tap rom a class . Unlike other
LED battery level
any,thing up to a range of AB amp and 1 2" driver in a ported enclosure is more aufomolve crimp
indicator Logs up to 32,000
200m, for than enough t0 do the job. You can also tailor the . pliers, this excellent
4 bt set included readings (1 6,000
example, as a 35 Watt - suits Ht Dase Cat, SL-3367 $89.95 response with phase switching, variable low pass . tool comes with 80 of
'eplacemenl for a dead 35 Watt - suits H?ase Cat. SL-3365 $89.95 fil ss
Mains charger
\./ the most popular
temperalure,

garage door opener The

35 Wan - suts H4ase Cat. SL-3368 $99.S5 .x included
aulomotive
16,000 humidity)
in ntervals of 2
receiver has momentary connectors and NOT
seconds to 2 hours per
or togqle outpul and the a bunch of junk you
momentary period can be adjusted, The receiver can also
ln-Gar N-MH Battery Charger lnox Premium Machinery Grease will never use, The ,
reading You simply set up the recordng parameters you want
lJniversal charger for Ni MH and Ni-Cd with the included software then download the data when you
be used T0 drive a 12 volt relay. Up to five receivers can General-purpose tool will cut & strip
be used n the same vicinity and spare transmitter kits are
available: KC 5474. A versatile kt with endfess
applications,
oanery oacxs.Lnarges
-- "'*'Jl,
handy 30gm tube
< wtre, cflmp
conneclors and also cut a range of
metrc bolts. lncludes male & female
need it. The datalogger records at the prescribed intervals
and will flash an alarm LED if the user-defined minmum 0r
maximum temperature is exceeded
. Range: -40-70'C (-40-158',
. Short form kit contains PCB & Enekeep Bechargeable size ldeal for bearings, ball joints, chains, sprockets, bullet & spade connectors + eyes, and
0-1 00% relative humidity,
ents. N1-MH Batteries 0-rings, bushes and other rubbe'and plastic etc. buttjoiners (See webste for . t1'C (1.8'fl,
. v battery These fantastic batteries feature ultra-low self-discharge . Food grade full list of inclusions)
Accuracy:
+3% relative humidity
lechnology and have an 85% charge retention afier . Hgh lemperalure, non-melt . Resolution:0 1",0.1% RH
.95 1 year, They are supplied in a charged stale and can be . Highly resistant to water, salt,
Heavy Duty Wire
- used immediately after purchase, chemicals and drying
l emote Ertender MKII Kit Delta V charge detection, short circuit, . Two new additions lo the ranger Fully synthelic Cutter / Crimper Protek 608 frue tilS
Ref: Silicon Chip 0ctober 2006.
overload and reverse voltage protecti0n. -. DMII| with PC lnterlace
o Lead length 1 200mm
Operate your DVD player or .__ . Dmensions: 92(L) x 56(W) x 30(H)mm
Sutable for lab, developmenl and serious testing
applications, this powerful meler has enough features t0
make t a legtimate replacement for a bench multimeter.
Pack of 3 Bemote Gonlrulled Designed for easy The 50,000 count display gves four decmal place
wre strippng of AWG 10-24 gauge cable (0.13 -6 Omm)
240V Mains 0utlets The wire guide ensures the corect length is slrpped a
accuracy and the internal mem0ry can store and retrieve up
Switch any mans appliance rated up to l0 readings lf you need more storage than lhat, the
precision blade is RS-232 cable allows you lo store and l0g measurements
to 1 0A on or off remotely. Supplied
device This improved model features fast data A choice of two sizes: incorporaled for easy wire culting. on a PC with the packaged software. lf you're looking for a
with 3 receivers & 1 remote control so
transfer, capable of transmittin you can switch up l0 three separate devices 20nl Spny Also features quality crimping jaws. DMM with dala storage and logging capability, this meter
Foxtel@ digital remote conlrol Cat, NA-1062 . For '1.5 - 6mm terminals
individually. Range up to 30 metres
signals usrng the Pace 400 . . Spring relurn 3
Frequency: 433.92MH2
200m1 BoIfle a
series decoder, Kit supplied wi o Max Power: 2500W (1 0A) DON'T FOREET
case, screen printed front panel, PCB . Remote size: 100(L) x 35(W) x
Cat. NA-1064
with overlay and all electronic components. 20(H)mm VALENTTNES DAY! 4004 AC Clampmeter :
. Required: 9VDC and 2-wire cable An entry-level clampmele with m0sl Of lhe . .
Dala hold Mir/max mode
SATURIIAY, IITH FEERUARY CAT lV Autoranging Pocket DMM fancy leatures found on more expensive units . Pulse width and duty cycle
for extending the lR-Tx lead
(use WB-1702).
An advanced Docket sized DMM that s I such as dala hold and auto power-of etc, . Non-volatile memory
149 Piece PIIIK Tool Kit suilable for serious work lt features . Autorangng o Conductance measuremenl
Home Theatre Powerboard detachable leads, capacitance and . Relative mode .
24llour Mechanical Everything lhe handy frequency ranges as well as a CATIV o AC cunent
Low-voltage resislance
Surge prolecton and filterng is provided measurement
Mains Timer toallyourhometheatre woman would ever rating and non-conlact vollage . Dode test . Auto power-off
Control any 240V mains
equipmenl connected to
possbly need. detection. . Audble continuity . Backlit LCD
appliance rated up to I 0A ncludes an AC & DC voltage: 600V . Data hold o Temperalure probe
ths powerboard as well as
Simply rotate the dial to the . AC & DC cunent: 200mA Auto power-off .
lime you want, plug it in and
current protection via lhe - easy-to-follow
Howlo 20 page Resistance: 40M0hms o Jaw opening 30mm .
Carrying case and holster ncluded
inbuilt circuit breaker RS-232 cable and
lhen switch t on. booklet on the tools . Capacitance: 1 00UF . Temperature probe software included
. Suits any 240V 1 0A GPO . and common o Frequency: 100kHz .
. Provid prolection to telephone, data Windows NT and XP compatble
Size:120(H) x
via a network connection, salellite/cable household repairs . Diode test Also available: o Ave/BMS: True
76(W x 50(D)mm . Continuity tesl 4004 AC/DC Clampmeter QM-l563 $gg.S5 o Dimensions (ydll'ttls) :
W and W aerials
120(L) x 55M x 40(D)mm 1 0004 AC/DC Clampmeter QM-1 566 g1 39.95 216(H) x
 COMPUTER I SECURITY
T
' Solar Poweed Calculato
with 3 Port USB
Dual layout Folding Keyboard
Ths (QWERTY/DV0RAK) keyboard I
USB Digital Mieroscope Camera
Eystem with l30X Magnlication
DV Camera
Surueillance Kit
I
A combination of a fullJeatu
has a folding cover thal
protects it when not in
A tenific introduction lo lhe microscopic world of nature lt *%,.,,,,@
Combined USB 2.0 and I
calculator, numeric keypad f w0rks with your c0mputer by djsplaying the camera's output usrng
use and doubles as a onlo y0ur m0ni10r and at the press 0f a button you can keyboard hotkeys 0r push buttons Two new models are
laptops and a 3 port USB
I

Firewire Powercd Hub rest for your wrists capture the digital images for prolects etc available in USB and PS/2 configurations
This versalile hub combines four 2.0 hub. Requires
I
as you type, Up to 130X magnfication. Max Resolution: 2048 x 1536 pixels
USB 2 0 ports and three Windows ME or ater.
Was 629.95
. Up to 640 x 480 image resolulion Video Bandwidlh: 400lVHz
Firewire@ ports and is both I

PC and lr/ac compliant ,l

,Was $39.95 USB Verslon Cat Yll-8093
PC Port Connections: Keyboard / N4ouse
Was $69.95 (or othe0: USB 2.0
l2V 3,5A llotebook Power Supply
Monilor: D1SHD
Simply plug this universal aptop power supply into 300K USB Web Camera Console Port Connectionsl
This is an excellent DVR that is deally suited to smaller
Component Video to VA Converter your car's cigarette lighter sockel and you can run Use this web cam in the office for
Keyboard / Mouse (or othefl: surveilance installations around the home 0r 0ffice, lt
This compact unit accepts a range of video or charge your laptop withoul the need fo[ , or al home uses MJPEG video compression and can store over
mains power, The unit is supplied with a
2 Port: USB 2.0 x 2
input signals and converts them t0 VGA d video to 1 50 hours of video on its 250G8 hard drive, Becording
specification for use on CBT, LCD, etc. Also range of plugs and will suit most note ail' setup s smple and various trigger modes can be set
accepts YPbPr input for DVD players, XboF, books on lhe markel, Swlchable output across the day ncluding timer recording, motion
voltage from 15VDC to 24VDC.
PS/2 Version Cat Yll-8097
Wii@, or other video sources up to 300k pixel CM0S detection & manual operalion
PC Port Connections; Keyboard: PS/2
1080. Simple Was $29 Mouse: PS/2 Monitor: D1 5HD
on-screen set up USB Desktop Bouncer Supplied with four
Console Port Connections: Keyboard: PS/2 x
No software This tough looking guy with a weatherproof colour
l50W Car laptop Power Supply It4ouse: PS/2 x l Monilor: DlSHD x 1
required.
lncludes remote Higher powered for the bigger laptops that draw more power. Smaft Dog' 5 in I t
cockney accent will turn away any
would be punter tryng t0 interfere
Long ange Bluetooth
night vision cameras,
connecting leads
control 8 different plug adaptors to ft popular models and variable USB Hub Eadio with Vour desktop stuff, He'll warn and wreless remote,
.

145mm wide output from 1 5 to 24VDC @ 6A. This byte-sized companion is them off with one 0f his six tough guy . 1 x composite video output
. not just a centralsed USB

G--- Frame rate 25fps (Ouad mode)

For full specifications see our website quoles Can stand alone Screen Shol
Cigarette lighter cable
. Selectable oulput voltage: 1 5, hub, but can also act as a using3xAAAbatteries . For full specfications log on to our websile
16, 18, 19, 20,22,24VDC detachable radio. Unclip his Was $24.95 ' Noter Monitor not included
Colour VGA Webcam . 115(L) x 60(W) x 35(H)mm head from his body and it phones, PDAS, headsets and other devces. Fast data
turns into a portable radio transfer, V1,1, V1.2 & V2.0 compliant, class 1
This eyeball web-m is perfecl for
Attach his head back and his body
USB Exercise Bike Mouse
deskt0p vdeo conferencing at home 0r in
turns into a speaker and USB hub
the office. The camera uses a VGA colour
CM0S sensor wth auto exposure and
Requires 2 x A{ batteries, 85mm hgh #ll!,lfP,,y(,r,9{,T:{"
Was 19,95 pedals a revolution and the word
white balance to ensure the best
picture under varying light c0ndtions. Universal00W laplop "Portable
Power Supply wiln LCD Prcsentation Console 4 Channel Mobile DV with 25088 HItIt on bell wire - no coax 0r separate power supplies requred
C0mes with soflware and connects via Suitable for cameras that 0perate on 1 2VDC @ 350m4
your computer's USB port. This excellent device allows you to run mar With a built in DSP, it elimnates any interierence
PowerPoinl presenlation without a computer picked up within the length of the cable providing you wth
Simply load your presenlation onlo a standard crystal clear video images
memory crd and connect the device t0
USB ptical [llouse mobile securty and survellance
Ths USB computer mouse has an ergonomic
your video projector. lncludes
remole control and on-screen
"=j =.Ez applcatons, lt provides real-time Single Channel CC|V
design to comfortably ft inlo your hand? .
138(L) x 58(W) x 37(H)mm navigation USB etro 0scillating Fan '''
monlorng and digital recording from up to four cameras
It has a rubber paint finish for better Supplied with nfrared remote and video editing software
Will charge newer Dell model Laplops! Loads of Simply plug it into your computer's
overall grip and feel, which MPEG4 recording format,
STOCK LIMITED other leatures. USB port to feel the gentle breeze
is matched with an optical
. 12 lo 24VDC operating voltage (suitable for mosl cars,
Was $199 The 3 soft Toam blades are
pick up with 800dpi boats, trucks and busses)
encased in a metal cover and
resolution for precision control
. ldeal for mobile surveillance
with four speeds you can control
Digital Voice Becorder - Was $1,099
. USB interface - Plug and Play l28MB wth USB
. Compatlble with Never mis a quote again. This feature-rch
OON'T FOREET
Win 95/98/2000/NT/MEAP digital voice recorder can double as an MP3 I/ALENTINEs DAY!
player and llash drive ll has a myriad of SATURDAY, I'ITH FEERUARY
ASB 0ptical Mouse recording options ncluding environmenlal
PlllK USB Keyhoard 4 Channel EC|V Video/Powet Prccessor
with 1lumber Keypad overload prolection and an LED power indicator. Supplied
settings, automalic v0ice activated recording, . Dimensions: 145(L) x 80(W) x 28(H)mm
with Iadaptor plugs to suit the majority of lapt0p
book marking and more. with 0ptical Mouse Kit
Notebook computers are great when you are Loads easily on lo your PC
computers including, ACER, lBM,
for referencing or archiving,
USB Panic Button Give her compuler a bit of colour
DELL, Apple, Sony, oshiba,
. Up to 35 hours recordng lime
Hit your USB Panic Button and your screen and flair this Valentne's Day wth
Samsung, Compaq, Sony, Panasonic etc.
. 11Omm long
inslantly changes t0 a spreadsheet 0r other this matching pink keyboard,
image that l00ks like rea work, Use one of oplicl mouse and mouse mat
the image files included on the
Mini 4 Port llUB USB 2.0 CD or your own screen shot
to . ^ -
The oerfect add-on .Software and image files included Digital Mobile Miuoscopes
number ' \
- .Dimensions: 90(L) x
increase the Enter the micro realm with ease These p0rtable pocket-szed
of USB ports on 4B(W) x 52(H)mm microscopes are surprisingly powerful with a magniTcation range
Was 624.95 of 24X to 90X. They use 3 brght-white LEDs lo light up your
Limiled slockl objects and fealure an adjustable focus to sharpen your image

removal from your USB port Two versions availablel

Wircl Bmadband Router AII-ln-0ne Memory It ig ita I Mo bi le M i ctoscope
lis devi nlegtes a router, wireless
access point, four-point slitch, firewall
Grcen lmW Keyring laser Pointer USB oll Up Keyboard Card Beader ./ Dimensions: 120(L) x 55(W)mm
CatQC-3245 Was$199

W
Much more visble t0 the human eye an red pointers, This 0WERTY keyboard rolls up for easy transpodatron 0r fuchange data
and advanced encryptjon protecton Can
be managed rough a local/remole web
this bright, clear green laser pointer will make your slorage and is waterproof You an even spill -h between your PC and
Digilal Mobile Microscope wth Image Capturc
presentation stand out, coffee on it. Pelect for workshops, all lhe flash memory
and s password protected . Viewed images can be easily transfered t0 a PC (QC-3246 only)
Keydng altachment garages, food cards cunently on the market. One
. for use in reports, artcles, projects etc
Batteries included preparalion areas, simple solution, no need for different
. . Capable of taking JPEG images at a resolution o 320 x 240
85mm long and travellers.
.
card readers for differenl electronic . Dimensions: 120(L) x 55(W)mm
Compatible devices.
. . lncludes 3 x MA rechargeable Ni-l'/H batteries
with Windows lleasur 70(!V) x 10(H) x 40(D)mm Screen Shot
i 98/2000/'/elXP
CatQC-3246 Was249
 COMPUTER I SECURITY
T
' Solar Poweed Calculato
with 3 Port USB
Dual layout Folding Keyboard
Ths (QWERTY/DV0RAK) keyboard I
USB Digital Mieroscope Camera
Eystem with l30X Magnlication
DV Camera
Surueillance Kit
I
A combination of a fullJeatu
has a folding cover thal
protects it when not in
A tenific introduction lo lhe microscopic world of nature lt *%,.,,,,@
Combined USB 2.0 and I
calculator, numeric keypad f w0rks with your c0mputer by djsplaying the camera's output usrng
use and doubles as a onlo y0ur m0ni10r and at the press 0f a button you can keyboard hotkeys 0r push buttons Two new models are
laptops and a 3 port USB
I

Firewire Powercd Hub rest for your wrists capture the digital images for prolects etc available in USB and PS/2 configurations
This versalile hub combines four 2.0 hub. Requires
I
as you type, Up to 130X magnfication. Max Resolution: 2048 x 1536 pixels
USB 2 0 ports and three Windows ME or ater.
Was 629.95
. Up to 640 x 480 image resolulion Video Bandwidlh: 400lVHz
Firewire@ ports and is both I

PC and lr/ac compliant ,l

,Was $39.95 USB Verslon Cat Yll-8093
PC Port Connections: Keyboard / N4ouse
Was $69.95 (or othe0: USB 2.0
l2V 3,5A llotebook Power Supply
Monilor: D1SHD
Simply plug this universal aptop power supply into 300K USB Web Camera Console Port Connectionsl
This is an excellent DVR that is deally suited to smaller
Component Video to VA Converter your car's cigarette lighter sockel and you can run Use this web cam in the office for
Keyboard / Mouse (or othefl: surveilance installations around the home 0r 0ffice, lt
This compact unit accepts a range of video or charge your laptop withoul the need fo[ , or al home uses MJPEG video compression and can store over
mains power, The unit is supplied with a
2 Port: USB 2.0 x 2
input signals and converts them t0 VGA d video to 1 50 hours of video on its 250G8 hard drive, Becording
specification for use on CBT, LCD, etc. Also range of plugs and will suit most note ail' setup s smple and various trigger modes can be set
accepts YPbPr input for DVD players, XboF, books on lhe markel, Swlchable output across the day ncluding timer recording, motion
voltage from 15VDC to 24VDC.
PS/2 Version Cat Yll-8097
Wii@, or other video sources up to 300k pixel CM0S detection & manual operalion
PC Port Connections; Keyboard: PS/2
1080. Simple Was $29 Mouse: PS/2 Monitor: D1 5HD
on-screen set up USB Desktop Bouncer Supplied with four
Console Port Connections: Keyboard: PS/2 x
No software This tough looking guy with a weatherproof colour
l50W Car laptop Power Supply It4ouse: PS/2 x l Monilor: DlSHD x 1
required.
lncludes remote Higher powered for the bigger laptops that draw more power. Smaft Dog' 5 in I t
cockney accent will turn away any
would be punter tryng t0 interfere
Long ange Bluetooth
night vision cameras,
connecting leads
control 8 different plug adaptors to ft popular models and variable USB Hub Eadio with Vour desktop stuff, He'll warn and wreless remote,
.

145mm wide output from 1 5 to 24VDC @ 6A. This byte-sized companion is them off with one 0f his six tough guy . 1 x composite video output
. not just a centralsed USB

G--- Frame rate 25fps (Ouad mode)

For full specifications see our website quoles Can stand alone Screen Shol
Cigarette lighter cable
. Selectable oulput voltage: 1 5, hub, but can also act as a using3xAAAbatteries . For full specfications log on to our websile
16, 18, 19, 20,22,24VDC detachable radio. Unclip his Was $24.95 ' Noter Monitor not included
Colour VGA Webcam . 115(L) x 60(W) x 35(H)mm head from his body and it phones, PDAS, headsets and other devces. Fast data
turns into a portable radio transfer, V1,1, V1.2 & V2.0 compliant, class 1
This eyeball web-m is perfecl for
Attach his head back and his body
USB Exercise Bike Mouse
deskt0p vdeo conferencing at home 0r in
turns into a speaker and USB hub
the office. The camera uses a VGA colour
CM0S sensor wth auto exposure and
Requires 2 x A{ batteries, 85mm hgh #ll!,lfP,,y(,r,9{,T:{"
Was 19,95 pedals a revolution and the word
white balance to ensure the best
picture under varying light c0ndtions. Universal00W laplop "Portable
Power Supply wiln LCD Prcsentation Console 4 Channel Mobile DV with 25088 HItIt on bell wire - no coax 0r separate power supplies requred
C0mes with soflware and connects via Suitable for cameras that 0perate on 1 2VDC @ 350m4
your computer's USB port. This excellent device allows you to run mar With a built in DSP, it elimnates any interierence
PowerPoinl presenlation without a computer picked up within the length of the cable providing you wth
Simply load your presenlation onlo a standard crystal clear video images
memory crd and connect the device t0
USB ptical [llouse mobile securty and survellance
Ths USB computer mouse has an ergonomic
your video projector. lncludes
remole control and on-screen
"=j =.Ez applcatons, lt provides real-time Single Channel CC|V
design to comfortably ft inlo your hand? .
138(L) x 58(W) x 37(H)mm navigation USB etro 0scillating Fan '''
monlorng and digital recording from up to four cameras
It has a rubber paint finish for better Supplied with nfrared remote and video editing software
Will charge newer Dell model Laplops! Loads of Simply plug it into your computer's
overall grip and feel, which MPEG4 recording format,
STOCK LIMITED other leatures. USB port to feel the gentle breeze
is matched with an optical
. 12 lo 24VDC operating voltage (suitable for mosl cars,
Was $199 The 3 soft Toam blades are
pick up with 800dpi boats, trucks and busses)
encased in a metal cover and
resolution for precision control
. ldeal for mobile surveillance
with four speeds you can control
Digital Voice Becorder - Was $1,099
. USB interface - Plug and Play l28MB wth USB
. Compatlble with Never mis a quote again. This feature-rch
OON'T FOREET
Win 95/98/2000/NT/MEAP digital voice recorder can double as an MP3 I/ALENTINEs DAY!
player and llash drive ll has a myriad of SATURDAY, I'ITH FEERUARY
ASB 0ptical Mouse recording options ncluding environmenlal
PlllK USB Keyhoard 4 Channel EC|V Video/Powet Prccessor
with 1lumber Keypad overload prolection and an LED power indicator. Supplied
settings, automalic v0ice activated recording, . Dimensions: 145(L) x 80(W) x 28(H)mm
with Iadaptor plugs to suit the majority of lapt0p
book marking and more. with 0ptical Mouse Kit
Notebook computers are great when you are Loads easily on lo your PC
computers including, ACER, lBM,
for referencing or archiving,
USB Panic Button Give her compuler a bit of colour
DELL, Apple, Sony, oshiba,
. Up to 35 hours recordng lime
Hit your USB Panic Button and your screen and flair this Valentne's Day wth
Samsung, Compaq, Sony, Panasonic etc.
. 11Omm long
inslantly changes t0 a spreadsheet 0r other this matching pink keyboard,
image that l00ks like rea work, Use one of oplicl mouse and mouse mat
the image files included on the
Mini 4 Port llUB USB 2.0 CD or your own screen shot
to . ^ -
The oerfect add-on .Software and image files included Digital Mobile Miuoscopes
number ' \
- .Dimensions: 90(L) x
increase the Enter the micro realm with ease These p0rtable pocket-szed
of USB ports on 4B(W) x 52(H)mm microscopes are surprisingly powerful with a magniTcation range
Was 624.95 of 24X to 90X. They use 3 brght-white LEDs lo light up your
Limiled slockl objects and fealure an adjustable focus to sharpen your image

removal from your USB port Two versions availablel

Wircl Bmadband Router AII-ln-0ne Memory It ig ita I Mo bi le M i ctoscope
lis devi nlegtes a router, wireless
access point, four-point slitch, firewall
Grcen lmW Keyring laser Pointer USB oll Up Keyboard Card Beader ./ Dimensions: 120(L) x 55(W)mm
CatQC-3245 Was$199

W
Much more visble t0 the human eye an red pointers, This 0WERTY keyboard rolls up for easy transpodatron 0r fuchange data
and advanced encryptjon protecton Can
be managed rough a local/remole web
this bright, clear green laser pointer will make your slorage and is waterproof You an even spill -h between your PC and
Digilal Mobile Microscope wth Image Capturc
presentation stand out, coffee on it. Pelect for workshops, all lhe flash memory
and s password protected . Viewed images can be easily transfered t0 a PC (QC-3246 only)
Keydng altachment garages, food cards cunently on the market. One
. for use in reports, artcles, projects etc
Batteries included preparalion areas, simple solution, no need for different
. . Capable of taking JPEG images at a resolution o 320 x 240
85mm long and travellers.
.
card readers for differenl electronic . Dimensions: 120(L) x 55(W)mm
Compatible devices.
. . lncludes 3 x MA rechargeable Ni-l'/H batteries
with Windows lleasur 70(!V) x 10(H) x 40(D)mm Screen Shot
i 98/2000/'/elXP
CatQC-3246 Was249
 CH ECK TH ESE OUT... DIY HANDYMAN OR WOMAN
USB Digital TV luner SilR Dome Car lweeter - 25mm Betnctable Car Phone Charger eck Magniier Magnifying Lens with LEDs !
Watch high definition digital 25mm silk dome tweeter for car audio Handy in-car phone charger with relractable r has a 2X main magnifier
telly on your desktop or applications Sm0oth, musical response lead to avoid messy and tangled lens with 5X insert lens and 2 LED lights, all mounted on a
ldeal for the elderly or vision-impared Kee
coax
king wth i
laptop. Simple to set up and up to 20kHz Crossover included wires, lncludes 6 plugs 1o fil flexible arm Can be
one in the glove box
directory in the dark
the
moie in t

. lmpedance: 8 ohms

sSS
use, just connect the USB stick, plug in the connector testin
all the latest popular freestanding or 90mm lens illumnated
antenna, nstall the software and away you gc . Frequency resp: 1 kHz - 20kHz 1-^ with this handy tool. Simply connect t to the F-conneclor
.
.
Supp0rts reeo-air DW in many countries . Sensitivity: 91dB
.
ilsi:*;3sliJfi%i::'i'ff '.,,, -- clamped to a surface
up to 38mm thick
two LEDs,
Requires 2 x
and it wll give you and audible signal and a red/green
go/no g0 signal to tell you if there's a short, an open in
Soft!,/are with time shifting and scheduled r Power handling: 8OWRMS |l:1,'.ff3[? iifflighter
standard cigarette [l',li.,
socket.
\ M batteries
. Compatble wth Windows XP, ME and Vista . 72(L) x 39(W) x 21(H)mm . Extends '.
Lens 1 10mm (dia ) \ your cable or conneclors. The F-connector is removable,

e
. Antenna, cable and soft'lr/are included . Plugs ln Nokia, .Requires3xM so you can fit an adaptor for
. Supports Electronic Program Guide Er ng, Siemens, batteries
different types of connectors
(EPG), subtitle and Teletext
Sony
(sB 233s)
. Machined from aluminium
LG and
. See website for full systems requirements
Requires 1 x A,AA battery
. 100mm long

Chassis Mount Auto Eeset Pecision Digital Vernier Calipers

Circuil Breakers ll on - Co ntact f h er m o m ete r Eleclrical Teste with Polarity
These kits are a simple single version of a High Intensity
Sngle pole thermal circuit breakers
Discharge (HiD) headlamp lhat you are now seeing on up with Dual Laser laryetng Checking & Light
Auto or manual resel. 1 2 and 24VDC Measure the temperature of a surface Designed for maximum safetyThe probes have
market cars lt is one lamp set only lt is basically intended
in current ratings from 20 - 504 from a safe dislance Dual laser sighting a good grip & are lP64 rated. Testing vollage is
t0 convert a spotlight on, say a large boat, to a much more
20A|2VDC Cal SF-4100 $8.95
$8.95 A precison tool for accurale
powerful and effective spotlght, The kt includes a HID for accuracy. simple & the unt's LED display will ndicale t0
30A |2VI)C Cat,SF-4102 $8.95 lamp, base, ballast unit and wiring harness lt s a very
measu'emenls Simple and easy . Temperature range: -50'C to +650'C the nearesl voltage up to 690V with polarity
40A12VDC Cat SF-4104 $8.95 to use wth digital readout
. Accurate to 0 01mm
. Response time: <1 50ms indition This unit will also check for low
50AI?VDC Cat SF-4106 $8.95 . Dstance spol ratio: 12:1 impedance, continuity, do a single pole phase
20A24VDe Cat.SF-4108 $8.95 Metric or lmperial measurement .
Kits to suit H1, H3 and H4 bases availabe: 140mm ong test & show rotary lield indication
available lP54 rated Vernier Calipers TD-2084 $59.9b_ o A LED light is included for dimly lit locatrons,
.Also
Requires2xM
4,8V Cordless Screwdriver batteries (included)
-lhis
will truly pound your world into submission Upset
the neighbours and get the full low-end experience
Comfortable and easy to use
Bright LED torch
. Magnetrc bit holder
utomotive Crimp Tool
witl, Connectors
. Voltage lest works
without batteries, 1
from your car stereo. 200WRMS on tap rom a class . Unlike other
LED battery level
any,thing up to a range of AB amp and 1 2" driver in a ported enclosure is more aufomolve crimp
indicator Logs up to 32,000
200m, for than enough t0 do the job. You can also tailor the . pliers, this excellent
4 bt set included readings (1 6,000
example, as a 35 Watt - suits Ht Dase Cat, SL-3367 $89.95 response with phase switching, variable low pass . tool comes with 80 of
'eplacemenl for a dead 35 Watt - suits H?ase Cat. SL-3365 $89.95 fil ss
Mains charger
\./ the most popular
temperalure,

garage door opener The

35 Wan - suts H4ase Cat. SL-3368 $99.S5 .x included
aulomotive
16,000 humidity)
in ntervals of 2
receiver has momentary connectors and NOT
seconds to 2 hours per
or togqle outpul and the a bunch of junk you
momentary period can be adjusted, The receiver can also
ln-Gar N-MH Battery Charger lnox Premium Machinery Grease will never use, The ,
reading You simply set up the recordng parameters you want
lJniversal charger for Ni MH and Ni-Cd with the included software then download the data when you
be used T0 drive a 12 volt relay. Up to five receivers can General-purpose tool will cut & strip
be used n the same vicinity and spare transmitter kits are
available: KC 5474. A versatile kt with endfess
applications,
oanery oacxs.Lnarges
-- "'*'Jl,
handy 30gm tube
< wtre, cflmp
conneclors and also cut a range of
metrc bolts. lncludes male & female
need it. The datalogger records at the prescribed intervals
and will flash an alarm LED if the user-defined minmum 0r
maximum temperature is exceeded
. Range: -40-70'C (-40-158',
. Short form kit contains PCB & Enekeep Bechargeable size ldeal for bearings, ball joints, chains, sprockets, bullet & spade connectors + eyes, and
0-1 00% relative humidity,
ents. N1-MH Batteries 0-rings, bushes and other rubbe'and plastic etc. buttjoiners (See webste for . t1'C (1.8'fl,
. v battery These fantastic batteries feature ultra-low self-discharge . Food grade full list of inclusions)
Accuracy:
+3% relative humidity
lechnology and have an 85% charge retention afier . Hgh lemperalure, non-melt . Resolution:0 1",0.1% RH
.95 1 year, They are supplied in a charged stale and can be . Highly resistant to water, salt,
Heavy Duty Wire
- used immediately after purchase, chemicals and drying
l emote Ertender MKII Kit Delta V charge detection, short circuit, . Two new additions lo the ranger Fully synthelic Cutter / Crimper Protek 608 frue tilS
Ref: Silicon Chip 0ctober 2006.
overload and reverse voltage protecti0n. -. DMII| with PC lnterlace
o Lead length 1 200mm
Operate your DVD player or .__ . Dmensions: 92(L) x 56(W) x 30(H)mm
Sutable for lab, developmenl and serious testing
applications, this powerful meler has enough features t0
make t a legtimate replacement for a bench multimeter.
Pack of 3 Bemote Gonlrulled Designed for easy The 50,000 count display gves four decmal place
wre strippng of AWG 10-24 gauge cable (0.13 -6 Omm)
240V Mains 0utlets The wire guide ensures the corect length is slrpped a
accuracy and the internal mem0ry can store and retrieve up
Switch any mans appliance rated up to l0 readings lf you need more storage than lhat, the
precision blade is RS-232 cable allows you lo store and l0g measurements
to 1 0A on or off remotely. Supplied
device This improved model features fast data A choice of two sizes: incorporaled for easy wire culting. on a PC with the packaged software. lf you're looking for a
with 3 receivers & 1 remote control so
transfer, capable of transmittin you can switch up l0 three separate devices 20nl Spny Also features quality crimping jaws. DMM with dala storage and logging capability, this meter
Foxtel@ digital remote conlrol Cat, NA-1062 . For '1.5 - 6mm terminals
individually. Range up to 30 metres
signals usrng the Pace 400 . . Spring relurn 3
Frequency: 433.92MH2
200m1 BoIfle a
series decoder, Kit supplied wi o Max Power: 2500W (1 0A) DON'T FOREET
case, screen printed front panel, PCB . Remote size: 100(L) x 35(W) x
Cat. NA-1064
with overlay and all electronic components. 20(H)mm VALENTTNES DAY! 4004 AC Clampmeter :
. Required: 9VDC and 2-wire cable An entry-level clampmele with m0sl Of lhe . .
Dala hold Mir/max mode
SATURIIAY, IITH FEERUARY CAT lV Autoranging Pocket DMM fancy leatures found on more expensive units . Pulse width and duty cycle
for extending the lR-Tx lead
(use WB-1702).
An advanced Docket sized DMM that s I such as dala hold and auto power-of etc, . Non-volatile memory
149 Piece PIIIK Tool Kit suilable for serious work lt features . Autorangng o Conductance measuremenl
Home Theatre Powerboard detachable leads, capacitance and . Relative mode .
24llour Mechanical Everything lhe handy frequency ranges as well as a CATIV o AC cunent
Low-voltage resislance
Surge prolecton and filterng is provided measurement
Mains Timer toallyourhometheatre woman would ever rating and non-conlact vollage . Dode test . Auto power-off
Control any 240V mains
equipmenl connected to
possbly need. detection. . Audble continuity . Backlit LCD
appliance rated up to I 0A ncludes an AC & DC voltage: 600V . Data hold o Temperalure probe
ths powerboard as well as
Simply rotate the dial to the . AC & DC cunent: 200mA Auto power-off .
lime you want, plug it in and
current protection via lhe - easy-to-follow
Howlo 20 page Resistance: 40M0hms o Jaw opening 30mm .
Carrying case and holster ncluded
inbuilt circuit breaker RS-232 cable and
lhen switch t on. booklet on the tools . Capacitance: 1 00UF . Temperature probe software included
. Suits any 240V 1 0A GPO . and common o Frequency: 100kHz .
. Provid prolection to telephone, data Windows NT and XP compatble
Size:120(H) x
via a network connection, salellite/cable household repairs . Diode test Also available: o Ave/BMS: True
76(W x 50(D)mm . Continuity tesl 4004 AC/DC Clampmeter QM-l563 $gg.S5 o Dimensions (ydll'ttls) :
W and W aerials
120(L) x 55M x 40(D)mm 1 0004 AC/DC Clampmeter QM-1 566 g1 39.95 216(H) x
 IAYCAR r EVERYTHING FOR THE AUDIO'g HOME THEATRE
Super Piezo lgnition lnfra Red Watch Gable TV All Over fhe House Turntable
USB
Pru Gas Butane Gas Torch Ertender Kits Don't want to miss a minute This handy lurntable is
Very versatile! ldeal for brazing, Use this lR Extender Kit to put of the footballl lndoors perfect for the
Soldering silver soldering, jewellery work, ouldoors, even if you're sent
your AV equipment out of occasional bout of
Tool Kit heatshrinking, and a whole Iot sight, and still retain the use of to the kitchen to do the nostalga and allows you
This quality kil more. lt has an adjustable flame, your infra-red remote controls dishes you won't miss any to play those old vinyl
contains a soldering and s easily filled with No need to open cupboard doors - no messl of the acton when you send records or make back-
iron with adjustable temp. ( Bulane gas. Two different models are avallable, providing high qualily audio and video up copres rn a
up to 580", 25 to 125W signals from your man
for up to six lR emitters to be connected t0 a sngle convenient digjtal
and various tips. seen, anphere The sum of the individual parts amount lo point and you can add extra emitters as you need. viewing source to another with format, The turntable
more than double the price we are selling this kit for, this powerful 5 8HGz model Avoids all plays singles, EPs,
. Quality storage case. . 240V 201130W soldering iron the nterference 0n the crowded 2,4GHz albums and even your old 7Bs
. Cleanng sponge and tray. with lurbo boost swtch Ertendet 2 lnput Ertn Emfiet - Single lS[/ band without the inconvenience and . 33145178 rpm o 240 voll powered
. .
Spare tip Basic stand AF-l812 $79.95 AR-l811 $14.95 .
Extender 6 lnput cost of running wires l\/lagnetic cartridge
o 1 mm solder in dispenser lube
Here at Jaycar Electronics we are
Ertn Emitte - Dual . NAB centre adaplor
. Metal solder sucker wth spare tip and 0-
AR-1814 $99 AR-l813 $17.95 .
lemperaturc Control led Soldering f irmly. commtted to supporting Analogue or dgital audio output
young people and helping them Note: Laptop not included
Station 200"C to 480'C
An effective yet simple soldering Stainless Sleel Side Guflers acheve their goal of following a
DJ Mobile 19"
slation that features
a ceramic heating
High quality small side cutters that
have thick (2mm) bades and
electrical trade or engineering
career. The joint Australan Back Frame Ertn receiYe avalable U S BlSD Turnta bl e/Receive r
sepanlely Cal.AE-1841 Archiving your record
soft comfort plastic Federal Government and the With a total of 18 units
element l0 collection couldn't be easier
available, you'll be able to Sss
provide piecise
lemperafure
sprng loaded handles
- initiative
Australian Apprenticeship'
also supports this fit all your rack gear and
You can record LPs directly to
an SD card or flash memory
control The . 1 1smm long and provides an allowance of keep it completely portable
va USB without needing a
soldedng-iron up to $8OO lincludng GSTI ldeal for DJs, PA techs, CD PlayerlEneoder with computer or software, You cn
weighs just for qualified particpants sound engineers or ASB4SL & Bemote also simply use the deck for
45 grams ltihch Stainless Steel Long lose Pliers to purchase I gutarists with large rack
Rip, record or play back without payback via the built in
makes it ideal for
comfortable long
-E Made of high quality stainless steel, these
pliers have half round smooth gripping
'Tools
vvru fo
rv your
tv! Trade'.
Th employer of elgible Australian
setups, The top section can
be rotated through a range of
needing a computer. Record or
play back from external sources
and soeakefs 0r
run stereo oulputs lo an
tem use Apprentices receives a voucher to the 45" for maximum flexibility. or from CD. aux, line ln, USB or
jaws perfect for external amp
value of $800 which can be presented to Sturdy steel construction with
SD card. This is one of the most
. Temperature Range: 200"C - 480'C
. Power consumpton: 50W
adjusting and bending
components, picking any Jaycar store, Bring yout voucher in and caslors
. versatle tools a musician or DJ
our staff will be happy to help you find the Steel conslruction
could ever own .
. Operating voltage: 240VAC up dropped nuts etc . Belt-drive turntable

o Conlrol unit:
.140mm o Comfortable spring loaded handles .., , ,gs !9919 tgl.y.olir !,r.94e.
Hardware included
o Dinrensions: 530(V) x .
. Built-in amplifier
.l.2WRI/S)
long
For more information vst 10s0(H) x 500(D)mm
CD/CD-F/CD-RWMP3- (2 x
CD^/VMA'CD playback .
l5 Piece Miero Driver Set www.toolsforyourtrade.com. au -Equipment
nol included . CD ripping 1x or 2x .
Track repeat function
Backlit LCD
llade 0uallU Saewdriverc Tlis handy set will fit lhe bill for all those microscopic o Encode MP3 Vvith adjustable bit rate . 33/45/78RPM
These are some of the most comfortable screwdrivers we fasteners you come across in modern electronics . ' Magnetic Wrist Tny . Built-in stereo condenser mc o USB/SD card playback
have ever used. The ergonomic handles have a soft rubber The handles are colour coded for easy This simple yet ingenious wrist tray Encode from aux-in / line-in . Bass boost swrtch
coating for a secure, comfortable grip that you can use for identifcation & lhey come in a storage will hold small steel screws, . Headphone output o Line-level stereo outputs . AM/FM radio
hours on end. . All are TW and GS approved and rated up case. lhe set contains: washers, nuts, split pins, or other
. Supports USB devices up 1o 2GB . 350[W x 300(D) x 130(H)mm
t0 IkV A size for every application. . Slotted: 1mm, 1 ,4mm, 1 .8mm, 2.4mm steel items so you won't put lhem
. Dimensions: 250(W)W x 185(H) x 75(D)mm
. Phllips: #000, #00, #0, #1 down and lose them.'Tle tray has
Ton: T5, T6,T7, TB a Velcro strap and includes 2 x
. Hex: 1.Smm, 2mm, 2.5mm Phillips and 2 x slotted ddver bts
o Drivers: 105mm long n lheir own storage slots. 2 lnput HDMI Switcher
. Case sze: 192(L) x 130(W) x 26(H)mm A simple remote controlled device for
5 lnput emote HI)MI Switcher
This stylish design five input
switching betlveen tlvo
Handy Magnet HDN/l selector routes
1000V- 7 Piece Screwdriver Set Strip
High'Def inition lVultimedia
high definition video
(HDlt4l) sources, Comes
High quality, bright red drivers you can find easily. Insulated
cID-2230 Flal Blade 2.5 x 75mm $3,95 rght t0 the tip and rated to 1000V Drive sizes:
Simplicity itselt with external lR receiver on a and audio sionals from '
.ID-2231 Flat Blade 3 0 x 100mm $4 50 Flat:1.2x6.5x150mm,1x5.5x125mm, r Just attach the handy 2m cable, enabling you lo hide
the selected input t0 the HDN/l output
o ID-2232 Flat Blade 5 5 x 125mm $4 95 0.8x4x l 00mm, 0 6x3.5x75mm.
magnels lo walls, tables DVI / Digital Audio the switcher out of sighi, Powered via the
The switcher also has five digital audio inputs (optical and
c fD-2233 FIat Blade 6.5 x 150mm $5.95 Phillips: #2 x
or other surfaces to
to HDMI Converter HDIVI cable and fully HDCP compliant
coaxial), which are switched in unison wilh the HDlvll
.ID-2234 Flat Blade 8.0 x 175mm $6.95 tools, brushes, scissors,
_. Dimensions: BO(L) x 55(W) x 17(H)mm
channels The switcher is fully HDCP compliant and comes
c ID-2235 Phillips #0 x 60mm $3 95
1 00mm,
keyrings,oranyoths I Combine a digital DVI
video signal and a
an
with lt has a
c ID-2236 Phillips #1 x 80mm $4.95
#1 x 80mm,
#0 x 60mm.
object that contains ron. You'll fnd diglal audio sgnal 4 Way Adive HMl Splitter
co
gain ong cable
.ID-2237 Phillips #2 x 1 00mm $5.95 dozens of uses for this innovative into a single HD[/l
runs, ln
o fD-2238 Phillips #3 x 1 50mm $6.50
Storage box.
magnelic storage system lead Perfect for
A splitter allows one HDNI output device t0 be
dislributed to up lo four monitors 0r projectors
.gDime )x50(H)m
Tools not included hooking a media centre ldeal for conferences,
PC up to a home theatre Economy HDMI Leads
DIGITAT MUTTIMETERS DIGITAT MUI.TIMETERS system Also provides digtal audio
oulput in both coax and optical fonnais
conventions, and
presentalions or very large
HDIVI leads can cost an arm and
a leg lf your budget doesn't

J
home theatre installalions,
.
Mains adaptor included, . Simultaneous display
extend too far, these leads are a
.
Dimensions:
.125(L)
x 100W) x 25(H)mm . Supports 480p, 720p, 1 080i,
cosleffective
solution without
o HDCP compliant
c0mprOmrsrng
. Dimensions: 205(L) x 95(Wl x 28(H)mm quality or
Active VGA + Audio performance, All
to HDMI Conveer I1DMI Ertender have a gold plaled
Takes the VCA ouiput + This HDlvll extender equalises and boosts your connectors and are fully
stereo audio signal from HDMI signal s0 thal you can run cable up HDtr/l v1 3b and HDCP compliant
your PC, & converts
to 50 metres long 1.5 Metrcs Cat WQ-7415 $1 9.95
them to HDMI format . Supports up to 1 0B0p resolulion 3.0 Meltes CatW0-741 $29 95
whilst maintaining full . Compatible with VGA, SVGA, XGA, 5.0 MeIrcs Cat W0 7417 $39 95
HD resolution SXGA, UXGA
.Mains adaplor included. . Automatic equalisation up to'1 6Gbps
.Dimensions: 90(L) x 68(\'\4 x 25(H)mm . HDMI v] ,3 compliant
. Dimensions: 6B(L) x 40(W) x 1B(H)mm
 SOTAR Gr WIN D POWER oo
Rechargeable 35W HID Spotlight Wind Generators
Solar Lighting System
High efficiency self conlained Has far longer bulb life, uses less These new supec0mpact 300W units are a technological
solar lighting system eneroy and is much brighter step up from our other two models They feature moulded,
An excellent kit that comes wth than halogen globes, With
a pounding 3,300 lumens,
compacl, efficient blade design, are lightweight, have
neodymium magnels, and the charge controller is built into
February 2OO9
everything you need to build an
efficient solar lighting system. ideal for search and rescue, the generat0r head, They also feature slip rings to avoid
buppileowrrnauromailc
c I 't
boating, professional cable breakage These 300W units will start spinning at
just 2 5m/s wind speed, and will produce lheir rated
soli panel, lamps, batlery, shoolers, security or other
high-power applicalions t's power at 1 2mls (max power 500W at 1 sm/s) Avalable in
housed in a tough weather 12V and 24U outputs, all parts fit intO one box weighing Befer: Silicon Chip lt/agazine February 2009 Build your own desk fan and run it on your own bio-fuell
resistant ABS housing and has a ust 1 7kg - making il convenent to fansport Drill speed controllers are nothing new, and n spite Generale y0ur on eleclricity from ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
handy shoulder slrap for extended use The built n
of the availability of variable speed power t00ls, there using Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell technology, Bio
rechargeable battery gives about 50 minutes of contnu0us
is stll a need lor a stand-alone motor speed fuels are an alternatve to fossil fuels as they are
use and it recharges either from the mains plugpack or a car
conlroller. Apart from power tools, it's often generated from fermented plant matter. 'i
cigarette lighter socket
handy to be able to control the speed of The kl contains everything you need to get your'
. l2V 35W -q
. Battery: 1 2V 7Ah rechargeable lead acid
other 240V motors Suilable for brush glPll,liy:ll.|,lli'l:lt 91 1l' g'gTl 9]9'Jlll9
molors up lo 1 04, the circuit is a revised
Mains adaptor: 15VDC 500m4
version of the popular 5A speed controller lrom
. Dimensions: 300(L) x 21O(Dia)mm
October 2002. Complete kit includes screen-
@
'q
printed cse, PCB and all specifed components.
40W Amophous Solar Panel You'll need a garden-variety IEC lead as well. the kt The kil includes Ethan0l storage tank, tubing, purging
Sizes range from 5 watts to a massive 1 75 watts wtTH JuilCftil Box valve, supp0rting base, electric mot0r, wlring wth crocodile
The junction box s lP65 rated and clps, fan blades, mxing c0ntainer and pH measuring strips
5W Cat,Zlvl-9091 $1 1 5 the connectors are lP67 rated. . Recommended for ages 1 2+
10\4/ Cat ZM 9093 S175 Both are TUV rated
20\,\/ Cat ZM-9094 $275 20 year limited wananty
65W Cat, ZIM 909 $639 o Maximum power: 40W peak
80\/V
1 20W
Cat ZM
Cat,
9097
Zltl'9098
$875
$1 ,280
.
.
Rated Voltage: 1 2V
Current @ max polver: 2 0A
Refer: Silicon Chp MagaTine February 2009
Want l0 convert an old chest keezer nto an DON'T FOREET
energy-efficient frdge or beer keg fridge? 0r
1 75W Cat, Zlt/-9099 $1 ,750 .
.
Voltage @ max power: 18V
Dimensions:
1 253 x 643 x 37mm
'No mountng
ware,
h a rd
c0nverl a spare standard kidge inlo a wine
cooler? These are just tvvo of the jobs this
VALENTTNES DAY!
low-cost and easy-to-build electronic
. Weght: 14 7kg
poles or guide
wres ncluded. thermostat kit will do, lt can also be used to
SATURDAY, |ITH FEBRUARY
control I 2V kidges or keezers, as well as healers
Full specs on websi in hatcheries and fish tanks lt controls lhe Surprise Her
lridge/freezer or heater drecty via lher power
's no need to modify the internal wiring.
Solar Power Battery Chargers These pink and white
0ntains PC8, sensor and all specifed
& Controllers with LCD u'll need to add your own 240V GPO,
rhinestone desk
You make a substantial nvestment in a solar power setup, so accessories are lhe
make sure yo look after your expensive batteries. With these
cket and cse.
]{EW SORE Iil HAII.AM perfect gift to jaz up
units, you have total control over battery charging and power . Set of 3 Spare Blades (Cat [/G 4534) $76.S5 1,261 Pfinces Hwy the desk of the woman
Note: Units may vary from pclures shown who has everythng
usageTheLCDshoWsthesyStemstatUSand3LEDsata
glance show battery charge stafus, load status and solar panel c!nnecli0n l\/icroprocessor is programmed with 3-stage Just clip to any A4 sheet Hallam Uic 3803 With five dfferent tems
charging algorithms and pulse width modulation duty cycles of 0 - 100% to provide optimum charge condtions and battery to choose from or gel
Solar Panel 'Y' Leads of paper, start writing or drawing
Ph 03 9796 4577
life, Three models available - 12V120A,12Y/30A and 24Y/204 and everything y0u enter will be captured
her the whole set All
Used for connectng the output of hr/0 solar panels in parallel . Real{ime clock display and LED indcation of baltery levels items sold seDarately
or connecling multiple panels n an array, Waterproof and UV eleckoniclly Two modes of 0perati0n: Mobile mode
. Display of system status: Charge current Load currenl - Battery voltage Battery capacity allows you t0 take and sto'e notes (up to 1 00 A4
resistant Generally used on the negative pole of the panel. .
. Pin dimension 4mm 300mm . .
Bulk, absorption & foat charge status pages) while away
a,/ay kom your computer i
in 7 I GH 1892 $19.95
. lln plated copper conlacts Overload and short circuit protection l2V 30 Amp meetings, lectures or conferences 0r 0nline .l-'
'' GH-1894 $1.95
o Overvoltage and reverse p0larily protection o Rated charge/load current: 304 mode, where you PC
use it like a tablet .-' GH-1890 $1S 95
2 Sockets to 1 Plug . System voltage: 1 2V connected to your computers USB port GH-l899 $54 95
l2V 204 Solat Clrarye Gontroller . 150(L) x 85(W x 50(H)mm Software included. cH-1898 $24,95
. Raled charge/load current; 204 . CaI MP-3722 o Rechargeable battery
. System vollage: 1 2V on receiver unit Checkout our website or ask
o 150(L) x 85(W) x . Battery status indicator Iots of other great gift ideas!
50(H)mm r 0f-the-shelf ink refills
. 24V 20 Anp
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 I l.-lo ---4
SER\ruGreWOSLOG
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7

3.5mm
l5 DIAMEIER

IEC SOCKET
I - +NE-RJSE_ _
I

15.5 HOLDER

I I used to get a steady stream of CRT TV sets into
f- 37 the workshop but that stream is now a mere
trickle. Most people can not be bothered to get
BOX END BOX END a CRT set fixed and, in fact, perfectly good sets
are now being discarded in ever increasing
i numbers to make way for plasmas and LCDs.
A Loewe Planus 47BLZW TV was
AII HOIES
3mm DIAMETER
brought into the workshop. Oh goody,
I thought, a heavy CRT set! ,\t least
-T there was a chance I might be able to
fix it to component leve.
l3 This set employs a Q110 chassis
{
--r- and was reportedly DOA (dead on
arrival). However, when I got it onto
lo
the workbench, it turned out that this
3mm | | lo-. rumour was somewhat exaggerated.
As I quickly discovered, the set would
click on and then click off again as a
protection circuit cut in.
I began by checking the B+ rail and
this was correct at +150V. However,
70 there was no EHT and there were no
short circuits on this rail. From there,
it didn't take long to confirm that there
was no horizontal drive coming lrom
the signai board.
Before investigating this large as-
sembly, I checked the remaining
votage rails. This was a good move
because the 12V 9V and BV rails were
all missing in action. I then checked
lo FET Q663 BUZ7lA (arrd changed it for
and found that the short immedi-
ately disappeared. I then removed
and carefuly examined this board but
there were no shorts to be found so I
replaced the fuse again. The supply
rails now came up OK when the set
was switched on with the main signal
board still disconnected.
Next, I checked the main signal
board for solder dags and bent pins
but could find nothing that mighi be
causing the intermittent short circuit.
As a result, I reinstalled the board and
checked it out again before switching
on. Damn! - the short was back.
This time, I left the meter connected
while I disassembled it yet again. It
wasn't until I goi to W1201, a 3-pin
lead to the rotation coil on the CRT,
that the short disappeared, Now I re-
ally had something to work on.
I closely inspected the coil and
noticed that it had a small, sealed
assembly in the middle. However, I
could find no reference to this on the
circuit diagram and eventually, feel-
Items Govered This Month
. Loewe Planus 47812W Q110
chassis
o Panasonic fH-42P4404
106cm plasma TV set
. Resurrecting a Windows 3.11
computer
. The scams people try
December and the holiday season is
almost upon us. And as usua, some
customers are flying into a panic as
to whether "it" will be fixed before
Santa arrives.
Not only are we expected to have
done our duty at half the usual price,
no matter how late the caII, but we
don't even get milk and cookies, let
alone a red coat and a team of rein-
deer.
My first such call was from an
anxious mum, complaining that their
beloved telly had been blown up by
her 6-year old boy playing his X-Box.
I really couldn't see how an X-Box
could kill the TV without an awful ot
of jiggery-pokery but hey, I'm just the
TV technician. Prancer's stable boy
would know more than I do!
Anyway, I asked what the brand and
model numbr was, plus a definition
of whatwas meantbv "dead". She told
me it was a Panasonic Viera and I was

f*'
o *f-.o l*to
* , .*l
good measure as these do give trouble)
but it was F661, a 3.15,A' IC fuse that
had failed.
ing somewhat exasperated, I phoned
Loewe technical support, It turned out
that there are two versions of this set
thinking LCD TV but it wasn't until I
got the model number (TH-42P440,\)
that I realised that it was a 2006 plasma
BOX BASE BOX tID I soldered in a new fuse and switch- and guess what - my circuit was the set. She also insisted that she was right
Fig.B: complete drilling and cutting details for the specified box and lid. These dimensions should be adhered to closely, ed on, The set clicked, gave out an wrong one for this set. about the set being dead - there were
acrid smell and then immediately The good news was that this is a no lights or LEDs coming on and yes,
F inally, attach rubber feet to the base touching the circuit. In particular this slower. Disconnect the mains power died. I should have known it wasn't well-known fault and whatever it is power was being fed to the set and it
ofthe case. applies to when making adjustments first before making an adjustment to going to be that easy. inside the concealed lump, it does go had been switched on.
to trimpot VR2, which you may need VR2 ad then try the motor again when Now before I had replaced the fuse, I short circuit, causing the fuse to blow, The next hurdle involved getting her
Testing to do to set the minimum speed. the lid has been replaced. had checked for shorts on the L2V rail Fortunately, the set works quite well to take a few reality pills, The biggest
Note that all of the circuit is con- Screw the lid onto the case and plug You may then want to try other (by measuring across C66B) and eve- without this assembly connected (it is arrd most painful to swallow was that it
nected to the 230V AC mains supply in your favourite power tool. Switch to power tools to get a compromise setting rything had been OK. Now, however, designed to straighten the picture to was unlikely to be fixed by Christmas.
and is potentially lethal, Do not touch the "O" (controlled) position and note for the trimpot. s8 it was measuring just 4) between this compensate for geomagnetic forces). "But surely it is just the fuse?", came
any part of the circuit when it is how it runs at the minimum setting of rail and ground, so there was a short the reply,
plugged into a mains outlet. Always VR1. If itruns well (ie, no cogging) then IMPORTANT: Do not operate the somewhere in the works. No milk or cookies This is always a hard one as it is
remove the plug from the mains before VR2 could be set to make the motor run circuit with the lid offthe case. I unplugged the main signal board I'm writing this back in mid- difficult to explain that the prime
4B Su,tcoN Catp siliconchp.com.au siltconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OOg SZ

Senrfle@milamos L,og
WI PR.OIALSE OUR KDS SO MVCH THISI DAYS
& SOAITIMES 1T R:ALLY DO:SN' HUR FO.
THEIA To L:ARN fo ACCPT DTsAPPoIurTnNrg
function of a fuse is to fail in order to
prevent all the smoke pouring out of
the rest of the blor,rm components.
Years ago, I worked for a TV rental
company with a tyrannical boss who
had a long hyphenated, unpronounce-
able foreign surname. So when things
went wrong, as they inevitably did
sometimes, we always used his name
as the description for the parts that
had failed - ie, they were badly put
tggether and always blowing up. It was
just luckthat a customer never twigged
and reported it back to the boss.
But I digress. As my caler was
quickly getting impatient with me, I
suggested she try calling Panasonic
themselves, Good idea, she thought,
and hung up. I was quite relieved but
knew inside that this wasn't going
to last. Sure enough, she was back
within the hour, a little more contrite,
ssrGsGffing
Keep your copes safe wth these handy binders.
Available Aust, only. Price: $413.95 plus $7 p&p per order (includes GST). Just fill in
and mail the handy order form in this issue; or fax (02) 9939 2648; or call (02) 9939 3295
and quote your credit card number.
Stucor Cutp
- @uffinM
f xc-t( ltf^tv\Y
/VO oN/S GONNA.
tv\o A. NwfV recess with an expensive, highly-
placed two milk crates covered with
thick foam in position and then care-
so I agreed to call around and collect
the set.
Now I should point out that although
I used the word "I" here, I really meant
"we". If it had been an LCD, it might
have been just "I" but a 106cm pasma
is too big and too heavy for just one
bloke. You also need something a bit
bigger than a Barina to stick it into.
When I arrived, it turned out that
my customer was really quite charm-
ing but was being hassled by a mob
of kids. However, they too were no-
where near as precocious as on first
impressions. The little 6-year old was
extremely proud of his X-Box and it
was imperative that the set be fixed
before Christmas so that he could make
full use of it.
Eager to cooperate, he showed me
what he was doing when the set died.
However, this didn't really reveal
[sffirctp
much, the only possibility being tat
he might have caused the set's demise
by repeatedly pushing the main power
switch. In fact, this switch now felt as
though it wasn't properly latching.
The set was wall-mounted in a slight
polished sideboard immediately in
front of it. Not wanting to risk damage
to such an expensive piece of furni-
ture, I hijacked some pillows from the
lounge ald put them on the sideboard.
I then unplugged the various leads,
after which we were able to lift the
plasma out and carefully lower it onto
the pillows.
After that we had to negotiate a ot
of stairs and a long path to the service
van.
Being the softie that I am, I had
reuctantly promised I would look
at it as soon as possible. I could only
sympathise with the mother - TV is a
great "minder" and I would not want
those kids on my back over Christmas
without a TV to entertain them oc-
casionally.
Back at the workshop, my first job
was to create sufficient floor space for
the job, Having done that, I carefully
fully laid the plasma face down on
them so that the weight was only on
the frame (not on the screen itselfJ.
Next, I undid the compulsory 50
or so screws and removed the back.
I then checked al the fuses but they
were OK. The power switch was also
OK- it is simply a momentary contact
type and not a latching type as I had
earlier assumed it to be.
As this stage, I applied power but
the set was completely dead, just
as the customer said it was. Power
was going in but nothing was com-
ing out of the power supply board (P
TNPA3570 4).
As luck would have it, a colleague
who works for a Panasonic agency
was abe to lend me a power supply
that still had a buzzing noise problem
he had been unable to economically
solve. This would at least allow me
to confirm whether or not it was the
siliconchip.com.au
the 3mm hole for the locking tab on
the potentiometer to prevent it rotat-
ing inside the case should the pot nut
work loose over time.
Attach the mains input (IEC) and
output (GPO) sockets. Attach the
foont panel label and solder the wir-
ing between the PC board and the pot,
leaving enough length to enable the
lid to "fold back" for convenience.
Wiring mustbe done using 1.04, 250V
AC-rated wire and heatshrink tubing
should be used over all PC stake con-
nections, the switch terminations and
the IEC input socket.
The earth connections are made
using green/yellow mains wire. It
is important to follow the diagram
of Fig.6 and the photo alongside for
your safety,
You will note that two wires connect
to the earth terminal on both the IEC
input socket and the output socket.
From the IEC input socket, one goes
directly to the metal case and the other
to the earth terminal of the output
socket. The second wire ftom the out-
put socket goes to the case lid.
The earth wires which connect to
the case and lid are crimped to eyelet
lugs and are secured to the case using
a metal screw, nut and star washer as
shown in Fig.B.
Eventhough it is unlikely that any of
the wiring can break off or move inside
the closed box, tie the wires together
Fig.6: the wiring diagram shows all components in place. While the IEC socket is
with cable ties to prevent them break-
shown here "flat" for clarity, it is mounted vertically on the box end. ing from their terminations.
x 10mm screw and nut after applying
a smear of heatsink compound on the
mating surfaces. Note that the speci-
fied Triac is an insulated tab device
and does not require an insulating
washer.
If you are using a different Triac -
and we do nof recommend that you
do - check that the metal tab is iso-
ated fiom the ,4.1, A2 arrd gate pins.
In addition check the data sheet for
that Triac to ensure it is an isolated
tab device.
Using a photocopy of the front panel
Iabel as a guide to the positions, mark
out and dril the front panel for the
speed control pot (VR1) and earth
screw. Note that it is important to drill
Fig.7: full-size artwork for the front
panel, A photocopy ofthis can also be
used as a drilling template for VR1 -
but don't forget the 3mm locating hole,
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 47
OnIy the anode (A) lead solders to power supply itself that was at fault,
the PC board; the cathode connec- As it turned out, the cause of the
tion is made using the metal tab to problem revealed itself when I re-
physically connect to the PC board moved the old board. Underneath, I
track using a screw, nut and star found a large cockroach wedged onto
washer as shown in Fig.S. In fact, the board where he had been electro-
you shoud cut off the cathode (K) cuted by the applied 24oV fiom the
lead on the left ofthe package before mains. Not only that, but one of his
mounting it. antenna had been etched onto the
Make sure you insert SCR1 into board, creating a carbon track onto
the PC board correcty, otherwise a small control signal track which in '"wit;':lLrf;ur':ffi
the circuit won't work. Note that turn had melted.
in a kit you may be supplied with a The reason the fuses hadn't blown
BT169D or MCR100 - pinouts and was that the series 1Q 5W surge resis-
mounting are the same. VR2 cal also tors (R+tt & R413) had bown instead,
be installed at this stage. while FET Q431 (2SK3265) had gone
The Triac is mounted on the un- short circuit from source to drain. In Wmw
derside of the PC board with its leads addition, the fine control track ran to
protruding up through the holes in an unmarked surface-mounted tran-
the PC board. Bend the eads up 90" sistor (Q440) which had gone open
so that the copper side of the PC circuit.
board is 6mm away ftom the back From the good power supply board,
of the Triac body, as shown in Fig.5. I quickly deduced that Q440 was an
Short [-3mm) lengths of Triac leads NPN type. This was done using an
should emerge from the top of the analog multimeter (placing the black
PC board. Bend these back down flat lead on the base and the red on either
onto the PC board. the emitter or collector gave a reading

-Rllv\'r-iMB:R I,ASD S',ZZ e

Putting it together
Temporarily place the PC board
into the case and mark out the posi-
tions for the mounting holes for the
four standoffs and for the Triac and
the earth lug screw Check these
against Fig.B this diagram shows
- only meant to be repaired to board
the hole positions for both the PC
board and Triac,
Because the positioning of the
Triac could easily be a couple of mil-
limetres different to our prototype,
it is probably best to mark ard drill
out the four corner holes for the PC
board first. Then position the PC
board within the box and mark out
the hole position for the Triac. The
hole for the Triac must be de-burred
with a larger dril or countersinking
bit before it is secured in place.
Fig.B also shows the holes and
ocations for the fused IEC socket,
mains output socket (GPO) and DPDT
switch on the ends of the case ald for
the lid-mounted components. These
le 4.Band Code (1%)
li:o brown black yellow gold(5%)
yellow violet orange brown yellow violet black
red red redbrown
brown
brown black red
brown
brown black brown
This photo matches the component overlay at right. Follow the photo and
diagram exactly - especially the earth wiring, heatshrink tubing and cable ties,
These are all very important for your safety,
mustbecutoutaccuratelytoavoidaly ance between the wire connections
"slop" in these components. This is and component terminals and to the
particularly important for the DPDT sides of the case.
switch (Sf ), which is a snap-in type. If using a different case, ensure
Only one side, or pole, of switch you allow a 6mm clearance between
51 is used. This is simpy because we any two Active or Neutral terminals
were unable to find a suitably-rated and between the case and a PC board
SPDT switch. Don't be tempted to terminal and the case and switch
substitute a ower-rated switch for terminals.
51 because it has to be able to switch For the same reason, you should
mains voltages at a high current. carefully check the solder (copper)
All hole locations have been posi- side of the PC board to ensure that all
tioned so as to ensure adequate clear- componentleadshavebeenclippedoff
very close to their solder joins.
Attach the PC board to the case
using Nylon standoffs and M3 x 15mm
S-Band Code (t%):..= screws. Nylon standoffs are essential
i here, to preclude the possibility of
arcing from the PC board tracks to
red red black brown the mounting screws.
brown black black brd Be sure to use metal screws for the
brown black black
'': Triac and earth connections. Secure
the Triac to the case with a metal M3
on the x1 ohms range).
Q440 was a 2SD18L9,\ which I
didn't have. As a result, I drilled
holes through its PC board pads and
mounted a BC547B general purpose
transistor in its place,
Unfortunately, as these sets are
level, none ofthese parts has even got
a part number (or so I've been told).
Worse still, there is no equivalent for
a 2SK3265 and none of my suppliers
have one. The good news is that Pa-
nasonic will be issuing a part number
soon - probably 81DEG000001. The
replacement board is about $400 trade
but the final outcome on this set will
have to wait until the Christmas break
is over.
In view of this, I offered to deliver
a loan set so that the 6-year old could
use his X-Box during the Christmas
period. However, his mother was jug-
gling various commitments and I was
unable to arrange a delivery time.
Still, it won't be the end of the earth
for her son. We promise our kids so
much these days and sometimes it
really doesn't hurt for them to learn
to accept disappointment!
Remember Windows 3.LL
Remember MSDOS6.22 and Win-
dows 3.11 for Workgroups? Not many
of us really want to but this was
the cutting edge of software in the
WINDOWS 3,LL F O. W ORKGRO\)P S7
early 90s (at least, for the PC), when a
66MHz 4B6DX2 with 4MB of RAM was
the fast lane. At the time, small home
PCs had only been in the existence for
six or seven years and developments
were coming thick and fast.
I remember it al too well, especially
configuring the system for maximum
available conventional memory on
boot up. This involved modifying and
tweaking l}re config.sys and autoexec.
bof files, either by hand or by using
the DOS memmaker.exe utility, If you
were left with more than 611K8 of
so-caled conventional memory out of
640K8, you were doing well.
DOS was one thing and Windows
3.11 quite another. Now you also had
system.ini and win.ini to tweak to get
everything to work under Windows.
You also had a swapfile - a defragment-
ed area on the hard drive dedicated to
short term memory for the exclusive
use of Windows.
That was also back in the days be-
fore plug and play hardware. In those
days, it was up to the system builder
to avoid hardware conflicts by manu-
ally assigning IRQs and memory ad-
dresses to the various plug-in cards.
Depending on the device, this -"r,as
done using either on-board jumper
0
links or [in later devices) by running
a set-up utility ftom an accompanying
floppy disk.
In short, it could be a nightmare and
a generation of PC technicians tore
their hair out trying to get recalcitrant
hardr,vare items to play nicely with
each other. Some sound cards couldbe
right proper so-and-so's to get going.
Well, I didn'treally want to remem-
ber any of this until an old friend of
mine from the country brought in
his Pentium 90 computer. He used
it specifically for his old DOS and
Windows 3.11games (which, for some
reason or other, he was very fond ofl
but it was becoming more and more
troublesome.
Foolishly, in the spirit of the season,
I agreed to see what I could do to help.
fter all, it might be fun to go back in
time and tangle with an old Windows
3.11 system.
When I switched his computer on,
the first error message I got was that
the CMOS battery was low and that
the BIOS and clock needed resetting.
In fact, it was so bad that it wouldn't
even save any BIOS settings,
As luck would have it, the battery is
embedded in a 24-pin lump of black
plastic along with the computer's clock

46 Stucort Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBUARY 2OO9 5S

 Scnrfleemnamos [,og : ffiM with the video card. In fact, altering
the video card settings may have been
TRIACl
(UNDER BOARD:

the way to go but I had already wasted /,/SEE}ELOWI

Tr{ ScAl,t s lRY
"FDPLz.
crystal (ie, a real-time clock, or RTC).
This had to be solder-sucked off the
multi-layer motherboard.
That done, I "googled" for areplace-
ment part and the only supplier I could
find was in the US who wanted US$20
for the part plus - get this! - $US50 to
courier it to me, The whole computer
wasn't worth that much. In the end, I
persuaded them to post it via the US
postal service to a friend of a friend
who runs a large shipping service in
the States. They ship engines, differ-
entials ard other heavy bits around
the world and my package could ride
along with one of their shipments to
Australia,
WeIl, that was the plan bit it didn't
quite work out. They are not used to
handling small padded post bags and
so, almost inevitably, it got lost ald
was eventually returned to the sup-
plier. We repeated the exercise and
this time it was successful. The part
arived ald I wasted no time soldering
it to the motherboard.
Unfortunately, somewhere along
the line, probably when I unsoldered
the original part, one of the tiny PC
tracks had broken, As a result, the
old-fashioned 5-pin DIN socket for
the keyboard was no longer fully
connected, thus preventing changes
to the BIOS,
At this point, I was about
to abandon the project when
a friend offered to give me a
similar old Pentium compu-
ter (in this case, a Pentium
2001. He was about to chuck
it out and I told him to chuck
it in my direction which he
was only too happy to do,
Of course, he couldn't
Iet it go without having a
bit of a dig at me. In short,
he also told me that I was
a masochist for wanting to
fiddle with a Windows 3.11
system and said that I was a
brave man.
Anyway, it was arelatively
simple task to swap the hard
drive, the CD ROM and all
the internal cards over to
this, "new" computer. The
drivers were already there
on the hard disk - it was just
a matter of fine tuning those
four files I mentioned earlier.
Initially, everything went pretty
well with no elror messages and plenty
of base R tM. All the DOS programs
worked well ard Norton Utilities v.
8,00 reported that everything was
working correctly,
Windows 3.L1 was also running
well - almost! The problem was that
sometimes there was sound ald some-
times there wasn't. The sound card
used an ESS6SB chip set with the IRQ
and memory addresses setby software
at DOS level. The problem was that
they were intermittently clashing
with something else and causing an
exception error,
I mucked around with these IRQs
and memory addresses ovet and over
again but couldn't find a combination
that flxed the problem, I then managed
to procure some mote ESS sound cards
but without the original installation
floppy discs so I hunted down some
drivers off the internet. The resultwas
the same - sometimes there was sound
and sometimes it was AWOL.
In the end I abandoned the project.
My friend was right - I must be a
masochist to want to go back and fool
about with this stuff. Self-flagelation
woud be less painful,
In retrospect, I suspect that the
sound card was probably conflicting
enough time on this project.
The scams people try
You've really got to cover yourself
in this business because, quite bluntly,
some customers are less than honest.
Personally, I've seen every scam in the
book over the years.
Although not common, one such
scam involves customers who have
two identical TV sets, usually pur-
chased at the same time. They both
break down ald one is brought in for
service. Then, when that set is subse-
quently returned, they immediately
bring the other one in - often with
a completely different fault - and
claim that the first one wasn't flxed
properly.
Unfortunately for the customer,
we're not that gullible. We carefully
record both the chassis number and
serial number of every set we service,
along with the details of any work
done, so we can spot a "ring-in" a
kilometre away. A small service sticker
is also attached to the set, along with
the date of service.
It's amazing how quiet most custom-
ers become when confronted with the
facts although some do try to bluster
their way through it, ",\ww, gee - I
thought it was the same set", is one
common excuse, Yeah, right!
In fact, they don't even have to be
the same model set for some customets
to try that particular scam. I even had
one idiot who brought in two differ-
ent brands, the second just a fortnight
later! Apparently, he figured that my
memory was only good for a couple
of weeks.
Another scam involves bringing in a
set that's completely dead and claim-
ing that it was in perfect working order
up until the time it died. Then, when
you subsequently get the set going
again, all sorts of other faults become
evident, eg, inconect picture height
or a washed-out picture because the
picture tube is on its last legs.
When these extra problems are
pointed out, the customer then vehe-
mently denies that they existed, I've
even struck a couple of customers
who demanded areplacement set, the
implication being that i had caused the
problems while servicing the set.
A friend who services power tools
frequently encounters similar prob-
Fig.a [top): the PC board component overlay. Note that the Triac mounts under
th board, flat side down, with its legs bent up 90' through the board.
M3 NUT
,r'
,"tr;) M3 x l0m
SCREW
STAR I-OCK
WASHERS
Fig.5 shows the mounting arrangement for both the Triac and the
power diode. Only the anode of the diode solders to the PC board.
D3 conducts on negative half-cycles
of the 240V AC mains.
Construction
All the components of the 10,\
Speed Controller are mounted on a PC
board coded 10L02091 and measuring
79 x 38mm, It is housed in a diecast
box measuring 120 x 92 x 57mm.
Begin the construction of the 1-0,A.
Speed Controller by checking the PC
board against the published pattern.
There shoud not be any shorts or
breaks between tracks. If there are,
repair these as necessary. Use the
overlay diagram of Fig.4 as a guide
when assembling the PC board and
Fig. 5 to complete the wiring inside
the case.
PC
BoARD
+M3
sox-.J
Start assembly by soldering in the
PC stakes to the external wiring con-
nection points on the PC board (sholrm
as black dots on the overlay). Then
insert the resistors, using the table on
P47 as a guide to the values. It's always
a good idea to also check their values
with a digital multimeter as some
colour bands, particularly oranges,
browns and reds, can sometimes be
mistaken for each other. The 47nF
capacitor can be installed next.
Neither the resistors nor capacitor
are polarisedbut the diodes certainly
are, so when inserting them, take
care with their orientation. D1 and
D2 mount in the conventional way
but D3 is a larger (TO-22o case) type
which is mounted quite differently.
The case before the
label was applied. Obviously
a countersunk-head screw would be a
better choice for the lid earth termination.
1 PC board coded 10102091,
79 x 38mm
1 diecast box, 115 x 90 x 57mm
(Jaycar H8-5064 or equivalent)
1 panel label, 119 x 56mm
1 flush-moun mains socket (JaY-
car PS-4090 or equivalent)
1 IEC male input socket with inte-
gral 104 M205 fast blow fuse
1 IEC mains lead (moulded 3-pin
plug to IEC socket)
NUT 1 DPDT 104 250V rocker switch
(S1) (Jaycar SK-0981 or
equivalent)
1 1OkO linear 24mm potentiome-
ter,250VAC rated (VR1)
1 knob for potentiometer
2 crimp eyelets or solder lugs for
earth connection
4 6mm Nylon spacers
2 M3 x 1Smm screws
1 M3 x 1Omm screw
1 M3 x 10mm csk head screw
I M3 x 6mm screws
4 3mm star washers
3 M3 nuts
4 stick-on rubber feet
1 200mm length of blue 104
250VAC wire
1 200mm length of brown 104
250VAC wire
7 100mm long cable ties
1 120mm length of Smm
heatshrink tubing
1 40mm length of 8mm
heatshrink tubing
7 PC stakes
Semiconductors
1 BTA41-600BRG Triac
(TRrACl)
1 BT169D or MCR100 sensitive
gate SCR (SCR1 )
2 1N4004 1A 400V diodes
(D1,D2)
1 STTH1512D 15A 1200V diode
(D3)
Capacitors
1 47nF 63V MKT polyester (code
473 or 47n)
Resistors (0.25W 1%)
100ko 1w5% 1 47k
2.2kA 11kO 1100
1okQ horizontal Smm trimpot
(code 103) (VR2) (Jaycar RT-
4360 or equivalent)

60 StUcort Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBkUARY 2OO9 45


e@r
D]
rN00
lBOn /i77 i (30v1200v1
ffi,I llA UIIIUERSAT IIllTllR SPEEII CllIII
Fig.3: here's our new Universal Motor Speed Controller which has good low-end speed performance and speed regulation
but is based on components that are easy to obtain. As a bonus, its rating has doubled to a nameplate rating of roA.
an SCR, it uses a Triac and instead of
feeding the gate directly from VR1 we
have used a trigger circuit consisting
of a silicon bilateral switch (SB S1) and
a 47nF capacitor.
As mentioned above, while the
Triac is capable of conducting onboth
positive and negative half-cycles of the
230V AC 50Hz waveform, this circuit
only enables it to trigger on positive
half cycles, because of the rectifier
action of diode Dl.
The SBS is a voltage break-over
device and at voltages below its break-
circuit
over point it is essentially open
but once the break-over voltage is
reached, it conducts. The 47nF capaci-
tor charges up from VR1 via diode D2
until it reaches the break-over voltage
of about BV.
At this point the SBS dumps the
capacitor's charge into the Triac's gate
to trigger it into conduction and the
cycle repeats for the next positive half
cycle of the mains AC waveform.
The energy stored in the capacitor is
quite enough to trigger even insensi-
tive Triacs; hence we were able to use a
high power 40,t device in this circuit.
In this circuit, the motor back-EMF
acts to reduce the charging voltage to
lhe 47nF capacitor rather than reduc-
ing the SCR gate voltage as in Fig.1.
Although the circuit arrangement is
a little different, the speed regulation
is just as good as Fig.1. The circuit
effrciency is improved as well, with
only 200mW being dissipated in the
150kO resistor that feeds VR1. This
resistor has a rating of tW to ensure
44
StucoN Catp
t,r 1 Sometimes, problems arise not because the customer
D3
sTTH3ol2W
9D
BTI 9D
1 N4OO4
N4004
that it has an adequate voltage rating
to withstand the full 230VAC.
The functions of the three diodes
in the circuit need to be explained.
Diode D1 is there to reduce the power
dissipation ofthe series resistor string
and to ensure half-wave operation
of the circuit. D2 is there to protect
the gate of the Triac when it is in the
conducting state - terminal A1 can be
above the potential of the gate.
Diode D3 has been included as a
flyback diode to quench the large in-
ductive spike generated by the motor
at the end of each positive half cycle.
While the voltage spike does not cause
any damage to the circuit, it does have
the effect of disrupting the back-EMF
monitoring system described above.
Trimpot VR2, connected in series with
VR1, is there to provide a minimum
speed setting for the circuit.
One question we have not arswered
so far is why we specified a high cur-
rent Triac instead of an equivalently
rated SCR. The reason is quite sim-
ple. The Triac is half the price of an
equivalent SCR.
The 600V 40,A. rating is so that it can
withstand the "locked rotor" current
of any power tool with a nameplate
rating of up to 10,t. Note that a "Iocked
rotor" condition - eg, when a drill
or power saw jams or stalls in the
work - will probably blow the 10,t
fuse but the 40,A. Triac should not be
damaged.
Another reason for using the 600V
40,A. Triac is that it is an isolated tab
device. This means that it can be
CAUTION!
AIT COMPONENTS AND
WIRING IN IHIS CIRCUIT
OPERATE AT MAINS POTENTIAL
CONTACT COUID BE I.THAL
STTH3o',l2W BTA] 00BRG
attached directly to the metal case
without any need for a mica washer
or other means of insulation.
Revised circuit
The circuit of our new 10,t Speed
Controller is shown in Fig.3. As al-
ready mentioned, this is a revised ver-
sion of the design we featured in the
September & November L992 issues
and later in the October 2002 issue.
Our new circuit replaces the SBS
with a sensitive-gate SCR (SCRL) and
this provides t}re same capacitor dump
function as the SBS, The SCR was
chosen instead of the SBS because the
SBS is now diffrcult to obtain.
The 47kCl and 2.2kQ resistors form
a voltage divider between the anode
and cathode of the SCR, with the di-
vided voltage applied to the gate, The
SCR conducts when the gate voltage
reaches 0.6V and is triggeredby amere
200rA ofgate current,
Because of the resistive divider,
the voltage across SCR1 must rise to
some 13,4V before the gate reaches
the 0.6V sufflcient to trigger the SCR.
When the SCR fues, the charge on
the 47nF capacitor is dumped, via
the 100Q resistor, into the gate of the
Tric to fire it.
Switch 31 bypasses the Triac
that the motor gets the full
230V AC
applied to it, Note that the switch must
be a changeover type to select either
Active or the Triac A1 output rather
than just using a single switch across
the Triac, In the latter case, there
would be a short circuit when diode
siliconchip.com.au
lems, the most common being the duplicate tool trick,
Again, they are not that gullible, with the serial number
of each tool serviced recorded on the job tickets, along
with the work done,
is being dishonest but because they lack understanding
or even plain common sense. One such area that causes
confusion is warranty.
For example, a customer buys a cheap tool (eg, a
cordless power dril at a large hardware store, The tool
then fails (usually due to the customer's abuse) and so
what to they do? - they go to the specialist high-end tool
store where my friend works and demand their money
back, despite the fact that they didn't buy the tool there
in the first place!
Why do they do this? Because the specialist tool store
happens to be awarranty service agent forthatparticular
brand of tool, They can do warranty work but it's a bit
rich expecting them to give refunds for tools that weren't
purchased there in the first place.
But try explaining that to some customers!
One guy did take them for a ride, however. This par-
ticular character brought in an expensive power drill
which wasn't working and he wanted it flxed.
The fault turned out to be a burnt-out armature - a
fault normally caused by the user leaning so heavily on EASTLY BUILD
the drill that the motor stalls (and the armature current
shoots up). When informed of the problem and the likely
YOUR OWN HIGH
cost, the customer immediately blew a fuse ald argued END S,PEAKER
that this could not possibly occur in such an expensive SYSTEII AND
drill, especially as it wasn't aII that old.
Faced with that sort of attitude and the all-too-obvious SAVE MONEY
insinuation that they were trying to pull a fast one, the Professionally Designed and engineered
service manager's patience quickly ran out, In the end, in Australia using Peerless speakers
he bluntly told the customer to take the drill away and which are known and respected across
get it fixed elsewhere. And so it was reassembled with the globe. Remarkable Cross-over design,
built using the highest grade components
the faulty armature in place and returned. designed to give maximum clarity and
What this guy did next was to get a mate who knew responsiveness for voice and
just enough to be dangerous to pull the drill apart. They tonal reproduction.
then deliberately cut some leads inthe armature andthen
went to consumer affairs, claiming that this damage had For More lnfo Please visit:
deliberately been done at the tool company as a scam w ww. w a g n e r. n et. a u/s pea ke rs
and demanding compensation. www. d- s-t. c o m. a u /s pea ker k its
You can imagine how time-consuming dealing with
this complaint became for the tool company. And We Have Everything You Need to
although it really went against the grain, my fiiend's
boss eventually decided that the easiest way out was to
Get the Job Done!
We stock everything you need for your Audio Visual installation
simply replace the armature at no cost. Time was money
including HDMI & RCA lnterconnect, Plasma / LCD TV Wall Brackets,
and he couldn't spare the time to attend the hearings
Speaker cabling, Plugs & Connectors, Tools and Soldering
to fight it, Equipment, Plus Lots More!! View our Catalogue online.
But he had the last word. The boss was a pretty fiery
character and when the scammer came back he cpped
a gobfull. He was bluntly told that customers like him
were not needed and that if he ever set foot in the store
again he would be thrown out on his ear!
so According to my friend, the scammer took his drill,
slunk out and never came back, He'd got his drill fixed
for nothing but had suffered the indignity of being
roundly abused and told where to go when he collected
it. Some victory.
Having had my share of those sorts of scams, l can
sympathise with the boss. It's one of those cases w here
"the customer is not always right" sc
net-au
@ Ema il : sal es @ wag ne r.
siliconchip.com.au
Phone:02 9798 9233
138 Liverpool Road, Ashfeild, NSW 2131
 ln58$ TF j-'ii' -NE
JAN (b181136 ZTB
1- Aglst Tecblo{s ]TE JAN fE fuifatrcobgies

lnto specal effects photogtaphy? 0r uuant to be? Try this

by Jim Rowe
This waveform shows the Speed Controller set for maxi.
mum output when driving an electric drill. Notice that
there is considerable hash at the beginning of each positive
half-cycle, caused by interaction between the drill's
commutator and the Triac.
Now set for a lower speed from the electric drill, the Triac
is on for a shorter time and the RMS value of the waveform
is considerably reduced to 45V. Note the frequency error
which is caused by hash on the waveform and the fact that
the Triac triggering is more erratic'

ignore the voltage drop across diode
D2.
Actually, in so-called universal
motors (ACiDC series motors with
commutators and brushesJ, there are
two back-EMFs.
The frrstis afunction of motor speed
and the remalent magnetism of the
field coils. It is generated during the
time when the SCR is not conducting,
ie, during the negative half cycles of
the AC waveform and during the frrst
portion of the positive half cycles
before the SCR conducts.
The pecond back-EMF is generated
during the time when the SCR is con-
ducting and there will nowbe current
flowing in the field coils (and also in
the armature). This back-EMF will be
higher than the first.
We are only concerned with the
back-EMF generated while the SCR is
not conducting since it is this voltage
which determines how late or early in
each positive half cycle that the SCR
begins conduction.
In our circuit, the back-EMF from
the motor applies negative feedback
to the gate of the SCR, Say a particular
motor speed is setby VRland thenthe
motor speed tends to drop because of
an increase in Joading.
This reduces the motor back-EMF
and therefore increases the voltage
at the gate the SCR. More correctly,
it mens that the trigger voltage for
the SCR gate will exceed the volt-
age at the SCR cathode earlier in the
positive half-cycle and hence more
power will be applied to the motor.
This will tend to correct the drop in
motor speed. Speed regulation is not
perfect but it's better than having no
speed regulation at all,
Better circuit
The basic circuit of Fig.1 has a
number of drawbacks. First, the total
power dissipation through the 10kO
resistor is about 2W which means
that it gets rather hot. Second, even
though the current through the 10kO
resistor and VR1 is relatively high, it
is not suffcient for reliable triggering
of higher power SCRs. And third, the
circuit is not particularly good atvery
low speed settings.
A much better circuit is shown in
Fig,2 which was published in Stllcol
Crm in September 1992, Instead of

Want to try your hand at'stop motion' photography, where dynamic events such as a End-shots ofthe Speed
Controller case showing
match bursting into flame, a drop splashing into a container of liquid or a projectile the fused IEC mains input
connector (left), while
passing through a light globe, are captured at a crucial moment? the shot at right shows
Here's a project designed specifically for this kind of work. It lets you trigger the output socket and the
controlled/fu ll speed switch.
your electronic flash at the precise moment for a great picture. Case and lid drilling details
are shown on page 48.

62 Stttco't Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBNUARY 2OO9 43

 aii. AgllsotTdrmlols 'TLE JAN 08;57i17 2mg .:i:::. Agllt l3drmlolh llE JAN 06 08:54:06 2009

This waveform shows the Speed Controller set for maxi-
mum output when driving a 1kW resistive load. Note that
the waveform is essenlially a half-wave rectified sinewave
with an RMS value of 161V (7o/o of 23oV) and a peak
value of 341V.
The same waveform superimposed on the 230VAC 50Hz
input (blue). Notice that there is a small voltage loss across
the Triac. The "flat-topping of both waveforms is due to
fluorescent and gas discharge.lamps and switchmode
power supplies.

such as that shown in Fig.1. early in each,A.C half cycle, the power an SCR except that it conducts for both
It is based around an SCR (Silicon fed to the motor willbe relatively high. positive and negative cycles of the AC
Controller Rectifi er). When conduct- Conversely, if the SCR is turned on late waveform. This would provide the fulI
ing, an SCR is just like a diode; cur- in each AC half cycle the power fed to range in speed control.
rent can flow in one direction but not the motor will be relatively low and In fact, we are using a Triac in our
the other, The difference between an hence the motor will run slowly. revised circuit but it still only provides
SCR and a diode is that the SCR will The trigger voltage for the SCR conduction during one halfcycle. The Who let the smoke out? 30ms after we smashed the light globe by hitting it with a metal weight (that's it on the rightJ the
bock current in both directions un- comes from VR1, a 2kQ potentiometer reason why we do not provide full- filament is only now starting to realise it's lost half of its bulb and is starting to burn up, with flame and smoke. This is a
less driven into conduction with a connected in series with a 1OkQ resis- wave control (ie, conduction on both combined time exposure (hence the warm glow from the lamp) and flash shot using the delayed trigger (hence the white
gate signal. tor and diode D1. The potentiometer positive and negative half cycles) is pieces of glass). Believe it or not, this was the first shot we took - and a dozen light globes later, we decided it was the best!
Once it
starts conducting, current is fed with half-wave rectified AC that speed regulation would be lost.
will flow from anode (A) to cathode
(K) and it will stay conducting until
the load current drops to zero. The
that is partly smoothed by the 4.7pF
capacitor across it. The resulting ramp
voltage from the wiper is fed to the
The simpe SCR circuit (and our
revised version) gives speed regula-
tionby monitoring the back-EMF from
Lf
II
So if you predict that the crucial
event you walt to capture occuls about
4Oms (milliseconds) after the reference
Triggering can be from an elec-
tret microphone (to pick up sound
'events:) or other devices like a PIR
circuit must be used with AC voltage gate of the SCR via diode D2. the motor. Back-EMF is the voltage a drop falls into a dish of milk or the event (eg, the bang or click, or contact (passive infrared) motion sensor, light-
or half-wave pulsed DC for the SCR to deveoped by a motor that opposes tip of a chameleon's tongue when it's closure), you can set the triggering beam interrupter system, or custom
be switched off. If the gate is triggered Speed regulation the current through it. It is directly attaching itself to a flying insect? Or a delay to 40ms and see if this gets the sensor switches such as microswitches
then the SCR will
again conduct on the Now you might be thinking we proportional to speed, so at high motor light bulb shattering as a bullet enters shot. If it then turns out that the shot attached to machinery.
next voltage cycle. Without the gate should use a Triac. This is similar to speeds the back- EMF will be higher, it? These are the kinds of shots which was a itte early or late, you can either It is housed in plastic case which
triggered the SCR will remain off. This circuit moni- can be achieved using 'stop motion' reduce or increase the delay to get the on the front panel (lid of case) has
Because the SCR is tors the back-EMF in photography, precise result. three rotary switches to set the time
a switching device, it ces use the folowing way. You don't need much gear to take So that's the rationale behind this delay, a sensitivity control for the mi-
can be used as a very ef- commutator and One side of the motor these shots. The main requirement is project. It's an automatic electronic crophone/preamp, an "arm" button,
ficient power controller, is connected directly a camera with a very fast shutter speed shutter release/flash trigger unit with toggle switches to turn on power and
carrying large amounts
iJl J,o'i';;i'
motor armature
i'i f
i. to the SCR's cathode or an electronic flash. a delay time which can be adjusted
in 1ms steps from 0 to 999ms or al-
to select the time delay, a red LED to
of current while itself ,i
"i'8{'i'{l while the other side Either way you need an electronic show that the unit has been triggered
dissipating relativey I term "universal"' is connected to the triggering unit to either open the cam- ternatively, in 10ms steps from 0 to and a green LED to show that the flash
controller' 59
little power. t not be used with this speed l9'Tl?
inductron cathode of diode D1 era shutter release, or fire the flash au- 9.99 seconds. or shutter has been fired.
not an
The circuit of Fig.1 you make sure that yt" il;itt" itnitt"tl motor and and to the mains tomatically in response to a reference
controls the AC power motor? Neutral wire. event - such as a sound (like a 'bang' Specifications
--:r.. i^rnrmino rht the motof has brusnes
:lYi'1|.il'{,[lJ il:$lffi":iffi l"
"' -r
to the motor by triggering n m an}, p ower t00r s vo u :11 This means that or'click'J or a contact closure (like the Trigger inputs: electret microphone or external trigger (via PIR sensor etc)
the SCR into conduction L oc
es, rnrr oet a clue from the
can also get
you nn
tne the gate-to-cathode contacts in a PIR motion sensor). Delay time: 0 to 999ms in 1ms increments or
at some point in each voltage applied to The electronic triggering unit must 0 to 9.99 seconds in 1Oms increments
positive haf-cycle of the the SCR is the dif- have an accurately adjustabe delay Timing Accuracy: 1ms or 1Oms
230VAC waveform. The ference between the time, This allows you to set the cam-
SCR does not conduct at wiper voltage from era or flash triggering to occur not Outputs: (1 ) Non-delayed triggerng for external shutter release

just automatically in response to the (2) Delayed triggering for electronic flash
all during the negative AC VR1 and the back-
half cycles. EMF generated by reference event, but a known period Power: 9V alkaline battery
If the SCR is turned on unit. Bench grinders Iyplcally
ur' -Pvrv the motor, if we of time after it. Gonsumption: 16mA (standby); 30mA when triggered.

42 Sil,tcott Cutp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 63


,\long the top side of the case are
four sockets which connect an elec-
tret microphone, an external trigger
(eg, PIR sensor), the electronic flash
and, if required, the electronic camera
shutter.
How it works
The block diagram of Fig.1 shows
how it works. It has four states: the
'waiting' state - powered on; the
'armed' state where the unit is waiting
for a triggering input; the 'triggered'
state where the time delay is counting
through and finally the 'fired' or 'ready'
state where the time has elapsed and
the unit has fired the electronic flash
or electronic shutter.
When FF2 is in its reset state (Q-bar
high) the circuit is in the 'ready' state
but when the flipflop is triggered and
switches to its set state (Q high) this
swings the circuit into its 'triggered'
state.
When the circuit is first turned on,
FF2 is reset and so the circuit is in the
'waiting' state. The flipflop's Q-bar out-
put is high , the Q output is low and as
a result LEDl is turned on to show that
the circuit is 'ready' for action,
A logic high is also applied to the
MR (master reset) inputs of decade
counters 1-3, forcing them all to reset
with their'0' outputs high.
64 StLtcoN Cutp
ri
ARM
s5
RESET FFI
ENABII DELAY COUNER
NAND GATE
(Dr 3, rcsdl
At the same time because FFz's Q
output is low, the EN (enable) input
of counter 1 is held low, preventing
the counters from operating. The only
other part of the circuit which operates
in this 'ready' state is the 3BkHz crystal
oscillator and divider chain which
runs all the time because it's used
to generate the delay timing pulses.
The divider chain is programmed by
a switch (56) to divide the crystal fre-
quencyby either 380 times or 3B times,
to give timing pulses of either 1'OOHz
(1Oms) or lkHz (1ms) respectively,
These pulses are fed to the CK
(clock) input of counter 1 but while
the circuit is in the ready state the
counters can't respond.
Trigger gating
When a sound is picked up by the
plug-in electret microphone, the mic
signal is amplified and 'squared up'
in the preamp/squarer section, then
inverted and fed to one input of the
OR gate.
The output of the OR gate is then
fed via a differentiator circuit and an
inverter to one input of a NAND gate
- trigger gate IC7c. The other input of
this gate is connected to the Q output
of control flipflop 1 (FF1), which is
used to ensure that only one trigger
pulse can get through to trigger FF2.
{lCzc}
The trigger gate is only'open'when
FF1 is set, by briefly pulling its S-bar
input low using the 'ARM' pushbut-
ton S5, The Q output then switches
high, bringing the second input of the
trigger gate high and thus allowing a
trigger pulse to pass through and reach
the S-bar input of FF2. This flipflop is
therefore triggered, switching to the set
state - with
the Q output switching
high and the Q-bar output switching
low So the circuit now swings into its
'triggered' state.
But notice that as soon as the Q-bar
output of FF2 switches low, this im-
mediately puls down the R-bar (resetl
input of FFL, resetting this again and
causing its Q output to switch low.
This closes the trigger gate, 'disarm-
ing' the circuit to prevent any further
triggering until S5 is pressed again,
to re-arm it.
Note that this triggering action
can also be produced by the closing
of a set of contacts connected to the
circuit's EXT TRIG input, instead of
sound being picked up by the electret
microphone.
The second input connects directly
to the lower input of the OR gate, so
the logic low produced by the contact
closure is again abe to pass through
the gating and trigger FF2.
A number of other things happen
siliconchip.com.au
Our new Universal Motor Speed Controller, shown here with a typical application - an older Powe^r drill which doesn'l
have its own speed controllr - will handle nameplate ratings up to 104 and has good low-end performance.
cooing at all. This should be con- risk of overheating and burning out pensate if the motor is loaded down.
the motor.
sidered if you want to use an electric
drill as a power screwdriver with this At mid settings of the speed control, Basic circuit operation
control. the circuit gives good speed regulation. The speed controller circuit is very
By all means, use it as a screwdriver This means that the circuit slightly similar in principle to the simple SCR
but only for short periods - or run the increases the applied voltage to com- speed controls developed in the past,
I OA FUSE
A
10k
5W
A
D2 SCRT
47 SPEED ,
^()
VRI \7
AC 2k
a
)o'
K
N
Fig.1: this simple SCR controller, used exten- Fig,2: this more recent design is signficantly better in
sively in the past, has a number of draw- the performance department but one of its key components,
backs, including poor low-speed performance, the Silicon Bilateral Switch, is now quite hard to obtain,
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 41,
 indicate that the circuit has s-'itched Because the three switches are
into its'triggered' state. connected to the inputs of a NAND
N-CHANNEL At the same time the N-channel FET gate, it's only when they are all high
FET
is turned on, to produce a verJ low together that the output of this gate
resistance across the 'shutter release' switches low.
output connector (CON2). When this occurs, the resulting
So if your camera has the facility for negative-going pulse is fed back to the
remote control of the shutter, it can be R-bar (reset) input of FF2, causing it
automatically opened. to be immediately reset. The decade
At the same time because FF2's Q counters are now disabled and held
READY output has switched high, LED1 is in their reset state, so counting stops
TEDI
turned off to show that the 'ready' and the circuit is switched back to its
state has ended. 'ready' state.
The reversal of FF2's outputs in the At the same time, the negative-
This latest speed controller can be used with power tools and triggered state has another important going pulse lrom the N,\ND gate is fed
appliances rated up to 104. It is suitable for use with brush-type effect, because it means not only that
the logic high is removed from the MR
through a pulse stretcher and driver
to turn on the SCR (silicon control-
universal motors such as those in small lathes, electric drills, grss inputs ofthe three decade counters, so led rectifier). The SCR conducts, and
they are no onger held reset, but also triggers your electlonic flash unit ria
trimmers, circular saws, routers, nibblers and jigsaws. that a logic high is now applied to the the diode bridge and trigger output
EN input of counter 1, so it can begin socket (CON3).
counting the timing pulses. To sum up, the settings of switches
Counting starts immediately, with 51, 52 and 53 allow you to directly
By fohn Clarke the outputs of counter 1 going high program the time delajrbetween input
Fig.1: block diagram of the Time-
Delay Photoflash Trigger breaks in sequence for each timing pulse triggering and output flash trigger-
the circuit down into its various (ie, the 'units'), and then the outputsing. This means thai if you set 53 for
functions. Compare this with the of counters 2 and 3 going high in se- zero hundreds, 52 for two tens and
,t lthough there are countless Speed Controller published in October Because this speed controler does am overleaf, quence for each 10 pulses ('tens') and 51 for five units, the flash triggering
lI batterv-powered and 230VAC 2002. It is housed a larger diecast case, not apply fuIl power to the motor at each 100 pulses ('hundreds'). will be delayed by 25ms (using 1ms
L lpo*"itolswilh inbuilt speed not only making it easier to build but any of its settings, it cannot provide once the circuit sr,r'itches into its 'trig-This counting operation continues timing pulses) or 25Oms (using 1Oms
controls these days, there is still a need aso providing for the increased heat speed control up to full speed. That gered'state, For a stat, when the Q-bar until the counter 1 output selected by pulses)
for a stand-alone speed controller. dissipation which comes from its up- is why we have incorporated a 10.A output of FF2 switches low this causes S1, the counter 2 output selected by S2
Apart from po\ er tools, many appli- rating to suit 10,A. universal motors. bypass switch, to enable ful speed triggered LED2 to be turned on and lhe counler 3 oulput selected by Circuit details
ances need to have their motor speed without unplugging the appliance via an inverler, to The full circuit is shown in Fig.2.
reduced. Speed control range from the speed control,
In fact, we are constantly being sur- The speed controller will enable Some power tools and appliances
prised by the range ofuses that readers you to set the motor speed over a wide don't run smoothly at very lo'vrr speeds
have for this type of speed control. range, from about B0% of ful speed when run from this type of phase
Apart from drills and circular saws, at low loads, down to a very slow control circuit. They sometimes dis-
a speed control is particularly useful rate, depending on the motor and its play a behaviour known as "cogging"
for controlling routers and jigsaws gearing. whereby they run in short bursts.
when cutting materials such as plastics So the practical mini-
that will melt mum speed for any ap-
when cutting at pliance motor depends
high speed. on its freedom frour
Other items hat cogging. This will de-
that can benefit
s
pend on the design of dS
from speed con- the particular motor but
trol are hobby Gfewed 0nt0 the Gase' in general we can state
Iathes that use
sewing machine
that the cheaper the ap-
pliance, the less likely
I
-J.-
motors, foodmix- rs can be Gontrolled"' it r.r'ill run smoothly at ,,
ers when the in- very low speeds. lff
built speed con- Another factor that
trol has failed and 04. limits the minimum
grass trimmers speed at which an ap-
that constantly pliance can be run is It's all assembled onto a
#
break the Nyon and suffer damage' that most universal single PC board with the three
line when used at motors harre an inbuilt time-setting switches, pot and LEDs
full speed. fan for cooling. pointing upwards so they can poke through the
The circuit is BeLow certain speeds front panel. We removed switch S5 to pull the unit apart for
a revised version rtes' that fan is largely inef- this photo (its two extension wires are still on the PC board) and
of the popular 5A fective, so there is no of course switch 54 is not normally at quite such a drunken angle!

Su,tcott Cutp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9

 battery packs are the main source of
470o-
failures, With 2,4GHz DSS systems,
battery packs are even more impor-
2.2M lC9:1M358
talt.
AUDIO SQUARER
In the early days, DSS systems suf-
fered badly from voltage fold-back due
to the cut-off voltage on the front end
being set too high by the manufactur-
ers, This has largely been overcome
by dropping the voltage cut-off point
down to 2.BV or thereabouts, However
even now there are still mysteries sur-
rounding the voltage supply to DSS
receivers,
Tests were conducted on an Assan
link receiver using a variable voltage
power supply with adjustable current
limiting. This receiver is interesting
in that the manufacturer provides a
Iarge electrolytic capacitor fitted with
a servo plug and it is recommended
that this capacitor be plugged into a
spare channel on the receiver.
COUNTER CTOCK GENERAI'ION
In a series of tests, seven servos of
various types, including one digital,
were fitted to an Assan XBR receiver.
Servo channel eight was kept clear for
the electrolytic capacitor, This was
not fitted for the first test. With the
servos cycling on at least four chan-
nels constantly, the supplyvoltage was
TPGo-l dropped gradually until the receivet
stopped working al 2.4Y.
The test was then repeated leav-
ing the voltage set at 5V while the
current limit was gradually reduced
to simulate a battery that could not
supply the necessary current. While
there was no apparent (or noticeable)
variation in the voltmeter, the servos Considering that the Assan receiver 2.4GHz systems of various brands
started to slow down and behave er- works down to 2.7V, l is better to use operating simultaneously were again
ratically. The current limit was then a larger capacity 4.BV battery than a free of any interference, glitching or
further reduced until the receiver lost smaller 6V battery. any untoward event.
lock and the LED started flashing red/ Never at any time has a single non-
rd green, This test was then repeated but Flying experence diversity receivet - whether Assan,
lCl c this time with the capacitor fitted to Non-diversity systems have been Xtreme or Infinity - ever shown any
channel B. This time the receiver did flown extensively in several locations tendency to glitch or behave erratically
not lose lock even though some of the in the USA, NSW and, on several oc- when fitted into five different mod-
lClo servos stopped working. The effect of casions, in Dalby, Queensland. One els, on many busy club and display
the capacitor was very beneficial in system was also tested in Waikerie, days.
stopping receiver ock out. South Australia. During these tests, From the tests, it is clear that the
The above tests indicate that the the systems behaved flawlessly with causes of many of the failures of
internal impedance of the battery is absolutely no adverse events of any 2.4GHz systems of all brands revolve
an important factor in receiver opera- kind. around receiver installation, antenna
tion and a series of antenna-off range The Dalby tests included two days shading and battery problems, I can
I 00Hz OR I kHz checks were carried out with the same of flying with a very large gathering of only say that I am most imPressed
receiver to verify this observation. models at the offrcial opening of the with the DSS system and look for-
The range was found to faithfully new Dalby Club field. Aerial off range wad to some very interesting times
Fig.2: the circuit is essentially a audio prermp track the battery capacity, with the tests were carried out throughout the in the future with who knows what
and shaper plus a counter which controls either higher capacity battery packs deliv- day with up to seven 2.4GHz systems equipment.
a flash trigger and-/or (if available) a camera ering a better result. In other words, operating at the same time. No reduc- Acknowledgement: mythanks to Dave
PR||ORAIIIIABTE T1ASH TRIOGER IIT1AY shutter after a user-set time delay. performance is more in line with tions in range, glitching or interfer- lones for his invaluable input in ex-
"*M, ence were noted. Flights with many plaining DSSS systems.
battery capacity than battery voltage. SC

66 StLtcort Catp siliconchip.com.aLl siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 39

 signa, so do not fly behind trees even
for a brief instant.
When installing the receiver in the
model keep any metal, carbon fi-
bre or water at east 5Omm away
from the receiver artenna. Water
ballast tanks in gliders, for exam-
ple, would pose a real threat if
near the receiver's antenna.
Any aileron or fap leads
dropping into the aircraft's ra-
dio compartment present a par-
ticuLar probem, so take special
care that any such leads do not
move close to the antenna during
flight. All leads must be kept well
away from the receiver's antenna
but the aileron and flap leads on
high-wing models pose a particular
it isoates the antenna from ground
moisture that will vary with weather
conditions. With the ssan receiver in lCl0o
a small 1.5m high wing model sitting 14 lCl0:40llB
on the ground, a ground range of ap- E
o2
PN2OO
proximately 60-75 paces is typical.
Then comes the most important test
of all - a "circular walk-around" the
model. This test is to verifii that there
are no weak spots in the radiation pat-
tern of the system and in particular, Dos
that there are no metal masses blocking 2N7000
S
the signal path inside the model.
First, place the model on the ground
or table and with the transmitter on
(in low-power mode, if available)
and with the transmitter's antenna re-
moved, wak to the nose of the model.
a3
That done, face the model with the PN20O

Xtreme Link 2.4GHz DSSS module in
place of the 36MHz module. Note the
small rubber duck antenna.
receiver can clearly decode data from
the transmitter at any time. If using a
non-diversity set-up (ie, single receiv-
er), the placement of any conductive
objects around the antenna becomes
far more critical.
The author recently came across a
threat. These are difficult to secure
in such a way that the leads remain
in place whie fitting or removing the
wing, Thus, they can move close to
the receiver's antenna when securing
the wing onto the model and this can
go unnoticed.
While on the issue of metal near
2.4GHz antennas, the author also
removes the carrying handle from
the transmitter as well as the original
3 6MHz telescopic antenna. The,A.ssan
transmitter held at waist height and
the antenna stub pointing towards READY
the model. l.EDI
Now walk backwards from the
model while operating the controls.
Continue to walk out from the model
until the servos start to move in a
jerky manner, indicating a loss of data
packets due to a weak signal. Move in
towards the model until solid control
is resumed and note the distance.
Now walk around the model in a PUISE SRECHER

photo of a 2.4GHz DSS dual diversity
instaliation with figures quoted for
the "circular walk-around" (polar dia-
gram) that were very poor. They varied
from B6 metres on the lefthand side of
the model to 140 metres on the right
handside, top 118 metres and bottom
manual, for example, states that it is
not necessary to remove the 36MHz
antenna but it is a little contradictory
to state that metal should not be placed
near the receiver's antenna whist
completely ignoring large masses of
metal near the transmitter's antenna.
circle with the antenna stub always
pointing towards the model and at the
same distance fiom the model. Note
any weak points in the circle where
it is necessary to move closer in to Dl5: lN4l/8
maintain solid control. Ideally, you
shoulcl get a perfectly circular polar # I.EDS 8C338 2N7000

137 metres, giving an overall range
variation of up to 61% worst case.
A glance at the installation imme-
diately showed why the results were
so poor. The installation featured
long metal pushrods passing over the
receiver, a badly placed switch har-
ness with long unsecured leads and
an antenna coax that ran in parallel
to the servo and battery leads.
To cap it all off, the receiver was
stuck to the floor of the mode with
double-sided sticky tapel In a power
model, this is one way that's certain
to destroy your receiver. Engine vibra-
tion is a killer and even surface-mount
components wil eventually succumb
if the vibration level is high enough.
0ther measures
2.4GHz signals are also seriously
affected by water in all of its forms
so be aware that conditions on flying
fields will vary from day to day and
hour by hour. Wet trees wiLl kill the
In contrast, Extreme Link does recom-
mend removing the 3 6MHz transmitter
antenna.
The rest of the installation follows
normal model aircraft procedure but
it is recommended that all leads be
lashed down to the receiver case
with a cable tie or insulation tape to
prevent any leads straying close to the
receiver's antenna.
Range testing
Once installation is complete, it is
time for a range test with the transmit-
ter antenna completely removed.
In keeping with all radio receivers,
the higher the receiver antenna is off
the ground, the greater the range that
wii be achieved. Thus, it is important
that the receiver's antenna should be
set at a constant height ftom the ground
during all range tests. Placing the
model on a table, for example, delivers
good range and also more repeatability
in range testing from week to week as
pattern.
If the pass is not circuLar, then re-
arrange the receiver installation, pay-
ing particular attention to the points
listed above. Continue to retest until
a circular pattern is obtained.
Considering the very ow output
power of the average 2.4GHz DSS
system, the range obtained is excel-
lent. For example, when range testing
the Assan system with the transmitter
antenna fitted, range was measured at
1.3km on the ground at Waikerie (in
South Australia) with the receiver on
a small cardboard box 300mm high
and fitted with a 6V battery pack. It
was not possible to take the transmitter
out further due to limitations imposed
by the terrain, so range was not tested
beyond this point. The green valid
data LED was solid green at this range,
indicating good signal lock,
Battery packs
Even when operating 36MHz sets,
The 3BkHz crystal oscillator is based
on inverter IC1a, whose output is
buffered by ICle to drive IC2, the 4040
counter and IClb which makes 3BkHz
pulses availabe at test point TP1,
Gates IC3b, IC3c and IC3a together
with triple CMOS switch IC11
40538) are used to configure 1C2 for
division by either 380 or 3B times, to
provide the option of timing pulses
with a frequency of either LOOHz
(38,000/380) or lkHz (38,000/38), The
division ratio is determined by switch
S6, which controls the state of S/SB/
SC inside IC11.
The resulting timing pulses are
then sent to pin 13 of IC4 (which cor-
responds to decade counter 1 in Fig.1),
and aLso made available at test point
TP2 via buffer IC1f.
In the section of the circuit at upper
left, you'll see the electret mic input
socket CON1 plus the mic preamp
and squarer circuitrv based around
op amps iCgb and IC9a, the LM35B.
Op amp ICgb is an inverting amplifier
stagewith negative feedback adjusted
(a via pot VR1, so that its gain can be
varied between 11.5 and 235 times to
set the input sensitivity.
The preamp output is then fed di-
rectly to IC9a, which is configured as
a comparator to 'square up'the audio
signal and convert it into a train of
pulses.
The output of ICga is then used
to switch on transistor Q4, so that
its collector voltage drops quickly
to near-zero after the arrival of the
audio signal. The collector of Q4 is
connected via the 4.7nF coupling/
differentiating capacitor to pin 12 of
G,
A,
K
gate IC7d, which is the inverter feeding
trigger gate IC7c.
External trigger input
The EXT TRIG input comes in via
CON4, which connects directly to
the collector of Q+ via a 100Q series
resistor (the 1nF shunt capacitor across
CON4 is used for noise filtering, to
prevent spurious triggering). Hence
the collector circuit of Q+ effectively
forms a 'wired OR' gate, as either Q4
or the external contacts can pull it
down to ground and hence begin the
triggering process.
Cross-coupled gates IC10a and
IC10b form control flipflop FF1, while
gates ICTa and iCTb form controi
flopflop FF2. So pins 3 and o of ICIO
is FF1's Q output, controlling trigger
gate IC7c, while pins 4 and 2 of IC7

38 StLtcot Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 67


Fig.3: component overlay for the Time Delay PhotoFlash Trigger, from the component side. The longest links can be made
with tinned copper wire - we used insulated type to avoid shorts.
are the Q output of FF2 and pins 3 and
5 are its Q-bar output. That's why the
'counter enable'signal from pins 4 and
2 istaken back to pin 1,4 of IC4 (counter
1), as this is effectively the counter's
enable input. Similarly the 'counter
reset'signa from pins 3 and 5 of FFz
is taken back to pin 1 5 of IC4, IC5 and
IC6 - the MR pin for these devices.
The NAND gate used to combine the
count outputs from switches 51, 52
and S3 is formedby diodes D1-D3 plus
ICBd (connected as an inverter) and the
1OkQ resistor connected between its
pin 13 input and the +9V rail.
This input of ICBd can therefore
only rise to logic 'high' Ievel when
the cathodes of diodes DI,D2 and D3
are all high. This only occurs when
the counter outputs selectedby S1, S2
and 53 are all high at the same time,
ICBd's output at pin 11 then goes low.
This pin is connected back to pin 13
of IC7d, which is the control flipflop's
R-bar input.
The remaining circuitry at lower
right of Fig.2 forms the pulse stretch-
ing and SCR driver block, Gates ICBa,
ICBb and ICBc, together with diode D4
and the 1kQ resistor/1OnF capacitor
combination form a one-shot monos-
table to stretch the very narrow 'end
68 sucoN cutp
EXT TRIGGER
CONTACTS
tts2 '
@5t
a1a
of count' pulse from ICBd. Transistor
Q1 functions as a buffer to apply the
stretched pulse to the gate of SCR1, to
switch it on. When SCR1 conducts it
triggers the electronic flash via diode
bridge D6-Ds and the flash trigger
output socket CON3.
The complete circuit runs from a
9V akaline battery, with S as the
on/off switch. Unless you take a LOT
of photos (or forget to turn the pornrer
switch off !) , battery life should be very
long indeed - probably approaching
shelf life.
Construction
Virtually all of the circuitry and
components used in the flash delay
unit are mounted on a single PC board,
coded 13102091and measuring 185 x
102mm. The board has rounded cut-
outs in each corner so that it fits snugly
inside a standard UB2 size jiffy box,
measuring '1,97 x 1,13 x 3mm,
The shafts of switches S1-S3 pro-
trude through the box lid (which be-
comes the front panel) along with the
power switch 54 and the two indicator
LEDs. The battery fits inside the box
underneath the PC board assembly,
while all four input/output connectors
are accessed via holes in the upper rear
of the box itself.
A smalL hole top left of the front
panel allows screwdriver access to
the sensitivity pot underneath. This
should rarely need adjustment after
the first time.
Incidentaly, we specify 3.5mm
stereo sockets only because mono PC
board-mounting types are virtually
impossible to obtain, We obviously
only use them as mono (ie, the "ring"
terminal is left unconnected). Mono
line plugs can of course be used - these
o'e commonly available.
The PC board overlay diagram of
Fig.3 shows where all of the compo-
nents are placed. Follow this diagram
and the internal photo carefully, to
build up the project without any
problems.
Here is the suggested order for as-
sembling the board:
1. Fit the four input/output connec-
tors along the rear edge of the board.
2. Then fit the various wire links.
There are 13 of these in all, eight of
which are 0.4 inches long and can
easily be made from resistor lead
offcuts. The remaining five are some-
what longer, and wil need to be made
lrom lengths of tinned copper wire
(pulled straight so there is no risk of
siliconchip.com.au
avaiable called the PersonaL Area
Network (PAN ID or chipping code),
represented in hex code as 0000 - FFI'F.
,\ddress FFFF is set aside as a unique
address for use during ihe binding
process. This address wil never be
used in a system for flying - it is onlv
used for the binding process.
In the binding process, it is neces-
sary to set the transmitter and receiver
to a common RF channel and a com-
mon set ofcodes. These codes consist
of the channel ID number, PAN Ad-
dress Number, Receiver Destination
Address, Transmitter Source Address
and the Transmitter's Serial Number,
This makes it possible for an un-
matched Tx/Rx pair to communicate
during the binding process. This
process sets both the transmitter and This view shows the Xtreme Link receiver installed in an autopilot housing,
the receiver to a particular RF chan- Note the tidy lead arrangement.
nel, PAN address and pre-determined
destination and source addresses. It
aLso sets the receiver to the transmit-
ter's serial number to get them com-
minicating.
,A.ft er communication is estabished
on the set-up channel, the transmitter
tren transmits to the receirreL its own
configuration codes that are factory
preset. From this point on the Tx/
Rx pair are bouncl via a unique set of
codes and will no longer accept data
ftom any other source.
As an illustration of just how secure
this system is, let's say that ther e areL2
RF channels that we can use and that The Silvertone autopilot
each of the four addresses is 16-bit. unit with tle Xtreme Link
A 16-bit number can be represented receiver.
as 0000-FFFF in hex or' 0-65,535 in
decimal. If we set aside one address
fiom each ofthe four address blocks for
binding, as stated earlier in this artice,
then we have foul unique addresses However, that is not the full story. ramifications, ,A.t this frequency, any
that will range from 000O-FFFE in hex The magical aspect of DSSS is that metal object close to the 26,1mm long
or 0-65,534 decimal. From here we can when noise is received by the receiver antenna can be a hazard. Any re.ative-
do the maths and determine just how along with the transmitted data, it gets ly large mass of metal or carbon fibre
many unique combinations of address compressed out of existence when the will act as a shield, reflector, director
and RF channels we can have, ie: data is decoded and recovered. Be- or absorbing element at these frequen-
RF Channel x PAN x Destination cause the noise is in real time and the cies. Even the paint used on the model
Address x Source Address x Tx Seal data is expanded across the spectrum, can function as an antenna shield and
Numbe = 12 x 65,534 x 65,534 x 65,534 when the data is compressed back to so some receivers allow the antenna
x 65,534 = 2 2 1,33 3,908,523,67 5,81 2,032. normal the noise simly disappears. to be mounted outside the fuselage of
In operation, the receiver is con- Thus, a DSSS system can pull signal the mode.
stantly looking for data assigned only out from below the noise floor. It is Some manufacturers of R/C equip-
to its destination address. To be valid, here that the DSSS system outshines ment also combat this problem with
this datamust contain the PAN ID, the the FHSS system. dual-diversity reception, as is now
Destination Address the Source Ad- common in WiFi equipment. A di-
dress and the correct Serial Number 0perating 2.4GHz R/C systems versity set-up alows antennas to
of the transmitter that the receiver has While 2.4GHz DSS R/C systems are be positioned at various locations
been bound to. Thus, it is immediately great, they do have some new problems around the fuselage (providing space
obvious that this is a very secure sys- and pitfalls. The very high operating diversity) and at different polarisation
tem indeed. frequency has the most far-reaching orientations. In this way, at least one
siliconchip.com.au FEBUARY 2OO9 37
 control transmitter that may be near
or on the flying site, -- j:"O ll .r
(Z) Frequency Hopping: the transmitter
I"i l)
and receiver are constantly changing - dl (ll
fl
channels by a predetermined pseudo- e -':l
t),;r
1 'r l)l
r).+ rl
ta

raldom seluence, through up to 75 -l)a\

I
24 2.1 2-@ 24l 2U 26 2. 2_ L4 2 l l' gr) dl)
ECDE F l[ lt l2 13 t4 li i6 i? lE 19 lA cF, channels to avoid interference fiom t):, or)
cr)
d)
dl)
I r! ::..,.- i; - '
I (r :
Fig.1: a spectrum analyser display of the 16 2,4GHz channels used in Arnelica. natural or mal-made radio frequency
cr)
t) a)
dl)
: F'i
:i
The Australian band allocation is a little clifferent. interference, For example, if channel Gr) 'a t) I , _u' .rcti

L2 }rras interference on it, the system

would onlybe on that chalel for such I
Gr) a .): |

.:
"
.:ii! ti
I i .l
t.)
l)
rlr ;:
I

l-ra ) l)
a short time that the pilot would not
I
t
Ii
division multipJ.e access " (DS-CDMA) usually better ard more reliable, t- l)
or DSSS, is the basis for CDM,A, cell- Frequency Hopping Spread Spec- even notice a glitch of tlle controls. It , r l I i l)
tlr llr l)
phones ard 802.11 wireless transmis-
sions. It multiplies the data bits by a
trum (FHSS) continuously chalges the
centre frequency ofa conventional car-
(3) Unique Spread Code: if a second
FHSS trarsmitter is transmitting on fl '.a
ft
l)

F
(
: (tr
very fast pseudo-random bit pattern
(PN sequence) that "spreads" the data
rier severa-l times per second according
to a pseudo-random set of channels,
the same 2.4GHz band and even us-
ing the exact same set of frequencies,
I
lr (
(
tI
(
,

into a large coded stream that takes the while chirp spread spectrum changes the spread code fhopping sequence)
S. ll

fulI bandwidth of the channel.
DSSS is one of two approaches
to spread spectrum modulation for
digital signal transmission over the
(i
the carier frequency, Because a fixed would have to be identical as well as
frequency is not used, iilegal moni-
toring of spread spectrum signals is
extremely diffrcult, if not impossible,
time sequence matched to the first syS-
tem in order to cause interference.
(4) Unique Addressing: each DSS trans-
l. --

""
_l Lt - ce--
I
I
I
I .J
I

airwaves. A data signal at the point
of tralsmission is combined with a
higher data-rate bit sequence (also
knor,rm as a chipping code) that divides
the data according to a spreading ratio.
The redundant chipping code helps
the signal resist interference and also
enables the original data to be recov-
ered if data bits are damaged during
transmission.
Direct sequence contrasts with
the other spread spectrum process,
known as frequency hopping spread
spectrum or ftequency hopping code
division multiple access (FH-CDMA),
in which a broad slice of the band-
width spectrum is divided into many
possible broadcast frequencies. In
depending on the particular method,
Essentially, spread spectrum is a
system in which the data is transmit-
ted across a wide portion of the band
or transmitted on a ralge of fiequen-
cies so that interference on one or
more frequencies will not degrade
the overall system performance to
any great extent. This method can be
used to make transmissions more se-
cure, reduce interference and improve
bandwidth sharing.
DSS systems used inthe R/C indus-
try can be divided into two categories:
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSSI and Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS).
R/C modellers are alLowed to use a
mitter ald receiver pair use unique
addressing that is assigned to only
that transmitter and any receiver that
is bound to it.
(S) Digital Data Format: the control
data that is sent over this type of sys-
The matching photograph (to the component overlay) also shows all component placement. We used DIL sockets for the
tem is true digital data and is for all
ICs - they're cheap enough and make both assembly and any later troubleshooting much simpler!
practical purposes immune to outside
interference fin the marner that we
use this system). Even if a second
FHSS tralsmitter was transmitting on Parts list - Time Delay PhotoFlash Trigget
the same 2.4GHz band with the same
hopping sequence, the servo decoder 1 PC board, code 13102091, 186 x 102mm 8C338 (Q1,Q4)
board would still have to receive the 1 UBz size jiffybox(197x113x63mm) PN200 (Q2,Q3)
exact same digital data in the correct
forrnat before any of the servos would
3 1 pole 12 position rotary switches (S1-S3) 2N7000 (Q5)
move,
2 Mini SPDT toggle switches (S4,SO) clo6D SCR (SCR1)
1 Mini pushbutton switch, rnomentary NO (S5) Smm LED, green (LED1)
Provided the hopping speed is rela- 1 38kHz quarlz 'watch'crystal (X1)
.

5mm LED, red (LED2)

general, frequency-hopping devices
use less power ald are cheaperbut the
performance of DS-CDMA systems is
This polar response diagram shows
two complete orbits of the model - an
ideal pass with a perfect circular
response and a slightly heart-shaped
response indicating some form of re-
ceiver antenna shading in the model.
36 Stuco,t Crup
portion of the 2.4GHz band known as
the ISM band (Industrial, Scientific
and Medicall, along with a myriad of
other applications such as WiFi, video
transmitters and portable telephones.
The allocated ISM bard may be divid-
ed up arbitrarily by each malufacturer
in order to suit their o'vrm purposes and
it is this fact that makes describing the
typical DSS system so difficult.
Advantages of FHSS
There are five main advantages of
FHSS:
(7) z.aGHzband: tlis
frequency is 68
times higher than the 36MHz radios
currently used to fly model aircraft
in ,tustralia. This in turn allows the
use of much smaller antennas on the
receiver and higher gain antennas on
the transmitter. The high frequency
insures that we will not have inter-
ference from a 36MHz model radio
tively high, the FHSS system offers a
very high level of protection and has
proven quite successfuI out on the
model fieIds.
0irect Sequence Spread Spectrum
Depending on the manufacturer's
specifications, DSSS divides the al-
located 2.4GHzbandinto anumber of
discrete channels, It then selects one
ofthese discrete channels and spreads
the data across that individual chan-
nel. This channel selection may be a
fixed selection setby the manufacturer
or a dynamic selection after a bald
search, depending upon tlre design
of the system.
The Zigbee 2.4GHz RF module used
in Dave Jones' Infinity radio uses 12
channels, Each channel is identified
with its own unique ID number, Each
of the direct sequence channels has
65,534 unique network addresses
siliconchip.com.au
2 3.5mm stereo sockets, PC board mtg 1N4148 diodes(D1-D5)
(coN1,coN4) 1N4004 power diodes (D6-D9)
2 2.5mm concentric DC connectors (CON2,CON3)
Gapacitors
5 14-pin DIL sockets, PC board:mtg 'l 470tF 16V RB electrolytc
5 16-pin DIL sockets, PC board mtg
1 100pF 16V RB electrolytic
1 8-pin DIL socket, PC board mtg
1 22pF 25V tag tantalum
9 1mm PC board terminalpins
1 9V battery clip lead
1 1pF 35V tag tantalum
25mm long M3 tapped spacers
1 220nF MKT metallised polyester
6 6mm long M3 screws, countersink head
'1 100nF MKT metallised polyester
7 6mm long M3 screws, pan head
I 100nF multilayer monolithic
1 M3 hex nut
1 1OnF MKT metallised polyester
1 4.7nF MKT metallised polyester
Semiconductos 1 1nF MKT metallised polyester
4069U8 hex inverter (lC1) 2 27pF NPO disc ceramic
40408 binary counter (lC2)
Resistors (0.25W 1% unless specifed)
40738 triple AND gate(lO3)
1 10MO 2 z2MO 1 330kO 2 220kA
40178 decade counter (lC4-lCO)
1 110k 1 100k I 10ko 3 4.7kA
40938 quad Schmitt NAND (lC7,lC8)
2 2.2kO 2 1k( 1 680c 1 470A
1M358 dualop amp (lOg)
401 1B quad NAND (1C10)
1 100o
1 50kO potentiometer (VR1)
40538 triple SPDT switch (1C11)
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 69
 Fully assembled and ready to place in the UB2 box
(drilling detail at right). The front panel has holes for
the six switches and two LEDs, along with the six screw
holes which hold the panel to the threaded standoffs. We
covered these with the front panel in the final version.

them touching another link or com- 6. ,\fter these fit al of the fixed diodes in positions D1-D4, and the
ponent). resistors. These are not polarised, but 1N4004 'power' diodes in positions
3. After the links fit the six terminal make sure you fit each one in its correct D5-D9.
pins. Four of these are mounted in the position using the overlay diagram as a 11. After the diodes fit the four
usual from-the-top fashion, for the guide. If necessary use your multime- transistors, again watching their ori- TSS STANDS FOR "Digital Spread Dave Jones was looking to conduct transfer control ofthe test aircraft from
two test points (TP1, TP2) and their ter/DMM to confirm the values before entation but in this case also making Lf Spectrum", a highly rbust'radio a flight of a 3 -metre UAV to an altitude the experimental DSS system over to a
accompanying ground pins. soldering them in position. sure that you fit the BC33B transistors system that was initially confined of 30,000 feet. As you can imagine, standard TZMHzsystem; avery sound
The remaining two pins are used for 7. Next fit trimpot VR1. The board in positions Q1 and Q4, while the to exotic defence communications. one of the biggest concerns was how approach from a safety asPect.
the battery clip lead terminations, just has holes to allow you to use either PN200 transistors go in positions Q2 Spread spectrum was primarily used to ensure rock solid, reliable control Following AU,{V's early success,
to the right of the mounting position standard size of horizontal trimpot, and Qa. by the military in the 1940s and 1950s of the aircraft. They had planned to other manufacturers looked at DSS
for 54 (at lower right). These pins are so whichever kind you use there 12. Now fit the 3BkHz crystal X1. for communication systems to send conduct most of the flight under au- R/C systems with great interest. Thus
mounted from under the board, so shouldn't be a problem. This is very smal, so handle it care- and receive secure data. It has only tonomous control but still wanted to 2.4GHz DSS was soon picked uP bY
there is plenty of pin left under the B. Now fit the smaller disc ceramic fully to avoid damaging it. Both of its been since about 1985 that it's been have the ability to take over manually Spectrum (JR) and others, with low
board for soldering the ends of the and multilayer monolithic ceramic leads are cranked outwards slightly available for use by the general public. or make changes in the flight profile range, lightweight park flyers. ,A.fter
clip lead wires. capacitors, which are again not po- andbent downby 90'about 3mm from Now it has come to radio control for should the need arise. a very successful and relatively short
4. Now fit the IC sockets, making larised, the case, so that the crystal can lay model aircraft and it is revolutionising The main concern was that while period of introduction, the manufac-
sure that you fit each one with the ori- 9, Follow these with the electrolytic on the top of the board with its leads the scene. the aircraft was at those extreme al- turers began to produce sets aimed
entation shown in the overlay diagram caps. There are only three of these passing down through the matching The idea for spread spectrum com- titudes it could be subject to higher at small R/C sport models and then
so they guide you later in plugging in (counting lne 22l,F tantalum unit), board holes. munications originally came from levels of natural or man-made radio gradually the size restrictions fell away
the ICs correctly. Note that a socket is but they are polarised so watch their When the leads are soldered to the film actress Hedy Lamarr who frequency interference. Without some as manufacturers and R/C modellers
not used for RLY1, because this is best orientation. their pads underneath, bend a resistor conceived and patented a frequency form of protection, it would be very a.ike began to have greater confidence
soldered directly into the board. 10. Now you can fit the diodes, lead offcut into a'U' shape and slip it hopping system using something akin easy to lose control of the aircraft, with in this new technology,
5. Next fit the four three-pin SIL which are again all polarised. Take down over the crystal case, with its to piano rolls. The technology origi- devastating results. In fact, in November 2008, the
headers used for LK1-LK3. care here also to fit the 1N4148 'signal' ends passing down through the two nally could not support this system A likely scenario was that a72MHz author test flew the new Silvertone
and the idea lay dormant for many hobby R/C transmitter (72MHz being Mk.2 Flamingo UAV using a com-
Resistor Golour Godes years but was eventually picked up the legal R/C aircraft band in the USA) mercial 2.4GHz direct-sequence DSS
and developed into the modern spread could be transmitting on the same fre- R/C system.
(1%) spectrum system. quency in the same locality as the UAV. One of the really nice features of
No. Value 4-Band Gode 5-Band Code (1%)
You can read more about Hedy This could have serious consequences operating on 2.4GHz is that all of the
tr 1 10MO brown black blue brown brown black black green brown
if the autopilot activation switch was annoying old bugbears such as servo
Lamarr's patent and a lot of other in-
tr 2 2.21\Aa red red green brown red red black yellow brown teresting information at http://www. turned off due to interference. electrical noise, long lead problems
tr 1 330kO orange orange yellow brown orange orange black orange brown inventions. org/culture/female/lam arr. AU,N's first approach was a Dual and electric motor interference, etc
tr 2 220kA red red yellow brown red red black orange brown html RedundancyR/C systemwith one link have all been minimised or completely
tr 1 110ko brown brown yellow brown brown brown black orange brown As near as I can ascertain, the pio- on 900MHz and one on 2.4GHz, with eliminated. This is by virtue of the fact
neer of spread spectrum R/C systems auto transfer fom one to the other, if that the 2.4GHz ftequency is far above
tr 1 100kO brown black yellow brown brown black black orange brown
was Dave Jones of AUAV based in interference or failure occurred on one the noise frequencies and the elaborate
tr I 10kO brown black orange brown brown black black red brown Florida, USA. In 2000, Dave began Iink. However, after much research, encoding/decoding simply obliterates
tr 3 4.7kA yellow violet red brown yellow violet black brown brown experimenting wiih Digita Spread AUAV finally decided to use Digital whatever does get through. Hence
tr 2 22kO red red red brown red red black brown brown Spectrum R/C systems for use in his Spread Spectrum and started devel- R/C operation has become virtually
tr 2 1kA brown black red brown brown black black brown brown UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). He oping the forerunner of the DSS R/C problem-free,
chose Digital Spread Spectrum (DSS) systems nowbeing produced and sold
tr 1 680f) red red brown brown red red black black brown How DSS works
for its tight security and outstanding to hobbyists the world over.
tr 1 470A yellow violet brown brown yellow violet black black brown
Direct sequence spread sPectrum,
ability to reject intentional or uninten- During the testing phase, a solid-
tr 1 1000 brown black brown brown brown black black black brown tional radio frequency interference. state A/B switching system was used to also known as "direct sequence code

70 StLtcoN Cutp siliconchp.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 35

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Fig,a: drilling detail for the UBzlitry Box which houses the unit.
Gapacitor Godes additional holes. The ends can then entation. This is r.rrhere the single rotor
Value pF Gode
be soldered to the copper underneath pin is in the 'three o'clock' position.
IEC Code EIA Code
so that the r,r,ire 'U' wil act as a hold- Note that when you have fitted the
220nF 0.22p,F 220n 224 down. switches and soldered all of their pins
'100nF 0.1rF 100n 1O4 13 . Next fit the three rotary switches to the pads underneath, it's a good idea
1OnF 0.01pF 10n 103 S1-S3, after cutting each of their spin- to program each switch to have a range
4.7nF .0047p,F 4n7 472 des to a length of lBmm and smooth- of 10 positions, To do this, unscrew
1nF .001rF 1n0 102 ing off any burrs with a small file. the nut from the threaded ferrule and
These switches fit directly into the then remove both the star lockwasher
27pF NA 27p 27
board but will only fit in with one ori- and the indexing stop washer. Then
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUAY 2OO9

Fig. 5: same-size front panel artwork which can be photocopied or
downloaded fiom siligqlgh:ip.cqm. au.
after turning the spindle articlockwise
as far as it will go, replace the stop
washer with its cranked indexing pin
passing down into the rectangular
hoe between the numbers 'l-0' and
'11' moulded into the plastic.
,\fter this, place the lockwasher over
the indexing washer, and finally screw
on the nut again to hold it all together.
72 Sil,tco Cntp
through the holes in the board. Then
after the leads have been soldered to
the pads underneath, the SCR is held
down to the board using an M3 x 6mm
screw and nut.
15. Fit the reed relay RLY1, orien-
tated as shown in the overlay diagram.
Note that although the relay has the
same 'footprint' as a 14-pin DIL IC, it
A
'\l/-r 3
has only eight pins - four at each end.
These pins should all be soldered to
the pads underneath, to hold the relay
firmly in place.
16. Next fit the two LEDs, remem-
bering that LEDL is the green LED and
LED2 is the red LED. Both should be
fitted with their cathode ('flat') side
o) towards the top of the board, with the
leads left straight and measuring about
18-19mm between the bottom of the
LED body and the top ofthe board.
17. The next step is to decide wheth-
er you want the project to provide a kept "topped up" by a suitable charger.
delay programmable in 10ms steps
(i.e., 0-9.99 seconds) or in 1ms steps
(0-999ms). If you want the former,
G
there's no need to fit any of the jumper
oE
u shunt links to LK1-LK4 because there
o are already four small copper links in
E the board pattern to suit this option.
il However if you want the '1ms steps'
tz ffi option, you'll need to cut each of the
; small links under the board and frt a
=
h'- jumper shunt to each of the headers,
F
N-
Iuo at the ends indicated on the overlay
diagram as '1ms'.
(If you want to swing back to the
'1Oms step' option in the future, this is
done quite easily by simply changing
ffi the four shunts over to the other end
of each header.)
18. The final wiring steps are to
solder the ends ofthe battery clip lead
wires to the terminal pins under the
board (making sure you connect the
ffi red positive lead to the upper'+'pinJ,
and then flt power switch 54 just to
the Ieft of these pins.
Note that this switch does not mount
directy on the board, but via three
short lengths of hookup or tinned
coppei wire so that the switch itself
can be mounted to the box lid/Iront
panel. For the moment though, just
You'll find that once this is done each solder the three wires to the lugs on
switch will have only 10 positions. the rear of the switch, and solder the
14. Now fit the SCR, which mounts ends of the wires to the pads under
flat against the top of the board with the board, The wires should each be
its 'metal plate' side uppermost. The about 12mm ong,
three leads ofthe device are bent down 19. Your board assembly should
by 90' 6mm away from body and the nowbe complete, apart from plugging
outer leads cranked slightly outwards, the various ICs into their sockets, So
so all three will pass easily down do this now, making sure that you plug
siliconchip.com.au
Gonneetion ll[tions for Tne cm[master
There are at least three different ways
that the Tempmaster Mk.2 can be con-
nected up to control the temperature of
a fridge, freezer or heater set-up. Which
one you use will depend on whether your
lridgellreezerlheater operates f rom 240V
AC or 12V DC and also whether you will
be running it from the AC mains or from
a battery supply.
TEMPERURE
The three main options are shown for
your guidance n the diagram at rght. I 2V DC PIUG PACK
IOR CHARGER + I 2V SLA Bil-ERYI
0ption A use wtrH 24ov MANs PowER
Option A shows the simplest arrange-
@ FRTDGE/FREEZER,
ment, where a 240V fridge/freezer or
heater is to be operated directly from
the 240V AC mains supply. The 12V DC
needed by lhe Tempmaster itself can be
supplied either by a small plugpack DC
IEC MAINS
supply or f rom a 1 2V SLA battery which is
Option B lr2v Dc IEADI
The next option (B) shows how a240V
fridgellreezer or heatercan be connected
to a 12Y1240V power inverter, in a home
or building which relies on solar panels or
wind-generated power. As you can see,
the Tempmaster itself can be powered
from the main battery, along with the
power inverter used to operate the fridge/
reezerlheaTer.
@ usr wttH sorR/wtND powER, 24ov FRIDGE/FREEzER
Because there is no current whatso-
ever drawn from the Tempmaster's IEC
mains input socket when theTempmaster
has switched off the power to the fridge/
freezerlheater, the inverter should drop
back to "sleep" mode at these times.
0ption G
Option (C) shows how to connect things
up when the Tempmaster is to be used with
a 12V fridgelfreezer and a solar power
system. Here the configuration is quite
straightfonruard but you MUST replace
both of the Tempmaster's "mains"
conhectors with suitable low-voltage
plugs and sockets - to make sure that
they can't be accidentally connected
usE wrTH soLAR/wtND powER &
't2v FRTDGE/FREEZER
to 240V. O
Now you can unplug the power system will begin working. the compressor or heater simPlY bY
cord of the fridge/freezerlheating If you want to make sure that the watching LED1.
cabinet lrom its original GPO and plug thermostat is holding the fridge/ If you need to adjust the average
it instead into the GPO on the top of freezer/heater to the temperature you temperature up or down, this is done
the Tempmaster, Then when you con- want, this can be done quite easily quite easily by adjusting trimpot VR1
nect the Tempmaster's own IEC mains using a thermometer placed inside the using a small screwdriver, through the
connector to the original GPO via a cabinet for a while. You can see when small central hole in the righthand end
suitable IEC mains cable, the complete the Tempmaster is switching power to ofthe enclosure, sc
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 33
 each one into its correct position and
with the correct orientation,
Checkout time
Your flash delay unit board should
now be ready for a quick functional
checkout. To do this, first connect
NOTE CABLETIES switches 54, 55 and 56 to the board
USEDTO SECURE using short lengths (say 25mm) of
NEUTRAL & EARTH hookup wire. Then set clock switch
LEADSTO GPO
, 56 to the 1Oms position, set the three
rotary switches S3-S2-S1 to a setting
of sav '500' and connect the clip lead
to a suitable 9V alkaline battery . Then
turn on power switch 54. You shoud
find that the red 'triggered' LED glows
briefly but then goes dark and the green
'ready' LEDl begins glowing.
Ifyou have access to an oscilloscope
or a frequency counter, you can check
that the board's clock osciliator is
working correctly by checking the
signal at test point TP1. You should
find a 3BkHz square wave of around
9V peak-to-peak, You can also check
Making a custom microphone
lf you want to make use of the delay
unit's s0und triggering option, y0u'll need
to make up a custom microphone lead.
This is very straightforward, as you can
see from the diagram below. The only
components involved are a 3.5mm mono
or stereo plug, a suitable length of screened
single-core microphone cable and a small
electret microphone insert.
At the microphone insert end of the
cable, just make sure that the screening
braid connects to the 'eadhy' pin or pad
0f the insert - j.e., the 0ne which is clearly
connected to the metal case of the insert.
The cable's inner wire connects to the other
pin 0r pad. Atthe other end, the cenire wire
connects lo the plug's 'tip' connection lug,
while the screening braid connects to the
'sleeve' lug (the one which connects t0 the
body of the plug).
ETECTREI
MICROPHONE
INSERT
Needless to say making up a cable f0r
the delay unit's 'c0ntact cl0sure' input is
even simpler. Here allyOu need is a 3.5mm
mono or stereO plug plus a suitable length
0f screened cable, connected to the plug
in exactly the same way as with the mi-
croph0ne. At the other end the inner wire
and screening braid are simply connected
to the two contacts (normally open) of the
sensor unt you're using to provide your
'triggering event'.
Parts requited
1 miniature electret microphone
insert
1 3.5mm mono or stereo line plug
Suitable length shielded
microphone cable
ACTIVE WIRE CONNECTS TO
'TIP' LUG 3.5mm MONO OR
STEREO PLUG

the timing pulses at TP2, which should

have a lrequency of 100H2 if you have
switched 56 to the '1Oms delay steps'
option. If you switch 56 to the 'lms SCREEN BRAID SUITABTT TTNGTH SCREEN BRAID
(No
CONNECTION
steps' option the frequency should CONNECTS TO OF SCREENED CONNECTS TO
.=3 A
IF STEREO PLUG)
INSERT CASE
change to 1kHz. MIC CABIT 'SI.TEVE'LUG

If all seems well so far, try plug-

the screws tightened down using M3
nuts and star lockwashers (step 4).
Complete the sensor assembly by
fitting the 3.5mm mono jack plug to
the other end of the 2-core ribbon
cable, connecting the red wire to the
"tip" lug and the brown wire to the
"sleeve" lug (step 5).
Initial checks
Before doing anything else, use your
mutimeter (settoa low ohms rangel to
check between the earth pin of the IEC
connector and the Earth outlet of the
GPO. You should get a reading of zero
ohms here (this checks the integrity of
the earth connection).
Having verified the earth connec-
tion, fit the 10,\ fuse to the fuseholder
in the IEC socket, Note that this fuse
should be a slow-blow type.
Note also that we strongly advise
against connecting this unit to mains
power without the lid in place, to
eliminate the risk of electric shock.
Setting it up
This is mainly a matter of adjusting
trimpot VR1 to produce the reference
voltage level at test point TP1 that cor-
responds to the average temperature
you want the Tempmaster to maintain.
This can be done by trial and error
once the project is finished and work-
ing but if you have a DMM it can also
be done before the case is closed up
(but before the IEC mains connector is
connected to the power, of course).
If you want to do this, firstplug
the 12V DC cable from your plugpack
or battery supply into CON1 at the
righthand end of the box. Now con-
nect the leads of your DMM (set to
a low DC voltage range) to TP1 and
TPG. Read the voltage, which should
be somewhere between 2.75Y and
2.92V. Now all you have to do is look
up the voltage leveL for the tempera-
ture you want from Fig.1 and adjust
VR1 until the DMM reading changes
to this value. The encosure can then
be closed up again.
All that remains now is to mount
the remote sensor inside the fridge or
fieezer cabinet, or inside the hothouse,
fishtank or seed germinating cabinet,
attaching the sensor's heatsink plate to
the side of the cabinet using two short
lengths of gaffer tape. Then you can
run its ribbon cable outside, holding it
down with further strips of gaffer tape
so it will pass neatly under the rubber
door seal when the door is closed.
If you mount the Tempmaster on the
wall just behind the ftidge/freezer or
heater, the plug on the end of the rib-
bon cable can be plugged into CON2
on the righthand end of the enclosure
to complete the job.
ging a 3.5mm jack pug into CON4
and then shorting its 'tip' and 'sleeve'
connection lugs together with a short
length of wire. You should find that
nothing happens when you first do
this, because the contro circuit has
not been 'armed',
But ifyou now press S5 briefly and
try again, this time LED1 should turn
off and LED2 turn on, indicating that
the circuit has been triggered. And
it should remain in this state for five
seconds, if you have set S3-S1 for
'500' and 56 for 10ms (500 x 10ms
= 5000ms or 5s). At the end of this
time it should switch itself back to
the 'ready' state, with LED2 dark and
LED1 glowing again.
Assuming this is what you find, your
delay unit is almost certainly working
correctly. So switch off the power, be-
cause you shoud now be ready for the
final assembly step: fitting the board
assembly inlo lhe box.
Final assembly
Before you can fit the unit into its
box, you may need to drill the vari-
ous holes in the box first - unless you
are building it from a kit with a pre-
punched box and lid.
There are not manv holes to drill as
you can see from the drilling diagram,
so preparing the box and its lid won't
take very long.
If you are building the unit up 'from
scratch' rather than from a kit, you may
also want to fit the lid with a copy of
the front panel artwork. This can be
photocopied onto an A4 size adhesive
label, and then cut to size before peel-
ing off the backing and sticking it to the
lid. To protect it from dirt and 'finger
grease' you can then cover it with some
clear adhesive film or, as we often do,
laminate t (,{4 laminators and sleeves
are now ridiculously cheap!).
The board assembly mounts on the
underside of the box lid via six M3
x 2Smm tapped spacers, using coun-
tersink-head M3 screws to attach the
spacers to the lid and pan-head screws
to attach the board to the spacers.
lust before you screw everything
together, though, you need to mount
switches 54, S5 and S6 in their respec-
tive positions on the lid/front panel,
and also fit the lugs of each switch
with a 25mm length of tinned copper
wire. These will pass down through
the matching holes in the board when
it's brought up to the spacers, and are
soldered to the pads underneath.
Note that pushbutton switch S5
(the "arm" switch mounts through
the front panel from above, secured
by a nut underneath the panel, while
54 and 56 mount through the panel
from below and are secured with nuts
from above.
When you are attaching the board
to the id/front panel rria the spacers,
take care to ensute ihat the tops of
the two LEDs protrude through their
matching holes, as do the rotary switch
and pot spindles through their own
holes. Needless to say you also harre
to ensure that the wires from the lid-
mounted switches pass down through
their own holes in the board, This is a
bit fiddly but not difficult if you take
it slowly.
All four of the input/output connec-
tors CONl -CON4 are accessed through
holes in the rear side of the box itself,
with identification labels along the top
of the front panel,
As noted before, the unit's battery
simpy sits in the bottom of the box,
held in place by either a small bracket
fashioned from sheet aluminium or
even secured with a length of 'gaffer'
tape. st

32 Sil,tcoN Cutp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 73

 ti .o
Dear Valued Customers, i
I
The new year continL es to bring us even more excting ;
Replace up
tl: qli{0
O

ilt a
rft
\\ t
.41 : I
I D
T
D

Non-insulated
4.Bfnm spade
1 PC board, code 10202091,
151 x 109mm
Farts Est

1 2m length of 2-conductor
ribbon cable
new releases. This mo nth we have a full page of Silicon i to 8 remote can be used, provided they are 1 lPs ABS sealed polycarbonate 225mm lengths of 2.5mm
chp projects to b uild, plus useful dditions to your i frrlly insulated with 6mm
toolbox, test benc \, even the home theatre system :
controls enclosure with clear lid, 171 x heatshrink sleeving
heatshrink sleeving as shown here. 121 x 55mm (Jaycar HB-6248 1 150mm length of 6mm
ilcfiluet, I yuu I :an't make it into the store, order : Wth ONE!
onlne at www altronics.com.au and we can ship i
Featuring multi-colou HAtF or equivalent) heatshrink sleeving
t to your door overnight! i
screen and stylish PRICE! 1 2.5mm DC input socket, PC 4 M3 x 1Omm Nylon screws, Pan
,/ r^ ^--t

i aluminium case! nect the coil of RLY1 to terminal board mounting (CON1) head
5imply learns from your
/tu ck O'Donnell - Managing Director :
existng remotes lt
block CON3. These can be made up 1 3.5mm jack socket, PC board I M3 Nylon hex nuts
I features multi-colour from medium-duty insulated hookup mounting (CON2) 2 M3 x 1Omm machine screws,
Apache
back-lighting for each wire, with each one having a 4.Bmm 12-way terminal block, PC countersunk head
device, combination insulated spade connector crimped board mounting (CON3) 2 M3 hex nuts & star lockwashers
of'hard' keys and
touch-screen, and to one end. 1 3.5mm stereo jack plug 4 M3 x 6mm machine screws
Blackhawk compatiblity wth the That completes the wiring of the 1 10A flush mountng mains outlet 2M4x 1Omm machne screws
latest AV devices Tempmaster but before you screw on socket with side wire entry 2 M4 hex nuts
s!l5ea (including Foxtel and
Topfield set top boxes)
the lid of the enclosure to finish it, fit 1 snap-fit fused male IEC 2M4lal washers
Did you i in December? Uew stocks I
X 3055 Aphe
X 3058 Blackhawk For nght tme viewing plastic cable ties to the mains wiring connector with switch 2 M4lockwashers
th ey sell out!
have arl ived't lurry in before RRP S39 95 it will even light up as as shown in the internal photos. These 1 chassis-mount 12V coil SPDT 1 500l multi-turn cermet trimPot,
soon s you pck it up
Minil \pach e Blackhar ruk RC Choppa's! Neat I Tidv will ensure that the spade connectors relay wth 204 contacts horizontal adjust (VR1 )
Hours of f rn for th kids (or big kids!) . r \dded flying stabilty from the cannot come loose and make it impos- (Jaycar SY-4042) 1 3Omm-length tinned copper
latest 3 c nannel c ntroller . Hovers ar d flies effortlessly around the sible for a mains lead to make contact wire (for link)
room. R charges i r just a few mnutes , Inciudes controller . Requires 6
x AA batt( fle5. Limrt s with any of the low-voltage wiring.
You can also fit one or two cable ties
1 104 M205 slow blow fuse
3 PC board pins, 1mm diameter
1 14-pin machined lC socket Semiconductorc
around the wires lrom the relay coi 1 8-pin machined lC socket 1 LM335Z temperature sensor
Lights - Less h, eat! to CON3, to make sure these will also 1 300mm length of 104 brown (rs1)
Low Power Us age! hold each other in place. mains wire 1 1M393 dualop amp (lC1)
Drect replacement fo MR-l6 1 100mm length of 104 blue 1 LM723C regulator (REG1)
halogen globes. Provde supto
Add drawer divders
Installing the jumper shunts mains wire 1B;C327 or 8C328 transistor (Q1)
100,000 hours of life, mL ch more
than ordinary halogens f owered off H 0238 Pk 20 for H 0237 58 05 Another job to do at this stage is to 1 100mm length of 104 green/ 1 16V 1W zener diode (ZD1)
a standard hlogen trans 'ormer. 3W
H 0240 Pk 10 for H 0239 55 20 fit the jumper shunts to the two 3-way yellow mans wire 1 Smm red LED (LED1)
light output, 5W power ( onsumplon header strips on the top of the Temp- 2 50mm lengths of medium duty 2 1N400414 diodes (D1,D2)
12-24V ACIDC oper Keyless Entry for Your master PC board, to provide links LK1
ation (note: swtch- insulated hookup wire
Home or Busness and LK2. Whichever positions you use
mode lransformers may 6 plastic cable ties Gapacitorc
require up to 4 LED5
per crcuil to operate )
for these two jumpers will depend on 172x38 x 1mm sheet steelor 'l 470f 25V RB electrolYtic
vid eo Door lntercom whether you're going to be using the aluminium (for IEC connector 1 1OrF 16V RB electrolYtic
See who's at the door before opening it! ln lniversal Tempmaster to control cooling or heat- mounting plate) 1 1nF disc ceramic
A safe ar d easy way to monitor your front
Remote r Control ing. They go in the lower "C" positions 2 3-pin SIL headers 1 100pF disc ceramic
door d ry or night Complete kit includes
power: upply, hookup cable, indoor base I
Pre-prograr nmed infr nd PIN securty. Features: 3 relay outputs for cooling or the upper "H" positions 2 jumper shunts
IF :staton and amera unit Coupled with a door
,
:
strike :vailable separately) you can even
remotely nlatch your front door/gate to let
red learning ldeal lvay to
clear that coff ee table clut-
ter and con rbine all your
;. l: I",ir" !1';l',1 i'i': : ,i
card style lags 55 95 (5 5375).
e' for heating,
Finally, flt the rubber sealing strip
around the groove in the underside
1 25 x 50 x 3mm aluminium sheet
1 30 x 10 x 1mm aluminium sheet
Resistors (0.25W, 1%)
1 IOMO 24.7kA
vtsttors r Can be easly expanded up to 2 remotes nt( ) one easy to 26.4mm insulated spade 122kl 2 3.3kO
ndoor se stations and 2 cameras, Black use unit I \lso great for
Handy RF of the enclosure lid, and then screw connectors for 1mm2 wire 1 11kO 't 2.7K>
I
White onlY replacinq lost remotes
the lid to the enclosure using the four
Extra ndoor unit 5 94144 S137 Modulator 7 4.8mm insulated spade 1 6.8kO 11.2kO
. Extra camera S 94154 S79,35
lnclt rdes codes Allows you to screws provided, You should now be connectors for 1mm2 wire 1 5.6kO 2 10)
fol 100's of easily send a ready to make up the Tempmaster's
Latest model with 4" screen trands! composte video & stereo audio signal va a
single RF coax output Ths means you can ds-
'19
s 92334
remote temperature sensor.
tribute AV signals to any ry in the housel RRP s28 70

Microl r Precision Vacuum Desktop Hard Transmts on VHF channel 1 lncludes power supply. Making the remote sensor they butt hard against the body of the to accept countersink-head screws
De-Sol dering Station Drive Dock Follow the step-by-step diagram LM335Z, after which they are heated installed from underneath.
Move data from Colour DIY Next make the 30 x 10mm Piece of
Desolde.: i a 14 pin lc n less than 30
one drive to
shown in Fig.5 as a guide. The first to shrink them in place fstep 2J. Then
seconds, even on double sided PcB's
another with step is to clip short the unwanted a 30mm-length of Smm diameterheat- 1mm aluminium into a clamp piece,
A professi, >nal grade soldering tool, built
tough to l, rst a lifetime offering superb
ease! Transfer
Camera Kit third lead off the LM335Z sensor and shrink sleeving is slipped along the by bending its central Bmm section
reliability, ;ervceablity and perf ormance,
data fronr any
Provides '120" wide
then solder the ends of the 2-core cable and over the other sleeves, and into a half-round shape to fit snugly
25" or35"
even wher r used every day! lt offers
5AlA hard d ive of the road/driveway ribbon cable wires to the other two heated in turn to shrink it in place as over the LM335Z's body. After this,
adjustable temp control 6 high speed
continuou ; vacuum action for
withoul the need to It4akes reversing with leads after slipping 25mm lengths of well (step 3J. drill 3.5mm holes in the flat ends of
unbelievat rle perfor
out. 300-4 50"c
y in, day
assemble an external case
Enables fast 'hot swapping
of drives whilst the PC s p( rwered up
; ii:il:i ;, :",,,fl :i'.ffi i:,ii ::i,f
er wrth 5m lead. Connecls esily to
'
your car's reversing lights, powering up the
a 2.5mm diameter heatshrink sleeving
over each one.
After the solder cools and you
Next, prepare the sensor's heatsink
assembly by drilling two 3.5mm diam-
eter holes on the centre line of the 50 x
this clamp piece, lBmm apart again to
match the holes in the larger plate.
You should then be able to assemble
A must for lT technciansl I l582 0 or
Bacl <ed by nge of ti
eSATA connection. *Hard dr ive [ot rncluded vbrant 2.5" colour screen when required
are happy that both joints are good, 25mm aluminium plate, lBmm apart. the probe withthe LM335Z clampedto

/rI I i{o t +I F
7
3l illl{ql :{f \\l '
the sleeves are then moved up until
siliconchip.com.au
Both holes should be countersunk the top of the plate flat side down and

FEBRUARY 2OO9 31
 Discount Tools A Test Gear!
I High Performance. DATALOGGING
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Portable Digital
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Clean the tiniest of items A superb meter featuring opti- Storage Pe

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z
rp
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Even delcate items such as
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Combines the functionality of a high
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oz E
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ultrasonic waves to clean even the tiniest of .Continuty . Frequency connectivty provides easy uploading
tems without damage Features a 154x95x48mm .Duty cycle . Resstance of data to a PC for analysis Supplied
stainless steel tank and a handy I 5 to 8 minute diital timer . Capacitance . Diode test complele with rechargeble balteries,
Also includes tank basket & watch atlachment . Auto power off ' Data hold charger, holster probe adapto PC
Gently cleans computer connectors, PCBS, jewellery glasses, . For use wth USB buy D 23404 software 6 test leads. Specs:
DVD'5, watches, fuel injectors and other very fine parts. adptor S29 95 . SMHz scope . Easy menu drven
operation . 3 3/4 digt 4000 count
lnstant lnsulation autoranging DMM . Backlighting
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Testng Also measures ry . PC datalogging wth optical USB
Autorangng voltage E interface. UNI-T 8'l B.
for added
fesstance!
convenence!
An essential for testing Two Hi-Tech Testers
electrcal circuit "leakage" In One Compact Unit!
' paths and insulation Combnation Dgital
=
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o
works on mans equpment 2MA - 2000M4 250/500/1000V A useful device for checking response of audio An'all in one'solution for ll
crcuitsetc Automatcaliy sweeps through a technicians E network nstllers
range of frequencies, with varble sweep rate Autorangng multimeter provdes.
Stainless Steel Hand Tools nd \4/idth Operates s a standard waveform current, voltage and resstance
generator with sinusoidal, trianle and square wth max/data hold functions Plus
Pick up these rust resistant tools and
wve outputs Dc offset and symmetry Output is the LAN tester quickly tests each
with care, they'll last a lifetime! adjustable between 0 03Hz E 3MHz Plus a 3 conductor, confirming lead
Great for fsherman,
MHz counter. integrty. lncludes remote
boat owners etc.
Long nose pliers 6 sidecut- Save rt096 compared to our old model. lave space in terminatol test leds. ethernet
ters Great for marine without sacrificing quality or features! your tool kit! adaptors 6 carry case
and tropical areas
Polished finish 6 spring loaded action
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operatng with AC wiring Lights up whenever il
I I - vanadium leel. Beware of cheaP, rs near ny AC source (1 00-600V o 50-60H2)
naccurate di9tal versons!
el I
Do-lt-All Driver Set Wire Strippers
Ftted with an esy
Featuring 56 driver tips including
read dlal lhumb strppng wth a squeeze
slotted, phillips, poz, metric hex,
wheel slider and Jaws suit wre with
imperia hex, ball hex, hex
lock 0 02 to conductof afeas between
sockets, torx, security torx,
( u 150mm 10and32mm
() (t triraring and triangle types
u
u A must have for service Toolbox
ts technicians lncludeshandle
favourte!
.. I adjustable extenson bar
!go t'..
N
3=
f
OZ e t. PocKEr USB Microscope Wth
I Z= l'.
F< I- METER! 200x Magnification!
l< U etuttoottor A gret educaton or visual aid. plus ts
9E tr 1u n end nome loads of fun for the kids! Eoasting a
I eT. theatre systems E car very high 200x mgnifcation, t's
18 I
5l.* 9?
U
uL
z= \
audio. This quality
meler mesurs sound
up to I 3odB (l.sdB
5PL
\ ":::i', l"1 li'" ll,'i. ii
""i:impaired (reads fine prnt
visually
6
U!!
accuracy). Great for with ease!) Provides a live
live venues, nstallers, motion, on-screen vew va its
13.5 I
Eg etc- Used widely inbuilt camera, plus screen shot
0IFT+iAND END Ot BOXI n the audio ndustry unction LED illumintion ensures
:1 for ensuring sound Full screen, you always get a cler, crisp
levels remain legal colou close uP view Focuses down to 5cm!
Fig.6: this diagram shows the cutout and drilling details for the GPO socket in the case lid, the access holes for the DC viewing on vista,rxP
Amazing value
socket, the temperature sensor socket ad the trimpot (righthand end), the IEC connector (lefthand end) and the metal Your PCI
700Mhz, 64mb of
for moneY!
mounting plate for the IEC connector. A large cutout can be made by drilling a series of small holes around the inside
perimete then knocking out the centre piece and carefully filing the job to a smooth finish.

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I car sockei dapor chrger circui only No load slvitchrng

'
r
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assembly into the matching cut-out
in the lefthand end of the enclosure,
of RLYI - see Fig.4. Note that these
leads must all be rated at 250VAC. FoEm Ghoek
Sub-C Rechargeable 12V 304 Solar from the inside. The blue (Neutral) and green/yellow
zooomAh N|MH Batteries (1) Be sure to use the specified ABS
Charge Controller You'll find that the flange of the IEC (Earth) leads from the outlet socket plastic case & nole lhat Nylon screws
;
t,-"'i
E*",:?::',':;i:i;
m o.*::fio*":'
U!I@ bttery
A flexible battery manager
and solar regulator for any
alternatve power system.
Conrpact
s',vitchmode clesign ,oo,nO O'
oolierful and lght! jglt Gret for po'*ertng
: connectoL slips snugly inside the cut-
out and the mounting plate is flush
each have a 4.Bmm insulated spade
connector crimped firmly to their far
must be used t0 secure lhe IEC connector
plate lo ensure safely.
tool s
It ensures optrnal chr-oing for communrcations eq( rpment, car udjo anrplrfters, against the inside of the enclosure ends. By contrast, the brown (Active) (2) Use mains-rated cable t0r all connec'
bolh wet cel s and sealed lead acrd batteres Acljusiable camprng fridges or r rortabl DC pon,er appliances
wall. You can then fasten the assembly wire from the GPO is fitted with a tions to lhe IEC socket, lhe GP0 and the
trner settings alLo\^,, the loacl lo be pon,ered whene,rer you M 8212: 3 io 30V egulted @ 204 nrax
in place using four M3 x 1Omm Nylon 6.4mm insulated spade connector to relay conlacts. Secure ths wiring using
likel . lvlicroprocessor controlled . Deep cycling for wet cells ' Sysier M 8222: l -1 5V reg rlated e 604 nrax Plus auxilliar;,
sclews and nuts. It's a good idea to connect to one of the relay contact cable lies - see pholos.
slalus screens showing panel E bttery output . Over charge 6 ol,er 5A output on front I
temp protectron . Lo\\'voltge disconnect ' Back current protection then install an additional Nylon nut terminals. The brown (Active) lead (3) Use fully-insulated spade connec'
. Over drscharge I polarily protectron . f0A nax current 254 Bench on each rnounting screw. These will between the IEC connector and the tors to terminale the leads to lhe IEC
Power Suppl firmly lock the first nuts into position relay is fitted with a 4,Bmm insulated connector and t0 the felay contacts. A
Pure Sine Wave 3 in 1 lnverters Conpact s!vitchmo
pov.,,er suppl;, with
and ensure that the assembly can not spade connector at one end and a ratchet-driven crimping l00l is necessary
to fit the spade connectors.
INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL - SAVE UP TO S35O! analog VU readout come loose. 6.4mm connector at the other.
Finaly, the lead that's used to link (4) Do not touch any part of the 230VAC
lhese stte of the art pure sine wave UP5/inverters utilise sophisticated circutry that Auxiliary car ccess( )ry socLet, Next, mount the mains outlet socket
includes battery charger, nverter, solar requlator and an automatic bypass switch adjustable voltage f r rose offset wiring while lhis device is plugged into
suitable for a wide variety of power backup installations They are designed to be 4 1 6V 224 contnu, )us. 254 mx
in its matching lid cut-out. This is done two terminals on the IEC connector the mains. Do NOT attempl to build this
permanently connected to 240V mans grid power. a solar array and suitably sized Excellent low noise design for comms equpment
by undoing the screw in the centre of has 4.Bmm insulated spade connectots device unless you know whal You are
battery bank Under normal conditions the load s direct fed, under mains failure the socket to separate the front and at both ends. doing and are familiar with high'voltage
the inverter powers the load (from the batteries). The LCD control rear sections, then screwing them Fig.4 shows what type of spade wiring.
:i ::'iili:liiiiffi::?i,'^i""nt
and vo,t-
s27 45 back together with the lid sandr,t'iched connector to fit to each wire. These
spade connectors must all be fully
F;;u;;;;. p;;;;il*;;;",i,i*lt'*i;i;;; ril- ttfr1|f'ou between the two sections.
swtching . suitable for fxed installatons eg: backup power sys-
l^. insulated. Ifyou are unable to obtain Make sure you attach all of these
Lff : ill llll ",'; J:,:": :l'j",i:,','!::
charge prameters . Gel cell or lead-acid compatible .
r,'"
Front
*n

panel
" $
205
M814423Kv24V
0 \ s8re5
1 3 8V DC output rs great for
ror',,ering portable appliances in
the honre such as: CB radios.
Fitting the mains leads
After the outlet socket is fitted you
fully insulated 4.Bmm connectors,
then use non-insulated connectors
space connectors very firmlY using
a ratchet-type crimp connector, so
they will give reliable long-term con-
M 8252
but be sure to fully insulate them us-
can be remote mounted . 24v input BRPS2295
\ @, BRP $'t345 portble TV's, scanners etc can then prepare the various mains
connection wires which link it to the ing 6mm-diametel heatshrink tubing nections.
Two short wires are used to con-
frl r !I Z I xfl tv/ f.Erl :m IEC mains connector and the contacts after the leacls are crimped.
//\
I I

I o l :+' lAc{TETEIfi
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 2S
 Resellerts
r.M3352
(rl^r\
SIDE
DOWNI
colour codes but it's also a good idea to
check each one with a DMM justbefore
it's fitted to the board. Once they are
It's Proie_ct Tme! WESTEBN AUSTRALIA

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J&Mgtroni_,9_8423404
J&M Electronics
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in, fit trimpot VR1 - this goes at centre ldeal for Dl setups! t9 ,.j, Gemldtm ML Communetims 9965 7555

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In Pt.3 this month, we describe how the Multi-
Purpose Car Scrolling Display is connected
to the car and used. It's driven using a simple
command-line program.
wlf"T"'Y#f#"i",i:'iiilfi :
driver and software as explained in last
month's article, you will then need to
use the host program for calibration,
to change preferences and to set up
the features of the display.
This is done using a PC (a laptop
is preferable if the device is already
instaled in a car), a USB cable and
the command line program for Win-
dows: cardisplay.exe (downloadable
from the SIt IcoN Cutp website at www.
siliconchip.com.au).
7a Sntcott Crutp
There are many user-changeable
settings but the software is organised
into multiple-choice menus which
should make it clear to use. We should
point out that in most cases, the default
values will not need changing - you
can use them as they are.
Aside from the main features de-
scribedin the December 2008 issue
of Sti,IcoN Culp, there are several other
features. These are battery protection
(if using a carl's battery as the power
source), dependent variables and
limit condition messages, The latter
are messages that, in the two scrolling
display modes, will alert you when a
variable is too low or too high. As pre-
viously mentioned, in Static Display
mode, flashing and reversed modes
indicate the limit conditions.
With dependent variables, you can
display temperature in both degrees
Celsius and Fahrenheit. More gener-
ally, you can display the same reading
in different units, or show a corrected
speed reading, for example,
When using the display in a car,
with the car's battery supplying power,
you can enable battery protection to
switch off the display when the bat-
tery level drops beow a set minimum.
The display will then go into standby
mode with a current drain typically
around 1omA.
This mode is also recommended if
siliconchip.com.au
PC board measuring 151 x L09mm and
coded t0202091. The board has round-
ed cut-outs at one end so it mounts in-
side a sealed polycarbonate enclosure
measuring '1.71x 12L x 5Smm, sitting
on the tapped pillars moulded into the
bottom of the enclosure.
RelayRLY1 is mounted ontheboard
at lower centre, as shown in the in-
ternal photos. The connectors for the
1.2V DC input and remote temperature
sensor TS1 are mounted on the right-
hand end ofthe board, being accessed
via matching holes at that end of the
enclosure. The "set temperature"
trimpot VR1 is mounted centrally at
the same end of the board and is ac-
cessed via a small hole in one end of
the enclosure.
The only components not mounted
on the PC board in the Tempmaster
itself are the fused and switched IEC
mains input connector and the 3-pin
mains outlet or GPO. The latter is
mounted in a cut-out at upper left on
the enclosure's lid, while the former
mounts on the lefthand end of the
enclosure,
Since the IEC connector is a snap-
in type that's suitable for panels with
a maximum wall thickness of lmm
(much thinner than the enclosure
walls), it's first fitted to a small metal
plate of 1mm-thick sheet steel or
aluminium. The resuting assembly
is then fastened inside the enclosure
behind the connector's cut-out, using
four M3 x 10mm Nylon screws ald
eight M3 Nylon hex nuts (two on each
screw, for safety).
This arralgement gives maximum
safety combined-with neatness, as the
front surface of the IEC connector is Inside the completed Tempmaster Mk.2 - note how the mains lfiring is firmly
virtually flush with the outside of the secured using able ties, s that it's impossible for the leads to come adrift
enclosure wall. and contact low-voltage wiring.
Wiring up the board and in fact the
tr No. Value 4'Band Code (1%) 5-Band Code (1%)
tr 1 10MO brown black blue brown brown black black green brown
tr 1 22ka red red orange brown red red black red brown
tr 1 11kO brown brown orange brown brown brown black red brown
brown
tr 1 6.8kO blue grey red blue grey black brown brown
brown
tr 1 5.6kO green blue red green blue black brown brown
tr 2 4.7kA yellow violet redbrown yellow violet black brown brown
tr 2 3.3kO orange orange red brown orange orange black brown brown
tr 1 2.7kA red violet red brown red violet black brown brown
tr 1 1.2kO brown red red brown brown red black brown brown
tr 2 rcA brown black black brown brown black black gold brown
FEBH]ARY 2OO9 27
siliconchip.com.au

GRN^EIOW
lEARHl NOTE: A[ WIRING TO HE IEC CONNECTOR, IHE GPO AND THE OUTPUT
7' CONTACTS ON THE REI.AY f I)MUST BE RUN USING 2sOVAC CABI.E
=a
' Voltage/Resistance sensor, connect the
MAINS WIRING CONNECTORS:
l: .4mm INSUIAIED SPADE CONNECTORS
2: 4.9mm INSU|ATED SPADE CONNECTORS
Fig.4: install the parts on the PC board and complete the wiring as shown here. Note that all connections to the GPO,
the IEC cennector and the relay contacts (1) must be run using mains-rated cable. Be sure to secure [s s'iing using
cable ties, as shown in the photos.
As a result, Q1 and the relay will
remain off and no power will be fed
to the GPO or any heating element
connected to it.
However, if the temperature inside
the hothouse or fish tank falls jusi
below the set temperature, TS1's
voltage will drop below the reference
voltage, The comparator's output will
thus switch low, drawing current and
turning on Q1 and LED1 and energis-
ing relay RLY1.
As a result, power will be switched
through to the heating element to
warm things up again. Then when the
temperature rises above the set level
again, TS1's voltage will rise above the
reference voltage and the comparator's
output will switch high again, This
will turn off Qr, LEDI and the reay,
removing power from the heater.
Positive feedback
Regardless of whether the circuit is
working in cooing or heating modes,
we need to prevent the comparator
from oscillating back and forth (or
hunting) by appying a small amount
26 StttcoN Cntp
M4 x lOmm SCREWS
WITH FIAT & LOCK
ofpositive feedback. This is arranged
by the 10MQ resistor between pins 1
and 3 of ICla and the 1,2kQ resistor
connecting pin 3 to LK1. This lowers
the voltage at pin 3 sightly when the
compaator is switched "on" (pin 1
low and Q1 energising RLYI) and
raises it slightly when the compara-
tor is "off",
In cooling mode, this means that
in the input voltage fiom TS1 at pin
2 must drop down to a evel at pin 3
that is slightly lower than the refer-
enie voltage, before the comparator
will turn off again. Conversely, it must
rise to a evel slightly higher than the
reference voltage before the compara-
tor will turn on. In other words, we
give the comparator a small amount
of hysteresis.
Low power drain
AII the low-voltage part of the
circuit operates from a nominal 12V
DC supply, which is derived from an
external DC plugpack or battery via
CON1 and protection diode D1. The
47Op,F capacitor provides a reservoir
you want to use running totals that
persist over many on/off cycles.
Connecting Sensols
The Car ScrollingDisplay canmoni-
tor up to six different sensors. For a
output of the sensor to one of the four
input channes on CON3 (referred to
z
I as ,\N0-,.N3), For a sensor with a vary-
ing voltage (eg, oxygen sensor), you
S of your sensor to either CON2 or CON3, depending on whether it is a voltage/
should connect its ground reference
to pin 6 of CON3. For a sensor with
U
4 a varying resistance (eg, thermistors),
you should connect its other end to
tr3
u pin 1 of CON3 (+sV rail).
u For a Frequency/Duty Cycle sensor,
connect the output of te sensor to one
e
o of the two input channels on CON2
zU (referred to as FQO-FQ1), You should
also connect the ground reference to
u
= pin 1 of CON2. If you want to measure
fuel injector duty cycle, for example,
connect the fuel injector signal to
one of the input pins of CON2 - see
Table 1.
Connecting Relays & Buzzers
If you plan on using at least one of
the two digital output channels for
switching a relay orb:uzzer on a limit
condition (a reading that is too high
or too low), you should connect the
relay or tuzzer to CON4.
Note that if you are powering the
for the additional current needed Car Scrolling Display solely from USB
when the relay is energised, while power (+sV) then neither relays nor
the 10O resistor and zener diode ZD1 buzzers will work on the output chan-
provide protection against over volt- nels, because they take their positive
age damage. supply fiom pin 4 of CON1 (the power
The regulated +5V supply needed supply input pin). Using USB power
for TS1 and the reference voltage only does allow you to do everything
divider is derived from the nominal else though, including data ogging
+12V rail via R-EG1, an LM723C regu- and powering the display.
lator. We have used the LM723C here There are tw o relay lb.uzzer outputs,
because it has a very low quiescent referred to here as Output 0 and Out-
current. As a result, the maximum total put 1. Output 0 corresponds to pins
quiescent current drawn from the 12V 1 (-) and 2 (+) of CON4 while Output
supply (via CONI) is less than 3.BmA. 1 corresponds to pins 3 (+) and 4 (-)
This is when the relay is not energised, of CON4. For relays, which are not
of course. When the relay is energised, polarised, the coil is connected across
the current rises to about 79m4. pins 1 & 2 or across pins 3 & 4. You
So in a typica freezer-to-fridge should connect b:uzzers with the cor-
conversion application where the rect polarity, however.
relay will be off for most of the time,
the Tempmaster's average power con- Gonnecting The Supply
sumption will be only around 5OmW There are two options when con-
and its energy consumption around necting power. One way is to connect
1.2 watt-hours per day. the ignition-switched +12V supply
from your car's battery to pin 4 of
Construction CON1 while connecting the negative
Most of the components used in the terminal of the battery to either pin 2
Tempmaster circuit are mounted on a or 3 of CON1 (it is immaterial which),
siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au
Table.l: this table shows the pin-outs of the six channels. You connect the output
resistance sensor or a frequency/duty cycle sensor - see text,
You then connect the positive battery
terminal to pin 1 of CON1 (for battery
level measurements).
With this configuration, the "off"
state current drain (the current drain
when the Car Scrolling Display has
shut down) is very small and is es-
sentially determined by the 66kO
Ioading on the battery sense input (the
input impedarce of the ADC input,
which is very high, is in parallel with
the 10kO resistor). It works out to be
roughly 200rA.
Unfortunately, with this power sup-
ply connection, three features of the
Car Scroling Dispay will not be avail-
able: battery protection, automatic
shutdown ald wake-up, and persistent
running totals (see below for explana-
tions of these features).
For cars that are driven frequehtly,
say at least once a week, and to ensure
all features of the Car Scrolling Display
will function correctly, you should
reverse the positive supply connec-
tions. In other words, connect the
(unswitched) +12V battery line to pin
4 of CON1 and the ignition-switched
+12V to pin 1 of CON1.
The oniy penalty is that when the
Car Scrolling Display shuts down (for
exampie, when you switch off the
ignition), the display will still draw
standby current - aound 10m4. If that
is a problem, you will need to connect
the display to the car's battery in the
alternative way described above.
Connecting A Computer
The next thing to do is to connect
the Car ScroingDisplayto a computer
running Windows, using a USB cable.
You can do this at any time to change
settings, calibrate the sensors and to
do real-time data-loggi ng.
In last month's article, we guided
you through the instalation of the
Windows Driver, and the PC host pro-
gram. You may want to create a short-
Properti"t l7l[i
cardisplay
!"1"'d!,!!qlS4:E!qs: Fo{il I
Lvout
:9+]:, !q!f4y-
Screen hffer size
Udth; 'E i,
Heisht jiO .,
widrh:
Hght:
Wnde{ poslj
Left
Lop:
E Let sydempo$tEn window
fj-a-l f- c"*'r I Tpp I
Fig,1: this screen grab fiom Windows
XP shows the properties of the
command prompt shortcut used
with the program cardisplay,exe.
We suggest you use size 16 Lucida
Console font, while the window width
should be L25 and the height 58.
cut to the command window to go on
your Windows Desktop. The guggested
settings are shown in Fig.1. Change
these by right clicking on the shortcut
icon and going to "Properties".
The line width should be at least
120 characters, as the program can
output some very long lines, which
will otherwise wrap around and be
difficult to read.
When cardisplay.exe is runwithout
command line options, it will display
the help message listing the available
options. The full list of command line
options is shown in Table.2.
Setting l{ame & Unit Stilngs
Each of the four values of each vari-
able has an associated name and unit
string. The default name strings are
of the form VarD(N) where D is the
FEB\UARY 2OO9 79
 a
aaaaa
aaa a aaaaa aa
aa
aaa
aaa a aaa variable number (0-5) and N is the
a a aaaa aaa aaa aaaa a oal aaa aa a a a aaa aaa
a
a aaa
a
a
a
a a a a
a aaaa aaaa a
a a a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
aa
aa
aaa
aa
aa a
a
a aa
aaaa a a
a a
a value number (0-3). For example, the
a a a aaaa a a a a a a o aa aa a aa a WARNING: COMPONENTS A WRING lN SHADD AREA
a aaa a aaa aaa aaaa a aaa aa aa aaa a a a default name of reading 2 of variable 3 ARE AT 240V POENIII WHEN IHE
a aaa aa a aaa aa
.aaa is Var3 (2). The default unit strings are ^tAlNS CONACT AAY BE IETHI
CIRCUI IS OPER,AIING.
aaaa oaa
a a
a aaaa
a a
a a a
aaa
a
a
a
.
a a
laa
a a
ala :aa aaa a a
a oa a
aaa
similarly of the form UnitD(NJ.
a
a a
a
a a
a aa
aaaa
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a a
aa
a
a
a
a
' a
a aa aa
a a aaaaa
a
a
For example, if you are measuring
i Y sLow Btow Sl
a a a a aaa aa a aaa laa aaaaa aaa a a o

Fig.Z: typical limit condition messages in the two scrolling modes. When a engine RPM, you could choose the I2V DC IN 10c
reading is below the minimum or above the maximum, you will periodically be name "Engine Revs" and the unit
warned about this, You set the minimum and maximum values by running the "RPM". To do this, run the command: zDl
47Opt
command cardisplay -v and choosing the "Change the Minimum & Maximum cardisplay -v and choose the "Change 25Y lv
Values & Hysteresis" option, the Name and Unit of the Variable".
Once you've chosen the variable name
and its units, select the "Exit and Save"
option and they will be saved to non-
vol.atile memory.
Remember that you will also need to
add the reading to the display queue
as explained in the section titled
"Changing The Displayed Readings & 3'3k
Their Order" (see below), for it to be l'"-T'' 7 "k] J ;v
''
u * t lo.tf
displayed.
Setting Minimum &
Maximum Values
Next, you can also setthe minimum
and maximum values for the reading,
by running the command cardisplay
Fig.3: this screen grab was obtained by running the command. cardisplay -o. It
-v and choosing the "Change the
shows the output configuration menu and this is used to set up the two digital Minimum and Maximum Values & fP2

outputs to drive buzzers or relays, depending on limit conditions. In this

example, the second output is disabled, while the first output controls a relay
Hysteresis" option,
Visible cues depend on the mini- f f^

that will switch off when the battery voltage drops below 11.0V. mum and maximum values you enter.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Recall from the first part of the article,
that in the Static Display rnode, the
) set u,o a Buzzer Orput readings will flash when lelow the lJv1335Z 8C327
Set UF a Relay output
minimum and flash reversed when
Disbl al l otputs
E)<it & save
ss (a)-(d) tc Select Lrne oF the lo,e (eny other Key tD can<el)> b above the maximum. "4t
cose Nhich output To Enble A Rely cn:
) tutput(o) A.oss Pin 1 (-) and Pin 2 (+) ot c{ In the other two scrolling display
ffi TTiIPiIASTER [IKz -"*t ,Z'4
) output(1) Across Pin 4 (-) a-d Fin I (-) of cm willbe periodic warning
:ss ()-(b) to Select cne of the Abo'/e. (Any other

hl Re]i sv/iiches oFF oi a ilrmrr conditic,n

ci nelV svitcres oN on $iirm conoton
Key to cancel)> b modes, there
messages as shown in Fig.2. If you are
also planning to use one of the two dig-
^
Fig.3: the complete circuit of the Tempmaster Mk.2. Links LK1 & LKZ allow comparator ICLa to be connected so that
it an provideithe" heating or cooling control, ICla drives transistor Q1 which in turn controls relay RLY1 to switch
power through to the GPO.
d) aelrv svi -cre" oFF on i lininilm coidi I'on
.ss (i-(d) tr Seleci cne of the Above. (ny at/r Ke/ t'. anc-')> i
ital outputs to monitor a reading and
have a relay switch on or off or a buzzer
) t/rble #0 ilonitorihq'/otaqe/Resistance chnnel aNo (Pin 5 of c{l)
b)'/ar'aole #1 ilonitorinq./oltge/Resistnce chanel (Pin 4 of coll) sound on the extremes, these are also
-) !.Lle
d)'/riable
J7
tl
Morilr'ing /ol il'cFsisln.F
tiotorin'otae/qesistancc
a\7 (Pr
ah.nel ^N1
cla-nel A\l (Pin 2
f cl)
of cill) the vaues that determine the on/off "C" and "H" at each end of LK1 and on LED1 or relay RLY1, So no output comparator and the comparator will
uonitorin Frrquncy,/oury clal: c'an'e' rQJ (P:n
e) vrib'le
f)'r'arible
J
#5 iloiitoring Frequency,/Dury C\,.1e Cnrr FQ1 (Pn
2 ol'co\2)
I of CON2) switching of the relay or bu.zzer. LK2 indicate this. power will be delivered to the GPO. switch back off again, turning off Q1,
) Eatter:r'
) Amoi enr- Li g-t For exampe, for a 12V car battery, On the other hand, if the tempera- the LED and the relay once again. It
ess (a)-(h) cne of Ehe above. (v cter Key to cancel)> l
tput coni
t! 5elect
tured. a typical minimnm value would be Cooling control ture inside the fridge/freezer rises to runs the compressor only long enough
e Follov/inq are the o!tplt
) otput(Oj current State:
Settins:
ff
- tlod: Re1y ilode (Inyerted) 11V and a typica maximum would Now consider that LK1 and LK2 are just above the reference voltage (set to bring the temperature just below
GF l..fier tsatterv- )ro.s c-.'\' 1-.0 \'
Filn.:t')n: Rl! sritchs
') output(I) crrrnt stete: Gl. \'ode: qe'v lode be 13.8V. For cabin temperature, you set for cooling mode, as shown by the temperature) leve, the voltage drop the set level.
funition: Pely sqtches d hen Battery Rises Abov'I1.6 V
might choose 16oC for the minimum two red links on the circuit diagram across TS1 (fed to pin 2 of IC1) rn'ill
and 32'C as a maximum. (Fig.3). This means that while ever the just rise above the reference voltage Heating control
Exii & St\/e If you would like to monitor a read- temperature of TS1 inside the fridge on pin 3. The comparator output will If links LK1 and LK2 are swapped to
ss t) (d) to select one of the Above. (My other Ke!' ta cncel)> d
ing and have a relay switch on or off or freezer remains lower than the set switch low to pull current through the their "H" ends, this reverses the wav
on a limit condition, or have ab::tzzer temperature leve, the voltage drop 4.7kQ resistor and hence turn on Qt, the comparator controls the power fed
beep, you should configure one ofthe across TS1 (applied to input pin 2 of This will operate LEDl and energise to the Tempmaster's GPO in response
:crolJinq oispl3y\car Scrolling Display
;\Documen:s nC settings\lauro,rbrk\Desktop\c Pc Software>
two digital outputs as follows. ICla) will be lower than the reference the relay coil. This wil provide power to changes in TS1's voltage. Since
voltage applied to pin 3 via LK1 and to the compressor in the fridge/freezer, TS1's voltage is now fed to pin 3 of
Setting Up A Relay the 1.2kO resistor. causing it to cool things down again. ICla and the reference voltage to pin
Fig,4: how to use the command cardisplay -o to set up a relay connected to Of course when the fridge/freezer the comparator's output wil. remain
Setting up a relay to switch on or As a result, the open-collector out- 2,
Output 1. In this example, we have followed the prompts to set up the relay to high and not draw anlz current whi.e
off on a limit condition is easy, Run put at pin 1 wil not draw any current temperature drops below the set level
switch on when the battery voltage exceeds the set maximum value of 13.8V. The
the command cardisplay -o to enter from the +12V rail and transistor Q1 again, the voltage from TS1 will drop ever TS1's voltage is higher than the
choices are made at each step by pressing the appropriate key (we've selected
options b, b, a, g & d here). Choose "Exit & Save" for the changes to take effect' the output configuration menu as wilL not be able to conduct to turn below the voltage on pin 3 of the reference voltage.

B0 StLtcoN Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 25

 temperature being measured by sen-
sor TS1, the lower will be its output
voltage, So when the sensor voltage The available command line options will be
cardisplay or cardisplay -h cardisplay
line options (help). shown.
r ,{393
is below the reference voltage, the
COMPARAOR
output of the comparator will be high View real time information from
cardsplay -x:N or varable number N, where N is Shows information on variable 0 including
COMPARATOR
and this means that nothing will be cardisplay -q:0
OI.JT cardsplay -q:N in the range 0-5. The -x option all real time readings.
switched on by it. is useful for troubleshooting
When the voJ.tage from the sensor
You can change all variable settings, like
rises, corresponding to an increase in minimum and maximum values, enable or
measured temperature, at some point cardisplay -u
('v' is for variable) Go to the variable setup menu. cardisplay -v disable averaging mode, change the name
TEMP it will go above the reference voltage at and unit strngs for the variable, among
SENSOR pin 3. This will cause the output of the others.
TSt
L.t3352
comparator to go low and it will then You can change which readings are
switch on transistor Q1 and the relay cardisplay -d ('d' is for display) Go to the display menu. cardisplay -d displayed and in what ordet among other
things. The menu options are listed in Fig,6.
which we will come to later on.
Fig.1 also shows the sensor connec- Display lnformation about the
cardsplay -i Displays the current values 0f the settings,
COMPARATOR CONFIGURATION - COOUNG CONTROL tion details and the means of deriving ('i' is for information) Car Scrolling Display, including cardisplay -i including system settings.
system settings
Fig.L: the circuit is based on remote temperature sensor TSL. It's the reference voltage from the +5V
output is fed to the inverting input of comparator ICla where it is Displays extended information including
supply. s can be seen, sensor TS1 is cardisplay -e Display extended informaton
compared with a preset reference voltage (Vnr) derived from a cardisplay -e internal settings useful for troubleshooting,
connected to the +5V rail via a 5,6kf) ('e' is for extended) about the Car Scrolling Display.
regulated +5V rail. if needed.
resistor, which is used to provide the cardisplay -c
sensor with a small bias current. Go to the calibration menu. cardisplay -c Follow the on screen prompts.
('c' is for calibration)
2.92 The reference 'rroltage at pin 3 is
Allows you to configure the two digital
derived from the +5V rail via a voltage cardsplay -o Go to the output configuration
2.91 cardisplay -o outputs for connecting relays or buzzers.
divider formed by the 2.7kO resistor ('o' is for outputs) menu.
2.90 The menu 0pti0ns are listed in Fig.4.
2.89 and the 3,3kQ resistor in series with Staft real-time data logging Capture 100 samples in real time at the set
lJ 2.88 VR1, a 500Q multi-turn trimpot. cardisplay -u:N up to N samples or until cardisplay -u:100 logging frequency and dump the data to a
o 2.87 ,A.s a result, when VR1 is adjusted interrupted by the user. .csv file - see F9.9.
!f 2.86 over its range this varies the reference Start realime data logging up Capture 2000 samples in real time at the set
o 2.85 voltage between 2.75Y arrd 2.92V. cardisplay -l:N:<filename> to N samples and store as file
Cardisplay "-l:2000:my
Data Log"
logging frequency and dump the data t0 a
, 2.84 These happen to be the LM335Z sensor <filename> in csv format. f ile.
o
an
2.83 voltages at 2'C and 19"C respectively. cardisplay -s ('s' is for system)
Go to the system settings
cardisplay -s
Ghange any system settings. The menu
z
LL
2.92 VR1 therefore becomes the thermo- menu. options are shown in Fig.5.
v, 2.81 stat's "set temperature" control. cardisplay -w:<f ilename>
Write all settings to a file for
cardisplay "-w:mySeltings" Saves all settings to the file mySettings.
N 2.80 OK, the foregoing description of later recall.
o
( 2.79
(
ICla applies to when the Tempmas- cardisplay -r:<f ilename>
Read all settings from a
cardisplay "-r:mysettings"
Restores all settings from the file
previously created f ile. mySettings.
2.78 ter is in cooling mode. Now have a
2.77 look at the complete circuit of Fig.3. cardisplay -r Reset the Car Scrolling Display
cardisplay -r Resets the car scrolling display and restores
= 2.76 This shows ICla connected so that it and restore all default values. all default values.
2.7 can provide either heating or cooling Table.2: this table shows the command line options for the PC program "cardisplay.exe" running on your Windows OS.
2345789 l0ll12131415ll71819 You can use a laptop to connect to the Car Scrolling Display if it is already installed in your car. You will need a USB
275K 280K 285K 290K control. Sensor TS1 plugs into socket
CON2 which in turn connects to test cable and the PC host program will allow you to log your car's signals in real time.
TEMPERATURE - DEGREES CELSTUS (KELV|N)
point TP2 and one end of links LK1
Fig.2: the graph plots the output voltage of the LM335Z as a function
and LK2. The reference voltage is fed shown in Fig,3. Note that the current Note that each variable has its own 95 % of the maximum vaue, ie, beLow
of temperature. It rise3 linearly by 10mV for every 1"C increase.
to test point TP1 as well as the two settings of the two digital outputs will hysteresis value (shown as a percent- 13.1V.
other pins of LK1 and LK2. be shown. age) r,r'hich is settable by running the
The two inputs of ICla are connect- Choose the "Set Up a Relay" op- command cardisplay -v and choosing Setting Up A Buzzer
circuit and its operation is straightfor- ,\t a temperature of 2"C (275K), Ihe ed to the centre pins of LK1 and LK2. tion. Then choose ihe digital output the "Change the Minimum and Maxi- ,A.gain, run the command cardis-
ward. Fig.1 shows the basic details. voltage drop of the LM335Z is very This allows us to set the Tempmaster connected to the relay you wish to mum values & Hysteresis" option. play -o. This time, select the "Set Up
The heart of the circuit is the remote close to 2.75V. Simiarly, at 19"C for either cooling or heating control, control. You then select one ofthe four A typical vaue will be 10%. This aBtzzer" option, then choose one of
temperature sensor TS1, which is an (292K) , it rises to 2,92Y,It's this change simplyby moving the jumpers on LK1 operating modes: affects how a relav connected to one the two digital outputs and the vari-
LM335Z device specifi cally designed in voltage that we use to control the and LK2 from one end to the other. (a) Relay switches on at a maximum of the two digital outputs is switched able the btzzer applies to, Remember
for temperature sensing. The LM335Z temperature of our fridge/freezer or For example, when LK1 connects condition. on or off. that the btzzer will emit two short
acts like a special kind ofzener diode, heater, by cogrparing the sensor's volt- ICla's pin 3 to the reference volt- (b) Relay switches off at a maximum Suppose for example, that the beeps when the reading is below the
in which its voltage drop is not fixed age with a preset reference voltage. age (TP1) and LK2 connects pin 2 condition. minimum and maximum values for minimum and one longbeep whenthe
but varies linearly and quite accurately The actual comparison is made by to TP2 and temperature sensor TS1, (cJ Relay switches on at a minimum the battery votage are set at 1 1.0V and reading is above the maximum. Recall
with its temperature. In fact, its volt- IC1a, one section of an LM393 dual this configures the Tempmaster for condition. 13.8V respectively, with the hysteresis also that beeping is only enabled in the
age drop is directy proportional to comparator (the other section is not cooling control (ie, control of a fridge (d) Relay switches off at a minimum at 5%. Static Display mode.
absolute temperature, having a value used). Sensor TS1 connects to the or freezer), Conversely when LK1 condition. If the relay is set to switch on at a
of 0V at 0 Kelvin (-273"C) and rising inverting input (pin 2) of ICla which connects pin 3 to TP2 and TS1, and You then choose the variable to maximum condition, tf.." ifr" r""y Changing SyStem Settings
linearly by 1OmV for every Kelvin (or compares it with a reference voltage at LK2 connects pin 2 to TP1 and the monitor and the relay output will be will switch on whenever the battery There are a few system settings
"C) rise in temperature. its non-inverting input (pin 3J. reference voltage, this configures the setup. A complete procedure is shown voltage is above 13,8V and switch off which can be set by running the com-
This is shown in the graph of Fig.2. Now remember that the lower the Tempmaster for heating control. The in the screen grab of Fig,4, whenever the battery voltage is below mand cardisplay -s. You will be given
24 StucoN Crutp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 81
 in Static Display mode when a limit
condition occr.rrs. The smaller the
number, the shorter the time that the
reading will be seen.
(c) Readings Rounding OffMode: you
can enable or disable rounding off of
readings. If enabled, rounding will
be applied to all readings, depending
on how man1, digits after the decimal
point are set for that variable.
For example, if a variabLe is set
to show two digits after the decimal
point and the reading is 123.5565, the
display willshow 123.56 (with round-
ing enabled) rather than 123.55 (with
rounding disabled).
(d) Zero Accumulators at Power On:
you can enabe or disable setting all
..-.-_l L accumuLators to 0.0 when the display
Fig.s: this shows the result of running the command. cardisplay -s to change is powered on. Disabling is useful if
system settings. The value of the setting is shown and you are prompted to enter you want persistent running totals, ie,
a new value. In each case, pressing ENTER retains the old value. For the Enable/ totals that retain their value when you
Disable settings, you press either e (for Enable) or d (for Disable). When the switch off the ignition,
settings have been entered, the new settings are displayed, (e) Automatic Wake-Up On Battery
Sense: enable this to have the display
turn on automaticaly when power is
detected at the battery sense input,
(fJReadings' Update Frequency (Log-
ged): you can set the readings' update
frequency for data logging from 0.2H2
to BHz. Note that the readings'update
frequency for normal display mode is
always half of this value.
Display Settings Menu
Once you've set up a variable, you
can select which readings to clisplay
using the display settings menu. You
can also select the order in which the
readings -are displayed, the minimum
menu, Here you can add readings you want to show or hide readings you no
and maximum displaybrightness and
longer want to display, You can also change the order ofthe displayed readings,
the scrolling speed of the display and the minimum and maximum brightness the scrolling speed.
levels.
Ambient Light Level Response
the current value of each system setting able settings and you simply type 'e' or The ambient light level is used to
and prompted to enter a new value. In 'd'to enable or disable respectively. automatically dim the display when
all cases, pressing ENTER retains the The system settings are: the light level drops. This can be
clurent value. Again, in most cases, (a) Minor delay: this is a number in overriclden by setting the minimum
the default system settings probably multiples of 16ms that sets the delay and maximum brightness levels. The
will not need to be changed. for flashing and reverse flashing in higher the number, the brighter is the
typical screen grab is shown in Static Display mode. The smaller the display. If you set the minimum to
Fig.5. Note that some are Enable/Dis- number, the shorter the time that the be equal to the maximum, then the
readings will be off (if flashing to indi- brightness will be fixed.
cate minimum condition) or reversed If, for example, you set the mini-
Fig.7: this is the message that will (if flashing inreverse to indicate a mum to 100 and the maximum to 250,
scroll when the battery level drops maximum condition). the brightness will vary between these
below the set minimum. The Car (b) Major delay: this is a number in extremes, depending on the ambient
Scrolling Display will protect the
battery by shutting down to standby multipes of 16ms that sets the time iight level. It is usualy desirable to
that the actual reading is displayed have a dimmer display when the am-
mode.
aa
a aaal
a a a a
a
aa
aaa
a a a al
aaa aaa
a a
aa
aaa a a
a aa a
a a aa a aoaa aaaa aaa
aaaa a a a a a
a aa
a a
a a
aaa
aaa
a
a
aaa
aaa a a aaoa aaaa
aaaaaaaaaa
a aaa
a a a aa aa a a aa aa a a aaaa a a a a a a a a a o a a a
a a a aaaaa a a aa a a aa a a a a
aa
aa a a a ao a a a a
a a a a a a
a
aa
a a
a a
aaaaa aaa a a aaaa aa aa a a aaa aaa a aaa
82 sntcoN cntp siliconchip.com.au
trimpot adjustment and DC power supply.
T ACK IN THE TUNE 2005 issue
ll of SnIcoN CHIp, we described an
electronic thermostat intended mainly
for converting an old fridge into a
wine cooler or a chest-type freezer
into an energy-efficient fridge. Dubbed
the "Coolmaster", it turned out to be
a very popular project, especialy
with people wanting to reduce their
power bill and reduce their "carbon
footprint".
Converting a chest lreezer into a
"chest fridge" results in much lower
energy consumption than a normal
"vertical" fridge of the same internaL
a
capacitv, because cold air doesn't fal
al
out every time you open the door and
oa
siliconchip.com.au
The other end ofthe case carries
access holes for the sensor jack plug,
chest freezers tend to be better insu-
lated anyway.
The project became even more
popular when the people in Jaycar's kit
department came out with a slightly
modified version which could be used
to control heating elements as well as
fiidges and fieezers. This modified ver-
sion was called the "Tempmaster", to
describe its expanded capabilities.
Unfortunately, some constructors
did experience problems with the
project. In most cases, this seems to
have been due to spurious triggering
of the control Triac due to inductive
spikes fed back from the motor in the
compressor of the fridge/fieezer, caus-
ing noisy and/or hesitant switch-on or
switch-off. This problem was solved
in most cases by fitting a mains filter
circuit between the Tempmaster and
the motor but it did point to one short-
coming in the project's use of a Triac
for power control of motors.
Of course, a Triac can only be used
for controlling AC in any case, and
this meant that the first Tempmaster
could not be used to control fridges,
fieezers or heaters which run from 12V
DC - shortcoming number two.
We also received criticism fiom en-
ergy conservationist Dr Tom Chalko,
who complained that the Coolmaster/
Tempmaster was mediocre in terms of
energy efficiency. This was because of
its own quiescent energy consumption
and it would pose problems for those
using eectronic inverters to produce
24OVAC from a solar or wind generat-
ing system, by preventing the inverters
from ever being able to switch into
"sleep" mode.
Dr Chalko claimed that our TemP-
master had a continuous quiescent en-
ergy consumption of 60 watt-hours per
day, equating to a power consumption
of z.sW. I'm not sure how he arrived
at this figure, because my calculations
gave afigure of only 0.25W or 6Wh/day
with a 90% efficient plugpack supply,
or perhaps 1 OWh/day with a plugpack
which was only 50% efficient.
Added to the other shortcomings of
the original Coomaster/Tempmaster,
though, Dr Chalko's criticism did
prompt us to produce a new and im-
proved Mk.2 version of the project. So
that's the story behind the new version
described here.
There are two main differences be-
tween this new Tempmaster and the
original. First, it now uses a 24OYAC'
rated relay to switch the load power
instead of a Triac. This has three main
advantages: no problems with noise
triggering, the ability to switch DC just
as easily as AC and lower quiescent
energy consumption because there is
now no snubber circuit or bias filter
circuitry associated the Triac.
The second main difference is that
we have used a more efficient voltage
regulator circuit, anL}l{723, to power
the thermostat's control circuitry. This
has lowered the quiescent power con-
sumption to below 4BmW (0.048W)
- equating to just 1.15Wh/daY.
How it works
There's very little in the thermostat
FEBRUARY 2OO9 23
 bient level drops. It wil also result in
lower current drain.
The scrolling speed (applicabe to
the two scrolling display modes) can
be varied. The lower the scrolling
delay (measured in milliseconds), the
faster the scroling wil be.
To set the minimum and maximum
brightness as well as the scrolling
speed, run the command cardisplay
-d and choose the "Change Display
Settings" option.
Changing the Displayed
Readings & Their Order
The display menu also allows you
to select up to 10 readings to display
and choose the order in which they
appear. Note that the first reading
cannot be hidden, so there wiil always
be at least one reading to display. The
accumulator of each variable can also
be displayed.
When the accumulator is displayed
in any of the two scrolling modes, the
name string will be that of the value
which it is summing with a '(+)' suf-
fixed to indicate that the accumula-
tor rathel than the value is being
displayed.
To change which readings are dis-
played and in what order, or to hide
or add a reading, run the command
cardisplay -d and choose the appro-
priate options as shown in the screen
grab in Fig,6, For example, choose
"Change Order of Display Object" and
select an object from the list of cur-
rently dispiayed readings, Then use
the arrow keys to move the reading
up or down in order.
Battery Plotection, Automatic
Wake-Up 0n Battery Sense
With the correct powet supply con-
nection, you can enable automatic
wake-up on battery sense and battery
protection. Recall that the Car Scroil-
ing Display will go into standby mode
(drawing only very small currents)
Want to convert an old chest-type freezer into an energy- when it detects that the battery volt-
age has dropped below the minimum
efficient fridge? Or convert a spare standard fridge into an (it will, however, not go into standby
excellent wine cooler? These are iust two of the iobs this low- mode if USB power is available).
The delay from detecting the low
cost and easy-to-build electronic thermostat has been designed battery condition to the Car Scrolling
Displar shutting down (with a mes-
to do. It can also be used to controllzV fridges or freezers, sage as shown in Fig.7) can be set by
as well as heaters in hatcheries and fish tanks. It controls the running the command cardisplay -s,
fridge/freezer or heater directly via their power cables, so a aaa
a0a
a a a aoa a a aaa
there's no need to modi$r their internal wiring. a
aa
a
a a
a I
o I
a a
a a
a a
a a0 a
aa ao a
rtaaa o a aa aa aa
a aaaa aal a a a a aa aa aa
Stucott Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au
The setting to change is the "Battery a
aaa a aaaa
Protection Delay". This delay is useful, aaaa
aaa
a a
a a aa
for example, if you are running a cool- a aaaa aa a
ing pump from a relay on the digital aaa aaa
outputs and you want it to operate for aaa
aa
a a a
a a
a aaaa aaaa
a
a
while after the ignition key has been
a aaa
aaa
aaa aaa
switched off.
When you enable automatic wake-
up on battery sense, the Car Scroling
Display wil turn on when it detects
that the battery level is above the mini-
mum. You can enable or disable this
by running the command cardisplay
-s. The setting to change is "Automatic
Wake Up on Battery Sense".
Note that when you see the message
in Fig.7 and the Car Scrolling Display
goes into standby mode, you can man-
ually force the display to ''ake up by
pressing the pushbutton on the front Fig,B: these are some system messages,
panel, Keep it pressed for 10 seconds which begin with a ">" character,
or so and the display will turn on. "\.4/ait" appears when the display is
busy; "Logging" when entering data
System Messages logging mode; "USB On!" when a USB
From time to time, you will see a cable is connected; "USB Offi" when
number of messages scroll by on the a USB cable is disconnected; and
display which are generated by the "Reset" when a reset has occurred.
firmware in response to a number of "Of indicates that you have scrolled
past the last reading and that the
events. These are shown in Fig.B.
display is about to turn off (but not go
into standby mode yet).
Real Time Data logging
For data logging, run the command:
cardisplay -u:<N> or cardisplay "-l:2000:my Output Log", encosing
-l:<N>:<filename>, where <N> is the the argument in double quotes.
number of samples and <filename> is The produced file wil be a .csv
the name of the file to save the data to. (comma separated values) file which
Fig.9 shows an example screen grab. can be opened with any spreadsheet.
Note that when specifying a com- Only values which have been made
mand line option with spaces. you use loggable will be logged at the set log-
double quotes to enclose the argument. ging frequency.
For example, to collect 2000 samples To change the loggabe values of a
and store the result to a file called variable, run the command: cardisplay
"My Output Log" you would type -v and choose the "Set the Logging
at the command prompt cardisplay Parameters For the Variable". You
rrs.sthr scr.r, s."b ** t"L"" ;dr'rpl -ltooto collect 100
samples in real time. The battery "ft"r;"tng
level and the ambient "v
light level are being
logged at the logging foequency of 5.6H2. When using the -u option rather than
the -1 option, the filename is generated automatically from the PC's date and
time, In this case, the log was saved to dataWed.Decl7l647472q0q.csv.
FEBRUARY 2OO9 83
r-1: ! {-'-sill,I 44 qE I -lla
drcksmtth Talk to the Techxperts
Dq
;;; t
Y .. : --.' $ % , .ri '. ii :' .4',
ola ao
ll
aaa aoa aa o oaa
q
aia aa

aao oiaa aa,t aaa

Fig.13: In the Static Display Mode,

overflow is indicated by 4 '+' signs,
il while 4 '-' signs indicate that the
--H
i?
reading is not ready to be displayed.
E In the scrolling modes, the value will
ii appear as 'N/A'when the reading is
not ready to be displayed.

\
running the command: cardisplay -v ElT.lll I Powerware
!3 15 and choosing the "Change Welcome USB Uninterruptible Power Supply 700VA Protectyour DIEK_MF
ffi
Message" option. small office or home office from power outages, surges, spikes and
sags with this 700V4 uninterruptible power supply unit (UPS) The 2OMHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope This affordable 20MHz
in-bullt alarms notify you of any power problems and with up to 53 bandwidth dual trace oscilloscope suits a wide range of
117 nl
Saving & Restoting mnutes of protection you have plenty of time to save your files and applicati Ps), digit
ltt i
'tl Settings To A File shut down your PC properly. Provides mains outlets, phone line 2}Mllzf , selectable
transient protector, USB connectivity and 2 year warranty. LanSafe trigger s Panel variable
Fig.10: this shows the result of importing the log file into the spreadsheet To write settings to a file for later Power Management software for various operating systems can be trace rot Ss/Dlv'
restoring, run tlre command cardis- downloaded from the www.powerware.com website. M778 Complete wth two CRO probes. 01822
application Microsoft Excel. We've also created a graph of the battery voltage
level. this shows that the battery voltage was switched on around 4s after the play -w:<filename>. You can restore
start of logging and switched off again at about the 15s mark, settings by running the command
cardisplay -r: <fi lename>.
can choose to toggle whether each of values will be shown as four "+" signs,
the four values of the variable will be When a displayed value comes from Restoring Default Values
logged. If at least one value is made a variable that has not been updated To restore all default values, as we
loggable, you can further choose to log since being last displayed, the value as clearing all strings, you run the
the accumulator for the rrariable and will appear as "N/-A" in the two scroll- command cardisplay -r.
to log the limit conditions. ing modes and as four "-" signs in the That completes our presentation of
,\ screen shot showing a log file Static Display mode (see Fig,11). this project in the magazine. To ob-
that has been imported into Microsoft tain more detailed information about tt.t'
I\
Excel is shown in Fig.10. Here, the bat- Changing The Welcome Message the operation of the software and the
tery level has been logged and a graph When the Car Scrolling Display calibration procedure, as well as how
has also been created. first powers on, a welcome message is to change the variables' settings, you Bench Style Function Generator Ths
shown. The default welcome message can access a PDF file entitled "Car Wide Ranoe lR Thermometer mult-purpse 3MHz sweep functon generator is ideal for
flut 0f Range Values Scrolling Display User Guide" on our with Laser-Marker Measure a. education, production, and R&D users. Features outPut
includes the firmware version. You object's temperature remotely with waveforms, a pulse generator and a sweep generator.
In Static Display Mode, out of range can change the wecome message by website. sc Automotive Multimeter this sensitive lR thermometer. A quality Supplied wth adjustable tilt handle, mains lead, and a
Multimeter and automotve tester lR sensor and lens (distance to spot detailed instruction manual.
in one. Measure RPM, DWELL ratio of 8:1) minimises the surface area SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency: 0.5H2-3MHz (2.5MHz Ramp &
angle, current, temperature and required for accurate readings over Pulse) in six steps. Output waveform: Sine, Square, Triangle,
more. lncludes inductive pick-up, the -50"C to 538"C range. ln-built laser Positive Pulse and Negative Pulse.
temperature probe, rubber holster and marker, backlit LCD screen, Auto Power Min output: No Load 0.1V p-p; 50 Ohms load 0.05V p-p.

offiflmg foP reaf DGPormamGm test leads 01585 Off and Data Hold functions. o'1370 Other outputs: Synchronous, sweep synchronous 0182

Learn how engine management systems work

Versa Strip
Build projects to control nitrous, fuel injection and turbo
Board
boost systems Continuous pre-
drilled copper
Switch devices on and otf on the basis of signalfrequency, strippng on
temperature and voltage a high-grade
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Build test instruments to check fuel injector duty cycle, fuel mix' circuit design and
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ture and brake and coolant temperatures similar to the old
o Speedo Corrector, Turbo Timer & DigitalThermometer Projects English Veroboard
31Omm x 95mm,
DR-MF
lrrIE
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with 2.54mm hole 41-Piece Bit and Socket Set 1SO-Piece Terminal and tr/EE
Mail order prices: Aust. $A22.50 (incl. ST & P&P);Overseas: A26.00 via aitnail' H51't2 Consists of 32 security bits, nine Crimper Kit This economical kit Fume
Hex sockets, and a right-angle provides a wide range of crimp-style Filter Reduce soldering fumes with
flrder by phoning (02) 9939 3295 & quotng your credt card number; 0r fax the details to (02) 9939 2648; or driver handle, all packed neatly into terminals and a standard crmp tool, this compact filter. lncludes a quiet,
mal ygur grder wth cheque 0r credt card detals to Silicon Chip Publications, P0 Box 139, Gollatoy, llSW 2097. a plast th a clear^ all stored in a plastic component mains-powered fan, 2 activated
fli-uo ade fro. case. See dickimith.com.au {or a list carbon filters, adjustable stand and

siliconchip.com.au torgl, l'9 , \.t included termnals. Hso1 plastic hood assembly. tz:+o
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*Conditions aoolu See n store for deails- Terms and conditons: Olers sta 28/1/09 anpgl28l2/O9 or while stocks last
No rainchecks No layby. Offers may nol be available in some reseller or franchise stores www clcksmilh ccm ou
gg-ry. rk drtrksmrlh Talk to the Techxperts
Interesting circuit ideas which we have checked but not built and tested. Contributions from
readers are welcome and will be paid for at standard rates.

BELKIN.
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Lab Power Supply 0-30V 2.5 Amp Digital Display
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metering, overload protection and high/low current front panel
terminals. Solidly built chassis, measures 150mm (W) x 235mm
(D, inc knobs) x 145mm (H, inc feet). 01770

Dl: IN4148.IN9l4EfC

300W Power lnverter Provides mains

power for smaller electrical equipment
Heavy Duty Heatsink ldeal for high- Small Breadboard Kit Non-solder (notebooks, mobile phones, digital cameras,
power amplifier projects, this wellfinished style prototyping kit with 800 holes and 10 hi-fi's etc.) from your vehicle's 12V socket
aluminium heatsink is thermally rated at
0.55C/W. Size: 200 x 75 x 48mm. Limited
distribution buses. Complete with base plate
and non-slip rubber feet, binding posts and a
(cigarette lighter). Efficient modified-sinewave
design, with inbuilt cooling fan and rugged
- The first press of 51 does not
stock - no rainchecks. H34o large selection of jumper wires. H4o2o aluminium casing. M53oo (crRcurT 2) trigger SCR2 because pin 3 of IC2 is
already high (by virtue of the auto
Tricks with 555 timer IC1 and a 4OL7 counter
(ICz). The 555 timer sends puses
reset) and therefore no trigger pulse
can be delivered (to SCRz).
sAUt[0T,
a 4Ol7 chaser to the 4017 counter which turns on Pressing switch 51 r,r'ill then re-
P7914 normally This circuit uses two SCRs in each of its 1o LEDs in turn. The auto start the cycle. If )ou want to alter
P79'l normally conjunction rvith a 4017 decade reset components connected to pin the speed of operation, just increase
counter/divider so that its 1O-LED 15 of IC2 ensure that its output 0 or reduce the 1tF at pin 2 of IC1.
output cycles only once after each (pin 3) goes high first. To provide repetition of the 10-
press ofabutton. This couldbe use- After a puse has sent output 9 LED display just connect Circuit 2
TV Ribbon Cable ful for door chimes, an eye-catching (pin 11) high, then next pulse sends to the gate of SCR1. This is another
Traditional balanced (300ohm) flat LED signal, a countdown timer or a pin 3 of IC2 high and this sends a 555 astable timer (IC3J ',r'hich trig-
ribbon TV cable with solid time-out signal for a quiz game. trigger pulse to the gate of SCR2 r'ia gers SCR1 at intervals determined b1'
DPDT Mini Slide Switch Bussman Genuine dielectric separaton
Overall size: 23x8xl9mm Recommended especially in Initially, both SCRs ae off and the a 1OnF capacitor. SCR2 turns on and the timing components connected to
Single Pole Momentary Fingerproof Panel Mount
Push "On" Push Button
Mounting: 2xM2 screw holes
M205 and 3AG Fuseholder
country areas where signal circuit does not operate. On pressing commutates SCR1 off, by removing pins7,6&2ofIC3.
Lever shank: Brushed aluminium strength is weak. Suits analogue
switch 51, SCR1 is turned on to ap- r,oltage from its anode which stops ,{.. f. Lowe,
swtch - Black Rating: 35V Clearance: 12mm Cutout: 9x4.5mm with lnternal Safety Switch VHF / FM reception. Clear ribbon
DC 10m4, Mounting: PCB, Pin Rating: 50V DC 500m4 Rating 240V ac '104. lnsulation is for indoor use only. UV stabilised ply power to the circuit comprising the entire circuit. Bardon, Qld. ($40)
Size:0.88 Square, Pin Spacing: lnitial contact resistance:<30Mohms Resistance: 1OMohm @ 500V dc Black model (not shown) is for
On 5mm Square, Cut Out: 8mm lnsulation resistance: 50!m9!qs Mounting hole: 13 5mm (diam.). both indoor and outdoor use.
Square. P7572 @ 500V DC. p713 I .tt \ p79i4M2o5/pi9163Ac W2070 Black/W2071 Clear
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 B5

Promotion from 28/1loq Io 2Bl2


TOGARNHM
CONVERTER
(-logzNl
lClo,lClb,Ql,Q2
Low-power
analog computer
These days, digital computers
are ubiquitous but there was a time
when analog computers were more
commonplace and they still have an
advantage for certain applications.
They also do not require any pro-
gramming (as in written code).
This circuit will compute the
logarithm of a number (N) using
the base 2 system. To convert it to
base "e" (2.71,8), use the function
Loud repeater for
traffic indicators
Many older drivers calnot hear
the clicking of the traffrc indicator
lamps and so may forget to cancel off
the indication after changing lanes.
These add-on circuits use a 12V
piezobrzzer to give a much louder
indication.
The simple circuit of Fig,1 uses
two diodes to sense the presence
of +1.2V across the left or right turn
indicator lamps, The commoned
signal is fed via potentiometer VR1
which acts a volume control for the
piezob:uzzer. The 4.7V zener diode
reduces the overall signal voltage,
otherwise it would be far too loud,
The drawback of this circuit is that
its indication becomes rather too
insistent after a period, especially
if there are passengers with keen
hearing. The solution is to add a 555
timer to the circuit - see Fig,2.
Here, the diodes are now used to
derive the power for the circuit, as
they feed a 3300pF 25V capacitor.
The 555 is configured as a standard
timer and trimpot VR1 is set to
sound the buzzer for every two to six
flashes of the turn indicator lamps.
+2.5V
DC VOLTAGE
REFERENCE
tc2
or,tfPuTl
OI..fTPUT2
OI,JTPIJT3
L.44271og"N, where N is the number
entered. It will also compute
similar function 2Olog1N.
As shown in the block diagram
(FiS.r), the circuit can be broken
dourn into four sections: a logarithm
converter & inverter, DC voltage
reference IC2, DC voltage generator
VR2 and DC amplifier IC1d.
The heart of the circuit (see Fig.2)
is the logarithmic converter involv-
ing op amps ICla-IClc and transis-
tors Q1 & Q2. It works on the prin-
ciple that the collector current in
DI
This has the advantage that when
the turn indicators are cancelled,
the sound from the piezo decays in
a chime effect.
OUTPUT
+
transistor doubles for every lBmV
the increase in voltage at its base (at
20.3'C). The 56kQ & 1kQ feedback
resistors from the output of ICLb
give the required voltage attenuation
of .018 needed for this effect. The
output of ICla provides bias to the
emitters of transistors Q1 & Q2,
IC2 generates a +2.5V DC refer-
ence voltage. Together with VR1,
this voltage and the 200kQ resistor
generates a reference current for the
logarithmic converter to act on.
a Potentiometer VR2 provides a time correlated channels for analysing
The 12V piezob.uzzer is available
from Jaycar- Cat. ,{8-3459.
Robert Baker,
Miranda, NSW. ($40)
Tektronix claim their new MSO2000
and DPO2 000 Series of Digital Phosphor
Oscilloscopes are the flrst entry-level
oscilloscopes with feature-rich tools to
simplify mixed-signal designs.
The DPO2000 series consists of
three models ranging from 100MHz to
200MHz, with two or four analog chan-
nels, with the familiar Tektronix front
pane ayout, serial triggering, protocol
decoding, USB plug and play PC con-
nectivity, a 7-inch widescreen TFT
display and a three year warranty.
The MSO2000 models also include
16 digital channes, providing up to 20
both digital and analog data.
,A.ll models have the deepest memory
depth ofany oscilloscope its class at a
[--
Touch sensing continues to
gain
p0pularity as an alternative to traditional
push-button user interfaces, improving
reliablity and lowering lotal system costs.
Touch sensing also enables a completely
sealed and modern-looking design.
lnductive touch sensing works thr0ugh
a front panel such as plastic, stainless steel
or aluminum and also through gloves and
on surfaces that conlain liquids.
With the new mTouch lnductive Touch-
Sensinq Technoloqv, Microchip enables
www. s i I i co n c h i p. co m. au
a New Tektronix End of the road for
G
G
MSO2000 and the Hard Disk Drive?
DPO2000 Two press releases from industrY
leader Sandisk received as we were going
Digital Phosphor to press arguably presage the end of the
Oscilloscopes mechanical hard disk drive.
The first was for drop-in flash disk
fuIl 1M point per channel with 1GS/s hard drive replacements for notebooks,
sampling rate, which ensures at lease laptops, etc. lnitial members in the
flve times oversampling of the signa, SanDisk G3 f amily are SSD C25-G3 (2.5")
Key points which set the DPO2000 and SSD C18-G3 (1.8"), each available
and MSO2000 apart as the new bench- with a SATA-ll interface. Available in
capacites of 60, 1 20 and 240G8, the unit
mark entry-level oscilloscopes are:
. l6logic channels (MSO2000 models MSRPs are $U51 49, $U5249 and $US499,
respective ly.
only)
Parallel (MSO only) and serial trig- The second was lhe announcement of
2TB (two terabyte, or two trillion byte!)
gering and decode
Memory Sticks, developed in c0niuncti0n
o Wave Inspector
a Long record length (1M points per with Sony.
channel)
o Bright widescreen 7-inch display
a FilterVu Variable low pass filter.
Level 2 802 Pacific Hwy Gordon 2072
Contact: Tel: 1800 793 652
Pt ttd
TekMalk Australia Website: http:/au.sandisk.com
Suite 302, 1 8-20 0rion Rd, Lane Cove 2066
Tel:1300 811 355 Fax (02) 9418 8485
Websile : www.tekmadqroup.com
A]ITRIM
TRA]ISFORMERS
designers to integrate inductive
manufactured in
touch-sensing functionality with Australia by
their existing application code n Harbuch Electtonics pty ur
a single standard 8-, 1 6- or 32-
bit PIC microcontroller (MCU) harbuch @ optusnet.com.au
or 16-bit dsPlC Digital Signal
Controller (DSC), thus reducing
- Conventional Transformers
Toroidal
Power - Audio - Valve -'Specials'
total system costs. Medical - lsolated - StepuP/down
Major applications for in- Encased Power Supplies
ductive touch-sensing user
interfaces include those in the
appliance market because of the
possibility of a stainless steel
front panel; the industrial market because of
the technology's robustness and the auto-
motive market because of the technology's
aesthetics and ability to reduce accidental
touch triggers.
Comprehensive data available:
Contact:
Microchip Technology Australia
P0 Box 260, Epping, NSW 2121. Hatbuch Electtonics',, uo
Tel:(02) 988 6733 Fax:(02) 9868 6755 9/40 Leighton Pl, HORNSBY 2077
Website: Ph (02) 9476 5854 Fax (02) 9476 3231
FEBRUA&Y 2OO9 L9

to fill th scren s shown heie.
then loads the LeCroy DSO operat-
ing system. This can be windowed or
minimised at any time to let you run
other applications.
The 10.4-inch (diagonal) screen is a
very good size, especially considering
the relatively small amount of space
taken up by the scope. Its overall di-
mensions are 340mm wide, 25Smm
high and 2o0mm deep, including
knobs and the rear zippered pocket
for probes and accessories.
Having said that, the ability to con-
nect an external VGA monitor is very
useful, particularly if you are using
the scope to demonstrate to a group or
classroom. Typically, in a large group,
the VGA signal would be connected to
a projector but it is here that a weak-
ness in the LeCroy external monitor
set-up becomes apparent.
Unlike the situation where you may
be using a laptop for a PowerPoint
presentation on a projector, the LeCroy
scope does not alow you to have the
same screen display on the scope as on
the projector; you can have one or the
other, not boih. This makes it difficult
to operate the scope when using the
external display because nothing can
be controlled by its touch screen - vou
have to use the mouse on the external
18 stLtcoN cntp
240VAC waveforms with a 10:1 probe.
screen. That could be very awkward
if you are using a projector. It seems
likely that a software change could
easily remedy this.
On the other hand, when using
the externa monitor, it is very good
to be able to have the scope operate
on the external screen while you do
other functions on the scope screen
such as saving screen grabs or any
other software function. In fact, if I
had connected a full keyboard and
loaded Word onto the LeCroy, I coud
have written this review on the ma-
chine while I tested its capabilities
as a scope.
Unfortunately, time constraints pre-
vented us from fully evaluatingthe
LeCroy 104Mxi but it quickly becomes
obvious that it is a fuly featured
4-channel lGHz loGs ls machine with
very comprehensive waveform meas-
urements. The full specifications of the
WaveRunner scopes are available at
http ://www. lecroy. com/tm/products/
scopes/specs. asp?mseries=3 2
A unique feature allows you to do
separate measurements on each trace,
something that is just not available on
competing scopes. Importantly, the
range of vertical input sensitivity is
from 2mV to 1OV/div in the usual 1-2-
The panel on the side of the machine
includes an ethernet port, LeCroy's
L-bus connector and I/O sockets for
various peripherals & sound,
5 sequence. You need the maximum
figure of 10V so that you can measure
That gives you 1OOV/div on screen. If
your scope is imited to 5V/div, you
need a 100:1 probe to enabe you do the
same thing; a small point perhaps but
most labs do not have more than one
100:1 probe and this can be a hasse
if you want to measure more than one
24OVAC waveform at a time,
The timebase can be switched from
200 picoseconds to 1Os/div in real time
and up to 1000s/div in roll mode. Very
comprehensive triggering is available,
including TV (PAL, NTSC, SECAM
and non-standard video modes up
to 1500 lines), ORed-qualified, Pat-
tern (logic combinations), Dropout,
glitches and pulse widths, runt, slew
rate and so on.
So how do summarise a scope like
this? It certainly has very wide range
a
of high-performance features but the
fact that it is operated under Windows
probably means that it is easier to drive
than if it relied on a multi-level menu
system operated by soft keys - we
Iiked it a lot.
For further information regarding
price and availabiity of the full range
of LeCroy digital oscilloscopes, con-
tact the,\ustralian distributors, Vicom
Australia Piy Ltd, 1064 Centre Road,
Oakleigh South, Vic 3167. Phone (os)
9563 7844; fa-x (03) 9579 7Z\S;website
www.vicom.com.au SC
siliconchip.com.au
VR2
r0k
Fig.2: the complete circuit. It's based on a logarithmic converter
involving op amps ICla-IC1,c and transistors Q1 & Q2.
variabe DC r,oltage source to gener-
ate the number (N) entered into the
logarithm converter, ie, the voltage
on the wiper of VR2 represents the
number, N, to be computed.
The output at pin 7 of IClb is
-log2N while op amp IClc multiplies
this result bl, -1 (ie, inverts the sig-
nal) to give the function +og2N at
its output.
Finally, op amp ICld is used to
multipll' the function on the output
of IClc by +6 to give the overall func-
tion +20log16N at its output.
As you can see, we pay good money
for each of the "Circuit Notebook"
items published in SrLrcoN Curp. But
there are four more reasons to send in
your circuit idea. Each month, the best
contribution published will entitle
the author to choose the prize:
an LCR40 LCR meter, a DCA55
Semiconductor Component Ana-
I
I lyser, an ESR60 Equivalent Series
Resistance Analyser or an SCR100
!
I Thyristor & Triac Analyser, with the
I compliments of Peak Electronic Design
I I
siliconchip.com.au
Calibration is as follows: adjust
VR2 until +1.00V is on its wiper and
then adjust VR1 until the output of
IClb reads 0.0V. Once calibration
is done, you simply dia in your
number via VR2 and et the circuit
compute the logarithm; no need for
a caculator!
Because the entire circuit is a DC
amplifier, temperature changes can
play havoc with it. The LF444 quad
op amp minimises this problem to
some extent. The accuracy of the
circuit can be within 2o/" for a tem-
Ltd - see www.peakelec.co.uk
So now you have even more reasons
to send that brilliant circuit in. Send it
[oG2N
OUT2
OUT3
-LOG2N
-t 5v
perature range of LB-22"C.
There is one more interesting
feature this circuit possesses. By
feeding in a sinusoidal r,t'aveform
superimposed on +2V DC in place of
VR2, the output of IClb (or for that
matter ICld) resembles a parabolic
wave. The point of inflexion in this
\ /ave can be moved by increasing
the amplitude of the sinewave, a
similar effect to integrating a saw-
tooth vi.aveform.
Malcolm Sharp,
Berala, NSW.
to SrLrcoN CHtp and you could be a
winner.
You can either email your idea to
@ siliconchip.com.au or post it to
silchip
PO Box 139, Collaroy, NSW 2097.
FEBRUARY 2OO9 87
 REGI 78tl 5
EBC
REG2 79L1 5
COMPONENT TO BE TESTED
:5-
Dl,D2:1N4004 Semiconductor evaluator
AK for scope
Ifyou have an oscilloscope that can be
operated in X-Y mode (ie, with horizon-
tal timebase turned off), this circuit can
be the basis of a useful semiconductor
s b-' o evaluator. It can help identify unknor,r,n
semiconductors where you can no longer
read the labelling. For example, it will
S distinguish between a diode and a zener
diode, between NPN and PNP transistors
and also identify SCRs and unijunction
transistors IUlTs).
/ The circuit comprises tr,r'o intercon-
nected op amps (IC1a & IClb) which
generate sinewave signals which are 90o
/ navigate, particularly if you don't use
,/ / / out of phase. These signals are then ap-
pied via the two sections of srvitch 51
to the horizontal and vertical inputs of
q A
+ o the oscilloscope and to the socket for
the component to be tested. The switch
selects 1OkQ or 100kO resistors, depend-
=t e O a ing on whether the component is a small
signal device or power device.
Depending on the type of device being
a 2 a /
tested ancl whether or not it is faulty, the
circuit will produce characteristic wave-
forms which are shown in the accompa-
'c nying panel. Note that these warteforms
are not definitive and will var)/ with the
C D D particular component being tested.
Note that when no component is con-
''
U. D
nected, the oscilloscope controls should
be adiusted to give a circular pattern.
Craig Kendrick Sellen,
o Normally, when you turn it, on it
c. Carbondale,
Philadelphia, USA. ($a5)
StLtcoN Cntp siliconchip.com.au
These four scope grabs from the LeCroy 104Mxi porhay a range of video waveforms from the Pocket A/V Generator
presented in th une 2006 issue. ,{.ll but one show the scope traces reversed out of white background. This saves toner
when printing the scope grabs and makes it easier to read the on-screen measurements.
trigger solrrce. Al the inputs have
probe sensing and active probes may
,+1-
be used. Also on the front panel is the
=e .li
already-mentioned USB socket which 6 rL-
can be used to connect a mouse. t= *.'
To the right ofthe screen is an array
-
- JJ
-\
->\
of knobs and buttons which let you
select and adjust basic features of the
scope, eg, vertical sensitivity and off- *
set for each ofthe four input channels
and timebase speed and delay. Each
time you press a button or change a
knob setting, it brings up a panel on
the ower half of the screen which lets
you access detailed settings.
In manr ways, this works better
than typical digital scopes which ,\lent
have "soft" buttons and multi-lavered
nenus which can be quite hard to
a
the scope frequentllr. ^
3
On the righthand side of the scope
is a comprehensive input panel for
connection of peripherals. There are
mini DIN sockets for an external mouse
and keyboard, four USB sockets, an
Ethernet port (Rl-a5), an RS-232 port,
a VGA port for connecting an exter-
nal monitor (as already mentioned),
LeCroy's L-bus connector and ine-in
and speaker outputs for the sound
card interface.
So essentially what we have is
a laptop machine with a powerful
digital scope built-in. In fact, there is
The LeCroy WaveRunner L04Mxi is a powerful
digital scope that runs under Windows XP.
nothing to stop you from using it as
a conventional aptop. Just connect a
full-size keyboard and USB printer (if
you wish) and you're ready to go. Us-
And of course, you can connect it to
a network if you desire, The internal
capacity to store waveforms and set-
ups and other software.
ing Windows XP, it employs a 1.3GHz
Celeron processor and 5L2}18 of RAM.
hard drive is 33G8, partitioned into
1OGB and 23G8. so there is no lack of boots straight into Windows XP and
siliconchip.com.au FEBR(]ARY 2OO9 77

[GGffioVUUnwcRumnw
LeCroy's WaveRunner 104Mxi is a 4-channel digital oscilloscope which
operates under Windows XP. You can configure and run the scope using
either a USB mouse or via the touch screen. In fact, most of the time you
can completely ignore the front panel controls and iust use the mouse.
TWILL BE honest. When I first turned
Ionthe LeCroy WaveRunner 104Mxi
I did not realise it had a Windows XP
interface. LeCroy do not make a big
fuss about it in their literature; in fact
they hardly mention it at all.
So when I had to do a quick wave-
form measurement recently ald I knew
I had to take a look at the LeCroy I
just grabbed it and set it up on my
desk, ready to do the measurement. I
switched it on, hooked up a couple of
probes arrd hit the Autoset button. This
gave me a waveform on the screen, as
you would expect, but when I came
to do the measurements I was bushed
- OK, where are the measurement
controls?
I will admit that just like everyone
else, I had not looked at any instruction
manual-who does that? (In fact,I did
not find the instruction manual until
16 Stttcort Catp
some days later - in the back pocket
of the scope). But then in a moment
of enlightenment, I touched the screen
and found that I could do everything
that way. There are the usual drop-
down Windows menus along the top
of screen - it all works. It's not the first
Windows oscilloscope I have come
across but I seem to remember that
the others I have come across are not
as intuitive as the LeCroy.
By the way, LeCroy probably don't
want you to put your greasy paws on
tle touch screen so they have provided
a little slide-out wand which you can
use instead. After using that for a cou-
ple of minutes, I thought that a USB
mouse would be a better way and sure
enough, when I dived back into the
packaging, the local distributors, Vi-
com, had provided one. Plugging that
into the fiont panel immediately lets
f0 lffi d
you do everything via the mouse.
The layout of the scope's front panel
looks fairly conventional uniil you
start looking for a particular feature
such as how to set up triggering. This
throws you into a display whereby
you select parameters via the wand or
mouse, Butbackto the scope itself, The
screen itself is a 1O.4-inch
(26.4cm)
SVGA LCD with a resolution of 800 x
600 pixels. This improves consider-
ably if you connect an external moni-
tor which can give a stated maximum
resolution of zoq\ x 1536 pixels (4:3
aspect ratio). When connected to a
widescreen LCD monitor, we were
able to set it to 1.92o x 1200 pixels. We
wil'l come back to the operation of the
external monitor later,
Below the scope screen is a line of
flve BNC sockets; one each of the four
input chalnels ald one for an external
siliconchip.com.au
N
+
.i Bedside lamp
o controller
Do you hate the bright glare as you
switch on yoru bedside light when
the alarm goes offf This circuit uses
an electuet microphone to pick up the
sound of your alarm. It then slowly
brings up the brightness of a bedside
Iamp made from a L2V 24W automo-
tive tail/stop lamp. The result is that
you wake to a much more pleasant
situation,
When you stop the alarm, the
() lamp remains at the current bright-
o
@ ness level. If you press the snooze
\
button on the alarm, the lamp will
o
u become brighter next time the alarm
L sounds.
You can turn the lamp off when-
ever you wish by pressing the DOIIIN/
o
OFF button. The system can also be
disarmed if you don't wart the sys-
tem to control the lamp. The lamp
can also be manually dimmed up and
down using the UP/DO\AIN buttons.
The electret microphone signal
is -[ed l-o 8C549 tlansistor Q1, The
amplified signal fom Q1 is then
rectified by a charge pump consist-
ing of diodes D1. e.Dz and a 100nF
\
N capacitor. The resulting DC is fed to
/'l
E
trimpotVRl which acts as a sensitiv-
ity control for the following compara-
z
II
tor stages using ICla & IC1b.
L
oc q; =ll When the DC level at pin 4 is
o f llv
olI
above the reference level at pin 5,
lH'' t ICla quickly discharges the 10rF
8ll" capacitor at pin 7 of IClb and this
causes the output of IClb (pin 1l to
go low This low is sensed at pin 4
of the PICAXE microprocessor (IC2l.
As a result, IC2 now starts to turn on
the lamp via comparator IClc and
Mosfet Q2.
z The PWM signal fiom pin 5 is 5V
> peak but the Mosfet needs around
I o
z 1.0-1.2V on its gate to fully turn on.
Because the comparator outputs
are "open collector", IClc is able to
perform signal level translation to
convert this 5V signal to a 12V sig-
nal, The 470f) resistor pulls the gate
lo +L2Y whenever the PWM signal
L
N
goes high.
N The software listing (BLC_ .bas)
o
will be available on the SIltcoN Crup
Z website and is fully commented to
o= make it easy to understand.
feffMonegal,
u eg North Maclean, Qld. ($40)
zz .
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 B9

The Austral,hn Arrn'y, 1950s at Balcombe where members
of the School of Signals initialy set
Signals,:Museum up displays of equipment that
being phased out of use by the army,
The museum was subsequently rnoved
was
to its present location in Macleod in
1970, where it was housed a redundant
satellite monitoring facility from the
Cold War era.
It probably seems ironic that a muse-
um is housed in abuilding previously
used for the rrery "high-tech" satclite-
monitoring task. In fact, the redundant
monitoring station equiprnent still
occupies some 60% of the floor space,
which means the museum cannot dis-
pay all of its stored equipment until
the redundant equipment is removetl.
Trn,o 600kVA emergency power plants
are also still instalLed, although these
are no ongel operating.
Communications pre-radio
Although our interest in armv
communications is predominately
concerned with radio, it is interesting
to consider how armies communicated
before radio was invcnted.
In very early tinros and even up
until relativelJ reccntlJ, runners and
couriers were often used to keep the
commanders informed of progress
on the battlefield and to deliver their
ordels. Horse-mounted dispatch liders
were commonly used before giving
This month, we take a look at an interesting way to motorcycle dispatch lidels
museum that's dedicated to the display of during WW2.
Courier pigeons Were also com-
ex-Australian Army radio equipment. It's monly used by manv armies up until
WW2. In fact, they were still in use by
not often that you get the chance to see a the Swiss Arm1, s late as 1994.
collection of military communications gear. A variety ofsound and visual signal-
ling methods were also used over the
centuries. Most were abour intensive
,TTECHNICAL MUSEUMS have presented itself. I was fortunate that and messages usuallv took quite some
I always interested me and I en- Major Jim Gordon was able to give me time to reach their intended recipient.
deavour to visit them whenever the a personal tour of the facility. However, some methods proved rea-
oppoltunitlr arises. Recently, an op-This museum is part of the Armv
portunity to visit the "Roya Austral-
Museums Network, r,r'hich itself is
tively fast in t'-ansferring signas. For
examp.e, the heliographwas an optical
ian Army Corps of Signals Museum" part of the Arrny History Unit. It device that reflected strong sunlight
at Macleod in north-east Melbourne commenced operation in the early and had quite a long range when ttsed
s0 stucoN cutp siliconchip.com.au
Fig,3: here's the counterpart DAB+ receiver. The microprocessor takes data
from the AAC+ decoder according to the selection by the listener. Depending on
signal strength, the output may be DAB+, FM or even AM in origin'
Radio, Radio National, ABC Classics,
lJJ, PNN and SBS.
A DAB+ VHF transmitter will
convert the combined signal to the
transmission frequency and increase
the power fed to the antenna near the
top of a tower to ladiate the signal to
the receivers.
Fig.2 shows how up to nine different
radio programs are combined into the
one DAB+ transmission.
DAB+ reception
In a DAB+ r'eceiver, the signal fiom
the antenna is filtered to select the
channel requested by the listener.
The signal is amplified and then fed
to the demodulator. The demodulator
converts IF signal back into the data
signal which is similar to the output
of the program multiplexer shown
above.
The srrne logic circuit can be used
to demodulate all broadcast radio
systems.
If you are tuned to a DAB+ station
and prorrided the signal evel is suf-
ficient for good reception, the selected
program is demultipexed and fed to
the AAC+ decoder.
The decoder output can either be
converted back into analog and fed
into speakers or the digital output can
feed a home theatre amplifier, particu-
larly if 5.1 sound is being broadcast.
The microprocessor is also fed with
the alternate frequency information
from the program-associated data
IPAD). The processor will monitol the
quality of the DAB+ signal and also
monitors the ftequencies containing
an identical program (ie, fiom FM
siliconchip.com.au
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and AM broadcasts). A single tuner
does this by tuning to the DAB+ and \!cb hllptLrw.pcbd m
alternate frequencies at a rate which E-tD sales@pcbce m
is too high to be noticed. Tei +86-571-87A13819
If the DAB+ quality is insufficient, Fax +86-571-87036705
Ad NoTGuCut Rd Hngzhau Chna
the next option willbe selected, When
DB+ reception returns to accept-
able levels, the sound signal will be
switched back.
Fig.3 shows the much-simplified
schematic of a DAB+ receiver. De-
pending on signal quality, you might
be listening to DAB+ DRM, FM or
even AM. FRONT PANELS
Broadcast Efficiency LOSURES
Channel width is spectrum "rea
estate" and has an ACMA auction-
able price. Effective radiated power is
based on actual transmitter power but
rn,ith the efficiency of the transmitter
antenna system factored in.
Tralsmitter power consumption de-
Cost-effective
pends on its efficiency and the power and production
of the air conditioning required.
Wide range of
At ihe most inefficient level, AM customization of
ladio transmits a carrier which con-
tains no progr-am information; all the
program information is in the gkHz : #",,H"i::11"j.c
sidebards. This is a fixed power which
is one-quarter of the power level trans-
mitted with the loudest sounds. The
channel width is 1BkHz,
FM radio uses a channel width Sample price:
of zo)kHz, corresponding to the USD43 78 plus S&H
maximum frequency deviation of
+100kH2.
DAB+ bandwidth per channel is ]EENT,TflEI
aI 2.4o/o of the FM effective
1.71.kH2
radiated power per program.
#
ww.f rontpanelexpress.com
Next month u,e give more details of
how the DAB+ system works. sc
FEBRUARY 2OO9 15
 to Digilol Converler
f---
C
fi
R,
STUDIO
Where else is this progrom simulcosl
Dole ond Time
Progrom type
Slotion ldentifirolion
Stotion
Piclure ond
Poging
Troffir
Conditionol
Emergency Worning
Network Swilching
tive radiated power) using vertically
polarised antennas. Note that not all
transmitters will be at full power in
all directions. This is to avoid interfer-
ence problems to television reception
outside the istening area.
Ctv
Adelaide
Brisbane
Melbourne
Perth
Sydney
Hobart
Note that Hobart
next round which is yet to be an-
nounced.
All transmitters are on Broadcast
Australia towers except in Sydney
where the transmitters are on the
Willoughby TXAustralia site.
Radio broadcasting history
Before going further, let's briefly
review the development of radio
broadcasting up to the present.
Amplitude Modulation (AM) was
invented in 1901. It's an analog sys-
tem with a frequency range of 30Hz
to gkHz (or better), however nearly
all available receivers restrict the
high frequency response to less than
4.1Jlzdue to theiruse of rudimentary
IF (intermediate frequency) stages.
AM is unable to reject noise in the
transmission path.
The channel width forAMtransmis-
14 StLtco Crtrp
Fig,2: a typical DAB+
transmitter arrangement.
The program multiplexer
continually switches
between up to nine program
digital streams which are
combined into the one data
stream.
sions is 1BkHz, due to the upper and
lower sidebands of the modulation.
Frequency Modulation (FM) was
invented 193J. It's an analog system
with a ftequency range of 30Hz to
15kHz. Multiplexed stereo was added
in the 1960s. Provided there is enough
Channels signal, noise is well suppressed. The
98,9C channel width is 200kHz.
94,9C Despite the number of FM stations,
94,9C even its future is not assured. The UK,
98,9C for exampe, has announced it will
94,9C switch off FM radio broadcasting in
128,12D 2020.
Digital Audio Broadcast (D,{B) was
will start in the devised in 1987. It's a digital system
which sends the perceived character-
istics of the sound.
In other words, signal processing
and compression is used to reduce
the required amount of data for the
signal.
The frequency range is from 20Hz
to 20kHz. The channel width is
1.536MH2 which can carry five stereo
programs with sound quality equiva-
lent to FM stereo broadcasts.
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) was
devised 2O02, It's a digital system
which sends the perceived character-
istics of the sound (see above). DRM is
capable of "FM stereo" quality sound,
The channel width is 18 or 2okHz
and contains only one music quality
program,
is an upgraded version of
D,{.8+
DAB which can carry nine stereo
programs per channe. The channel
width is 1.536MH2. Ttre Europeans
have now mandated that all new
radios must be able to decode D,\B+
signals.
DRM+ is an upgraded version of
DRM which extends the transmis-
sion frequency range from 30MHz
fo L2OMHz. The channel width is
100kHz. This system would be suit-
able inthe vacated analog TV channels
L,2 and the FM radio band.
Even if ,\M and FM radio trans-
mission continues as we know it, to
receive DAB+ and DRM+ signals all
existing radio receivers will eventu-
ally need to be replaced with digital
radios capable of DAB+ and DRM+
reception.
DAB+ transmission
In studios and on compact discs,
analog signals are convertedto digital
in the recording process and on play-
back the digital signal is converted
back to analog, Such digital signals
are very high quality but require data
rates of up to 3 Mbits/second. So much
data will not fit into existing radio
channels.
Many digital recording systems Australian diggers pre-\rVW2 with a WT Set C Mk.z "Cork Set". It took no less than nine soldiers to support and operate
greatly reduce the amount of data re- this equipment which was used by the Australian Army during the 1930s.
quired by storing only those parts of
the signal which the brain "perceives". from hilltop to hilltop.
Such digital standards include digital It was used from around the 1850s
radio, MPEG 2 & MPEG 4 for TV DVD and even saw limited use in WW2.
& Blue-Ray sound, AC3 (Dolby Digital)
sound and MP3 & MP4 used in iPod Radio communications
devices. With the invention of Morse code
Some of these staldards sound very and the telegraph, communications
good ald can be regarded as almost from fixed locations became quite
equivalent to the CD audio while speedy, Insulated single and twin ca-
others, such as MP3, can be notably bles were often laid underground for
inferior, depending on the sampling fixed locations and on the surface for
rate. much more temporary installations.
|ust how good the DAB+ system Some readers will be familiar with
eventuaily sounds wil depend on the D-series (commonly called Don 5
many variables, including the quality by the layman) twin-insulated cable.
of the original recordings, the amount This had one green and one black
of data compression, sampling rate wire and was commonly available in
and so on. disposals stores afterWW2. This cable
In the DAB+ system, AES standard could be run out fiom a hand spool or
digital signals are fed into an ,\d- more commonly lrom a cabie-laying
vanced Audio Coding PIus (,\,\C+) trailer.
encoder. In addition, program associ- Wired communications developed Designated the Model 94 Mk.6, this portable radio was used by the fapanese
ated data (P,{D) is interleaved with the at a pace during WW1 and a variety army during WW2. It operated over the 24-47MHz frequency band and could be
digitised sound signal. of systems were used. Some using a powered from external gV and 135V batteries or from a hand generator.
Prior to the transmitter input a sec- single wire with an earth return proved
ond switch repetitively and sequen- not to provide secure communica- introduced. At around the same time, munications in the army and civil
tialy selects the digital audio signal tions. After all, one side of a conflict a telephone system using equipment life is in itself quite an extensive and
and its associated PAD from up to nine did not want to have the other side called a "Fullerphone" provided much interesting story.
different programs. reading their messages. rrrore secure communications than
For example, the "Government" To overcome this, the D-series cable some other methods of the same era. Wireless in WWL
transmitter will include ABC Local and other similar twin cables were The history and use of wired com- Wireless communications were first
siliconchip.com.au FEBH]ARY 2OO9 91

The WS20B was one of the fitst low.power sets to be used by commando units during WW2. This CW-only 6-valve set was
carried in a back-pack and had ari operating frequency range from 2.5-3.5MHz'
Made by an English War Department Wireless Factory during-Vvry-1, the WT1-
hansmtter *. fitted to recnnaissance aircraft from 1916. The pilot's task was
to transmit enemy troop deployments back to HQ and to artillery batteries.
used by armies during WW1. Wireless
had been around in its fledgling form
since the turn of the century and was
now sufflciently advanced enough for
use by the military,
However, it was not enthusiastically
endorsedby all sections of the military
because it was still relatively undevel-
oped. The main problems included the
bulk and weight of the equipment, its
unreliability and a lack of competent
radio technicians to handle the gear.
s2 StilcoN Cutp
' in 1915, "portable" meant that the set
their antennas were inefficient if made
At that stage, wired telephone and
telegraph systems were well devel-
oped and worked well. However, the
amount of wiring needed between
each communications site had Srown
enormously and the system was inflex-
ible due to the rapidly changing nature
of the conflict.
It didn't take long for many forward-
thinking military leaders to realise
that "wireless" was the way to go if
communications with the front line
were to be effective and timely, It was
just a matter of waiting for suitable
equipment to be developed.
The first wireless sets in \MW1 were
Marconi pack sets, These required four
horses to cany each pack set plus five
or six men to set up a station, which
took around 10 minutes! It then re-
quired two soldiers to operate it.
The range was claimed to be around
5Okm.
In 1915, another set called the BF
was introduced, which had a range of
around 17km, This meant that "port-
able" battery-operated spark transmit-
ters with valve receivers were starting
to be used at the Iront line. However,
could be carried with difficuttY bY
several soldiers,
- Most of the sets worked on quite
low frequencies which meant that
too small. For example, the Wilson
spark transmitter worked on three
wavelengths - 350 metre$,450 metres
and 5s0 metres. However, some small
spark tralsmitters operated on 65 and
B0 metres.
Bythis stage, some aircraftwere also
being equipped with transmitters to
report conditions back to headquar-
ters from behind the lront lines and
to adjust the fall of artillery. The WT1
transmitter from 1916 was one of the
sets used for this task and is shown in
one ofthe photographs.
by Alan Hughes
that the driver can be routed around
obstructions. The navigation system
will need compatible firmware.
o Conditional Access
DAB+ is capable of controlling who
is able to decode the signal. This can
enable nartow-casting to specific pri-
vate audiences andto PayRadio. This
can also apply to data only. Over the
air flrmware upgrades for particular
receiveis would need to use condi-
tional access.
. Radio forthe deaf&hard ofhear-
irg
L7"/o of the Australian population
(3,6 million people) have a significant
hearing loss. The text capability will
enable speech to be subtitled. This
applies to emergency announcements,
news bulletins, current affairs, talks
and phone-in programs. The MOT
capability (see above) would allow
the display of Auslan (sign language)
icons.
. Multilingual - SBS Radio and
Ethnic Broadcasters
1.3 million people do not use Eng-
Iish at home and 4.4 million were not
born in Australia. The text capability
could be used to add English sub-
===
3
==
95==
=
I 40
Nole: Eqch DAB+ chonnel con conlon up lo 9 rodio stotions' progrqms
7
7 I
6
6 \2
Fig.L: channel allocations for DAB+ radio.
titles to foreign language programs.
This could help the foreign language
speakers learn to read English and the
converse is true.
Let us now look at the various tyPes
of digital radio broadcasting.
Tres of Digital Radio
. Digital Audio Broadcast DAB+
is transmitted in VHF TV band 3
(containing TV channels 6 - 1,2) or
using the 1,.4GHz'L band. Note that
this system is incompatible with the
DAB system used in Canada and the
UK. A number of countries, including
the UK, put nine radio stations on a
single transmitter but this produced
sound quality worse than FM stereo.
o' DAB+ is 3.5 times more efficient
in compression than DAB and so the
sound quality should not be reduced.
In additionDAB+ uses Reed-Solomon
error cortection to reduce the possibil-
ity of gaps in the sound that you hear.
AII new DAB receivers must be able
to decode DAB+ in Europe.
. DRM (Digital Radio MondialeJ is
used throughout Europe and parts of
Asia. It uses the AM bands of MF and
HF (Short Wave) and in DRM+, the
Bosed
i 3='9=== =====
1470 I 480
200 210
I ilt
FM band as well, Coverage is from a
community to a continent. It's used
by Radio New Zealand International
to cover the Pacific Ocean'
. HDRadio is a system which adds
a digital sound signal to an existing
AM or FM broadcast. This does not
work as well as those above' This
system involves patent rights to the
Infinity Corporation and is used only
in the USA. DAB+ & DRM do not have
system patent rights,
. Radio programs on digital TV
signals. Examples of these can be
found on ABC and SBS digital TV
broadcasts. The disadvantage of these
program signals is that You need a
digital TV ieceiver to obtain them
and they are unsuitable for use in car
radios.
o Internetradiois availablethrough-
out the world. This is not a Public
system and is subjectto internet costs.
Internet radio is also unsuitable for
wide area reception.
Channel allocations
Fig.1 shows the proPosed chamel
allocations for DAB+. All transmitters
willhave amaximum of SokW (effec-
-+
Frequency (MHz)
I 490
DigitolTV Chonnels
ll 0ld TV Chonnels
Europeon TV Chonnels
FEBRUARY 2OO9 13

Dgital rqdo
broqdcqsts will frnolly stqrt n
Adelade, Brsb,ne, Melbo,urne, Perth and Sydneydlst May with
71 rqdo statons (ABC, SBS t commercql) on ten DAB+ transmitters.
Ths s the first of a series of articles gvng you the detqls on ths
complex and completely new radio broadcqst medium.
figital radios will have excel-
I llenl sound quality and a lot
.U u leatures that are not avail-
able on the existing radios we have
listened to over many decades.
For example, to select a station you
will pick its name from a list. There
wiII be no need to tune across a band,
If you are in a car and move out of
digital signal range, the receiver will
automatically select another digital,
FM or,A.M signal containing the same
program. When you move back within
range, the receiver will automatically
switch back to the digital signal.
Timeshift will be available so you
can delay listening to broadcasts, just
as you can right now with TV if you
have a suitable recorder. And while
many existing radio programs can be
downloaded as Podcasts, most digital
radios will have flash RM cards to
store programs,
72 stuco curp
So you will be able to timeshift, "re-
wind" and pause the programs while
recording and "fast forward" after the
recording is complete.
,\nd just as digital TV has an elec-
tronic program guide (EPG) so too
will digital radio, EPG wiII allow au-
tomatic recording of programs within
the radio.
Other features
. Dynamic Label Segment (DLS)
DLS will show text information
on a screen. This couldbe telephone
numbers, website addresses, track-
now-playing and announcer names.
A maximum of Lz\ characters can be
displayed at a time.
. Multimedia Object Transfer (MOT)
Slideshow
This will include product shots,
studio web cams, weather maps, al-
bum cover information, stock market
article onthe FS6 appearedinthe May
transceivers, transmitters and receiv-
graphs, racing information and just
about any information that can be
conveyed as a simple graphic image.
A 32O x 240 pixel |PEG image can be
transmitted every 9 - 15 seconds.
. MultimediaObjectTransfer(MOT)
Broadcast Website (BWS)
BWS allows for the transmission
of a series of HTML fiIes (along with
corresponding graphic imagesJ to
receivers that have a built-in web
browser. This alows the user to search
the downloaded files, If a receiver has
a built-in back-channel ffor example,
a GPRS enabled mobile phone with a
DAB+ radio), it could access links that
would take it to the outside world, If
there are a lot ofrequests for files then
delays will result due to the restricted
download capacity.
. Traffic Information
Traffic conditions will be transmit-
ted to the car navigation system so
s nchip.com.au
I'or the troops in the front line,
progress in radio communications
was slow but steady during WW1.
During this time, low frequencies were
still thought to be the most usefuI for
long-distance communications. It
was not until the 1920s that amateur
exp erimenters proved that shortwave
(high-frequency) communications
were much more effective.
Perhaps the most successful "trench
wireless" during WW1 was a unit de-
veloped by the British in 1917. This
had a range of around 70km but if it
had used shortwave frequencies, it
would have been well ahead for its era,
However, it was still a good performer
and despite its limitations, itremained
in service until the 1930s.
The post WW1 era
Developments in radio communica-
tions forboth military arrd commercial
use picked up speed during the 1920s
and 1930s. In the early 1930s, the C
Mk.2 "Cork Set" was being used by
the Australian Army, It required no
less than nine soldiers to look after
it and is shown in one of the photos.
Subsequently, by the time WW2 ar-
rived, equipment like the No.11 set,
the 101 and the FS6 were in use (an
2002 issue),
During WW2, other more advanced
ers were developed to cater for the
needs of the military. This equipment
Major fim Gordon, the Officer In Command of the museum, with a lVWz 101
inciuded the No.19, which was used military transceiver.
in tanks, and the 22/1.22. Both were
semi-portable transceivers that could
be back-packed into remote areas and
were good performers for their era
(ltre 1-22 was featured in an article in
October 2OO2).
Another well-known set was the
AT5/ARB, Developed by AWA for the
RA,{F, this 50W MF/HF transmitter/
receiver combination was also often
used for low-power base station work
and in shipboard installations.
Yet another interesting set is the 108.
This was one of the first backpack or
"walkie-talkie" sets and it's closely-
related sibling, the 208, was one of
the first low-power sets to be used by
commandos. The 108 was described
in the November 2006 issue,
Following WW2, the 62 replaced
lhe 1.22 and the 108 was replaced by
a much superior back-pack set desig-
nated the 128. A close-up view of the WT Set C Mk.2 used by the Australian Army during the
Radio communications equipment L930s. It required lots of support equipment.
s nchip.com.au FEBRUAY 2OO9 93

The 62 portable transceiver (left) and the
128 back-pack transceiver (right) replaced
tlr,;e a22 and the 108 transceivers in the years
followiggtW?*--.
The type ",{" Mk,3 "suitcase" set was the smallest transceiver to be d-eveloped
during wwz and was commonly used by resistance groups and for clandestine
oper"iio.rs in Europe, It used miniaturised parts and had a range of over L60km.
played an important role behind en-
emy lines during WW2. Sets such as
the Type 3 Mk.2 and the Type A Mk.3
transceivers, plus the MRC-1 receiver,
were commonly used in Europe by
various resistance movements. The
94 StLtcoN Cutp
Type Mk.2 andthe TypeAMk.3 were
3
described in the October L99B issue.
Of course, much larger and more
powerful transmitters were used to
ensure reliable long distance com-
munications. A good examPle is the
AT20 which had an output power of
500w.
WW2 receivers
A number of communications re-
ceivers and amenities receivers were
also produced during WW2. These
included sets such as the AMR300,
the HRO and ,\R7 communications
receivers, along with the No.4 general
entertainment (amenities) receiver.
General overview
From this short story, it can be seen
that this museum caters for well over
100 years of military communications.
It really is fascinating to see how
ihings were done over the years and
the explanations given by Major Jim
Gordon helped me to understand why
things were done the way they were. It
is rare to have the opportunity tolearn
the rationale behind communications
developments.
Most radio collectors concentrate on
domestic radios and as such tend to
shun military equipment. The reasons
aren't hard to find - it is generally visu-
ally unappealing and quite compiex
technically. However, I think that all
radio enthusiasts should consider hav-
ing at least one piece of our military
radio communications history in tleir
collection. We thinkthat our domestic
radios are complex (and some are) but
it was the military equipment that lead
the way in technical innovation.
By the way, although most of
the museum's display is indoors,
there were also a few large items
undergoing restoration in the com-
pound. Many of these are post WW2
semi-mobile, high-technology com-
munications and surveillance units
that were mounted in trailers and
vehicles.
My favourite gear
One highly-innovative piece of
equipment from WW2 is l}re 122
high-frequency AM/CW transceiver.
It's one of my favourites bits of gear
and it used aluminium extensively to
keep its weight down.
It also featured a semi-break-in
Morse code facility, a press to talk
(PTT) dynamic microphone and a
metering system that allowed reading
of all vital operationa indicators. It
was also well-sealed against moisture
ingress, In fact, it could probably sur-
vive an accidental dunking in water
with no ill effects.
s nchip.com.au
Mailbag: contnued
estimating mass. A single crystal of
sodium chloride has a density of 2.t69l
ml, yet the fine-grained table salt that
I used has an apparent densitY onlY
half of that. Furthermore, my 5Oml in
the measuring cylinder packed down
to 45ml on repeated bumping of the
cylinder on the table. This increases
the apparent density lo 1.2}glm,
somewhat higher than the internet
fi.gure you quote. But you can't easily
pack down a teaspoon.
In general I have found that numeri-
cal data fom the internet cannot be
trusted unless they come from au-
thoritative websites like government
research institutes. For example, the
website for Cheetham Salt Ltd (www.
poolquip.com.au), a major supplier of
pool salt, gives the melting-point of
sodium chloride as 8010"C, 10 times
the actual 801"C, and a similar tenfold
error in the boiling-point, given as
14,130"C. But to make uP for these
enors, they quote the solubility in
water as 35.79 per 1100m1; that should
be per 100m1.
Robin Stokes
Armidale, NSW.
Comment: the conductivity meter
featured in the article may well have
used an ACbridgebutwe werc unable
to determine that with our very limited
Distributed in Australia bY
testing and we did not do an internal
inspection. Microzed Gomputers PtY. Limited
Servicing a Phone: 1300 735 420 Fax: 130O735 421
belt-drive tutntable uvww.mcrozed.com.au
The recent article by the Service-
man encouraged me to repair my old
Philips GA 21,2.I proceeded slightly
differently, removing the goo with used for cleaning the keyboard) does readily available from most electrical
cardboard strips cut to size, so that the cleaning job very well also, By the "wholesalers" in surface mount, plug
only a thin layer of black sticky goo way, the belt can be ordered athttpzll ends and socket ends (look just like
remains. 3-pin plugs and sockets), These are
When cleaning my greasy hands Kubli Hans, often cheaper than some of the Plugs
with a special soap (here named Frenkendorf, Switzerland. and sockets supplied bY auto Parts
"BLITZ Rosa", by van Baerle Chemi- shops.
cal, Muenchenstein, Switzerland and Anderson connectors fot DG I am now also converting to the
sold in drugstores), I noticed that the I have been reading the mail regard- "Anderson" type connectors (available
substance literally dissolved the goo. ing the use of normal mains power at least from Jaycar) as there is now a
So I wet a cloth and rubbed a little boards for "Extra Low Voltage" (ELVI 30Aversion and as itis "sexless" (there
BLITZ into it, then the goo could be appications. is no separate male or female part) it
rubbed off, even on the capstan, where Personally, I do not like the idea makes it much more flexible.
it took a bit more patience. of using standard 3-pin plugs and Ray Saegenschnitter, VK3UCB,
In the meantime, I found out that sockets for ELV use. I use the 2-Pin Mectronic Rural Services,
Vic.
using isopropyl alcohol fnormally "T-polarised" plugs and sockets Huntly, sC
77
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9
 0rdet Formax lnvoice
Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd
ABN 49 003 205 490
www.s lconchp. com.au PO BOX 139, COLLAROY NSW 2097
eMAIL: silchip@siliconchip.com.au
Phone (02) 9939 3295 Fax (02) 9939 2648
YOUR DETAITS

Your llame
(PLEASE PRINT)

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Method of Payment: tr EFT (ring or email for details) [ Cheque/Money Order E Visa Card D Master Card

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Signature

YflUR ORDER (SltlG0ltl CHIP SUBSCRIBERS QUALIFY FflR 10% DISC0UIIT (except subscriptions!)
SIMPIY TICK THE ITEMS EQUIRED - Il0tl'T F0RGET I0 Fltt lllllETAltS AB0VE. WE'L[ W0RK THE T0IAI ftUT FOR YOU Atltt SENII YflU A RECEIPT WITH Y0UB 0RIER
This photo shows an AT5/ARB MF/HF transmitter/receiver combination. It was commonly used as a low-power (50W)
base station and was extensively used in RAAF aircraft and in shipboard installations during WW2.

The set ran from 12V and had quite

a low current drain- about the same as
many tralsistorised car radios, in fact.
I could rave on about it for some time
but the point I want to make here is that
a large number of its faciities and in-
novations were not incorporated into
domestic sets and communications
receivers until 10-20 years later,

Summary
Like most good museums, this
museum is still a work in progress.
However, |im would like to have more
volunteers to assist in restoring equip-
ment, setting up displays and guiding
visitors around the museum,
Currently, due to staff shortages,
the museum is usually open between
10am and 3.30pm on Tuesdays only.
The entrance fee is just $2 and the
museum is located in the Simpson
Barracks, The entrance is from Greens-
boroughRoad, just south of Yallambie
Road.
If you feel that you can assist as a
volunteer or have some redundant
P&P RATES: military equipment which could be of
Subscriptions, back issues and proieDt reprints: P&P included
Bindets (available Australia onlyl; $7.00 per order; for 5 or more P&P is free. value to the museum, please contact
Books' rst.STperAEcl; NZ:SAUI2perbook; ElsewheregAUlsperbook Major lim Gordon onO4O7 264 961 or
contacthim via e-mail at jim.gordon@
vicsig.net
silchip@siliconchip.con.au OB fax this form (or a photo- OR This form to
with order & credit card details copy) with all details Collaroy N siliconchip.com.au
 ASK SILICON CHIP
StA battery
charger
I have a few questions regarding an
old SLA charger (Powakaddy 1999)
and I hope you can help me to sort
out some problems. First, there is no
voltage across the alligator clips (with
no load and justthe voltmeter) andthe
regulator measured 24Y.Is ittrue some
chargers register 0V until connected
to a battery?
The black negative output lead
consists of three wires and is sort of
terminated as one single wire before
it's solderedto the alligator clip. Ithink
the two wires incorporate a thermis-
tor measuring the temperature near
the battery. Would it be an NTC type?
What is a typical value? 500C)?
Unfortunately, I replaced the leads
and have had no luck surfing for a
schematic of the charger, [E. W., via
emai).
o It is possible that your charger does
not deliver an output unless a battery
is connected. Try connecting a large
electrolytic capacitor (say 1000rF)
mftffiAHWffi
I am working on project that will
a be able to provide a short supply of
turn on several different incandes-
cent 12V lights using relays powered
by a small l.3Ah SLAbattery. WhatI
have found is that the battery voltage
drops quite a lot when the lights are
turned on, due to the large load, but
what I am concerrled about is that if
this voltage drops too much it could
reset the microcontroller that is be-
ing used to switch the lights on,
The light ratings are:
Relayl:3x6W
Relay 2: x 1,8-21.W
Relay 3:
1,
1x 1,8-21W
Relay4: 2x1B'21'W
No more than two reays will be on
at the same time. Is there any way of
reducing this drop in the battery? If I
added largish capacitors on the out-
put of the 5V regulator, would they
96 Stucort Cntp
across the output leads together with
a shunt resistor of 100C) or so. This
will simulate a battery but depending
on the complexity of the charger, even
this may not work when you make a
measurement.
The thermistor would be a NTC
(negative temperature coefficientJ type
but you need to know tle specified
value as there is little point in making
blind guesses.
Frequency
indicator query
Could you tell me if any circuit
modifications or misprints ate asso-
ciated with the "Frequency Indicator
For Generating Equipment" featured
in the Circuit Notebook pages of your
May 2008 issue? I have built the unit,
checked the circuit, connections and
components several times. I can only
get the LEDs running continuallY
through a decade count and no varia-
tion on adjustment of VR1.
I am testing it with transformer T1,
plugged directly into the mains. I know
power until the lights are switched
off, as they are only turned on briefly,
for less than two seconds? Or should
large capacitors be added across the
input to the regulator?
Can you provide any ideas? (B.
W., via emailJ.
. By the sound of it, the battery is
notbig enough. Youhaveto consider
that an incandescent lamp will pull
surge currents of 10-15 times its nor-
mal rating at the instalt after switch-
on. With a 21W unit, its surge rating
canbe anywhere between 17.5 (10
times rating) to 26.54, The battery
certainly cannot supply this current
without drooping.
The solution is to use a bigger
battery or use high-brightness LEDs
instead of incandescent lamps.
these are contributors' circuits ald not
yours. (R. C., via email).
If the LEDs just run as a chaser, it
suggests that Q1- is on permanently,
You need to carefuIly check the con-
nections around ICIc, ICld & Q1.
Interference from
High Energy Ignition
I get radio interference ftom the
High Energy Ignition kit. I added a
power line fllter and also an aerial fi.Iter
as the noise only comes through when
the radio is playing - no noise comes
through when the CD is playing.
I have tried placing the HEI as far
away from the aerial and radio as
possible, I even converted the igni-
tion back to the standard Chrysler
electronic ignition and have no inter-
ference at all. So it's obviously being
generated by the l{EI. Any suggestions,
please? (W S., via email).
o The causes ofinterference fiom the
High Energy Ignition (HEl) could be a
poor earth between the diecast case
of the HEI and the vehicle chassis.
Alternatively, a suppression capaci-
tor may be required between the coil
output from the HEI and chassis. Use
a22OnF 24OVAC class X2 capacitor or
use a suppression capacitor available
fom automotive shops suitable for
ignition coil suppression.
GPS clock
power supply
I have recently purchased a Trimble
Thunderbolt GPS-disciplined Clock
(http //trl. trimble. c om/d o cushare/
:
dsweb/Get/Document-1 0001hun'
derBoltBook2003.pdfl , without a pow-
er supply. The unit comprises a GPS
receiver and ovenised quartz crystal
oscillator and provides L0MHz sine-
wave and l PPS square-wave outPuts
with high precision and accuracy.
The unit requires +12V +5V DC,
with 750m,4. orr+12V,10m4 on-12Y,
and 400m4 on +5V. Note that I have
it on good authority (ht://vurvw.leap'
second. com/p ages/tbolt/p ower.htm)
siliconchip.com.au
Loop antenna wofks wellto
improve AM teception
It was good to see an article about
how to improve AM recePtion bY
using a loop antenna. I have been
using one for a couple of years at
my workplace and the difference it
makes is amazing. It lifts AM receP-
tion in my open plan office environ-
ment, surroundedby computers and
other electronic equipment, fiom
unlistenable to very usable.
It only relies on inductive cou-
pling from the large rectangular loop
(15 turns of wire on a polystyrene
box lidl to the Sony radio's internal
ferrite rod. The radio has a good
audio frequency response on AM,
so cutting down wideband noise is
important for good sound. The IooP
antenna is very sensitive to orienta-
tion, requiring careful rotation to get
the best results for each station and
small adjustments of the 200pF vari-
able capacitor to peak the signal.
Also in that article, there was
mention of "a hard-hitting earth-
quake awareness TV program"
recently broadcast in NZ, about
the importance of communications
after a disaster, I am working with
the Critical Infiastructure Project at
Geoscience Australia.
This is a project funded by the
Attorney General's Department, con-
cerned with the interdependencies
of Australia's critical infrastructure
(Communications, Baking and Fin-
al ordinary teaspoon will do. I have
measured the weight of salt (at level
filling) held by several of my kitchen
teaspoons, flnding 2.4-2.89, so half of
one of these would be only 1.2-1.49. I
realise that few households have any
weighing device sensitive to 0.1g but
many digital kitchen scales are sensi-
tive to 19, So why not weigh out 50g of
salt, which shouldbe accurate within
2%, dissolve it in water and make it
up to 1 kg on the scales? Mix well and
weigh out 609 of this liquid.
That contains your 39 ofsalt and ca
now be diluted to 1 litre to make your
standard solution. Or if you haven't a
trustworthy litre measure, again make
it up to 1kg on the scales, (The density
of the final solution is within O.2"/o of
that of pure water.)
siliconchip.com.au
PROCUREMENT
SOLUTIONS
Unit 3, 6l-63 Steel Street
Gapalaba QLD 4157
AUSTRALIA
Ph (07) 33e0 3302
Fx (07) 3390 332s
sales@rmsparts.com.au
alce, Energy ald Water), Further in-
formation can be found about this
pro j ect at: httl:/uww.ga.gov.au/aus-
geonews/ausgeonews2 00 5 09/cip. j sp
We are mapping and modelling
the facilities used by the broadcast-
ing and telecommunications sector,
and their vulnerabilities, to predict
how this critical infrastructure will
behave during and after natural
disasters such as earthquakes and
cyclones, so public service broad-
casts can continue to be made.
Dr Adrian Whichello,
Infrastructure Engineer,
Critical Infr astructure Proiect, o Resistors
Geoscience Australia,
Canberra, ACT. o Gapacitors
o Potentiometers
As to the electrical aspect of ihe
article, I would remark that although
o Grystals
the method you use is good enough for o Semiconductors
the purpose, a DC resistance measure-
ment with carbon electrodes is not o Optoelectronics
the method of choice for electrolyte
conductance. Polarisation of the elec- o Relays
trodes tends to give higher resistance
readings. o Buzzers
Again I stress that this does not o Connectors
invalidate your method, as such er-
rors will largely cancel between the o Switches
sample and reference. However, for
accurate measuements, an alternating o Hardware
current bridge using a lkHz supply at
say 500mV would be used, with pro- o Ghemicals & Fluxes
vision for simultaneous capacitance
balancing. O WHOLESALERS O
Measuring granular solids by vol-
ume is at best an unreliable way of
. DISTRIBUTORS O
. KITTING SOLUTIONS O
FEBRUANY 2OO9
 Mailbag: continued
EONTROLS
ilei;:!;;! i;r rllj r;i:l i ( ul1rl
Series motors are not easy to operate
(1tntrcl Darits as generators and this is one of the rea-
sons why none of the cars on show are
fitted with regenerative braking. The
other reason is that only about -l\yo
of atypical journey's consumed energy
can be recovered during braking and
returned to the battery. It's just not
worth the added circuit complexity,
can be used with most
Almost all cars were converted to
uids, 4-20m4 output
electric power for commuting by one
person - the owner, Carrying a full
load ofpassengers or a payload is not
a requirement. Donor cars are thus
selected for their capacity to carry bat-
teries, without concern for the space
taken up.
Most DIY electric cars do not have
/DC, $29.50+cST power steering because of the constant
power drain which would arise from
having a separate electric motor driv-
ing the hydraulic pump all the time
the car was being driven. The Holden
Combo conversion has factory-fitted
electric power steering (EPS) which
draws appreciable current only when
the driver changes the direction ofthe
front wheels at low speeds. At higher
speeds it draws no current; the steering
is entirely manual. As a result, average
power drain is very low.
Car manufacturers are increasingly
of large induc- fltting EPS to their new models to
proxmity switches for sensing improve fuel consumption, so more
distances up to 50mm
donor cars with EPS will become
$39+GST available to EV enthusiasts.
LEDs for tail, brake and indicator
lights are fairly expensive ald hence
difficult to justify on an EV for the
small amount of electrical power
saved.
outputs for our motors
Peter Stuart,
$13s+GST
Carlingford, NSW.
Honda's cylnder
of cloth, paper deactivation
and other ma- I have just finished reading your
Available with article about Honda's engine with cyl-
inder deactivation, in the January 2009
outputs. Both pulse stream or
issue. I would have thought that the
energy requirement for a car travelling,
(whether climbing, accelerating or
coasting) would be the same whether
the engine had 3, + or 6 cylinders. Any
Gontact Oeean Gontrols power loss through engine friction etc
Ph: 03 9782 5882 will still be there with the deactivation
w\vw. ocea fi co ntro s. c0 rn. a u of the cylinders. So I don't really see
Stucort Cntp
"Incompatibility Between Smart
the point, especially if the engine is
going to nrlroughly on three or four
so
cylinders that it needs to have active
engine mounts.
I am tempted to think this is just
going to be the latest marketing fad
(clean green cars, yeah right) but
Honda do some amazing work with
their Formula 1 engines, so I will wait
ald see,
Tony Brazzale,
Lakes Entrance, Vic.
Comment: it is true that the energy
required for moving a car is the same
regardless of how many cylinders
are operating. The point is that with
cylinders deactivated, there are less
pumping losses in the engine and
therefore it uses less fuel. In the long
run, the increased engine complexity
may well be a drawback.
Ouety over
salt solution
Ientirely agree with your article
(December 2008, page 36J showing
that a $300 gadget for checking the salt
Ievel in pools is unnecessary. And the
claim that such a meter also checks
total dissolved solids is optimistic, to
say the least, It merely assumes that
aII the dissolved solids are electroytes
and gives the ppm of sodium chloride
which would have the observed con-
ductance, Non-electrolytes like sugar,
or more relevantly urea from humal
sources,will not be included.
However, may I comment on your
method of preparing the standard
reference solution? I find general
agreement that the volume measure
"one teaspoon" in all English-speak-
ing countries is Sml, so your "half
teaspoon" measure is presumably
2.5m1. Now I took a typical dispenser
of table salt like the one you picture
and poured it into a chemical meas-
uring cylinder to the 50ml level, then
weighed this on a chemical balarce,
The result was 53,80g. So its apparent
density is 1,08g/m1.
This converts your half teaspoon-
fi to z.zg, which may well be near
enough to 3g for this far from critical
application. However, some readers
may not have a set of (standard?)
measuring spoons and may think
siliconchip.com.au
@@reffiMNffireffim@
With reference to the letter titled
The basic operating principle is
Charger & and Digital Inverter Gen-
erator" in Ask SucoN CHrp for Oc-
tober 2008, I thought I might relate
some of my experiences with an
off-grid power setup.
We have apair of l00Ahbatteries,
a 1500W pure sinewave inverter, a
300W windmill ard two generators
(petrol 6.5kW and diesel goow).
The system is set-up to run tjire 24Y
inverter so the windmill is also 24V
and the batteries are in series.
The first thing that raised its ugly
head was the fact that although the
batteries are 1004h, a warning writ-
ten on the second one I bought said
not to take it below half charge or
this would compromise its life,
So instead of having 24Y and
1004h capacity I effectively had
only 50Ah available. It is worse
than that though, as in practice I
can get only abor.rt 600W stoed in
the batteries.
That aside, the generators pose
some interesting questions, They
are both self-exciting generators out
that after the initial oven warm-up,
the unit only consumes about 160m4
on the +12V rail and 260m4 on the
+5 V rar_t.
Would the October 2005 Studio
Series Preamplifier Power Supply be
appropriate for this application? I plan
to replace the 100O resistors between
the Output andAdjpins of the LM3\7
and 337 regulators with 130Q. My
calculations show that this would give
me -r11. B 3V (11. B BV if you include the
55pA ADJ current).
Would the heatsinking arrange-
ment be sufficient? Should I choose
a transformer with 12Vl12V rather
than 15V/15V? If I choose aI2V/12V
transformer, would I have to adjust the
value of the 5W dropping resistor on
the input of the 7B0S regulator? Is the
measured current draw on the -12V rail
(Sma) sufficient to maintain regula-
tion of this output? (S. M., Mawson
Lakes, S,{).
o The suggestedpower supply should
be ideal for your application, with the
change to make if 12V. Without know-
ingyour localmains voltage, we would
siliconchip.com.au
of China and are generic brads.
smaller 900W generatr one of the
that the rotor has a winding with
what looks like big zener diodes to
limit the voltage in the winding, A
small magnet is buried in the rotor
to start the magnetic field, once the
rotor is turning, The stator has the
main winding for the output and
another winding which is tuned
by a capacitor to be resonant at the
output frequency.
Set up correctly, this gives a rea-
sonably stable output voltage with
varying loads, The output fromboth
these generators is more a square
wave thal a sinewave ard it contains
a high level of a higher ftequency
components (around 300H2 Irom
my scope and frequency meterJ, This
high-frequency component plays
havoc with our washing machine
which will not even switch on when
plugged into the 6, 5kW generator but
runs faultlessly on the inverter,
We also use a couple of '1.2V
switchmode battery chargers to
charge the batteries when the genera-
tors are running. They work perfect-
be inclined to stick with the specified
1svi 15V tralsformer.
Bigger charge
controller wanted
I read the project article on the
"Charge Controller For 12V Lead-Acid
Or SL,A. Batteries" (April 2008) and I
am wondering whether it's possible to
upgrade the capacity of the design to
harrdle 20, 40 or even 60,t charging.
There seem to be a lot of com-
mercially available units from the
USA fespecially Xantrex) and a lot of
cheaper ones coming out of Asia but
they all seem to be focused on solar
and wind systems. I feel that your de-
sign is not only simpler (less problems
in future) but also better suited to my
needs. What do you suggest? (D. 8.,
via email).
o The circuit can be used for higher
charge currents if the fuse and Mosfet
are placed offboard ardthe wiring and
components are upgraded. The ter-
minals for the negative supply would
need to connect at the same point
ly on the 6.SkW generatorbut on the
chargers gets upset and its charging
current (which is a 3-stage automatic
systemJ drops off way below the
voltage it is supposed to. The other
charger performs normally.
My batteries are now difficult to
charge, coming up to the limiting
voltage (14.2-14.5V) in less than
two hours at a 12A charge rate ald
thus have a capacity of maybe only
204h. Do you have any suggestions
on how to improve the batteries'
capacity?
Also, is there any way of filtering
or modifying the generators to get a
better waveform out of them so they
car run switchmode power supply
devices more successfully? [K. C.,
Tauranga, NZ).
o It may seem like a paradox but
you cannot heavily discharge deep-
cycle batteries repeatedly. It sounds
as though your batteries may have
become sulphated. You might want
to try out our Battery Zapper project
to recovertheir capacity. This project
was in our May 2006 issue.
rather than via the short PC track.
The Mosfet would need to be suit-
ably rated and mounted on a heatsink,
The 20,A. rating could use the speci-
fied Mosfet but with a 20,{ fuse and
fuseholder and heavier duty wire. For
a 60,4. rating, a Mini-bloc SOT-2278
package for the Mosfet is ideal as it
has screw terminals rather than small
diameter leads. The IXFN200N0 7 (Far-
nell Cat. 490-5659) is rated at 70V and
2 00'\
- wvw.farnellinone.com.au
Tel: (03) 8 20
Email:
Nevv voice recoltler kits
rrsirrg lSDl TOO serits lGs
The sampling frequency can
be set from 4kHz lo 1 2kHz v
external resistor, giving greater
flexibility in duration versus
recording quality. Non-volalile
storage. Standalone or mcroc0ntroller (SPl) operating
mode. All inputs & outputs via standard connectors.
onboard microphone. Kl88 (40 sec)....946.20
$eedocsfordetails Klgg 11Z0
More kils and all d0cumentati0n arailable on website:
FEBRUARY 2OO9 s7

Sometime ago, I started assem-
bling the Deluxe Lead-Acid Battery
Zapper Kit [SntcoN Crm, May 2006)
and recently, I finally finished it!
However, I noticed a variety of
problems. In particular, I noticed
that all the battery condition LEDs
are lit when the battery voltage is at
about 6V. This seems to be due to the
supply voltage on the LM3914 (IC5)
being no higher than the voltages at
pins 5 & 6.
This situation arises because of
the voltage drop across D5 and tlre
1000 5W resistor. To make matters
worse, even more voltage is dropped
as the LEDs draw twice the current
at the transition between compara-
tor levels because the LED drive
terminals are paired up.
I recommend two actions: (1) add
one 330C) resistor in series with all
the LEDs to limit their current draiu
and (z) fi.t a fast recovery or Schottky
diode between the 6V terminal on
rotary switch S2c (ie, at the 1kC)
The fuse and its holder would also
need a rating to suit your current te-
quirements.
ULN2003 Darlington
array query
I am looking to use the ULN2003
to drive a number of relays, using
outputs fiom a PIC16FBB micro. In
some articles, I have seen a resistor
between the PIC output port and the
input to the ULN2003 and in other
cases, there is none.
The current through the relay coil
isn't very large (35mAl, so when
would I need to use this resistor ard
is there something on either the PIC
or ULN2003s data sheet to indicate if
I need it? (8. W., via email).
a There is no need for a base resis-
tor because there is already a 2.7kQ
series base resistor for each transistor
in the ULN2003. Base current with
a 5V output from the PIC would be
about 1.4m4.
If you want to reduce the current
used by your circuit, you can use a
7,SkC)resistor at each ULN2003 input,
to reduce cunent lo 372p.A. The col-
lector drive current for the ULN2003
98 Stucort CutP
resistor to LEDT) and the cathode of
zener diodeZD4, thus bypassing the
100Q resistor & D5 when operating
at 6V. This will raise the supply volt-
age to the LM3914, This worked in
my unit though the voltages on tlre
LM39L4 are still near critical.
I also noticed that the battery-
condition-check function didn't op-
erate consistently. This was due to
the 4093 oscillator section running
far too fast - 250H2 when it should
have been 66H2. Replacing the
original 4093 brought that down
to L45H2 and certainly helped the
situation,
The 10rF capacitor at pin 5 on IC5
now had 7ms charging time but not
the 15ms mentioned in the article. In
my case (ie, mostly 12V operation),
increasing the B2kO resistor at pin
B ofthe 4093 to 150kQ or so should
correct that, though obviously 4093
ICs can vary quite a lot. [M. M',
Dunedin, NZ).
Thanks for those suggestions.
with 372p4 base current is 200m
for a 1.3V (typical) collector emitter
saturation voltage.
DC-DC converter causes
radio interference
This is an old design by Peter Smith
in SnrcoN Crm, March 2004, and sub-
sequently also pubished in the UK
magazine EPE for Jtne 2OO7.
I built one from a kit by Altronics
and it works fine at producing the 9V
as designed. I thought it would be a
great idea for use with an old restored
Australian Kriesler radio that used a
2362 battery, as I could not fit six AA
or,\AA cells in the space available.
Unfortunately, the device Puts out
a terrible whine that seems imPos-
sible to overcome, even by wrapping
the whole thing in aluminium and
grounding it to the chassis. I twisted
and shortened the input battery leads
and the output leads to no avail.
It would be a perfect solution for
this application if I could suppress
the whine. Any ideas or suggestionsl
(R. G., via email).
There are two specific reasons why
your radio is picking up the whine.
The first is direct radiation fiom the
inductor and the input and output
leads to the PC board. The other is
the residual high-fiequency switching
ripple which will be superimposed on
ihe 9V output.
We would expect the ripple to be
pretty low so that leaves direct radia-
tiori. The best way to suppress this is
to keep the inductor away from the
radio's altenna and second, mountthe
whole device in a steel box.
Modern TVs don't have
enough analog inputs
I just managed to get an Blcm LCD
TV. The set works just fine but the
problem is that it has three remote-
selectable HDMI input sockets and
only one analog A/V input. There
must be thousands of others like me
who have a HDD vicleo recorder and a
DVD player with only analog outputs
but have a new TV with (mainly)
HDMI inputs.
There must be a market for a video
convetter with a minimum of two
analog A/V inputs and corresponding
HDMI outputs. I was offered amPli-
fiers with video processing starting at
around $1000, well out of my price
range. Has SucoN Crm ever published
or considered such a project? (M. H.,
via email).
o Yours is a common problem but
I don't think we could justifY the
resources we would need to apply to
produce an A/V to HDMI adapter. The
only other way around it is to use an
A/V switcher.
Knock sensor for
after-market ECU
I have an enquiry about the " Knock
Detector For The Programmable Igni-
tion" in the Jtne 2oO7 issue of Stt tcoN
Cmp. How does this unit connect or
interface to an ignition sYstem?
I have an aftermarket ECU which
controls fuel and ignition and I have
the ability to use an auxiliary input
on my ECU to retard timing. To trig-
ger this, I must supPlY +12V to the
auxiliary input wire.
Can this knock detector deliver
+12V or ground signal when it detects
knock? Also, I imagine the trimPot
on the circuit board is used to adjust
sensitivity of the knock sensor? (R. M. ,
Kingsgrove, NSW).
r The knock detector was designed
siliconchip.com.au
More info on fixng cat homs
I have an answer to the question posed by K' C., of
leve cope
Wangaratta, inthefanuary 2009 issue. K. C. asks about Mixed Signal Oscilloscope
+ Mixed signal triggers
the horn on a 1978 Falcon ute. Sucot Crm is correct
when they advised about cleaning and adjusting the
+ Spectrum analysis
horn's electrical contacts. However, the faultmay also
+ Symbolic maths
lie within the steering column.
+ Custom units
+ Copy & paste
If memory servesr behind the steering wheel is a + Signal generator
spring-Ioaded pin with a diameter of around 5mm + USB or Ethernet
+ 8M samples storage
and usually made of brass. This pin rubs on a circular
+ 100 MHz sampling
contact affixed to te steering wheel itself and gives
the electrical connection to the horn switch.
+ 10,12 or 14 bit dual ADC
This system was usually negative switching, tat
is, the horn is fed positive via the fuse panel and tl.en
grounded tlrrough t.e steering wheel connections. If
the pin and/or contact ring are badly worn, there will
be no ground connection and hence no horn.
The steering wheel must be removed to access
tlese parts. This must be done with the correct wheel
puller, not a hammer! Once the steering wheel has
been removed, you will see the pin and circular con-
tacts. The circular contact is fitted to the back of the
steering wheel.
Remove the wire fromtheback of the pin, ten care-
fully remove the "C" clip while keeping one finger on
the head of the pin, otherwise the pin and its spring
will leap out and never be found again. Remove the
pin, replace the new pin in the same hole and ensure
the spring is also in that hole. Then press the pin Zooming in on one
through, replace the "C" clip and refit the wire.
By the way, the above job is reasonably straight-
forward. My car is a 2004 Holden and getting to its
horn contacts took me just over an hour. On modern
cars, tlle airbag, cruise control and on-wheel radio
controls make removing the steering wheel a lengthy
Dave Sargent,
Maryborough, Qld.
fied on domestic units, I trust this has cleared up any
misunderstanding.
Victor G. Barker,
Gorokan, NSW.
Gomment on AEVA atcle
Thank you for your coverage of the AEV,\ electric
vehicle field day in the December 2008 issue. It should l@g
r5r
help to promote the increasing use of electric vehicles See the Silicon 437 l@g 7
{2l@ llqg
4@ l@9-
by enthusiasts. {.82 llqg
A couple of things to note - all of the motors seen fltted Chip review - {ffiE
{EEr
r@931
t&tg &
{FS r@9 A
0@ L@9t
to the cars were DC series motors manufactured by either October 2008, 67 L@9 6
GEs toqg 6
0 L&qg 37
of two US companies: dvanced DC Motors or Netgain p10-13 2Br l@q
cffi l.@gB
Motors lnc. Neither motor can be operated in shunt mode
because the voltage on the field, when connected in series Sydney:02 9896 7150 Brisbane: 07 33766277
mode, is only about 2V (at up to a few hundred amps). Perth: 08 9321 2899 National: 1300 853 407
A separate field winding would be necessary for shunt
connection and this is not provided.
www.cleverscope.com
siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9

NIXIE CLOGK
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as in Silicon Chip Juty/August 2007
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Mailbag: continued
down to the lowest usable pressure of around 10%. For
the same engine charging a battery, the voltage remains
relatively constant.
When complete systems are compaed, battery/elec-
tric has higher energy density, relatively constant power
availability and higher efficiency but with one significant
drawback - the life of the batteries. Note, however, that
any vessel containing a compressed gas has to be checked
periodically and then replaced with time.
When accumulator hydrostatic and compressed air
systems are compared for small vehicles like cars, the
fully compressed air system turns out to be more efficient,
with lower weight and cheaper in the long run. So why
not go for that rather than hydrostatic?
Bruce Withey,
Mylneford, NSW.
Comment: we think the big advantage of hydrostatic or
compressed air systems could be that you can repeat-
edly cycle the system down to a small percentage of its
capacity - something you cannot do with batteries. This
laryely negates the fact that batteries moy have much
higher energy densities.
Shocking lamp experience
A few years ago we purchased two new marble bedside
lamps. They have an on/off switch with an inbuilt dim-
mer. One of the lamps recently blew, so I went to replace
it. I received a severe electric shock in the process. I had
the unit turned off at the dimmer switch and I partly
specifically for the Programmable Ig-
nition system featured in the March,
April & illlay 2OO7 issues of Sntcol
CHrP. However, it does deliver a +'1.2V
signal when knock is occurring so
it could suit the same purpose with
your ECU.
Give it a trybut we cannot guaraltee
that it will work with your setup.
Courtesy light
delay confusion
My original "Car Courtesy Light
Delay" kit stopped working after five
years. I bought the new "improved"
model fiom Jaycar - Cat. KCS392,
It seems this kit does not cater for
a single-earth at the door like the old
kit did. The new instructions assume
that the single wire is positive, ie,
"if there's only a single wire running
to the switch, this will be positive".
Thinking this cannot be correct, I in-
stalled the new light delay kit in the
same way as the old kit I previously
built and installed. The new kit did not
work, In facl,I sizzled the circuit.
Cal someone please inform me if I
can still buy the older kit or make the
new kit cater for a single-earth wire
switch? (J. H,, Ermington, NSW).
o The Courtesy Light Switch-off
Timer as published in October 1993
Sffiha@WmMIEftor
IrecentlybuilttheProgrammable
Ignition System from SucoN Cutp,
March, April & May 2OO7.
Initially, at power up, the inter-
nal oscillator was always off [as
designed). But now, it is always
on, regardless of what state it was
in when powered dornm. Would re-
programming the PIC IC cure this?
Or would clearing the EEPROM be
a better option?
This fault occurred while I was
period when the door is closed so you
can still see for a time after the door
closes; hence the term "courtesy". So
they have completely different func-
tions. The confusion probably comes
about because the earlier circuit is
misnamed. It should have referred
to cabin or interior lights rather than
courtesy.
You should be able to repair your
switch-off timer lrom Uctober 1993.
Possibly the 8D650 transistor has
failed.
DIY radio
battling to get the timing light to
work on the secondary coil. (W. D.,
via email).
o Youcanresettheinternaloscilla-
torbyswitchingonpower,selecting
Settings and then switching off the
oscillatormalualy, Thenchangethe
trigger edge from the current setting
to the alternative setting and then
returnto the original setting. Switch
off power and check that the oscil-
lator is off at power up.
it used individual input and output
boards for each channel.
Do you think it may be time for an
updated version ofthis project as this
may offer an alternative to commercial
equipment with fixed and or limited
outputs? (M. R., via email),
o We published a complete RC system
in a series of articles between Decem-
ber 1994 and October 1996, by Bob
Young, the designer of the system in
"Electronics Australia". We would not
do it again as a DIY R/C controller is
now much more expensive than one
you can buy. sc

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gripped the metal stem of the globe in making sure it was
screwed in securely,
I traced the wiring ard found that what had happened
was thatthe polarity hadbeenreversed inside the moulded
mae plug. The negative was being switched with the ac-
tive being alive at all times. The moulded plug had each
blade marked A or N but the wiring was reversed. They
were made in Chinal
I thought that other readers might benefit from my
experience,
Barry A. Smith,
Peregian Springs, Qld.
S-VHS recording clarification
I am replying to Mr Nicholls' letter on page B of the
January 2009 issue. Mr Nicholls quite correctly states that
I implied his IVC VCR played back Teletext because of
its built-in timebase corrector. What I also said was that
most if not all S-VHS recorders needed the help of a TBC.
In other words, "most if not all" concedes that there are
exceptions arrd Mr Nicholls' set-up obviously falls into this
category, for what reason one can only speculate, With so
It may be possible to duplicate the system but equal
performance could not be guaranteed so should not
be advised. Both Teletext decoders and VCRs do have
fairly wide tolerances, particularly VCRs where jitter
ald long-term timebase errors are seldom if ever speci-
and the Courtesy Light Delay from
Jtne 2OO4 (Jaycar KC5392J are com-
pletely different projects with opposite
control proiect
About 30 years ago, i built a radio
control project that was serialised in
re&ffi
Car Scrolling Display, November
functions. The flrst switches off the "Electronics Australia" or possibly
2008: on the schematic published
courtesy lights ifthe door is left open an English publication. It was quite on pages 32-33 of the December
or not fully closed for a period. This a successful project with 10 channels
2008 issue, the ground connec-
design intercepts the positive 12V that I think you could configure for an tions to pins 15, 18 and 19 of
supply to the lamps and switches off analog or digital output depending on CON6 have notbeen sholrrn. These
the lamps. the control board used on the transmit- connect to the ground rail of the
The second circuit (lune 2004) ter and receiver. display board via CON7.
switches off the lamps after a delay One thing I do remember is that
SlLlcoN CntR magazine regularly describes projects which employ a rnains power supply or produce high voltage.
All such projects should be considered dangerous or even lethal if not used safely.
Readers are warned that high voltage wiring should be carried out according to the instructions in the artcles.
When working on these projects use extreme care to ensure that you do not accidentally come into contact with
mains AC voltages or high voltage DC. lf you are not confident about working with projects employing mains voltages
or other high voltages, you are advised not to atlempt work on them. Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd disclaims
any liability for damages should anyone be killed or injured while working on a project or circuit described in any
issue of SlLlcoN Cue magazine. Devices or circuits described in StLtcoN Cnle may be covered by patents. StLtcoN
CHIP disclaims any liability for the infringement of such patents by the manufacturing or selling of any such equip-
ment. SlLlcoN CHIP also disclaims any liability for projects which are used in such a way as to infringe relevant
government regulations and by-laws.
Advertisers are warned that they are responsible for the content of all advertisements and that they must con-
form to theTrade Practices Act 1974 or as subsequently amended and to any governmental regulations which are
applicable.

StLtcort Cntp siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au FEBRUARY 2OO9 ss


SOIAR SUCCESS - Getting it tight
Covers the ramifications of lighting, frldges and freezers,
air conditioning, washing machines and driers and much
more on solar systems; also covers solar basics and how
to conduct an energy audit. As reviewed in Slrtcoru CHlp
November 2008. 1 12 pages.
TV ACROSS AUSTRATIA
just wanting to know the channels, polarity and location
of all television transmillers and translators from coast to
coast. Plus coverage maps, tv transmtter data . . . every-
MICROCOIITROTTER PROJECTS I1{ G FOR
THE 8051 by Dogan lbrahim. Published 2000.
Through graded prolects introduces the fundamentals of
microeleclronics, the 8051 family, programming in C and
the use of a C compiler Provides an interestng, enioy-
able and easily mastered alternative to more theoretical
textbooks.178 pages in paperback.
OP AMPS FOR EVERYOI{E
to a "bible" on 0p amps. Ths is an engineer's reference
with lots of theory, plenly of maths and right up-to-
the-mnute with modern devices. Not cheap but
worth every cent. 478 pages, soft covers.
RF CIRGUIT DESIG]I
CIRCUIT circuit design is now more important that ever in the
desig n wireless world in which we live. ln most of the wireless
devices that we use there is an RF component - this
book tells how to design and integrate in a very
practical fashion. 244 pages in paperback.
PRACTICAT RF HAIIDBOOK
by lan Hickman 4TH EDITION 2006
The latest guide to RF design for engineers, technicians, stu-
dents and enthusiasts. Covers key topics in RF: analog design
principles, transmission lines, couplers, transformers, ampli-
fiers, oscillators, modulation, transmitters and receivers,
propagation & antennas. 279 pages in paperback.
AIIAIOG TEGHIIIQUES WITH
II IGITAT I]ITERFAC I]{G
by T H Wilmshurst- Published 2001.
Cvers all the analog electronics needed in a wide range of
higher education programs: first degrees in electronic engi-
neering, experimental science course, MSc electronics and
electronics units for HNDs. Supported by numerous worked
examples and experimental exercises. 312 pages paperback
ETECTRIG MOTORS AIID DRIVES
for non-specialist users of electric molors and drives, filling
the gap between academic texts and general'handbooks'.
Explores all of the widely-used modern types of motor and
drive including conventional & brushless DC, induction
motors, steppers, servos, synchronous and reluctance.
384 pages, soft cover
(oo
S0IAR THAT REAttY W0RKS - motorhomes,
5th Wheelers, Campefuans and Gabins.
An expert on getting the most out of solar systems,
Rivers dispels many of the myths and helps you get it
when there is no mains power available. As reviewed in
Srr-rcon CHtp November 2008. 82 paoes.
PRAGTIGAT GUIDE TO SATEIIITE TV
By Garry Cratt - New 7th Edition 2008
We've had other satellite W books in the past but they have
all had a lot of useless (to this part 0f lhe world) overseas
stuff. This one is written in Australia, for Australian conditions
by one of Australia's foremost satellite TV experts. lf lhere
is anything you wanted to know about setting up a satellite
TV system, (including what you can't do!) it's sure to be
covered 76-page paperback book
A]{AIOG ETEGTROilICS
By lan Hickman.2nd edition 1999.
Essential reading for electronics designers and studenls
alike. lt will answer questions about core analog theory and
design principles as well as offering practical design ideas'
Many of the circuits taken from lan Hickman's
magazine articles. 294 pages in soft cover.
POWER SUPPTY COOKBOOK
by Marty Brown. 2nd edition 2001.
An easy-to{ollow, step-by-step text for a wide variety of power
supplies. All described in simple language. Anyone with a
basic knowledge of electronics can create a very c0mplcated
power supply design. 265 pa0es in paperback.
SlllllTGHlilG P0WER SUPP. A to Z
measuring electromagnetic interference in switching
. er supplies. lncludes flow-charts for building
DC-DC converters and their magnetic com-
-'ponents under typical wide-input supply
conditions. 503 pages in hard cover.
-
C0-R0M included.
DVD PLAYERS Al{D IRIVES
by K.F. lbrahim. Published 2003.
A guide to DVD technology and applications, with particular
focus on design issues and pitfalls, maintenance and repair.
ldeal for engineers, technicians, students of consumer
electronics and sales and installation staff. As reviewed in
Silicon Chip February 2004. 319 pages in paperback.
PIC 11{ PRAGTIGE by D w smith.
2nd Edition - published 2006
Based on popular short courses on the PlC, for
professionals, students and teachers. Can be used
at a variety of levels. An ideal introduction to the
world of microcontrollers. 255 pages in paperback.
Prc MrcRoc0llTRottER - 175W solar panels. We also fitted a
PERSO]IAI II{TRODUCTORY COURSE
By John Morton 3rd edition 2005.
A unique and practical guide to geltinq up and running
with the PlC. lt assumes no knowledge of microcontrollers
- ideal introduction for studenls, teachers, lechnicians
and electronics enthusiasts. Revised 3rd edition focuses
entirely on re-programmable flash PlCs such as 16F54'
1 6F84 1 2F508 and 1 2F675. 226 pages in paperback.
Gylinder deactivation
a Glever marketng scam
I read your article about Honda's
new cylinder deactivation and
couldn't help thinking this is the
most clever marketing scam I have
seen for awhile, Think about it: if it
takes 40kW to push an 1800kg car
along at 100km/h, the number of , transmission (which the Honda does
cylinders does notmatter. Itwill still
use the same amount of air and fuel
to produce 40kW. The reason a little
3-cylinder car uses less fuel is less
weight, Iess rolling resistance, less
aerodynamic drag and less friction
from the smaller drivetrain. Honda
has addressed none ofthese.
I suspect the light on the dash
which indicates V6, V4 or 3-cylinder
mode probably saves more fuel as
it changes the driver's behaviour,
which has the biggest effect on fuel
consumption.
Honda claims to have fuel econ-
omy of lo.ol/tookm with cylinder
deactivation. A quick check ofother
cars of a comparable size without
VCM are as follows:
o Toyota Aurion 3.5 V6:
9.91/lookrn
power in Ask Sntcox CHIP, November
2008, I agree that it's not usually prac-
tical to operate air-conditioners from
solar but we do. Our system is 4.5kW
solar, SkW inverter (2okw tlztrotl),
4BV 5Okwh battery bank, etc. It runs
two houses with air-conditioning,
fridges, fi'eezers, electric frypans, etc.
We do have a 6,5kVA standby genera-
tor for bad weather but one doesn't use
A/C in the rain - usually.
The reason for spending in excess
of $70K on our solar system was that
when we passed through the Hunter
Valley and saw the destruction that is
being causedby the power stations we
decided we did not want to be a Part
of that. As well, we are doing our bit
for the planet.
While solar installations in most
mobile homes can't usually cope with
,\/C, it is possible. I helped a mate
to build a mobile home and we used
12004h sealed batteries (z+V) and r0
1604 alternator to the bus with two
PL60 regulators. His split system A/C
works well on solar; just as well, as he
siliconchip.com.au
o Jaguar XF 3.0 V6t 10.51/10okm
o Nissan Maxima I31. ST-L XTron-
Asmall
ic CVT 3.5 V6: 10.s1/7o0kn1
Mercedes Benz C-Class 3l V6: oscllosco
9.61/100kr1
. Ford Mondeo MA XRs 2.5I
-cyl 9.51/100krn that thin
I notice that cars with a 6-sPeed
not have) had better fueI economY.
Warrick Smith,
Numurkah, Vic.
Comment: you have missed the Point
of the story. Because cylinders are
deactivated, it reduces pumPing
losses in the motor and that is what
improves fuel economy. Surc, the
fuel economy would be far better if
the car was lighter, had less drag etc
and a smaller motor.
However, as alluded to in the
conclusion of the article, we think
Honda have mis se d the b oat on their
VCM. If they had kept the engine to
Vicom ptesents the LeCroY
three litres and the weight of the car
the same, the fuel economy would WaveRunnel.
have been considerably better. At
177kW the power of the previous Performance re-magned!
3-lifte motor is more than adequate LeCroy WaveRunner featuies:
for normal motoring. . WavestteamTM Fast
Viewing Mode
is in northwest Australia at present. . Wavescanl* Advanced
Peter Laughton,
Search and Analysis
Tabulam, NSW.
. 400 MHz to 2 Gllz
llo futute in Bandwidth
hydrostatic ttansmissions
I read your comments about hYbrid
. Up to 10 GS s
vehicles and hydrostatic transmis- . 12.5 Mpts Ch standard
sions in the Publisher's Letter of the mem0[y
December 2008 issue. However, when
you suggest the use of hydrostatic
. Big 10.4" LCD DisPlaY
transmissions, you are simply swap- . Small 6" footptint.
ping one set of problems for another.
Hydrostatic transmissions have high Performance on a budget!
fluid flow (high current) so the resist-
ance losses are a big problem with the
The Lecroy WaveAce Series
oil. The accumulator storage is simply exceed all exPectations of a
compressed air with its associated small affordable oscilloscoPe.
heat losses and highly variable pres-
sures. The actual storage densities are
less than that for lead-acid batteries.
They do not come anywhere near the
energy density of modern lithium type
batteries.
The load on a smal diesel engine For the latest information on these
plus other leading LeCroy products
driving an hydrauic accumulator is
far from constant as the pressure in call Vicom todaY on 03 9563 7844
the accumulator varies from 100% OT VISit WWW.ViCOM.COM.AU
FEBRUARY 2OOg
 Letters and emails should contain complete name, address and daytime phone number. Letters to
the Editoi are submifted on the condition that Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd may edt and has the
right to reproduce in electronic form and communicate these letters. This also ppplies to submissions
to'Ask S|LIoON CHtp" and "Circuit NotebootC'.
Wiring standards
should be observed
I have several comments to make
about the contents ofrecent issues.
(r) The October 2008 article describ-
ing the use of the old microwave for
exposing PC boards had a glaring error
in the wiring. AS:N2S3000 states in
several places that green/green and
yellow wiring shall only be used for
earth and nothing else - no excep-
tions,
The picture clearly shows several
green/yellow wires used for power,
Freeview digital channels
wll be more of the same
f refer to the cu-t'r'eul prorrrotions
ofFreeview on television ard I have
read the ,{.BC press release of July
17 th 2OOB at http ://wlvw.abc.net.au./
c orp/pubs/media,/s2 3 062 64. htm#
I note that a total of 1b chatnels
will be available in 2009 with the
addition of extra standard definition
channels. I am wondering about
the value of this when (presently)
most of the networks, particularly
the commercial channels, run pro-
gramming identical to their analog
transmissions with very few excep-
tions. Unless substantial amounts
of different programming will be
broadcast on these extra standard
definition channels, I hardly see the
point of their introduction.
The present SD channels avail-
able, generally the commercial
networks, are hardly worth viewing
as far as programming is concerned.
and supposedly made OK by using a
little bit of coloured sleeve or perhaps
red insulation tape. This is an example
of why we need licensed electrical
people.
I was taken back that you actually
published such a picture. It may have
been more prudent to send the project
photos to the author and ask him to
make the project comply with the
standards, then resubmit the project
to you. Publishing such a project cer-
tainly isn't as professional as you have
been in the past.
The only advantage is picture clarity
but even then, signal dropouts can
be flequent, naking tligiLal televi-
sion for those without the best ter-
restrial location or the best altenna
something of a pain and analog is
sometimes the better alternative.
So what will change with the
introduction of additional SD chan-
nels in regard to programming to
make viewing digital television
worthwhile? If an extra channel
just means more of the same analog
material being broadcast as it is
now, then I don't see the point of
the exercise. The advertising prom-
ises so much but is likely to deliver
little if the present digital services
are any guide, although ABC2 does
provide good alternative program-
ming. Channels 7, 9 & 10 however
provide very few alternatives, so
what will change?
Peter Cahill,
Westmead, NSW.
(2) Australia is now a signatory to
the International Standards organisa-
tion and as such, we ae now obliged
[indeed have to) accept equipment
made to standards that apply in differ-
ent parts of the world. I want to draw
your attention to several potential
outcomes of such acceptances.
Some years ago I was wiring up a
small solar system, consisting of three
24Y 175W panels, a small 24V battery
bank and an inverter, Before turning
on the solar circuit breakers, it is my
practice to run a meter over the panels
at the circuit breaker board and check
the open-circuit voltage, the short-
circuit current of each panel and the
wiring continuity.
Imagine my surprise when I meas-
ured about 65V across the open-circuit
breaker. Checking the wiring of the
solar panel showed that the black wire
was positive, not negative, while the
white wire was negative. Hence the
readings of qZY open-circuit on the
array plus about 26V from the battery.
Subsequent investigation revealed
that this is the standard in lapan and
we have to wear it. You have been
warned.
I service various pieces of electrical
equipment and have also found that
the Chinese standard is as follows:
Green - Active; Black - Earth; White
- Neutral, In Japan, it is as follows:
Black - Active; White - Neutral; Green
- Earth. Since we are signatories to
these international treaties, we must
accept their appliances under threat of
legal action in the World courts.
(3)With regard to the letter on solar
SItICOil CHIP'S PERFORMAilGE ETEC-
TR0llCS FOR CARS Pubtished 2oo4
lf you ever wanted to performance from your car, this is the
.l
book you need. 60 pages of technical background to give
you a thorough understanding then 1 6 specialised prolects
to build to make your car really perform, including engine
modifiers and controllers, instruments and switches/t
timers.
AC MAGHI]IES
By Jim Lowe Published 2006
Applicable to Australian trades-level courses including NE10
AC Machines, NEI 2 Synchronous Machines and the AC part
NE30 Electric Motor Control and Protection.
Covering polyphase induction motors, single-
phase motors, synchronous machines and
polyphase motor starting. 160 pages in paperback.
PIG M|CROGO]{TR0IIERS: know it all
il By diJasio, Wilmshurst, lbrahim, Mofton, Bates,
Smith, Smith and Hellebuyck
Ll3*o."*t*tt tt-tt The best of subjects Newnes authors have written over the
,
';t I :ll past few years, combined in a one-stop maxi reference.
Covers introduction to PlCs and their programming in As-
sembly, PICBASIC, MBASIC & C.
More than 900 pages paperback.
ROBOT BUILDER'S COOKBOOK
By Owen Bishop Published2007
The PIC microcontrollerthroughout provides a panless
introduction to programming. lt's a book for first-time and
advanced robot builders and those studying at higher educa-
tion levels in this fascinating field. Has companion website
to download programs. 374 pages in paperback
]{EUrl{ES GUTDE T0 TEtEVtStot{
& UIDEO TEGHIIOIOGY
By KF lbrahim 4th Edition (Published 2007)
It's back! Now in a new edition provides full and comprehen-
a
sve coverage of video and television technology including HDW
and DVD. Starts with fundamentals so is ideal for students but
covers n-depth technologies such as blu-ray, DLP, Digital
TV, etc s0 is also perfect for engineers.
600+ pages in paperback
PRACTICAT VARIABIE SPEEII DRIUES
A]{D POWER ETECTRO]IICS
by Malcolm Barnes. 1st Ed, Feb 2003,
An essental reference for engineers and anyone who wishes
to design or use variable speed drives for induction motors.
As reviewed in Srucol CHlp September 2003. 288 pages.
UIDEO SCRAMBIII{G & DESGRAMBTI]IG
FOR SATEIIITE & CABTE TU
by Graf & Sheets -2nd Edition
Ever wondered how they scramble video on cable and satel-
lite TV? This book tells you! Encoding/decoding systems
(analog and digital systems), encrypti0n, even schematics
and details of several encoder and decoder circuits for
expermentaton. For both the hobbyist and the professionl
290 pages in paperback.
AUIIIO POWER AMPTIFIER DESIG]I
HAI|DBOOK by Douslas Self 4th Edilion 2006 ; i,,'i,,li'1 i,,',',*'
Beduced in price lrcm previous edition! From one of the world
most rspected audio authorities. New 4th edition is more comp-
rehensive than ever - now with new chapters on Class D ampli-
fiers and DC servos. Now even bigger - 465 pages in paperback.
See lhe rcview in Sept. 2006 issue.
PROGRAMMIilG 16.bt MIGROCOil.
TR0LIERS lil G sv Luci diJasio (2007)
Subtitled Learning to Fly the PIC 24, A Microchip insidertells
all on the newest, most poweful PlCs ever! Condenses typical
introductory'fluff' focusing instead on examples
that show how to solve common, real-world desi
quickly. lncludes handy checklists. FREE CD-l
includes source code in C, the Microchip C30
pile and MPLAB SlM.400 pages paperback. \
CD-R0M included
HAIIDS.OI{ ZIGBEE
By Fred Eady, Published 200i
We asked our Zigbee guru, Telelink's Jack Chomley,
to comment on this book and he said 'wow! This one is right up
-si to date'. A lot of it is pretty in-depth but, according to Jack, if
Hands'on ZigBes
you want to learn all about Zigbee you'd go a long way
to find a better reference than this one.
336 pages in paperpback.
AUDIO ETEGTROilIGS
By John Linsley Hood. Second edition 1999.
For anyone involved in designing, adapting and using analog
and digital audio equipment. Covers tape recording, tuners
and receivers, preamplifiers, voltage amplifiers, audio power
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wvvw. si I iconch iP. com. au SMrcno

Pub I ish er & Ed itor-in-C h i e
Leo Simpson, B.Bus., FAIGD
Produclion Manager
Greg Swain, B.Sc. (Hons.)
Technical Editor
John Clarke, B.E.(Elec.)
Technical Slalf
Ross Tesler
Jim Rowe, 8.4., B.Sc
Mauro Grassi, B.Sc. (Hons), Ph.D
Photography
Ross Tester
eader Eervices
Ann Morris
Adverfising Enquiries
Glyn Smith
Phone (02) 9939 3295
Mohile 0431 792 293
glyn@siliconchip.com.au
Begular Conlribulors
Brendan Akhursl
Rodney Champness, VK3UG
Mike Sheriff, B.Sc, VK2YFK
Stan Swan
srLrc0N cHrP is published 12 times
a year by Silicon Chip Publications
Ply Ltd. ACN 003 205 490. ABN 49
003 205 490. All material is copy-
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Printing: Hannanprint, Noble Park,
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Subscription rates: $89.50 per year
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lhe order form in this issue.
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Phone (02) 9939 3295.
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E-mail: silicon@siliconchip.com.au
tssil 1030.2662
-Recommended
and maximum price only.
StLtcot Cutp
VIDEO.AUDIO.PG ELNEC IC PROGRAMMERS
PuilisneF's Letter Tough times distribution amps splitters
digital standards converters - tbc's
swtchers - cables - adaptors
- High quality
Realistic prices
Free software updates T.jt
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demand innoualiue solulions! Large range of adaptors
New Zealand has lifted the In tough economic times you need to
genlockers - scan converters
bulk vga cable - wallplates Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2klXP
watch every dollar. SPLat
ban on incandescent lamps embedded controllers DVSSo & DVS5S CLEVERSCOPE
Back in December last year, the New Zeaand gov- give OEMs more High Performance
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Video / S-Video
ernment reversed the ban on incandescent iamps. functionality per
and Audo Splitters
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What an incredibly sensibe thing to do! The overall competing product, 100MHz bandwidth
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Whether or not the Government does have a rethink may be irrelevart now in IN.STOCK GRANTRONICS PTY LTD
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any case. Incandescent lamps are becoming difficult to obtain, particuarly as some
major retailers seem to have abandoned them and even major hardware chains Come to the
such as Bunnings seem to be reducing their range. My advice to readers is that you sPecialists"' @
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should stock up on incandescents, particuarly the harder-to-get types. In yeas to OO3
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to your annual energy consumption. HI.FI SPEAI(ER REPAIRS
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piasma set would merely cause a slight reduction in the amount of central heating recone krts and more, 0riginal 0EM partsforScan-Spea(
others!
which is typically required for eight or nine months of the year. The fact that big Dynaudio, Tannoy, J Bl, ElectroVoice and g
plasma sets can function as room-warmers could be regarded as a bonus!
One has to ask the question: "Why do Governments feel that it is necessary to
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So how should governments proceed? Given that much of the interpretation of
long-term weather records is extremely difficult and the forecasting of future trends
is almost impossible, Governments probably could take the prudent approach as
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On the other hald, there is a great deal more certainty about oil and gas energy
which is likely to become much more expensive in the future. In this case, govern- Keep your copes 0f SlHC0il CHIP safe, secure and
ments need to ensure that their nations always have a secure supply of energy in
the future. If that means making major reductions in energy consumption, then always available with these handy binders
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But that does not meal banning incandescent lamps and big plasma TV sets. Available Aust, only. Prce: $413.95 plus $7 p&p per order (includes GST).
Just fill in and mal the handy order form in this issue; or fax (02) 9939
Leo Smpson 2648; or call (02) 9939 3295 and quote your credt card number.
siliconchip.com.au www. si I icon ch ip. com. au FEBRUARY 2OO9 103
 and Sleep TEGHNOL
Opportunities for full-time and part-time positions all over Australia & New Zealand
Jaycar Electronics is a rapidly growing, Australian Why not do something you love and gel paid for it? Please
0wned, nternational etailer with more than 50 stores n write or email us wth your delails, along with your C.V.
Auslralia and New Zealand. 0ur aggressive expansion and any qualilications you may have. We pay a
programme has resulted in the need for dedcaled compeftive salary sales commissions and have great
ndvduals 1o ioin our team t0 assist us in achieving our benefits like a liberal staff purchase policy.
goals.

We pride ourselves 0n the technical knowledge of our

Send to:
Betail 0peralions Manager - Jaycar Electronics Pty Lld ,at
staff. Do v0u thnk that the following statements descrbe
you? Please put a tick in the boxes that do:
P0 Box 107, Rydalmere, NSW
Email: iobs@iaycarcom.au
21 16
t
X Knowledge ol electroncs, partcularly at component level
Jaycar Eleconics is an equal opportunty employer and
Ll Assemble proiects or kits yourselffor car. computer, audio, etc
! Have empathv wlh others who have the same interest as you. actvely promotes staff fiom wilhin the organston.
! May have w0rked in sone retal already (not 0blgalory). 12 Digital Radio ls Coming, Pt.1
Digital radio starts in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth & Sydney on lst
Jagtrar
X Have energV, enthusasm and a pers0nalty that enoys
helpng people.
i Appreciates an opportunty for luture advancement May, with 71 radio stations on 10 DAB+ transmitters. Here's a rundown on this
Have an eve for detal complex and completely new radio broadcast medium - by Alan Hughes

RFM
Flow Monitoring
A *["H,.,,9"1i,r,:.:ifll.?ii?
Applications: Control or Monitor
16 Review: LeGroyWaverunner 104Mxi Digital Scope
This high-end 4-channel scope operates under Windows XP and can be
operated using either a USB mouse or via its touch screen - by Leo Simpson

34 2.4GHz DSS Radio Control Systems Tempmaster

WPC-RX /WPC-TX
Laptop/PDA MTC-2DO / MTC-2DI Digital spread spectrum (DSS) radio control systems are revolutionising the
Thermqstat Mk.2 - Page 22.

u comms, control Digital ln model radio control scene. Here's a look at the technology - by Bob Young
p & measurement. 7-28VDC
I Rural VHF&U
Simple 1 button pairing lndustrial Range up
models available, Commercial Analog 0-20m4 available. 22 Tempmaster Electronc Thermostat M k.2
Use it to convert a chest-type freezer into an energy-efficient fridge or to
EmbeddedOomms : Wireless Control and Montorng convert a fridge into a wine cooler. lt can also control 12V fridges & freezers,
RF Modules Australia. P.O, Box 1957 Launceston, TAS., 7250. as well as heaters in hatcheries and fish tanks, plus lots more - by Jim Rowe
Ph : +61-3-6331-6789, Email : sales@tfma,com.au. Web : www. rfma,com,au 40 10A Universal Motor Speed Controller, Mk.2
It can be used with power tools & appliances rated up to 104 and is suitable
for use with brushiype universal motors as used in small lathes, electric drills,
Battery DOIYNI,OAI) OIIII II'AI,OG AT grass trimmers, circular saws, routers, nibblers & iigsaws - by John Clarke
www. iinet.net.aul-worcom
62 Programmable Time Delay Flash Trigger 2.4GHz Digital Spread Spectru
WOBTDWIIIE ETECTBOilIG COMPOilE]ITS lnterested in special effects photography? You can capture some great action Badio ControlSysfems - Page 34.
P0 Box 631, Hillarys, WA 6923 shots with this programmable flash delay unit - by Jim Rowe
Ph: (08) 9307 7305 Fax: (08) 9307 7309
Email: worcom@iinet.net.au 78 Multi-Purpose Car Scrolling Display, Pt.3
Pt.3 this month describes how the unit is connected to a car and how it is
used. We also describe the simple command-line program that's used to drive
... continued from page 102 it - by Mauro Grassi

LEDs! NICHIA SUPERBRIGHT LEDs,

www.batterybook.com Cree XR-E and smm LEDs, Avago
Phone (08) 9302 5444 (HP) LEDs, many other standard and
superbright brand name LEDs. Plus, 57 Serviceman's Log
see our new range of nixie clockslwww. Oh Goody! A CRT SetTo Fix - by the TV Serviceman

Silicon thitt ledsales.com.au 85 Circuit Notebook

ffimw
Do you have a good circuit idea?
PCBs MADE, ONE OR MANY. Any
format, hobbyists welcome. Sesame
Electronics Phone (02) 9593 1025.
(1) Tricks Wth A 4017 Chaser; (2) Low-Power Analog Computer; (3) Loud
Repeater For Traffic lndicators; (4) Semiconductor Evaluator For Scope;
(5) Bedside Lamp Controller

lf so, sketch it out, write a brief sesame@sesame.com.au 90 Vintage Radio

description of its operation & www.sesame.com.au The Australian Army Signals Museum - by Rodney Champness
send it to us.
Provided your idea is workable & KIT ASSEMBLY
original, we'llpublish it in Circuit
Notebook & you'll make some KEITH RIPPON KIT ASSEMBLY &
money. We pay up to $100 for a 2 Publisher's Letter 96 Ask Silicon Chip
REPAIR:
good circuit idea or you could * Australia & New Zealand, 4 Mailbag 99 Notes & Errata
win some test gear. * Small production runs. 10 Order Form 102 Market Centre
$ilicon Ghip Pulications, Phone Keith 0409 662794. 19 Product Showcase
P0 Box 139, Gollaroy, ilSW 2097. keith.rippon @ gmail.com

1.O4 StLtcoN Cntp www. s i I i co n ch i p. com. a u siliconchip.com.au FEB&UARY 2OO9

 oa SMtcnocHtP
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SIMPTY SEEVICE+STOCK

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sATURDAY, I4TH FEERUARY lncludes a buill-in BitTonent lhis router allows c0mmunicatron wilh up to four wreless
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network . IEEE 802 1 1 g and IEEE 802 1 1b compatible
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need to . Static and dynamic routing
have your . VPN pas through
computer
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Who says tools are only for blokes?
TD 207 $1 I 95 . Hard drive not included

Also available
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Piece Pink T0ol Kit wth Attache Case
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(manual included) Cat, TD 2075 $39,95

. Integrated FIP and Samba server

, This is a stylish digital voice recorder with Use tns clever gadget
i the features to match You cn record up t0 for fansfening frles
28 hours of voice messaoes in manual or from one devr to
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i aulomatic voice aclivalon mode another wifout the
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i up to 99 mesages
I. Voi actvated recordino functon presentatjon aid This excellent device Was $59.95
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. Time shift and scheduled recording . Waterproof
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6 x AA batteries

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125 mm long
TOLL FFEE AUSTRALIA 13OO 365 551
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*Microchp tnavel adaptor is limited to the fsb 1m customes, spending $25 o moe on Microchip pnoducts

n?!
 e OO Specials - Hare & Forbes Machinery House
f nttp: / /www.machi neryhouse.com.au

Welcome Ben
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FEBRUARY 2OO9
1 lssN 1030-2662
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ilavlgation Speclalc - 58 Found

BEiIGH LATHE BEIIGH BS-44 BAIIDSAW

PRINT POST APPROVED
:;3i13i"'.,.'"" $1 DRITL - PP255003/O1272
.115mmC.H.500mmBC ILlSB
t375 2HP 240V motor ?tt .3/4HP 240volt 50* 7s9oo
. 2MT Tailstock taper 3MT spndle
Vce, Drill chuck
l l, . 16-speed with V'
ot
tc sr INC GSI

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k;
OPTIONAT STAND
s3l9torsB)
. 100 x 150mm capacity
.3-Speed 1/2HP motor
. Cast iron construction

El'lclllE STAI|D WET & llRY CASTE WHEEIS

.
.45okg
4 swivel caster wheels
capacity I
VACUUM
.
fl"-*l",lFl
. 1530 x 920mm (12mm thick)
lndexable GTEAl'IER
. Tapered edge to reduce tripping
position lock . 1400W 240V
. Steel frame . Large 01
u no'"t $49,o (c+r o)
$86,10lorot S Steel Tank -
. 240V Power

Produc't Categoriee
Mctahvorking
SAI.IDBLAST cHA['t BI0GKS . 3HP,
H,S,S. ADJUST. REAMERS
Shetmctal . Ball bearing load v/heel 240V Motor,
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High resistance T(80) load chain 100mm depth of cut
. lncluds: Stand, Hopper, lndustral duty . Accurate ]ODI METRIC IMPERIAL
Woodworking hea\ry duty 'HICE
blast qun, Tempered qla$ screen &
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$97.e0 (c152) R71 0 9 5-1O 3mm 3ta'-13/32' wi0
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Mcasuring Equpmcnt
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INSIDE CABINET SIZE 11

Linng & Handlng 835x510x550mm F730 23 I 26 gmr 5/16" 1 1/16 s92 40

Usc{ Equiprnent 8.18U SGROTL SAW BflttER STAIIDS EI'ID MILI SETS
Bargain Bin . '18"Throat capacity Metic20mm Metic4-12mm
19mm 1 5HP 1440rpm TEFC
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r"rror r"rrq
. Table tilts r45" I
Download 19mm 2sHP 2800rpm TEFC lmperial 1/4 - 3/4rr lmperial 3/16 - 1/2rl
$125 $125
You rvrll need Adobe Acrobet
01gmm 32HP 2soorpm TEFo
S209(E11
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Reeder lo dorvnload sorne ol ExD MttL SET topcE SLol DnlU& Ello
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6e
P1'IEUMATIC HAl'lD
PLA,IISHII{G
*All prices include G.S.T. HAMMER GREAT
. 500mm throat cap. UALUE \ Dies, 22,27 .5,34.3, 43, 49, 60
. Foot pedal operation
Specifications and prices Comes with 1, 2 & 3"
are subject to change radius anvils
without notice & are valid .875-1350 blows/min iililflil,st 19r.'*
until 28-02-09,
s550 6,5mm Shear,
300mm Blade

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I
1 SC JAN issue